The present invention generally relates to an improved dynamic assignment protocol, more particularly relates to a protocol using both transmitter based broadcasts and receiver directed broadcasts, and even more particularly relates to a USAP Multiple Broadcast Access protocol.
Mobile multi-hop packet radio networks are known for rapid and convenient deployment, self-organization, mobility, and survivability. Such a network is illustrated in
Nodes N2, N9, N10, N11 and N12 are each located two hops away from node N1 and node N13 can be said to be three hops away from node N1. When data transmitted from node N1 is to be propagated multiple hops, the data must be relayed by one or more of node N1's neighbors. For example, data transmitted by node N1 can be relayed by its neighbor node N8 to a node such as node N12 that is located two hops from node N1.
Receivers are generally capable of processing only one transmission at a time. When using such receivers, simultaneous transmissions (also known as collisions, contentions or conflicts) can be avoided by assigning a specific transmission time slot to each communicating node. Several approaches have been developed for assigning slots to nodes. The approach chosen for a particular application is generally a consequence of the type of network application (broadcast, multicast, unicast, datagrams, virtual circuits, etc.) at issue. Since the problem of optimally assigning slots is mathematically intractable, a heuristic approach has been applied This approach resulted in the development of an integrated protocol that both chooses the number of slots to assign to each neighboring node and coordinates their activation in the network.
Many applications require self-organizing, wireless networks that can operate in dynamic environments and provide peer-to-peer, multi-hop, multi-media communications. Key to this technology is the ability of neighboring nodes to transmit without interference. Neighboring nodes transmit without interference by choosing time slots and channels that do not cause collisions at the intended unicast or multicast receivers,
The Unifying Slot Assignment Protocol (USAP), which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,868, provides a protocol establishing such a communication system. USAP is a dynamic assignment protocol that monitors the RF environment and allocates channel resources on demand. It automatically detects and resolves contention between nodes for time slots, such contention arising for example from changes in connectivity. U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,868, issued Feb. 17, 1998, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, including all drawings and appendices.
USAP permits a node to assign itself transmit slots based on information it has regarding when it is assigned to transmit and receive and when a neighboring node is scheduled to transmit. In one embodiment of USAP, receiver directed broadcast (RDB), a node can assign itself a receive slot instead of a transmit slot. For example, a node may need to assign itself a receive slot wherein it can receive from one, some or even all of its neighbors. This receiver directed type of assignment is disclosed in application Ser. No. 09/552,144, filed Apr. 19, 2000. The specification, including all drawing figures, of application Ser. No. 09/552,144, filed Apr. 19, 2000, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
There exists a need for further refinements and improvements to dynamic assignment protocol based systems. More particularly, there exists a need for a system requiring less overhead and greater efficiency. Further, there exists a need for a technique that can implicitly reserve slots, for use in virtual circuits for example, in such a system. In addition, there exists a need to maximize throughput in systems using RDB schemes. These needs are addressed and fulfilled by the detailed description provided below.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved dynamic assignment protocol.
It is a feature of the present invention to utilize both transmitter based broadcasts and receiver directed broadcasts within the same frame.
It is an advantage of the present invention to enable utilization of a more efficient protocol requiring less overhead.
The present invention involves an improved dynamic assignment protocol. It is carried out in an efficient, “waste-less” manner in the sense that scheduling overhead is reduced.
The invention may be more fully understood by reading the following description of the invention, in conjunction with the appended drawings wherein:
Prior to the development of USAP, a heuristic approach was typically taken to design an application specific protocol that both chose the number of time slots to assign to each neighboring node and coordinated their activation. The USAP approach separates the slot assignment mechanism from the heuristic and creates a single generalized protocol for reliably choosing the slots and coordinating their activation. A dynamic assignment protocol such as USAP can be used to support higher-level heuristics.
A node can transmit to its neighbors via essentially one of two different methods. One method, node activation, allows only one active transmitter in a neighborhood in a given time slot. The other method, link activation, can permit more than one simultaneous transmission in the same time slot.
In the node activation technique, a single transmitting node communicates data to all of its neighbors simultaneously rather than on an individual basis. Node activation, also known as multicast or broadcast communication, is especially well suited for applications like address resolution and conferencing. The node activation technique is illustrated in FIG. 2. In
In the link activation technique, the transmitting node has only one intended receiver. Link activation, also known as unicast communication, better serves high volume point-to-point traffic. The link activation technique is illustrated in FIG. 3. In
Referring to
Each frame 404 can also include multiple frequency channels 410. In
Dynamic assignment protocols, USAP for example, can include techniques for establishing and maintaining an adaptive broadcast channel using a transmitter based broadcast or a receiver directed broadcast. Both types of broadcast can be based on a distance-2 vertex coloring of the network graph that provides contention-free transmissions by allowing reuse of any slot only after two hops. As noted in the incorporated material, other schemes can be employed as well. Another scheme, for example, may permit reuse of a slot only if separated by three (or more) hops.
In other embodiments, a node assigns itself a receive slot designated for use by two, three, four or more of its neighbors. Referring to
patent application Ser. No. 09/340,585, filed on Jun. 28, 1999, includes a disclosure of a USAP Multiple Access system. The entire specification, including any and all drawing figures and appendices, of application Ser. No. 09/340,585, filed Jun. 28, 1999, is hereby incorporated herein by this reference. In USAP Multiple Access, the transmitter based broadcast occurs in the broadcast slots and standby slots of the TDMA structure. Dedicated unicast reservations replace and use the standby slots as needed. The use of the standby slots is keyed to the broadcast slots so that a node that assigns itself a particular broadcast slot is entitled to the use of the corresponding standby slots.
The present invention. Multiple Broadcast Access (MBA), will be explained within the context of USAP. Although USAP MBA will be described for demonstrative purposes, it will be appreciated that other protocols can be used with the present invention. For example, it can be used with other dynamic assignment protocols.
The present invention is built on techniques for establishing and maintaining an adaptive broadcast channel using transmitter based broadcasts or receiver directed broadcasts. Both types of broadcast (transmitter based broadcast and RDB) can be based on a distance-2 vertex coloring of the network graph, enforced by USAP for example, for providing contention-free transmissions by allowing reuse of a communication slot only after a distance two hops. It will be appreciated that other embodiments of the invention can function in an environment requiring three, four (or more) hops of isolation before permitting slot reuse.
The basis of the present MBA invention is the observation that both types of broadcast, transmitter based broadcast and RDB, can use the same coloring of the network graph as long as each type is constrained to its own period of time. In USAP MA, the transmitter based broadcast occurs in the broadcast slots and standby slots of the USAP frame, while dedicated unicast reservations replace the standby slots as needed. The use of the standby slots is keyed to the broadcast slots so that a node that assigns itself a particular broadcast slot is entitled to the use of the corresponding standby slots.
The present invention also establishes a relationship between the broadcast and standby slots. In implementing the present invention, however, USAP MA is modified by replacing the standby transmitter based broadcast with standby RDB. In addition, reservations are based on RDB instead of dedicated unicast.
Therefore, instead of identifying the slots during which it will transmit, a node identifies those standby and reservation slots in which it will be prepared to receive. Transmitter based broadcast is still used for the broadcast slots. As explained in further detail below, utilizing existing RDB allocations for reservations instead of dedicated unicast, results in improved efficiency and significant savings in bootstrap overhead. Of import for networks having a larger number of channels to manage, this overhead grows linearly with maximum neighborhood density instead of as the product of the number of slots times the number of channels.
One embodiment of a TDMA structure suitable for use with the present invention is depicted in FIG. 6. The embodiment of
The TDMA structure 600 of the embodiment of
A frame 608 duration of 125 milliseconds is acceptable for voice latency, it evenly and fully fills a one second cycle with eight frames and it permits a manageable number of slots per frame. The bootstrap slots 610 are used for sharing information necessary to dynamically assign the remaining slots. Thus, their function is similar to that of the broadcast slots 408 of FIG. 4. In an embodiment having thirteen bootstrap slots 610 per frame 608 and a bootstrap cycle 602 of four frames, for example, up to fifty-two nodes can be supported. It will be appreciated that techniques for managing even larger networks can also be incorporated into the system when necessary.
Broadcast slot 612, 614 allocations are made to support a datagram service and any other control traffic that the nodes may need to share. In the present invention, these slots are assigned by the transmitter based broadcast technique. For a broadcast cycle 604 having four frames, up to eight nodes can transmit in the two broadcast slots 612, 614. In an embodiment having five different channels 618, as many as forty nodes can transmit in the broadcast slots 612, 614.
In the present invention, the reservation/standby broadcast slots 616 are assigned by the RDB technique. By way of contrast, the standby broadcast slot assignments are accomplished as transmitter based broadcasts and the reservation slots are dedicated unicast assignments in USAP MA. Since reservation/standby broadcast slots 616 repeat every frame, their latency in the above embodiment is 125 milliseconds. When a reservation slot 616 has not been allocated, it acts as a standby broadcast slot assigned via a RDB to the same node as the corresponding broadcast slot 612, 614.
In another embodiment, suitable for use with various communication structures, the broadcast slots 612, 614 are virtual broadcast slots. If, for example, the system does not need to use broadcast communications or if the bootstrap can handle the broadcast traffic required to manage the network, the reservation capacity can be increased by replacing the broadcast slots 612, 614 with additional standby slots. Thus, in the context of
The savings obtained via the use of an implicit reservation scheme is made apparent by considering the USAP MBA bootstrap. In the following embodiment of USAP MBA for example, overhead is reduced from sixteen bytes to nine bytes. It will be demonstrated that if implicit reservations are used, overhead in such an embodiment can be further decreased to six bytes.
The following embodiment discloses a bootstrap format, suitable for use with the present invention, which is designed to handle a neighborhood of up to thirty-two nodes. In this embodiment, which can also be used in a USAP system, the bootstrap only contains information for up to eight neighbors at a time. It can be scaled up for larger neighborhoods by splitting the information over multiple bootstraps.
A node can indicate a split bootstrap by using range bits that are passed in the bootstrap. In this embodiment, only two range bits are necessary: Ranges of sixteen and thirty-two nodes, for example, require the bootstrap information to be split over two and four bootstraps respectively. Provision of a greater number of range bits can be made to include larger neighborhoods. A node receiving a split bootstrap can determine which part of the total information a particular bootstrap packet contains by examining the relative time at which it was received. For example, if the nodes are synchronized to two seconds and there are at least four bootstraps per second, then up to thirty-one neighbor nodes can be reported in a two second period.
Data on the “standby transmit slots” 702 is encoded as a map of one bit fields that correspond to every one of this node's transmit slots. Eight bits of bootstrap space is needed for this information (1 bit*8slots=8 bits). The value passed in the field can be given the following meanings: “0,” indicates that the slot is unassigned, and “1” indicates a “self transmit” slot. The standby transmit slot fields are used by a node to announce whether or not it wishes to transmit in each slot. Announcing a “self transmit” in this slot blocks any other neighbor from reserving it since a node has priority over the use of its own transmit slots.
Data on the “standby/reservation receive slots” 704 is encoded as a map of two bit fields that correspond to every one of this node's receive slots. Sixteen bits is required to convey this data (2 bits*8 slots=16 bits). The value of the field can convey the following meanings: “0” indicates that the slot is unassigned, “1” indicates a “self receive from owner” slot, “2” indicates a “self receive from borrower” slot and “3” indicates a “conflict” in the slot.
The standby/reservation receive slot fields are used by a node to announce for each receive slot whether any other node is currently transmitting to it using a standby or reservation transmit slot. If more than one node is trying to transmit to it in a slot, it will announce “conflict.” Note that if one of those nodes is using its own standby transmit slot, it does not need to abandon it.
Data on the “reservation transmit slots” 706 is encoded as two maps of one bit fields that correspond to up to two neighbor's receive slots that this node would like to reserve. Six bits are needed for the neighbor identification information (3 bits*2 neighbors=6 bits) and sixteen bits are required for slot status information (1 bit*8 slots*2 neighbors=16 bits). Thus, a total of twenty-two bits is needed for this embodiment. The value of the field can convey the following meanings: “0” indicates that the slot is unassigned, and “1” indicates a “self receive from owner” slot. Other embodiments can be structured so that the receive slots of three (or more) neighbors can be borrowed.
Finally, the reservation transmit slot fields are used if a node wishes to explicitly reserve one or more of a neighbor's receive slots. It can be used, for example, to explicitly reserve slots for setting up virtual circuits. In such cases, it specifies the neighbor in terms of its broadcast slot and the slots it wishes to reserve. In this embodiment, space is available for reserving up to two neighbors' slots explicitly, but implicit reservations are also available as described below.
The bootstrap can also include fields for identifying the broadcast slot selected 708, for indicating the range of the bootstrap 710 and for transmitting synchronization data 712. In the above USAP MBA embodiment, there are five bits to indicate which of up to thirty-two broadcast slots is chosen by this node, two bits to indicate the range of the highest broadcast slot chosen by a neighbor (4, 8, 16, 32), and one bit for two second synchronization. Thus, the bootstrap requires a total of fifty bits (about nine bytes) when the reservation transmit slots field is included.
Even though the bootstrap is smaller, communication between nodes in dense neighborhoods actually improves since each node can communicate with all of its thirty-one neighbors. In contrast, the channelized neighborhoods of USAP MA segregate a dense neighborhood into smaller groups, each on its own channel, with the result that certain neighbors can communicate only through relay. The above USAP MBA embodiment has no such restriction.
Referring now to the bootstrap portion of the frame, a field of the bootstrap can be used to explicitly reserve slots, for setting up virtual circuits for example. This “explicit reservation” technique takes a slot from an idle node and reassigns it to a node needing additional transmit capacity. This allows guaranteed capacity to be reserved even in the absence of user data. If desired, a node can reclaim its slot by indicating its intention in the standby transmit slots field of the bootstrap it generates.
In applications wherein some amount of initial packet loss and delay is tolerable, such as in voice or video applications, an explicit reservation technique is wasteful and inefficient. In such applications, an implicit reservations scheme has distinct advantages. An implicit reservation scheme allows traffic to be sent on demand and without prior reservation. It also saves a significant amount of room in the bootstrap by permitting removal of the field used for indicating explicit reservations.
The implicit reservation scheme is based on the fact that, in a RDB system, each of the nodes in the neighborhood knows that a non-transmitting node is always ready to receive on a particular channel. Therefore, if a node has excess traffic for a particular neighbor (beyond that of its normal broadcast and RDB slots) it can determine, via its stored USAP information for example, which slots are not currently reserved or blocked by other nodes. Upon identifying such slots, the node with excess communications can just start transmitting, without making an explicit reservation, in the unused slot or slots assigned to the intended receiver by the RDB scheme.
Upon noticing that it is receiving traffic in a slot, the receiving node can assume that the transmitting node has made an implicit reservation. The receiving node then announces that it is busy receiving in the slot. In a USAP system, for example, it starts announcing a ‘self receive’ in its standby/reservation receive bootstrap record. As a result of the announcement, other transmitters will refrain from implicitly reserving the slot.
Upon determining that the communication traffic has stopped, after a brief time out period for example, the receiving node can announce that the slot is once again unassigned. Further, if desired, the neighbor node owning the slot can be permitted to reclaim the slot for its own transmissions to the intended receiver. In a USAP system, for example, a neighbor node can accomplish such a result by announcing a self transmit in its standby transmit slot field. After determining that the owner is reclaiming the slot, the receiving node can announce a conflict and thereby cause any other neighbor node to abandon its implicit or explicit reservation.
Similarly, if numerous packets containing errors are received, the receiving node can be allowed to assume that more than one neighbor is trying to implicitly reserve the slot. In such an event, the receiving node can announce a conflict in the slot. The node or nodes implicitly reserving the slot will then abandon it.
Overall, a total of 50 bits, about 9 bytes, are needed for a USAP MBA bootstrap using explicit reservations. Use of an implicit reservation scheme instead of the explicit reservation scheme, however, permits the reservation transmit slot fields to be omitted from the bootstrap. Consequently, in this embodiment, the size of the bootstrap can be reduced 44 percent to 28 bits.
As noted,
To prevent RDB collisions, the neighbors of node N15 can be scheduled unique slot and channel combinations for transmissions to node N15 that are keyed to the broadcast slot each is assigned. When desired, an “optimal RDB schedule” can be implemented. For example, an optimal schedule can be designed to fulfill the following requirements:
The justification for the first requirement is that, under a uniform traffic load, maximum throughput can be achieved if all nodes are kept busy 100% of the time either transmitting or receiving. The number of channels (C) required to achieve this end is related to the number of nodes in the neighborhood (N), by the equation C=N/2. Likewise the number of slots (S) required, derives from the fact that every node must both transmit and receive from N−1 other nodes. Thus, the relation S=2(N−1) is obtained.
The second requirement is subtler and will be explained with the help of the following four node schedule.
In this schedule, node N0 uses (S0, C0) as its primary slot for transmitting to node N1. However, if node N2 or node N3 currently have no traffic for node N1, then node N0 can use their slots (S3, C1) and (S4, C1) on al reservation basis to communicate with node N1. Node N0's use, however, of either one of these slots will reduce its own transmit and receive opportunities (S3, C0) and (S4, C0). Consequently, node N0 must weigh its decision about which additional slots to reserve to node N1, against its needs to communicate with the other nodes in its neighborhood. Presumably this decision is easier if all nodes have an equal choice between receive and transmit opportunities. Hence, the justification for the second requirement is established.
The optimal schedule for two nodes is (S0, C0) and (S1, C0). Notice that the two node schedule is imbedded in the four node schedule. A scheduling embodiment having the smaller schedules imbedded in the larger schedule, has the added benefit of permitting a smooth transition between neighborhoods of different densities (such as according to the USAP MA Adaptive Broadcast Cycles for example). A schedule satisfying all three requirements is considered “optimal.”
Thus, two, four and eight node RDB cycles can be handled by five channels. To scale to sixteen nodes optimally requires eight channels and thirty slots. An acceptable schedule can be achieved, however, by using five channels and 48 slots (i.e. are 120 ways of taking two of eight nodes, multiplied by two for transmit and receive, and divided by five channels). In general,
Accordingly, a 32 node schedule with five channels requires 199 slots.
Even though the RDB slots of embodiment of
Assuming a heavy homogenous load (all nodes have packets to transmit whenever they are allowed to transmit and each destination is equally probable) and a uniform neighborhood density of N nodes, the throughput for USAP MBA can be easily derived. An equation that is valid for protocols in general and specifies the average number of concurrently transmitted packets k in terms of the throughput T, the path length L, and the probability of a path length pl is
Note that k=N/2 for USAP MBA, so after substituting and rearranging
which yields the throughput in terms of the neighborhood density and average path length. Thus, the throughput goes up in proportion to the neighborhood density as long as there are enough channels to satisfy C=N/2.
It is thought that the method and apparatus of the present invention will be understood from the description provided throughout this specification and the appended claims, and that it will be apparent that various changes may be made in the form, construct steps and arrangement of the parts and steps thereof, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention or sacrificing all of their material advantages. The forms herein described are merely exemplary embodiments thereof.
Cross-reference is made to related U.S. Pat. No. 6,317,436; U.S. application Ser. No. 09/552,144, filed Apr. 19, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,741,994; and an application entitled “Scheduling Techniques For Receiver Directed Broadcast Applications” by C. David Young filed on even date herewith.
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