Patent Application
20120152400
The present invention relates to a machining method for austenite stainless steel equipment and piping, and nuclear power plant equipment and piping machined by use of this method.
Austenite stainless steel is chiefly used as material for equipment and piping or the like in a nuclear power plant. It has been known that, by performing cool machining such as ordinary cutting and grinding, etc. on austenite stainless steel, a hardened layer is formed on a surface thereof (see Patent Literature 1, Patent Literature 2, for example).
For example, it is said that, generally in recirculation piping or the like of a boiling-reactor nuclear power plant, if the hardness of this hardened layer becomes 300 HV or more in terms of the Vickers hardness, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is likely to be caused, and the same thing is considered in equipment and piping of a pressurized-water nuclear plant where water circulates.
In a conventional machining method, a rake angle of a cutting tool is set to be 15° or so at greatest in the light of edge strength (chipping prevention) of the tool and enhancement of its service life, and even if machining conditions such as a depth of cut and cutting speed are adjusted, a hardened layer exceeding the above mentioned hardness (300 HV in terms of the Vickers hardness) is formed during a machining operation.
Conventionally in such piping, in order to suppress occurrence of SCC, such a solution is employed that, following the machining operation, a hardened layer of the surface generated by the machining is removed by buffing or the like on the machined surface, or compressive stress is applied onto the machined surface layer so as to suppress occurrence of SCC.
Hence, in a conventional machining method, since a cutting tool is selected in the light of securing edge strength of the tool, and a rake angle thereof is set to be 15° or so at greatest, it is a common knowledge in the industry that a hardened layer of which hardness exceeds the above-mentioned hardness is generated during a machining operation even if machining conditions such as a depth of cut and cutting speed are adjusted.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. 2005-257589 (Paragraphs [0001], [0002])
Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, Publication No. 2008-96174
However, all the above-mentioned prior arts require after treatment such as removal of the hardened layer and/or applying of compressive stress after a machining operation anyhow, which results in increase in working hours and cost.
In addition, in the case of applying the compressive stress to suppress occurrence of SCC, the applied compressive stress is reduced or removed if working such as welding or the like that causes tensile stress is carried out in the after treatment, which results in reduction or loss of suppression effect to suppress the occurrence of SCC.
In view of the above-mentioned facts, the present invention has an object to provide a machining method for austenite stainless steel equipment and piping, which is capable of suppressing generation of a hardened layer and occurrence of SCC without operating an after treatment, and reducing working hours and cost, as well as to provide nuclear power plant equipment and piping machined by use of this method.
In order to solve the above problems, the present invention employs the following solutions.
Specifically, the first aspect of the present invention provides a machining method for austenite stainless steel equipment and piping, which includes a finishing treatment process for performing a machining operation by use of a finishing-cut tool whose rake angle is +29° or more to suppress work hardening of a surface.
As a result of intensive studies made by the inventors, it was found that it is possible to suppress hardness of a machined surface layer to be less than 300 HV in terms of the Vickers hardness by performing the machining operation by use of the finishing-cut tool whose rake angle is +29° or more. Note that the hardness of the surface layer is defined as hardness at a depth of 0.01 mm from the surface.
If the rake angle is set to be as great as +29° or more, a shear angle of a chip becomes greater and a thickness of the chip becomes thinner, so that cutting force (cutting resistance) required for the cutting becomes smaller. Accordingly, the cutting resistance acting on the austenite stainless steel equipment and piping is reduced, therefore it is understood that the hardening of the surface layer can be suppressed.
If the finishing treatment is carried out by the machining using the finishing-cut tool whose tip end is very sharp, and whose rake angle is +29° or more, it is possible to keep the hardness of the finished surface layer to be less than 300 HV in terms of the Vickers hardness.
It is thus possible to suppress occurrence of SCC only by use of the machining, without requiring after treatment such as removal of the hardened layer and/or applying compressive stress, which has conventionally been carried out. Since such after treatment can be eliminated, working hours for the operation and cost therefor can be reduced.
In addition, since the hardness of the surface layer is low, even if working such as welding that causes tensile stress is applied after the machining, it is possible to maintain the necessary SCC resistance.
In the above aspect, a depth of finishing cut for the finishing-cut tool is preferably 0.1 mm or more and 0.2 mm or less.
Work hardening due to a pretreatment process becomes significant, especially in a region from the surface to a depth of 0.1 mm; and if machining is carried out in a region less than this, abrasion of the tool is progressed, so that the tip end of the tool becomes rounder and loses its sharpness. Thus, the depth of finishing cut of less than 0.1 mm rather brings about hardening of the surface. If the depth of finishing cut exceeds 0.2 mm, cutting force (cutting resistance) acting from the austenite stainless steel equipment and piping (work material) becomes greater, and the cutting edge is likely to be chipped, so that it becomes difficult to apply the tool whose tip end is very sharp and whose rake angle is +29° or more.
In the above aspect, it is preferable to include a base treatment process for performing a machining operation by use of a base-cut tool whose rake angle is smaller than the rake angle of the finishing-cut tool with a depth of base cut that is a greater depth of cut than the depth of finishing cut, prior to the finishing treatment process.
In the machining condition for the finishing treatment process, the depth of finishing cut for the finishing-cut tool is set to be 0.1 mm or more and 0.2 mm or less, and if the above machining condition for the finishing treatment process is applied to the entire process when performing the cutting in a predetermined size, it could be considered that the number of machining operations and working hours increase.
In the present aspect, in the base treatment process, the machining operation is performed by use of a base-cut tool with the depth of base cut that is a greater depth of cut than that in the machining condition for the finishing treatment process, so that the cutting amount of the finishing treatment process can be set to be smaller. Accordingly, it is possible to enhance efficiency of the entire machining operation.
In this case, to make the hardness of the surface layer machined in the base treatment process become not so great enables the tool whose tip end is very sharp and whose rake angle is +29° or more to be applicable.
In the above aspect, it is preferable that the depth of base cut is 1 mm or less, preferably 0.2 mm or more and 0.3 mm or less.
If the cutting with the depth of base cut of more than 1 mm is carried out, the hardness of the machined surface becomes significantly great, so that it becomes difficult to make the surface to have a predetermined hardness, that is, hardness of less than 300 HV in terms of the Vickers hardness in the finishing treatment process. In order to perform the machining in the finishing treatment process more effectively, the depth of base cut is preferably set to be 0.2 mm or more and 0.3 mm or less.
In the above aspect, it is preferable that the treatment amount of the base treatment process is 0.5 mm thick or more and 2 mm thick or less, preferably 1 mm thick or so.
In the case where the treatment amount of the machining exceeds the above range, in consideration of the machining efficiency, a rough machining treatment process in which rough machining treatment is carried out before the base treatment process.
The second aspect of the present invention provides nuclear power plant equipment and piping machined by use of the machining method for austenite stainless steel equipment and piping according to the first aspect.
The nuclear power plant equipment and piping is manufactured by use of the machining method for austenite stainless steel equipment and piping that can suppress occurrence of SCC, without requiring after treatment such as removal of the hardened layer and/or applying compressive stress, and even if working such as welding that causes tensile stress is applied after the machining, it is possible to maintain the SCC resistance. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce manufacturing time and cost required for the manufacturing.
According to the present invention, since the finishing treatment is carried out by the machining using the finishing-cut tool whose rake angle of +29° or more, it is possible to keep the hardness of the machined surface layer to be less than 300 HV in terms of the Vickers hardness.
Therefore, it is possible to suppress occurrence of SCC only by use of the machining, without requiring after treatment such as removal of the hardened layer and/or applying compressive stress, or the like, which has conventionally been carried out. Since such after treatment can be eliminated, the working hours and cost can be reduced.
In addition, since the hardness of the surface layer is low, even if working such as welding that causes tensile stress is applied after the machining, it is possible to maintain the necessary SCC resistance.
Hereinafter, an embodiment according to the present invention will be explained with reference to
A primary system of the pressurized-water nuclear plant includes a piping system other than main coolant pipes through which primary coolant circulates, for example; a piping system that performs emergency reactor cooling and emergency boron injection at the time of a loss of primary cooling water accident and main steam pipe rupture; a piping system that supplies make-up water to maintain the volume of the primary coolant when the primary coolant is shrunk due to decrease in load; and a piping system that removes heat of the primary coolant after a reactor is stopped, and injects boric acid solution of a refueling water pump into the reactor so as to lower the temperature at the time of a loss of coolant accident. Piping utilized in these piping systems is referred to as ordinary piping in contrast with the main coolant pipes.
The above-mentioned ordinary piping 1 is formed by austenite stainless steel such as SUS316 and SUS304.
The ordinary piping 1 is joined through welding or the like into a piping system. At this time, in order to smooth a butt-welded portion of the welded ordinary piping 1, a thinning process for machining an inner face of joined portion thereof is performed. In this thinning process, the joined portion is machined to a surface 3 indicated in an alternate long and short dash line of
As illustrated in
A chip 9 is generated in front surface of the feed direction of the throw-away tip 5, and a rake face 11 is provided for scooping this chip 9. An angle of this rake face 11 relative to a vertical plane 13 is referred to as a rake angle α.
An angle of the tool tip end portion of the throw-away tip 5 is referred to as a tool angle β, and an angle for making space between the throw-away tip 5 and the ordinary piping 1 that is work material is referred to as a relief angle δ.
The throw-away tip 5 is fed in a depth-of-cut direction 15 by a depth of cut (a depth of finishing cut, a depth of base cut) 17, and is also fed in the feed direction 7, thereby carrying out the cutting with a predetermined depth of cut, and this process is repeatedly performed so as to accomplish the machining with a predetermined amount.
The hardness of each machined surface is measured by measuring the Vickers hardness at a load of 10 gf.
The respective rake angles α of the throw-away tip 5 used in a test are 11°, 14°, 15°, 20°, 24°, 27°, 32° and 35°.
In various machining conditions, each cutting with the rake angles α of 11° to 27° was carried out in the following range: the cutting speed is 7 to 87 m/min, the depth of cut 17 is 0.1 to 1 mm, and the feeding rate is 0.08 to 0.25 mm/r.
Using the same throw-away tip 5, a rough machining with the greater depth of cut 17 was initially carried out, and thereafter a finishing cutting of approximately 1 mm or so is carried out with the smaller depth of cut 17.
In various machining conditions, each cutting with the rake angles α of 32° and 35° was carried out in the following range: the machining speed is 18 to 35 m/min, the depth of cut 17 is 0.1 to 0.2 mm, and the feeding rate is 0.08 to 0.13 mm/r.
The cutting with the rake angles α of 32° and 35° was carried out in such a manner that, after the cutting using the rake angles α of 11° to 27° was completed, the cutting was carried out by replacing the throw-away tip 5 whose rake angles α of 32° and 35°.
Specifically, the cutting with the rake angles α of 32° and 35° was carried out by performing the rough machining using the rake angles α of 11° to 27°, and then performing a base cutting with the smaller depth of cut 17 of approximate 1 mm or so, and thereafter further performing the cutting with the further smaller depth of cut 17.
This base cutting using the rake angles α of 11° to 27° with the smaller depth of cut 17 of approximate 1 mm or so serves as a base treatment process for the cutting using the throw-away tip 5 whose rake angles α of 32° and 35°.
In the throw-away tip 5 whose rake angles α of 32° and 35° (the rake angle of +29° or more), the depth of cut 17 is set to be 0.1 mm or more and 0.2 mm or less.
Work hardening due to a pretreatment process becomes significant, especially in a region from the surface to a depth of 0.1 mm; and if machining is carried out in a region less than this, abrasion of the tip end of the throw-away tip 5 is progressed, so that the tip end of the throw-away tip 5 becomes rounder and loses its sharpness. Thus, the depth of cut 17 of less than 0.1 mm rather brings about hardening of the surface.
If the depth of cut 17 exceeds 0.2 mm, cutting resistance acting from the ordinary piping 1 on the throw-away tip 5 becomes greater, so that the cutting edge of the throw-away tip 5 is likely to be chipped, which requires more time and cost for maintenance thereof.
As apparent from
To the contrary, with respect to the throw-away tip 5 whose rake angles α are 32° and 35°, the Vickers hardness never exceeds 300 HV even if the machining condition is changed, and this shows that the hardness of the surface is reduced, compared with the machining with the throw-way tip 5 whose rake angles α are 11° to 27°.
For example, connecting every median of hardness for the respective rake angles α, the rake angle α of 29° located approximately at the center between the rake angle α of 27° and the rake angle α of 32° exhibits the Vickers hardness of less than 300 HV.
If the rake angle is set to be as great as +29° or more, the shear angle of the chip 9 becomes greater and the thickness of the chip 9 becomes thinner, so that cutting force (cutting resistance) required for the cutting becomes smaller. Accordingly, the cutting resistance acting on the ordinary piping 1 is reduced, therefore it is understood that the hardening of the machined surface can be suppressed.
The hardness measurement was carried out in such a manner that, measurements were made at ten points at a depth of 0.01 mm from the surface; and with respect to one of the above ten points, measurements were made at depths of 0.02 and 0.05 mm, along with at a pitch of 0.1 mm from 0.1 mm to 1.0 mm deep from the surface. The hardness of each machined surface was measured by measuring the Vickers hardness at a load of 10 gf.
The same machining conditions for the throw-away tip 5 were used as those in the above description.
As apparent from
In a region at a depth of 0.2 mm or more from the surface, both rake angles exhibit approximately the same hardness. This indicates the hardness of the base material.
From this, it is appreciated that the machining with the rake angle of 14° that is a conventional machining method causes the surface work hardening of as much as 200 HV or more from the original hardness of the base material due to the machining; to the contrary, in the machining with the rake angle of 35° by use of the machining method according to the present invention, the work hardening is significantly reduced due to the reduced cutting resistance.
In
On the other hand, in
In this analysis method, a crystal orientation for each crystal grain is distinguished by using a different color (by using a different color density in
In
In
As described above, since the finishing treatment is carried out by the machining using the throw-away tip 5 whose rake angle of +29° or more, it is possible to securely keep the hardness of the finished surface to be less than 300 HV in terms of the Vickers hardness.
In order to securely keep the hardness of the surface layer to be less than 300 HV in terms of the Vickers hardness, the rake angle α may be set to be 30° or more, or 31° or more, for example.
It is possible to keep the hardness of the surface layer to be less than 300 HV in terms of the Vickers hardness only by use of the machining, as described above; that is, it is possible to finish the surface in a state having no SCC sensitivity, therefore, occurrence of SCC can be suppressed only by use of the machining, without requiring after treatment such as removal of the hardened layer by buffing, pickling, electrolytic grinding or the like and/or applying compressive stress by peening, heat treatment (by use of laser or the like, for example), which has conventionally been carried out.
As described above, only the machining is required, and such after treatment can be eliminated, thereby reducing working hours for the thinning process as well as cost therefor.
In addition, since the hardness of the surface layer is low, even if working such as welding that causes tensile stress is applied after the machining, it is possible to maintain the SCC resistance.
As described above, the machining includes the so-called base treatment process in which the machining using the throw-away tip 5 whose rake angles α are 11° to 27° with the greater depth of cut 17 is carried out prior to the cutting using the throw-away tip 5 whose rake angle α is +29° or more. By this, deep and quick cutting is carried out in advance in the so-called base treatment process of the machining with the greater depth of cut 17, so that the cutting amount can be reduced by use of the throw-away tip 5 whose rake angle of +29° or more. It is possible to reduce the cutting amount by use of the throw-away tip 5 whose rake angle is +29° or more, for which the depth of cut 17 cannot be greater in view of the durability, thereby enhancing efficiency of the machining.
Note that it is preferable that the depth of cut 17 in the base treatment process is 1 mm or less, preferably 0.2 mm or more and 0.3 mm or less.
If the cutting with the depth of cut 17 of more than 1 mm is carried out, the hardness of the machined surface becomes significantly high, so that it becomes difficult to make the hardness less than 300 HV in terms of the Vickers hardness even if the throw-away tip 5 whose rake angle α is +29° or more is used in the following cutting. Addition to this, it becomes difficult to apply the throw-away tip 5 whose tip end of the tool is very sharp and whose rake angle is +29° or more.
The depth of cut 17 in the base treatment process is preferably set to be 0.2 mm or more and 0.3 mm or less because the hardness can be softened.
It is preferable that the treatment amount of the base treatment process is 0.5 mm thick or more and 2 mm thick or less, preferably 1 mm thick or so.
In the case where the treatment amount of the machining exceeds the above range, in consideration of the machining efficiency, it is preferable to perform a rough machining treatment process in which rough machining treatment is carried out with the greater depth of cut 17 before the base treatment process.
Note that the present invention is not limited to the above explained embodiment, and various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
For example, the present embodiment is applied to the thinning process of the ordinary piping in a pressurized-water nuclear plant, but is not limited to such thinning, and is also applicable to other machining for ordinary piping and others. It is also applicable to machining for piping in a secondary system or the like in a pressurized-water nuclear plant, and for recirculation piping or other piping in a boiling-reactor nuclear power plant. Furthermore, it is also applicable to machining for piping in a chemical plant or a thermal power plant, etc.
It is not limited to machining for piping but is applicable to machining for various equipment and piping of austenite stainless steel such as plate material or block material.
In addition, it is also applicable to machining for material exhibiting the similar behavior to that of austenite stainless steel such as inconel that is a Nickel base alloy.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009-198263 | Aug 2009 | JP | national |
| 2009-274517 | Dec 2009 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2010/064010 | 8/19/2010 | WO | 00 | 2/23/2012 |
