Patent Application
20210129292
This document pertains generally, but not by way of limitation, to abrasive particles, abrasive articles, and related apparatuses, systems and methods.
Various types of abrasive articles are known in the art. For example, coated abrasive articles generally have abrasive particles adhered to a backing by a resinous binder material. Examples include sandpaper and structured abrasives having precisely shaped abrasive composites adhered to a backing. The abrasive composites generally include abrasive particles and a resinous binder.
Coated abrasive articles are conventionally coated by either drop coating or electrostatic coating of the abrasive particles onto a resin-coated backing. Of the two methods, electrostatic coating has been often preferred, as it provides some degree of orientation control for grains having an aspect ratio other than one.
In general, positioning and orientation of the abrasive particles and their cutting points is important in determining abrasive performance and orientation. PCT International Publ. No. WO 2012/112305 A2 (Keipert) discloses coated abrasive articles manufactured through use of precision screens having precisely spaced and aligned non-circular apertures to hold individual abrasive particles in fixed positions that can be used to rotationally align a surface feature of the abrasive particles in a specific z-direction rotational orientation. In that method, a screen or perforated plate is laminated to an adhesive film and loaded with abrasive particles. The orientation of the abrasive particles could be controlled by the screen geometry and the restricted ability of the abrasive particles to contact and adhere to the adhesive through the screen openings. Removal of the adhesive layer from the filled screen transferred the oriented abrasive particles in an inverted fashion to an abrasive backing. The method relies on the presence of adhesive which can be cumbersome, prone to detackifying (e.g., due to dust deposits) over time, and which can transfer to the resultant coated abrasive article creating the possibility of adhesive transfer to, and contamination of, a workpiece.
Alignment and orientation of abrasive particles in an abrasive article can be important for article cutting performance and durability. If the abrasive particles are inverted (so as to be base up) or are out of alignment with respect to a cutting direction, a premature breakdown of the abrasive article can occur. Conventional methods such as drop coating and electrostatic deposition provide a random distribution of spacing and particle clustering often results where two or more shaped abrasive particles end up touching each other near the tips or upper surfaces of the shaped abrasive particles. Clustering can also create poor cutting performance due to local enlargement of bearing areas in those regions and inability of the shaped abrasive particles in the cluster to fracture and breakdown properly during use because of mutual mechanical reinforcement. Clustering can create undesirable heat buildup compared to coated abrasive articles having more uniformly spaced shaped abrasive particles.
In view of the foregoing, the present inventors have recognized, among other things, that a variety of abrasive articles can benefit from more precise positioning and orientation of abrasive particles. As such, the present inventors have developed processes, systems and apparatuses that use magnetic fields to control magnetizable abrasive particles. More particularly, the present inventors have discovered that by transferring the abrasive particles from the distribution tool under the influence of an applied magnetic field, the gap between the distribution tool and a backing can be significantly increased (e.g., up to about 4 times), while still achieving a same or substantially similar orientation as achieved using a narrower gap and no applied magnetic field. Such larger gap can avoid fouling of the distribution tool and/or damage to the abrasive article.
The processes, systems and apparatuses can position and/or orient the magnetizable abrasive particles as desired. In some embodiments, a non-random predetermined pattern for the magnetizable abrasive particles within the abrasive article can be achieved as a result of the distribution tool and the magnetic field. The magnetic field can be applied to the magnetizable abrasive particles during transfer from the distribution tool to the backing to improve not just the drop height but the propensity of the magnetizable abrasive particles to be oriented and/or aligned as desired once received on the backing.
According to one exemplary embodiment, a method of making a coated abrasive article is disclosed. The method can comprise: providing dispensable magnetizable abrasive particles and a distribution tool, wherein the distribution tool is configured to receive the magnetizable abrasive particles therein, and wherein the distribution tool is configured to impart at least one of a predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles, positioning a backing adjacent to the distribution tool and spaced therefrom by a gap; applying a magnetic field to at least the backing and a portion of the gap between the backing and the distribution tool, and transferring the magnetizable abrasive particles from the distribution tool to a first major surface of the backing, wherein the magnetic field is applied during the transfer of the magnetizable abrasive particles.
According to another exemplary embodiment, an abrasive particle positioning system is disclosed. The system can comprise: a distribution tool configured to impart at least one of a predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles, the distribution tool can comprise: a carrier member having a dispensing surface and a back surface opposite the dispensing surface, wherein the carrier member has cavities formed therein, wherein the cavities extend into the carrier member from the dispensing surface toward the back surface, magnetizable abrasive particles removably disposed within at least some of the cavities, a backing disposed adjacent to the distribution tool and spaced therefrom by a gap, the backing having a first major surface facing the distribution tool and a second major surface opposing the first major surface, and a magnet disposed below the second major surface of the backing, the magnet applying a magnetic field during a transfer of the magnetizable abrasive particles from the distribution tool to the backing to aid in achieving at least one of a predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles on a first major surface of the backing.
According to yet another exemplary embodiment, abrasive particle positioning system is disclosed. The system can comprise: a distribution tool configured to impart at least one of a predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles, the distribution tool can comprise: a member includes a plurality of walls defining slots configured to allow for the passage of one or more of the magnetizable abrasive particles therethrough, each one of the slots being open at a first end to a dispensing surface of the distribution tool and open at a second end to feed surface of the distribution tool, a backing disposed adjacent to the distribution tool and spaced therefrom by a gap, the backing having a first major surface facing the dispensing surface and a second major surface opposing the first major surface, and a magnet disposed below the second major surface of the backing, the magnet applying a magnetic field during a transfer of the magnetizable abrasive particles from the distribution tool to the backing to aid in achieving at least one of a predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles on a first major surface of the backing.
According to another exemplary embodiment, a method of making a coated abrasive article is disclosed. The method can comprise: providing dispensable magnetizable abrasive particles and a distribution tool, wherein the distribution tool is configured to receive the magnetizable abrasive particles therein, and wherein the distribution tool is configured to impart at least one of a predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles, positioning a backing adjacent to the distribution tool and spaced therefrom by a gap, applying a magnetic field to at least the backing and a portion of the gap between the backing and the distribution tool, and transferring the magnetizable abrasive particles from the distribution tool to a first major surface of the backing, wherein the magnetic field is applied during the transfer of the magnetizable abrasive particles.
As used herein:
The term “a”, “an”, and “the” are used interchangeably with “at least one” to mean one or more of the elements being described.
The term “and/or” means either or both. For example “A and/or B” means only A, only B, or both A and B.
The terms “including,” “comprising,” or “having,” and variations thereof, are meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.
Unless specified or limited otherwise, the term “coupled” and variations thereof are used broadly and encompass both direct and indirect couplings.
The phrase “major surface” or variations thereof, are used to describe an article having a thickness that is small relative to its length and width. The length and width of such articles can define the “major surface” of the article, but this major surface, as well as the article, need not be flat or planar. For example, the above phrases can be used to describe an article having a first ratio (R1) of thickness (e.g., in a Z direction that is orthogonal to a major surface of the article at any point along the major surface) to a first surface dimension of the major surface (e.g., width or length), and a second ratio (R2) of thickness to a second surface dimension of the major surface, where the first ratio (R1) and the second ratio (R2) are both less than 0.1. In some embodiments, the first ratio (R1) and the second ratio (R2) can be less than 0.01; in some embodiments, less than 0.001; and in some embodiments, less than 0.0001. Note that the two surface dimensions need not be the same, and the first ratio (R1) and the second ratio (R2) need not be the same, in order for both the first ratio (R1) and the second ratio (R2) to fall within the desired range. In addition, none of the first surface dimension, the second surface dimension, the thickness, the first ratio (R1), and the second ratio (R2) need to be constant in order for both the first ratio (R1) and the second ratio (R2) to fall within the desired range.
The term “ceramic” refers to any of various hard, brittle, heat- and corrosion-resistant materials made of at least one metallic element (which can include silicon) combined with oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur.
The term “conductive” means electrically conductive (e.g., at the level of a conductor), unless otherwise specified.
The term “ferrimagnetic” refers to materials that exhibit ferrimagnetism. Ferrimagnetism is a type of permanent magnetism that occurs in solids in which the magnetic fields associated with individual atoms spontaneously align themselves, some parallel, or in the same direction (as in ferromagnetism), and others generally antiparallel, or paired off in opposite directions (as in antiferromagnetism). The magnetic behavior of single crystals of ferrimagnetic materials can be attributed to the parallel alignment; the diluting effect of those atoms in the antiparallel arrangement keeps the magnetic strength of these materials generally less than that of purely ferromagnetic solids such as metallic iron. Ferrimagnetism occurs chiefly in magnetic oxides known as ferrites. The spontaneous alignment that produces ferrimagnetism is entirely disrupted above a temperature called the Curie point, characteristic of each ferrimagnetic material. When the temperature of the material is brought below the Curie point, ferrimagnetism revives.
The term “ferromagnetic” refers to materials that exhibit ferromagnetism. Ferromagnetism is a physical phenomenon in which certain electrically uncharged materials strongly attract others. In contrast to other substances, ferromagnetic materials are magnetized easily, and in strong magnetic fields the magnetization approaches a definite limit called saturation. When a field is applied and then removed, the magnetization does not return to its original value. This phenomenon is referred to as hysteresis. When heated to a certain temperature called the Curie point, which is generally different for each substance, ferromagnetic materials lose their characteristic properties and cease to be magnetic; however, they become ferromagnetic again on cooling.
The terms “magnetic” and “magnetized” mean being ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic at 20° C., unless otherwise specified.
The term “magnetizable” means that the item being referred to is magnetic or can be made magnetic using an applied magnetic field, and has a magnetic moment of at least 0.001 electromagnetic units (emu), in some cases at least 0.005 emu, and yet other cases 0.01 emu, up to an including 0.1 emu, although this is not a requirement.
The term “magnetic field” refers to magnetic fields that are not generated by any astronomical body or bodies (e.g., Earth or the sun). In general, magnetic fields used in practice of the present disclosure have a field strength in the region of the magnetizable abrasive particles being oriented of at least about 10 gauss (1 mT), in some cases at least about 100 gauss (10 mT), and in yet other cases at least about 1000 gauss (0.1 T).
The term “magnetizable” means capable of being magnetized or already in a magnetized state.
The term “shaped ceramic body” refers to a ceramic body that has been intentionally shaped (e.g., extruded, die cut, molded, screen-printed) at some point during its preparation such that the resulting ceramic body is non-randomly shaped. The term “shaped ceramic body” as used herein excludes ceramic bodies obtained by a mechanical crushing or milling operation.
The terms “precisely-shaped ceramic body” refers to a ceramic body wherein at least a portion of the ceramic body has a predetermined shape that is replicated from a mold cavity used to form a precursor precisely-shaped ceramic body that is sintered to form the precisely-shaped ceramic body. A precisely-shaped ceramic body will generally have a predetermined geometric shape that substantially replicates the mold cavity that was used to form the shaped abrasive particle.
The term “length” refers to the longest dimension of an object.
The term “width” refers to the longest dimension of an object that is perpendicular to its length.
The term “thickness” refers to the longest dimension of an object that is perpendicular to both of its length and width.
The term “aspect ratio” refers to the ratio length/thickness of an object.
The term “orientation” “oriented” or “orient” as it refers to the magnetizable abrasive particles provided by distribution tools and/or the magnetic fields of the present disclosure can refer to a non-random disposition of at least a majority of the particles relative to the distribution tool(s) and/or the backing. For example, a majority of the magnetizable abrasive particles have a major planar surface disposed at an angle of at least 70 degrees relative to the first major surface of the backing upon transfer to the backing. Thus, a majority of the magnetizable abrasive particles do not have a major surface that rests flat upon the backing after transfer but have at least one minor surface that rests upon the backing. These terms also can refer to major axes and dimensions of the magnetizable abrasive particles themselves. For example, the particle maximum length, height and thickness are a function of a shape of the magnetizable abrasive particle, and the shape may or may not be uniform. The present disclosure is in no way limited to any particular abrasive particle shape, dimensions, type, etc., and many exemplary magnetizable abrasive particles useful with the present disclosure are described in greater detail below. However, with some shapes, the “height”, “width” and “thickness” give rise to major faces and minor side faces. Regardless of an exact shape, any magnetizable abrasive particle can have a centroid at which particle Cartesian axes can be defined. With these conventions, the particle z-axis is parallel with the maximum height, the particle y-axis is parallel with the maximum length, and the particle x-axis is parallel with the maximum thickness of the particle. As a point of reference, the particle axes can identified for each magnetizable abrasive particle as a standalone object independent of the backing construction; once applied to the backing, a “z-axis rotation orientation” of the magnetizable abrasive particle is defined by the particle's angular rotation about a z-axis passing through the particle and through the backing to which the particle is attached at a 90 degree angle to the backing. The orientation effected by the distribution tools of the present disclosure entail dictating or limiting a spatial arrangement of the abrasive particle to a range of rotational orientations about the particle in one or more of the z-axis, the y-axis and/or the x-axis to a range of rotational orientations about the particle axes. For example, the embodiments of
The term “alignment” “aligned” or “align” as it refers to the magnetizable abrasive particles provided by distribution tools and/or the magnetic fields of the present disclosure can refer to a non-random positioning of at least a majority of the magnetizable abrasive particles such that at least the majority of the magnetizable abrasive particles have a minor surface/cutting edge(s) that is positioned in a direction of cutting when the abrasive article is used.
The term “pattern” “patterned” or “patterning” as it refers to the magnetizable abrasive particles refers to a controlled spacing of either individual or groupings of the magnetizable abrasive particles. Thus, the term does not necessarily imply a particular alignment or orientation. In some instances, the pattern can have a repeated controlled spacing of either individual or groupings of the magnetizable abrasive particles. It refers to the magnetizable abrasive particles provided by distribution tools and/or the magnetic fields of the present disclosure can refer to a non-random spacing between at least a majority of the particles relative to one another whether in the distribution tool and/or disposed upon the backing.
The term “substantially” means within 35 percent (within 30 percent, in yet other cases within 25 percent, in yet other cases within 20 percent, in yet other cases within 10 percent, and in yet other cases within 5 percent) of the attribute being referred to.
Features and advantages of the present disclosure will be further understood upon consideration of the detailed description as well as the appended claims.
This overview is intended to provide an overview of subject matter of the present patent application. It is not intended to provide an exclusive or exhaustive explanation of the invention. The detailed description is included to provide further information about the present patent application.
Magnetizable abrasive particles are described herein by way of example and can have various configurations. For example, the magnetizable abrasive particles can be constructed of various materials including but not limited to ceramics, metal alloys, composites or the like. Similarly, the magnetizable abrasive particles can be substantially entirely constructed of magnetizable material, can have magnetizable portions disposed therein (e.g., ferrous traces), or can have magnetizable portions disposed as layers on one or more surfaces thereof (e.g., one or more surfaces can be coated with a magnetizable material) according to some examples. The magnetizable abrasive particles can be shaped according to some examples. According to other examples the magnetizable abrasive particles can comprise crush grains, agglomerates, or the like. Magnetizable abrasive particles can be used in loose form (e.g., free-flowing or in a slurry) or they can be incorporated into various abrasive articles (e.g., coated abrasive articles, bonded abrasive articles, nonwoven abrasive articles, and/or abrasive brushes).
Referring now to
The magnetizable layer 120 can optionally extend somewhat onto other surfaces of the shaped ceramic body 110. In some embodiments, the magnetizable layer 120 can extend to cover a majority of any surface of the shaped ceramic body 110 as desired. As shown, magnetizable layer 120 can be coextensive with side surface 140a. Magnetizable abrasive particles of the type shown can be aligned with the magnetizable layer-coated surface parallel to magnetic field lines of force as will be discussed subsequently.
In general, since orientation of the magnetic field lines tends to be different at the center and edge of a magnet it is also possible to create various desired orientations of the magnetizable abrasive particles during their inclusion into an abrasive article.
The magnetizable layer can be a unitary magnetizable material, or it can comprise magnetizable particles in a binder matrix. Suitable binders can be vitreous or organic, for example, as described for the binder matrix 130 hereinbelow. The binder matrix can be, for example selected from those vitreous and organic binders. The ceramic body can comprise any ceramic material (a ceramic abrasive material), for example, selected from among the ceramic (i.e., not including diamond) abrasive materials listed hereinbelow. The magnetizable layer can be disposed on the ceramic body by any suitable method such as, for example, dip coating, spraying, painting, physical vapor deposition, and powder coating. Individual magnetizable abrasive particles can have magnetizable layers with different degrees of coverage and/or locations of coverage. The magnetizable layer can be essentially free of (i.e., containing less than 5 weight percent of, in yet other cases containing less than 1 weight percent of) ceramic abrasive materials used in the ceramic body.
The magnetizable layer can consist essentially of magnetizable materials (e.g., >99 to 100 percent by weight of vapor coated metals and alloys thereof), or it can contain magnetic particles retained in a binder matrix. The binder matrix of the magnetizable layer, if present, can be inorganic (e.g., vitreous) or organic resin-based, and is typically formed from a respective binder precursor.
Magnetizable abrasive particles according to the present disclosure can be prepared, for example, by applying a magnetizable layer or precursor thereof to the ceramic body. Magnetizable layers can be provided by physical vapor deposition as discussed hereinbelow. Magnetizable layer precursors can be provided as a dispersion or slurry in a liquid vehicle. The dispersion or slurry vehicle and can be made by simple mixing of its components (e.g., magnetizable particles, optional binder precursor, and liquid vehicle), for example. Exemplary liquid vehicles include water, alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether), ethers (e.g., glyme, diglyme), and combinations thereof. The dispersion or slurry can contain additional components such as, for example, dispersant, surfactant, mold release agent, colorant, defoamer, and rheology modifier. Typically, after coating onto the ceramic bodies the magnetizable layer precursor is dried to remove most or all of the liquid vehicle, although this is not a requirement. If a curable binder precursor is used, then a curing step (e.g., heating and/or exposure to actinic radiation) generally follows to provide the magnetizable layer.
Vitreous binder can be produced from a precursor composition comprising a mixture or combination of one or more raw materials that when heated to a high temperature melt and/or fuse to form a vitreous binder matrix. Further disclosure of appropriate vitreous binders that can be used with the abrasive article can be found in United States Provisional Pat. Appl. Ser. Nos. 62/412,402, 62/412,405, 62/412,411, 62/412,416, 62/412,427, 62/412,440, 62/412,459, and 62/412,470, which are each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
In some embodiments, the magnetizable layer can be deposited using a vapor deposition technique such as, for example, physical vapor deposition (PVD) including magnetron sputtering. PVD metallization of various metals, metal oxides and metallic alloys is disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,612,242 (Vesley) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,727,931 (Brey et al.). Magnetizable layers can typically be prepared in this general manner, but care should be generally taken to prevent the vapor coating from covering the entire surface of the shaped ceramic body. The can be accomplished by masking a portion of the ceramic body to prevent vapor deposition.
Examples of metallic materials that can be vapor coated include stainless steels, nickel, cobalt. Exemplary useful magnetizable particles/materials can comprise: iron; cobalt; nickel; various alloys of nickel and iron marketed as Permalloy in various grades; various alloys of iron, nickel and cobalt marketed as Fernico, Kovar, FerNiCo I, or FerNiCo II; various alloys of iron, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, and sometimes also copper and/or titanium marketed as Alnico in various grades; alloys of iron, silicon, and aluminum (typically about 85:9:6 by weight) marketed as Sendust alloy; Heusler alloys (e.g., Cu2MnSn); manganese bismuthide (also known as Bismanol); rare earth magnetizable materials such as gadolinium, dysprosium, holmium, europium oxide, and alloys of samarium and cobalt (e.g., SmCo5); MnSb; ferrites such as ferrite, magnetite; zinc ferrite; nickel ferrite; cobalt ferrite, magnesium ferrite, barium ferrite, and strontium ferrite; and combinations of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the magnetizable material comprises at least one metal selected from iron, nickel, and cobalt, an alloy of two or more such metals, or an alloy of at one such metal with at least one element selected from phosphorus and manganese. In some embodiments, the magnetizable material is an alloy containing 8 to 12 weight percent (wt. %) aluminum, 15 to 26 wt. % nickel, 5 to 24 wt. % cobalt, up to 6 wt. % copper, up to 1 wt. % titanium, wherein the balance of material to add up to 100 wt. % is iron. Alloys of this type are available under the trade designation “ALNICO”.
Useful abrasive materials that can be used as ceramic bodies include, for example, fused aluminum oxide, heat treated aluminum oxide, white fused aluminum oxide, ceramic aluminum oxide materials such as those commercially available as 3M CERAMIC ABRASIVE GRAIN from 3M Company of St. Paul, Minn., black silicon carbide, green silicon carbide, titanium diboride, boron carbide, tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, cubic boron nitride, garnet, fused alumina zirconia, sol-gel derived ceramics (e.g., alumina ceramics doped with chromia, ceria, zirconia, titania, silica, and/or tin oxide), silica (e.g., quartz, glass beads, glass bubbles and glass fibers), feldspar, or flint. Examples of sol-gel derived crushed ceramic particles can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,827 (Leitheiser et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,364 (Cottringer et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,802 (Schwabel), U.S. Pat. No. 4,770,671 (Monroe et al.); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,881,951 (Monroe et al.).
As discussed previously, the body of the abrasive particle can be shaped (e.g., precisely-shaped) or random (e.g., crushed). Shaped abrasive particles and precisely-shaped ceramic bodies can be prepared by a molding process using sol-gel technology as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,201,916 (Berg); U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,523 (Rowenhorst (Re 35,570)); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,984,988 (Berg). U.S. Pat. No. 8,034,137 (Erickson et al.) describes alumina particles that have been formed in a specific shape, then crushed to form shards that retain a portion of their original shape features. In some embodiments, the ceramic bodies are precisely-shaped (i.e., the ceramic bodies have shapes that are at least partially determined by the shapes of cavities in a production tool used to make them).
Exemplary shapes of ceramic bodies include crushed, pyramids (e.g., 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-sided pyramids), truncated pyramids (e.g., 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-sided truncated pyramids), cones, truncated cones, rods (e.g., cylindrical, vermiform), and prisms (e.g., 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-sided prisms).
Exemplary magnetizable materials that can be suitable for use in magnetizable particles can comprise: iron; cobalt; nickel; various alloys of nickel and iron marketed as Permalloy in various grades; various alloys of iron, nickel and cobalt marketed as Fernico, Kovar, FerNiCo I, or FerNiCo II; various alloys of iron, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, and sometimes also copper and/or titanium marketed as Alnico in various grades; alloys of iron, silicon, and aluminum (typically about 85:9:6 by weight) marketed as Sendust alloy; Heusler alloys (e.g., Cu2MnSn); manganese bismuthide (also known as Bismanol); rare earth magnetizable materials such as gadolinium, dysprosium, holmium, europium oxide, alloys of neodymium, iron and boron (e.g., Nd2Fe14B), and alloys of samarium and cobalt (e.g., SmCo5); MnSb; MnOFe2O3; Y3Fe5O12; CrO2; MnAs; ferrites such as ferrite, magnetite; zinc ferrite; nickel ferrite; cobalt ferrite, magnesium ferrite, barium ferrite, and strontium ferrite; yttrium iron garnet; and combinations of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the magnetizable material comprises at least one metal selected from iron, nickel, and cobalt, an alloy of two or more such metals, or an alloy of at one such metal with at least one element selected from phosphorus and manganese. In some embodiments, the magnetizable material is an alloy (e.g., Alnico alloy) containing 8 to 12 weight percent (wt. aluminum, 15 to 26 wt. % nickel, 5 to 24 wt. % cobalt, up to 6 wt. % copper, up to 1 wt. % titanium, wherein the balance of material to add up to 100 wt. % is iron.
The magnetizable abrasive particles can have any size, but can be much smaller than the ceramic bodies as judged by average particle diameter, in yet other cases 4 to 2000 times smaller, in yet other cases 100 to 2000 times smaller, and in yet other cases 500 to 2000 times smaller, although other sizes can also be used. In this embodiment, the magnetizable particles can have a Mohs hardness of 6 or less (e.g., 5 or less, or 4 or less), although this is not a requirement.
As shown in the enlargement of
As shown in
Optionally, a filling assist member 234 can be provided after the abrasive particle feeder 232 to move the magnetizable abrasive particles 202 around on the surface of the distribution tool 204 and to help orientate or slide the abrasive particles into the cavities 230 (
The vacuum box 236, if in conjunction with the distribution tool 204 can communicate with cavities 230 as will be further illustrated and described in reference to
Further details regarding various additional elements and sub-assemblies that can be used with the apparatus 200 and the distribution tool 204 described herein can be found in PCT International Publ. Nos. WO2015/100020, WO2015/100220 and WO2015100018, which are each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The apparatus 200 as shown in
For the purposes of this disclosure, the first magnetic force F1 can optionally be used to facilitate or influence a transfer of the magnetizable abrasive particles from the cavities 230 of the distribution tool 204 to the backing 216. The first magnetic force F1 can be substantially uniform over the magnetizable abrasive particles 202 in the distribution tool 204, or it can be uneven, or even effectively separated into discrete sections. The orientation of the first magnetic force F1 is configured to influence the transfer of the magnetizable abrasive particles 202 from the distribution tool 204 to the backing 216 to achieve at least one of the predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles 202 on the first major surface 220 of the backing 216.
In the embodiment of
Examples of magnetic field configurations and apparatuses for generating them are described in U.S. Patent Application. Publication. Nos. 2008/0289262 A1 (Gao) and U.S. U.S. Pat. No. 2,370,636 (Carlton), U.S. Pat. No. 2,857,879 (Johnson), U.S. Pat. No. 3,625,666 (James), U.S. Pat. No. 4,008,055 (Phaal), U.S. Pat. No. 5,181,939 (Neff), and British Pat. No. (G. B.) 1 477 767 (Edenville Engineering Works Limited), which are each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
In some embodiments, a second element 252 (e.g, a permanent magnet, an electromagnet, a vacuum) acting with a force (indicated as F2) can be used to retain the magnetizable abrasive particles 202 within the cavities 230 for at least a portion of the travel around the roller 222 when at least some of the magnetizable abrasive particles 202 become inverted become partially or totally inverted relative to the force of gravity and/or the backing 216. In such inverted position, the earth's gravitational field would to attempt to remove the magnetizable abrasive particles 202 from the cavities 230. According to some embodiments, if a magnet is used as second element 252 to apply a second magnet field, rather than having a second magnet, the first magnet 250 can have a second portion with a second polarity designed to retain the magnetizable abrasive particles 202 within the cavities 230. According to other embodiments, if a vacuum is used as second element 252 to apply the force F2, the vacuum would be used to retain at least some of the magnetizable abrasive particles 202 within the cavities 230.
According to some embodiments, the force F2 that retains the magnetizable abrasive particles 202 in the cavities 230 can be selectively removed or changed prior to or simultaneous with transfer of the magnetizable abrasive particles 202 from the plurality of cavities 230. Removal of the force F2 can occur by removing power to the second element 252 (e.g., if the second element 252 comprises an electromagnet) or by positioning or configuring the second element 252 such that the strength of the force F2 is substantially reduced toward zero prior to reaching the region where force F1 has an influence. In other embodiments, the second force F2 can be changed in orientation (e.g., reversed in polarity, reduced in strength to a point where the gravitational force G exceeds the force F2 applied on the magnetizable abrasive particles 202) rather than being removed.
The backing 216 can have a make layer precursor (i.e., the binder precursor for the make layer) coated therein. As desired the magnetizable abrasive particle 202 can maintain a vertical or somewhat inclined orientation relative to the horizontal backing 216. For example, a majority of the magnetizable abrasive particles 202 can have a major planar surface (previously discussed and illustrated with regard to
In the embodiment of
In
It should be understood that in other embodiments, the orientation of components shown in
The magnet 350 (a permanent or electromagnet) can be part of the distribution tool 304 and system 300 but may be spaced from the carrier member 328, the cavities 330 and the dispensing surface 332 as illustrated in
According to the embodiment of
Typically, the cavity openings 436 of the carrier member 428 can be rectangular; however, this is not a requirement. The length, width, and depth of the cavities 420 in the carrier member 428 will generally be determined at least in part by the shape and size of the magnetizable abrasive particles 402 with which they are to be used. For example, if the magnetizable abrasive particles 402 are shaped as equilateral trigonal platelets, then the lengths of individual cavities should be from 1.1-1.2 times the maximum length of a side of the magnetizable abrasive particles 402, the widths of individual cavities 430 are from 1.1-2.5 times the thickness of the magnetizable abrasive particles 402, and the respective depths of the cavities 430 are 1.0 to 1.2 times the width of the magnetizable abrasive particles 402 if the magnetizable abrasive particles 402 are to be contained within the cavities 430.
Alternatively, for example, if the magnetizable abrasive particles 402 are shaped as equilateral trigonal plates, then the lengths of individual cavities 430 could be less than that of an edge of the magnetizable abrasive particles 402, and/or the respective depths of the cavities 430 could be less than that of the width of the magnetizable abrasive particles 402 if the magnetizable abrasive particles 402 are to protrude from the cavities 430. Similarly, the width of the cavities 430 could be selected such that a single magnetizable abrasive particle 402 fits within each one of the cavities 430.
Suitable carrier members 428 may be rigid or flexible, but are sufficiently flexible to permit use of normal web handling devices such as rollers. According to some embodiments, the carrier member 428 comprises metal and/or organic polymer. Such organic polymers are moldable, have low cost, and are reasonably durable when used in the abrasive particle deposition process of the present disclosure.
The distribution tool 404 can be in the form of, for example, an endless belt (e.g., endless belt as shown in
The topography of the abrasive article formed by the method will have the inverse of the pattern of the contacting surface of the production tool. The pattern of the contacting surface of the production tool will generally be characterized by a plurality of cavities or recesses. The opening of these cavities can have any shape, regular or irregular, such as, for example, a rectangle, semicircle, circle, triangle, square, hexagon, or octagon. The walls of the cavities can be vertical or tapered. The pattern formed by the cavities can be arranged according to a specified plan or can be random.
The distribution tool 504 is configured to impart at least one of a predetermined orientation and alignment of at least a majority of the magnetizable abrasive particles 502 as applied to and subsequently bonded to the first major face 554 of the backing 516. With this in mind, the distribution tool 504 is shown in simplified form in
The distribution tool 504 can have or define a feed surface 512 such as a central bore in some embodiments. The feed surface 512 can comprise a plurality of interior surfaces that can be configured to receive the magnetizable abrasive particles 502 as a feed. Each of the slots 508 are also open to the central portion. The distribution tool 504 is configured to distribute the magnetizable abrasive particles from the feed surface 512 to the dispensing surface 510 thereof in a manner that imparts at least one of an orientation, spacing and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles 502. For example, the slots 508 extend in a cross-web as well as a down-web direction and each have a substantially similar width Ws (e.g., the width Ws of the slots 508 can vary from one another by no more than 10%) that is selected in accordance with expected nominal dimensions of the magnetizable abrasive particles 502 so as to bias the magnetizable abrasive particles 502 to at least one of the predetermined orientation and alignment at the dispensing surface 510.
In the embodiment of
Similar to the embodiments previously described, the apparatus 500 as shown in
For the purposes of this disclosure, the first magnetic force F1 can optionally be used to facilitate or influence a transfer of the magnetizable abrasive particles 502 from the slots 508 of the distribution tool 504 to the backing 516. The first magnetic force F1 can be substantially uniform over the magnetizable abrasive particles 502 in the distribution tool 504, or it can be uneven, or even effectively separated into discrete sections. The orientation of the first magnetic force F1 is configured to influence the transfer of the magnetizable abrasive particles 502 from the distribution tool 504 to the backing 516 to achieve at least one of the predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles 502 on the first major surface 554 of the backing 516.
In the embodiment of
However, according to other embodiments, while the slots 508 generally align with the gravitational field and the magnetic field can act on the magnetizable abrasive particles in an opposing direction to the gravitational field. The magnetic field can overcome the gravitational field to urge the magnetizable abrasive particles from the distribution tool through the slots and can influence a passage of the magnetizable abrasive particles through the gap to the first major surface of the backing.
Similar to the previously described embodiments, the distribution tool 504 can be disclosed closely adjacent the backing 516 but can be spaced therefrom by at least the gap G. The gap G can comprise a minimum spacing between the dispensing surface 510 (an exterior surface) of the distribution tool 504 and the backing 516. According to some embodiments, the gap G can be at least as large as a maximum dimension of the magnetizable abrasive particles 502. According to further embodiments, the gap G can be at least twice a maximum dimension of the magnetizable abrasive particles 502. According to yet further embodiments, the gap G can be at least three times as large a maximum dimension of the magnetizable abrasive particles 502. According to one embodiment, the gap G can be between 0.010 inches and 1.0 inches in extent as measured from a closest most point of the distribution tool 504 to the first major surface 554 of the backing 516.
The distribution tool 604 has a generally cylindrical shape, for example akin to a hollow right cylinder. The slots 608 are each open to an exterior of the distribution tool 604 as well as to an interior comprising a central bore 610. The distribution tool 604 is configured such that magnetizable abrasive particles 602 will become loaded into certain ones of the slots 608. The number of slots 608 provided with the distribution tool 604 can selected as a function of the desired slot width and a dimension (e.g., cross-web width) of the backing 616 as previously described. In yet other embodiments, the apparatus of any of the embodiments described herein can include two or more of the distribution tools assembled in series or parallel relative to the backing.
During use, a supply of the abrasive particles 602 is loaded to the distribution tool 604 via a source 614 (
By way of example, loading of the supply can include pouring or funneling (e.g., via vibratory feeder, belt driven drop coater, etc.) a large number of the magnetizable abrasive particles 602 on to (or into) the distribution tool 604 under the force of gravity, with individual ones of the so-loaded magnetizable abrasive particles 602 randomly assuming any spatial orientation. With reference between
As previously described, a magnet 650 (a permanent or electromagnet) can be disposed adjacent to the distribution tool 604 and the backing 616 as illustrated in
Further distribution tools that can be used with the magnetizable abrasive particles disclosed herein can be found in WO 2017/007714, WO2017/007703, WO2016/2015267, which are each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Abrasive articles according to the present disclosure are useful for abrading a workpiece. Methods of abrading range from snagging (i.e., high pressure high stock removal) to polishing (e.g., polishing medical implants with coated abrasive belts), wherein the latter is typically done with finer grades of abrasive particles. One such method includes the step of frictionally contacting an abrasive article with a surface of the workpiece, and moving at least one of the abrasive article or the workpiece relative to the other to abrade at least a portion of the surface.
Examples of workpiece materials include metal, metal alloys, exotic metal alloys, ceramics, glass, wood, wood-like materials, composites, painted surfaces, plastics, reinforced plastics, stone, and/or combinations thereof. The workpiece may be flat or have a shape or contour associated with it. Exemplary workpieces include metal components, plastic components, particleboard, camshafts, crankshafts, furniture, and turbine blades. The applied force during abrading typically ranges from about 1 kilogram to about 100 kilograms.
Abrasive articles according to the present disclosure may be used by hand and/or used in combination with a machine. At least one of the abrasive article and the workpiece is moved relative to the other when abrading. Abrading may be conducted under wet or dry conditions. Exemplary liquids for wet abrading include water, water containing conventional rust inhibiting compounds, lubricant, oil, soap, and cutting fluid. The liquid may also contain defoamers, degreasers, for example.
The following embodiments are intended to be illustrative of the present disclosure and not limiting.
Example 1 is a method of making a coated abrasive article, the method can comprise: providing dispensable magnetizable abrasive particles and a distribution tool, wherein the distribution tool is configured to receive the magnetizable abrasive particles therein, and wherein the distribution tool is configured to impart at least one of a predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles, positioning a backing adjacent to the distribution tool and spaced therefrom by a gap; applying a magnetic field to at least the backing and a portion of the gap between the backing and the distribution tool, and transferring the magnetizable abrasive particles from the distribution tool to a first major surface of the backing, wherein the magnetic field is applied during the transfer of the magnetizable abrasive particles.
In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 optionally includes the distribution tool is configured to provide a predetermined pattern to the magnetizable abrasive particles.
In Example 3, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-2 optionally includes one of the backing and distribution tool is moved relative to the other of the backing and distribution tool, and the method is part of a continuous process.
In Example 4, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-3 optionally includes the distribution tool includes a plurality of walls defining slots allowing for the passage of one or more of the magnetizable abrasive particles therethrough, each one of the slots being open to an exterior side of the distribution tool.
In Example 5, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-4 optionally includes the distribution tool has an exterior dispensing surface with cavities therein, and wherein each of the cavities is shaped to receive at least part of one of the magnetizable abrasive particles therein.
In Example 6, the subject matter of Example 5 optionally includes inverting the distribution tool such that a gravitational field acts to attempt to remove the magnetizable abrasive particles from the cavities, and at least some of the magnetizable abrasive particles are retained in the cavities by a vacuum.
In Example 7, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-6 optionally include at least partially curing a make layer precursor disposed on the backing, disposing a size layer precursor on at least a portion of the at least partially cured make layer precursor, and at least partially curing the size layer precursor.
In Example 8, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-7 optionally includes the magnetic field acts on the magnetizable abrasive particles in substantially a same direction as a gravitational field and together the magnetic field and the gravitational field urge the magnetizable abrasive particles from the distribution tool and influence a passage of the magnetizable abrasive particles through the gap to the first major surface of the backing.
In Example 9, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-8 optionally includes the magnetic field acts on the magnetizable abrasive particles in a substantially opposing direction as a gravitational field and the magnetic field acts to overcome the gravitational field to urge the magnetizable abrasive particles from the distribution tool and influence a passage of the magnetizable abrasive particles through the gap to the first major surface of the backing.
In Example 10, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-9 optionally includes the gap is at least as large as a maximum dimension of the magnetizable abrasive particles.
In Example 11, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-10 optionally includes the gap is at least twice a maximum dimension of the magnetizable abrasive particles.
In Example 12, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-11 optionally includes the gap is between 0.010 inches and 1.0 inches in extent as measured from a closest most point of the distribution tool to the first major surface of the backing.
In Example 13, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-12 optionally includes the magnetic field is applied by a magnet disposed relatively nearer to the first major surface of the backing than the distribution tool.
In Example 14, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-13 optionally includes a majority of the magnetizable abrasive particles have a major planar surface disposed at an angle of at least 70 degrees relative to the first major surface of the backing upon transfer to the backing.
In Example 15, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-14 optionally includes lines of force of the magnetic field are substantially perpendicular to the backing in a region comprising the gap between the backing and the distribution tool.
Example 16 is an abrasive particle positioning system that can comprise: a distribution tool configured to impart at least one of a predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles, the distribution tool can comprise: a carrier member having a dispensing surface and a back surface opposite the dispensing surface, wherein the carrier member has cavities formed therein, wherein the cavities extend into the carrier member from the dispensing surface toward the back surface, magnetizable abrasive particles removably disposed within at least some of the cavities, a backing disposed adjacent to the distribution tool and spaced therefrom by a gap, the backing having a first major surface facing the distribution tool and a second major surface opposing the first major surface, and a magnet disposed below the second major surface of the backing, the magnet applying a magnetic field during a transfer of the magnetizable abrasive particles from the distribution tool to the backing to aid in achieving at least one of a predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles on a first major surface of the backing.
In Example 17, the subject matter of Example 16 optionally includes the carrier member comprises a polymer and is flexible.
In Example 18, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 16-17 optionally includes the distribution tool comprises an endless belt.
In Example 19, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 16-18 optionally includes on a respective basis, each of the magnetizable abrasive particles comprises a shaped ceramic body having a surface with a magnetizable layer disposed on at least a portion thereof, and wherein the one or more magnetic layers each substantially covers the entire surface of the shaped ceramic body.
In Example 20, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 16-19 optionally includes the magnetizable abrasive particles comprise triangular platelets.
In Example 21, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 16-20 optionally includes the distribution tool is inverted such that a gravitational field acts to attempt to remove the magnetizable abrasive particles from the cavities, and wherein at least some of the magnetizable abrasive particles are retained in the cavities by a vacuum.
In Example 22, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 16-21 optionally includes a pattern of the cavities on the carrier member is configured to impart at least one of the predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles prior to the transfer.
Example 23 is an abrasive particle positioning system that can comprise: a distribution tool configured to impart at least one of a predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles, the distribution tool can comprise: a member includes a plurality of walls defining slots configured to allow for the passage of one or more of the magnetizable abrasive particles therethrough, each one of the slots being open at a first end to a dispensing surface of the distribution tool and open at a second end to feed surface of the distribution tool, a backing disposed adjacent to the distribution tool and spaced therefrom by a gap, the backing having a first major surface facing the dispensing surface and a second major surface opposing the first major surface, and a magnet disposed below the second major surface of the backing, the magnet applying a magnetic field during a transfer of the magnetizable abrasive particles from the distribution tool to the backing to aid in achieving at least one of a predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles on a first major surface of the backing.
In Example 24, the subject matter of Example 23 optionally includes the distribution tool comprises an endless belt.
In Example 25, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 23-24 optionally includes the magnetizable abrasive particles comprise triangular platelets.
In Example 26, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 23-25 optionally includes the slots generally align with a gravitational field and the magnetic field acts on the magnetizable abrasive particles in a same direction as the gravitational field and together the magnetic field and the gravitational field urge the magnetizable abrasive particles from the distribution tool through the slots and influence a passage of the magnetizable abrasive particles through the gap to the first major surface of the backing.
In Example 27, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 23-26 optionally includes the slots generally align with a gravitational field and the magnetic field acts on the magnetizable abrasive particles in an opposing direction as the gravitational field and overcomes the gravitational field to urge the magnetizable abrasive particles from the distribution tool through the slots and influences a passage of the magnetizable abrasive particles through the gap to the first major surface of the backing.
In Example 28, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 23-27 optionally includes a pattern of the slots on the member is configured to impart at least one of the predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles prior to the transfer.
Example 29 is a method of making a coated abrasive article, the method can comprise: providing dispensable magnetizable abrasive particles and a distribution tool, wherein the distribution tool is configured to receive the magnetizable abrasive particles therein, and wherein the distribution tool is configured to impart at least one of a predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles, positioning a backing adjacent to the distribution tool and spaced therefrom by a gap, applying a magnetic field to at least the backing and a portion of the gap between the backing and the distribution tool, and transferring the magnetizable abrasive particles from the distribution tool to the backing, wherein the magnetic field is applied during the transfer of the magnetizable abrasive particles from the distribution tool to the backing to aid in achieving at least one of the predetermined orientation and alignment of the magnetizable abrasive particles on a first major surface of the backing.
Unless otherwise noted, all parts, percentages, ratios, etc. in the Examples and the rest of the specification are by weight. Unless stated otherwise, all other reagents were obtained, or are available from fine chemical vendors such as Sigma-Aldrich Company, St. Louis, Mo., or may be synthesized by known methods.
Material abbreviations used in the Examples are described in Table 1, below.
Unit Abbreviations used in the Examples:
Material abbreviations used in the Examples are described in Table 1, below.
SAP was coated with 304 stainless steel using physical vapor deposition with magnetron sputtering. 304 Stainless steel sputter target, described by Barbee et al. in Thin Solid Films, 1979, vol. 63, pp. 143-150, deposited as the magnetic ferritic body centered cubic form. The apparatus used for the preparation of 304 stainless steel film coated abrasive particles (i.e., magnetizable abrasive particles) was disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,698,394 (McCutcheon et al.). The physical vapor deposition was carried out for 4 hours at 1.0 kilowatt at an argon sputtering gas pressure of 10 millitorr (1.33 pascal) onto 51.94 grams of SAP. The density of the coated SAP was 4.0422 grams per cubic centimeter. The weight percentage of metal coating in the coated SAP was approximately 2% and the coating thickness is 1.5 micrometers.
A section of cloth backing obtained as ERATEX QUALITY N859 P39 YB1700 from Gustav Ernstmeier GmbH & Co. KG, Herford, Germany, was coated with 209.2 g/m2 of a phenolic make resin consisting of 49.2 parts of PR, 40.6 parts of calcium metasilicate (obtained as WOLLASTOCOAT from NYCO Company, Willsboro, N.Y.), and 10.2 parts of water. A brush was used to apply the resin.
A section of TOOL1 was filled with the coated SAP particles by placing 50 grams of coated SAP on top of TOOL1 and then shaking and tapping the tooling to allow the particles to fill the cavities as shown in
The resulting coated abrasive article had 97% of abrasive particles retaining the intended orientation and most retained an alignment in the cutting direction. A representative image of the coated abrasive article is shown in
The procedure generally described in EXAMPLE 1 was repeated, with the exception that the procedure was carried out without ever being subjected to the magnetic field (i.e. no magnet was used). The resulting coated abrasive article had only 60% of particles remaining upright and oriented in the cutting direction. A representative image of the coated abrasive article is shown in
All cited references, patents, and patent applications in the above application for letters patent are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety in a consistent manner. In the event of inconsistencies or contradictions between portions of the incorporated references and this application, the information in the preceding description shall control. The preceding description, given in order to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the claimed disclosure, is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the claims and all equivalents thereto.
SAP2 was coated with 304 stainless steel using physical vapor deposition with magnetron sputtering. 304 Stainless steel sputter target, described by Barbee et al. in Thin Solid Films, 1979, vol. 63, pp. 143-150, deposited as the magnetic ferritic body centered cubic form. The apparatus used for the preparation of 304 stainless steel film coated abrasive particles (i.e., magnetizable abrasive particles) was disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,698,394 (McCutcheon et al.). The physical vapor deposition was carried out for 4 hours at 1.0 kilowatt at an argon sputtering gas pressure of 10 millitorr (1.33 pascal) onto 51.94 grams of SAP. The density of the coated SAP was 4.0422 grams per cubic centimeter. The weight percentage of metal coating in the coated SAP was approximately 2% and the coating thickness is 1.5 micrometers.
A tooling containing multiple plastic shims, generally described in U. S. patent application filing No. 62/182,077 (attorney docket No. 76715US002), was generated by 3D printing. The tooling had dimensions of 1.5 inches (3.81 cm)×1 inch (2.54 cm)×0.5 inch (1.27 cm). Each shim was 0.020-inch (0.51-mm) thick, 1-inch (2.54-cm) high, and the gap between each shim was 0.051 inch (1.3 mm). Design images of the shims and the tooling has been described previously in regards to the slot examples of
A cloth backing obtained as ERATEX QUALITY N859 P39 YB1700 from Gustav Ernstmeier GmbH & Co. KG, Herford, Germany, was coated with 62.8 g/m2 of PR using a brush to apply. The coated backing was placed on top of a 6 inches (15.24 cm)×3 inches (7.62 cm) surface of a 6 inches (15.24 cm)×3 inches (7.62 cm)×0.5 inch (1.27 cm) Neodymium magnet (Grade N42), which was magnetized through the 0.5-inch thickness. The tooling was spaced at 0.350 inch (8.9 mm) above the coated backing. The backing was moved along the length of the backing at a 1 foot (30.48 cm) per minute while particles were dropped on the top surface of the tooling. The particles oriented themselves to fall through the gaps in the tooling and then dropped onto the coated backing. A representative photo of the resulting coated abrasive article is shown in
The procedure generally described in EXAMPLE 2 was repeated, with the exception that no magnet was used (i.e. the procedure was carried out without ever being subjected to the magnetic field).
A representative photo of the resulting coated abrasive article is shown in
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2018/050263 | 1/16/2018 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62448141 | Jan 2017 | US |
