Patent Application
20140055163
Embodiments of the invention relate generally to the field of input-output (I/O) transmitters in a processor. More particularly, embodiments of the invention relate to a low voltage I/O transmitter with variable wide output signal swing.
As processor operating power supply levels are lowered to reduce power consumption of the processor, performance of input-output (I/O) transmitters of the processor is adversely affected. The term “performance” herein refers to signal integrity attributes of a signal such as output signal swing of the signal driven by a transmitter, slew rate of the signal driven by a transmitter, eye width and height of the output signal swing, etc.
For example, for advanced CMOS process technologies of 22 nm or 14 nm, the operating voltage of the processor is scaled down below 0.9V. At such low power supply levels, the I/O transmitters generally cannot meet their specifications of performance parameters discussed above. One possible means for meeting the performance parameters is to provide dedicated higher power supplies to the I/O transmitters than the power supply provided to the rest of the core processor. However, such solutions are expensive and require dedicated power supplies and voltage regulators.
I/O transmitter (Tx) drivers are generally of two categories—current mode Tx driver and voltage mode Tx drivers. Current mode Tx driver, such as a current mode logic (CML), suffers from headroom degradation at lower power supply levels. The term “headroom” herein refers to the amount of power supply level needed to keep the current source of the current mode Tx to remain in the transistor saturation region. As power supply level reduces, the current source of the current mode Tx suffers from reduced capability to remain in saturation mode. Lower power supply levels for current mode Tx driver also cause degraded output impedance of the current source of the current mode Tx driver. While the output impedance may be improved by increasing the size (W/L) of the current source of the current mode Tx driver, a larger current source results in higher parasitic capacitances and thus reduced output voltage swing.
The term “voltage swing” herein refers to the peak-to-peak voltage difference of the signal driven by a driver of a Tx measured from the logical low level to the logical high level of the output signal.
Embodiments of the invention will be understood more fully from the detailed description given below and from the accompanying drawings of various embodiments of the invention, which, however, should not be taken to limit the invention to the specific embodiments, but are for explanation and understanding only.
Embodiments of the invention relate to an apparatus, system, and method for improving output signal voltage swing of a voltage mode transmitter (Tx) driver. In one embodiment, the Tx driver uses a single power supply which is the same as the power supply of the core processor. The term “improving” with context to the output signal voltage swing herein refers generally to increasing the output signal voltage swing compared to voltage swings generated by traditional Tx drivers such as the one shown in
In one embodiment, apparatus for improving the output signal swing of the voltage mode Tx driver comprises a hybrid voltage mode Tx driver which includes: the voltage mode Tx driver coupled to an output node; a switching current source, coupled to the output node, to increase voltage swing of a signal on the output node, wherein the signal is driven by the voltage mode driver; and a bias generator to bias the switching current source. In one embodiment, the switching current source comprises: a first switching current source, coupled to the output node, to increase voltage swing of the signal on the output node, the first current source to increase the voltage swing of the signal by raising a logical high level of the signal; and a second current source, coupled to the output node, to increase the voltage swing of the signal by lowering a logical low level of the signal.
The technical effects of the hybrid voltage mode Tx driver with the switching current source are many. One such technical effect is to increase the output signal swing of the Tx driver while lowering the power supply level for the processor including the power supply level to the voltage mode Tx driver. In one embodiment, the Tx driver operates at the same power supply level as the core processor. In such an embodiment, the use of multiple power supply levels can be limited for the entire processor design. The embodiments discussed herein reuses a traditional voltage mode Tx driver design and provides the benefit of increased output signal swing at lower power supply voltage levels (e.g., 0.9V and lower) without using multiple power supplies for the Tx driver. The hybrid voltage mode Tx driver is also operable to adjust, i.e., program, the output signal swing to match the specification requirements of any voltage mode I/O driver output signal swing specification. Thus, a single voltage mode Tx driver design can be scaled down to operate for various power supply levels and process technologies. The embodiments discussed herein also result in improved output impedance definition (i.e., defined in ratios of resistances) for operating the Tx driver at lower power supply levels and with improved output signal swing. The above technical effects are not a limited set of effects. Other technical effects, such as improved PSSR, etc., are also demonstrated by the embodiments discussed herein.
In the following description, numerous details are discussed to provide a more thorough explanation of embodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form, rather than in detail, in order to avoid obscuring embodiments of the present invention.
Note that in the corresponding drawings of the embodiments, signals are represented with lines. Some lines may be thicker, to indicate more constituent signal paths, and/or have arrows at one or more ends, to indicate primary information flow direction. Such indications are not intended to be limiting. Rather, the lines are used in connection with one or more exemplary embodiments to facilitate easier understanding of a circuit or a logical unit. Any represented signal, as dictated by design needs or preferences, may actually comprise one or more signals that may travel in either direction and may be implemented with any suitable type of signal scheme.
In the following description and claims, the term “coupled” and its derivatives may be used. The term “coupled” herein refers to two or more elements which are in direct contact (physically, electrically, magnetically, optically, etc.). The term “coupled” herein may also refer to two or more elements that are not in direct contact with each other, but still cooperate or interact with each other.
As used herein, unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinal adjectives “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc., to describe a common object, merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking or in any other manner.
In one embodiment, the hybrid voltage mode Tx driver 200 comprises the voltage mode Tx driver 100 coupled to an output node 201. As shown in
In one embodiment, the hybrid voltage mode Tx driver 200 comprises a switching current source 202, coupled to the output node 201, to increase voltage swing of a signal on the output node 201, wherein the signal is driven by the voltage mode driver 100. In one embodiment, the switching current source 202 operates on the same power supply level as the voltage mode driver 100. In such an embodiment, multiple power supplies are no longer needed to provide wider output signal swing to the signal driven by the voltage mode driver 100. For example, the power supply levels of the hybrid voltage mode Tx driver 200 can be the same as the power supply level of the core processor. In such an embodiment, as the power supply level of the processor core is reduced to reduce power consumption, the I/O driver operates at lower power supply but continues to provide a wider output signal swing which is not possible for the voltage mode Tx driver 100 of
In one embodiment, the switching current source 202 comprises a first switching current source 204, coupled to the output node 201, to increase voltage swing of the signal on the output node 201, the first current source to increase the voltage swing of the signal by raising a logical high level of the signal. In one embodiment, the first switching current source 204 is operable to inject current, to raise the logical high level of the signal, from a power supply node to the output node when the pull-up device of the voltage mode Tx driver 100 is on. In one embodiment, the switching current source 202 comprises a second current source 205, coupled to the output node 201, to increase the voltage swing of the signal by lowering a logical low level of the signal. The second switching current source 205 is operable to sink current, to lower the logical low level of the signal, from the output node to a ground node when the pull-down device of the voltage mode Tx driver 100 is on.
In one embodiment, the hybrid voltage mode Tx driver 200 comprises a bias generator 203 to bias the switching current source 202. In one embodiment, the bias generator 203 is a replica bias generator with a circuit topology same as the circuit topology of the first and second current sources 204 and 205. In one embodiment, the bias generator 203 is a bandgap circuit. In other embodiments, other types of bias generation circuits may be used without changing the essence of the embodiments of the invention. In one embodiment, a single bias generator 203 may be used to supply bias voltage to two or more hybrid voltage mode Tx drivers.
In one embodiment, the first switching current source 204, coupled to the output node 201, comprises a first P-transistor Mp2, coupled to the power supply node, to receive a signal to be driven on the output node 201; and a second P-transistor Mp3, coupled in series with the first P-transistor Mp2, to receive a bias voltage 301 from the bias circuit 203. The first current source provides a current Ie to the output node 201, to increase the voltage swing of the signal by raising a logical high level of the signal, when the pull-up device Mp1 is turned on. The P-transistor Mp2 of the first current source 204 is a switching transistor which is operable to switch by the signal Vip which also switches the pull-up device Mp1 of the voltage mode Tx driver 100. In one embodiment, when the input signal Vip is at logical low level, the transistors Mp1 and Mp2 are turned on causing the voltage mode Tx driver 100 to drive a logical high level on the output node 201 while the first current source 204 injects current Ie to the output node 201. In this embodiment, the current Ie from the first current source 204 increases the output voltage swing of the signal on the output node 201 driven by the voltage mode Tx driver 200.
In one embodiment, the second current source 205, coupled to the output node 201, comprises: a first N-transistor Mn2, coupled to the ground node, to receive a signal Vin to be driven on the output node 201; and a second N-transistor Mn3, coupled in series with the first N-transistor Mn2, to receive a bias voltage Mbn 302 from the bias circuit 203.
The second current source 205 sinks a current Ie from the output node 201 to the ground node, to increase the voltage swing of the signal by lowering a logical low level of the signal, when the pull-down device Mn1 is turned on. The N-transistor Mn2 of the second current source 205 is a switching transistor which is operable to switch by the signal Vin which also switches the pull-down device Mn1 of the voltage mode Tx driver 100. In one embodiment, when the input signal Vin is at logical high level, the transistors Mn1 and Mn2 are turned on causing the voltage mode Tx driver 100 to drive a logical low level on the output node 201 while the second current source 205 sinks current Ie from the output node 201. In this embodiment, the current Ie sunk by the second current source 205 increases the output voltage swing of the signal on the output node 201 driven by the voltage mode Tx driver 200.
In one embodiment, the bias generator 203 is a replica bias circuit that mimics the design of the first and second current sources 204 and 205. The term “mimics” herein refers to similar circuit topology and transistor sizes. For example, the N-transistors Mn4 and Mn5 of the bias generator 203 are of the same sizes (W/L or a multiple of W/L) and connected similarly (e.g., connections of gate, source, and drain terminals) as the N-transistors Mn2 and Mn3 of the second current source.
In one embodiment, the bias generator 203 is operable to adjust/program the bias voltages Mbp 301 and Mbn 302 by trimming the devices on the bias generator 203. In one embodiment, the trimming of the devices can also occur at the first and second sources 204 and 205 respectively. The term “trimming” herein refers to adding (enabling) or removing (disabling) transistors to change the overall drive strength of the transistors.
In one embodiment, a single bias generator 203 is operable to provide bias voltages Mbp 301 and Mbn 302 to two or more hybrid voltage mode current drivers. In other embodiments, other forms of bias generators may be used without changing the essence of the embodiments of the invention.
In one embodiment, the voltage swing of the signal on the output node 201 of the hybrid voltage I/O driver 200 is computed as Vswing=Vcc (Z/R)+(Z×Ie), where Vswing is the voltage swing of the signal on node 201, Vcc is the power supply level, Z is the impedance of the I/O link, R is the output impedance of the Tx driver 200, and Ie is the current injected to or sunk from the output node 201. For system designs where the output impedance R of the driver 200 is matched with the impedance Z of the I/O link, the voltage swing of the signal at the output node 201 is given by: Vswing=Vcc+(Z×Ie). This equation shows that the output signal swing of the signal on the output node 201 can be enhanced beyond supply voltage Vcc by introducing the current Ie. For example, for Ie=2 mA and Z=50 Ohms, the output signal swing of the signal on the output node 201 can be enhanced by 100 mV.
In one embodiment, the Tx drivers 200 are coupled to their respective receivers. In one embodiment, the Tx driver 200 and its corresponding receiver (not shown) are compliant with at least one of the standards: Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI®) as described in the MIPI® Alliance Specification for M-PHY(SM) Version 1.00.00 of Feb. 8, 2011 and approved on Apr. 28, 2011; Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe); Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA); Serial Attached SCSI (SAS); Double Data Rate x (DDRx), were ‘x’ is an integer (e.g., 4); High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI); or Universal Serial Bus x (USBx), where ‘x’ is an integer (e.g., 2, 3, . . . ).
In one embodiment, the Tx driver 200 is operable to transmit data at high speed (HS) GEAR ranges from HS-GEAR 1 to HS-GEAR 3 as described in the MIPI® Alliance Specification for M-PHYSM Version 1.00.00 of Feb. 8, 2011 and approved on Apr. 28, 2011.
Although the blocks in the flowchart 500 are shown in a particular order, the order of the actions can be modified. Thus, the illustrated embodiments can be performed in a different order, and some actions/blocks may be performed in parallel. Additionally, one or more actions/blocks can be omitted in various embodiments of providing a wider output signal swing with the same power supply level as the voltage mode driver 100. The flow chart of
At block 501, the voltage mode Tx driver 100 of the hybrid voltage mode Tx driver 200 receives an input signal Vin for transmission on the output node 201. The input signal may be generated by any logic unit of the processor which includes the hybrid voltage mode Tx driver 200. At block 502, the voltage mode driver 100 drives the input signal Vin towards the output node 201.
At block 503, the switching current source 202 increases the voltage swing of the signal (driven by the voltage mode Tx driver 100) on the output node 201. In one embodiment, the voltage swing of the signal on the output node is increased, by the switching current source 202 coupled to the output node 201, by injecting current from a power supply node to the output node 201 when the input signal Vip to the voltage mode driver is a logical low. In one embodiment, injecting the current from the power supply node to the output node comprises: turning on the first current source 204, coupled to the output node 201, of the switching current source 202, wherein the first current source 204 is operable to inject current to the output node 201; and turning off the second current source 205, coupled to the output node 201, of the switching current source 202, wherein the second current source 202 is operable to sink current from the output node 201.
In one embodiment, the voltage swing of the signal on the output node is increased, by the switching current source 202 coupled to the output node 201, by sinking current from the output node 201 to a ground node when the input signal Vin to the voltage mode driver 100 is a logical high level, wherein sinking the current from the output node 201 to the ground node comprises: turning off the first current source 204; and turning on the second current source 205. At block 504, the bias (301 and 302) is provided by the bias generator 203 to the switching current source 202 to increase the voltage swing of the signal on the output node 201.
In one embodiment, the system 1300 includes, but is not limited to, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a netbook, a tablet, a notebook computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a server, a workstation, a cellular telephone, a mobile computing device, a smart phone, an Internet appliance or any other type of computing device. In another embodiment, the system 1300 implements the methods disclosed herein and may be a system on a chip (SOC) system.
In one embodiment, the processor 1310 has one or more processing cores 1312 and 1312N, where 1312N represents the Nth processor core inside the processor 1310 where N is a positive integer. In one embodiment, the system 1300 includes multiple processors including processors 1310 and 1305, where processor 1305 has logic similar or identical to logic of processor 1310. In one embodiment, the system 1300 includes multiple processors including processors 1310 and 1305 such that processor 1305 has logic that is completely independent from the logic of processor 1310. In such an embodiment, a multi-package system 1300 is a heterogeneous multi-package system because the processors 1305 and 1310 have different logic units. In one embodiment, the processing core 1312 includes, but is not limited to, pre-fetch logic to fetch instructions, decode logic to decode the instructions, execution logic to execute instructions and the like. In one embodiment, the processor 1310 has a cache memory 1316 to cache instructions and/or data of the system 1300. In another embodiment of the invention, the cache memory 1316 includes level one, level two and level three, cache memory, or any other configuration of the cache memory within the processor 1310.
In one embodiment, processor 1310 includes a memory control hub (MCH) 1314, which is operable to perform functions that enable the processor 1310 to access and communicate with a memory 1330 that includes a volatile memory 1332 and/or a non-volatile memory 1334. In one embodiment, the memory control hub (MCH) 1314 is positioned outside of the processor 1310 as an independent integrated circuit.
In one embodiment, the processor 1310 (e.g., processor 402 of FIG. 4,) is operable to communicate with the memory 1330 and a chipset 1320. In one embodiment, the processor 1310 is also coupled to a wireless antenna 1378 to communicate with any device configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals.
In one embodiment, the wireless antenna interface 1378 operates in accordance with, but is not limited to, the IEEE 802.11 standard and its related family, HomePlug AV (HPAV), Ultra Wide Band (UWB), Bluetooth, WiMAX, or any form of wireless communication protocol.
In one embodiment, the volatile memory 1332 includes, but is not limited to, Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM), and/or any other type of random access memory device. The non-volatile memory 1334 includes, but is not limited to, flash memory (e.g., NAND, NOR), phase change memory (PCM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), or any other type of non-volatile memory device.
The memory 1330 stores information and instructions to be executed by the processor 1310. In one embodiment, memory 1330 may also store temporary variables or other intermediate information while the processor 1310 is executing instructions. In one embodiment, chipset 1320 connects with processor 1310 via Point-to-Point (PtP or P-P) interfaces 1317 and 1322. In one embodiment, chipset 1320 enables processor 1310 to connect to other modules in the system 1300. In one embodiment of the invention, interfaces 1317 and 1322 operate in accordance with a PtP communication protocol such as the INTEL® QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) or the like.
In one embodiment, the chipset 1320 is operable to communicate with the processor 1310, 1305, display device 1340, and other devices 1372, 1376, 1374, 1360, 1362, 1364, 1366, 1377, etc. In one embodiment, the chipset 1320 is also coupled to a wireless antenna 1378 to communicate with any device configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals.
In one embodiment, chipset 1320 connects to a display device 1340 via an interface 1326. In one embodiment, the display 1340 includes, but is not limited to, liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma, cathode ray tube (CRT) display, or any other form of visual display device. In one embodiment of the invention, processor 1310 and chipset 1320 are merged into a single SOC. In addition, the chipset 1320 connects to one or more buses 1350 and 1355 that interconnect various modules 1374, 1360, 1362, 1364, and 1366. In one embodiment, buses 1350 and 1355 may be interconnected together via a bus bridge 1372 if there is a mismatch in bus speed or communication protocol. In one embodiment, chipset 1320 couples with, but is not limited to, a non-volatile memory 1360, a mass storage device(s) 1362, a keyboard/mouse 1364, and a network interface 1366 via interface 1324, smart TV 1376, consumer electronics 1377, etc.
In one embodiment, the processor 1310 is communicatively coupled to a solid state drive (SSD) 1280. In one embodiment, the mass storage device 1362 includes, but is not limited to, a solid state drive, a hard disk drive, a universal serial bus flash memory drive, or any other form of computer data storage medium. In one embodiment, network interface 1366 is implemented by any type of well known network interface standard including, but not limited to, an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB) interface, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Express interface, a wireless interface and/or any other suitable type of interface. In one embodiment, the wireless interface operates in accordance with, but is not limited to, the IEEE 802.11 standard and its related family, HomePlug AV (HPAV), Ultra Wide Band (UWB), Bluetooth, WiMAX, or any form of wireless communication protocol.
While the modules shown in
Reference in the specification to “an embodiment,” “one embodiment,” “some embodiments,” or “other embodiments” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments is included in at least some embodiments, but not necessarily all embodiments. The various appearances of “an embodiment,” “one embodiment,” or “some embodiments” are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiments. If the specification states a component, feature, structure, or characteristic “may,” “might,” or “could” be included, that particular component, feature, structure, or characteristic is not required to be included. If the specification or claim refers to “a” or “an” element, that does not mean there is only one of the elements. If the specification or claims refer to “an additional” element, that does not preclude there being more than one of the additional element.
While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, many alternatives, modifications and variations of such embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the foregoing description.
For example, the single-ended voltage mode driver of
The embodiments of the invention are intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as to fall within the broad scope of the appended claims.
An abstract is provided that will allow the reader to ascertain the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. The abstract is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to limit the scope or meaning of the claims. The following claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.
This application claims the benefit of priority of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2011/065474 filed Dec. 16, 2011, titled “LOW VOLTAGE TRANSMITTER WITH VARIABLE OUTPUT SWING,” which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US11/65474 | 12/16/2011 | WO | 00 | 6/12/2013 |
