Patent Grant
11313075
The present application is a national-stage entry under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2017/077598, published as WO 2018/078094 A1, filed Oct. 27, 2017, which claims priority to European Patent Application No. 16196098.4, filed Oct. 27, 2016, the entire disclosure of each of which is incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention relates to a modified cellulosic fiber, especially a modified viscose staple fiber, and to a nonwoven product or fabric comprising the modified cellulosic fiber.
In particular, the present invention relates to a man-made modified cellulosic fiber which is useful for applications like filtration papers, specialty papers and nonwoven products, especially hydroentangled nonwovens.
Under “specialty papers”, papers are to be understood whose properties can be improved by the addition of fibers with defined geometrical parameters, such as cross section, length and diameter. Improved paper properties are e.g.: Increased or reduced porosity, improved strength (tensile strength, tear strength, burst strength), higher bulk, improved pliability.
It is known that the properties of papers and nonwoven products can be influenced by the addition of modified cellulosic compounds.
WO 1996/026220 discloses modified cellulosic particles which exhibit cationic groups also in the interior of the particles, and the use of said particles in the manufacture of paper.
WO 2011/012423 discloses regenerated cellulosic staple fibers in which carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is incorporated, and their use in the manufacture of papers and nonwoven products. These fiber, therefore, have anionic properties. The improved binding properties of anionic viscose fibers are known.
An extensive overview of the interaction of polyelectrolytes in the fiber-fiber bonding is presented in the 2005 STFI-Packforsk report “On the nature of joint strength in paper—A review of dry and wet strength resins used in paper manufacturing” (http://www.innventia.com/documents/rapporter/stfi-packforsk%20report%2032.pdf).
In this report the following article is cited:
“The link between the fiber contact zone and the physical properties of paper: a way to control paper properties”; A. Torgnysdotter et al, Journal of composite materials; Vol. 41; No 13/2007, 1619-1633 (in the following referred to as “Torgnysdotter 2007”). Therein, the influence of cationic polelectrolytes on bond strength between anionic fibers is described. Especially, in this document, inter alia the properties of carboxymethylated cellulose which is modified with Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (Poly-DADMAC) were investigated.
Further studies in this regard have been published by the same author in Nordic Pulp and Paper Research 18(4), 2003, 455-459 (in the following referred to as “Torgnysdotter 2003”).
Both in Torgnysdotter 2003 and Torgnysdotter 2007, rayon fibers were either surface charged or bulk charged by carboxymethylation. This means that the cellulose material of the fiber itself was derivatized to a certain degree to form carboxymethylcellulose.
According to Torgnysdotter 2003, both surface charged and bulk charged fibers were treated with poly-DADMAC. The maximum amount of poly-DADMAC adsorbed in both surface charged and bulk charged fibers was found to be about 3 mg/g fibers (=0.3%).
According to Torgnysdotter 2007, bulk charged fibers were treated with 25 g/kg poly-DADMAC, while Torgnysdotter 2007 is silent about the amount of poly-DADMAC absorbed onto the fibers.
In a dissertation written by R. Sczech, “Haftvermittlung von Polyelektrolyten zwischen Celluloseoberflächen” PAM-DADMAC is mentioned as a well suited adhesion promotor between cellulosic surfaces (http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/733/pdf/sczech.pdf).
The use of cationic polymers as dry-strength agents is well known in the paper industry.
In none of the documents of the prior art, however, a positive influence on the binding strength of anionic fibers by addition of PAM-DADMAC or poly-DADMAC is described. On the contrary, in Torgnysdotter 2007 a negative influence on tensile strength of paper made from anionically charged fibers is described (cf.
As regards the proposal of WO 2011/012423, the binding strength between anionic fibers alone is not strong enough to produce commercial quality papers from 100% viscose fiber, or to use the fiber as a full substitute for abacá fibers which are currently used for the modification of papers and nonwoven products.
Finally, cationic polyelectrolytes can be added to the paper recipe only in smaller amounts and are not washproof.
Further state of the art is known from WO 01/29309 A1, WO 00/39389, WO 00/39398 A1 and GB 1 394 553A.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a modified man-made cellulosic staple fiber which can be added in significant amounts to paper or to nonwoven products or the precursors thereof, whereby the properties of the end products are modified without a significant drop in the strength of the product.
It is in particular an object of the present invention to provide a modified man-made cellulosic staple fiber which enables reversible fiber-fiber bondings and/or which, when applied to paper or to nonwoven products, allows a redispersibility of the fibers in liquids or an aqueous fluid, such as water, without substantial deterioration of the strength of the paper or nonwoven products.
These objects are solved by a modified cellulosic fiber according to the present invention that is characterized in that it comprises anionic moieties in an amount of more than 0.25 mol/kg of dry fiber and has applied thereon a polymeric modifying agent in an amount of from 0.5 wt. % to 5.0 wt. %, based on dry fiber, the polymeric modifying agent comprising cationic moieties with a charge of at least 1.5 meq per gram of polymer and the molar ratio of anionic moieties to cationic moieties contained in the fiber being in the range of from 1:1 to 25:1 and which is characterized in that the anionic moieties are incorporated in the fiber and are from carboxymethylcellulose, and that the polymeric modifying agent comprising cationic moieties is selected from the group consisting of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (poly-DADMAC), poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PAM-DADMAC) and mixtures thereof.
Surprisingly, and contrary to the indications given in the documents of the prior art, it has been shown that a man-made cellulosic fiber having the combination of features according to the present invention is very useful in modifying the properties of papers and nonwoven products. In particular, the modified cellulosic fiber according to the present invention may enable reversible fiber-fiber bondings and may impart a paper or nonwoven product when applied to it with redispersibility in liquids or an aqueous fluid, such as water.
In the following, the term “polymeric modifying agent” means a polymeric modifying agent comprising cationic moieties with a charge of at least 1.5 meq per gram of polymer.
Furthermore, such a polymeric modifying agent is also referred to as “(cationic) polyelectrolyte” or “polymeric (cationic) polyelectrolyte”.
In a preferred embodiment the modified cellulosic fiber according to the present invention is characterized in that the cellulosic fiber is a man-made cellulosic staple fiber, such as a viscose fiber or a lycoell fiber.
The term “man-made fiber” denotes a fiber that has been prepared by dissolving a cellulosic starting material, either with or without prior derivatisation, and spinning a fiber from the solution obtained by said dissolution. Thus, the term “man-made fiber” excludes natural cellulosic fibers, such as cotton. Further, cellulosic material such as cellulose pulp which has not been obtained by spinning a spinning solution, is also excluded. Well-known man-made cellulosic fibers include viscose fibers, including standard viscose fibers, modal fibers or polynosic fibers and lyocell fibers.
The term “staple fiber” is well known to the skilled artisan and denotes a fiber that has been cut into discrete lengths after having been spun.
Viscose fibers are fibers which are produced by the viscose process, wherein an alkaline solution of cellulose xanthogenate is spun into an acidic spin bath, whereupon underivatized cellulose is regenerated and precipitated in the form of a fiber.
Lyocell fibers are a type of solvent spun fibers produced according to the aminoxide process typically involving the dissolution of cellulose in N-methylmorpholine N-oxide and subsequent spinning to fibers.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the modified cellulosic fiber is characterized in that the molar ratio of anionic moieties to cationic moieties contained in the fiber is in the range of from 2:1 to 20:1, in particular of from 3:1 to 15:1, more in particular of from 4:1 to 12:1.
The modified cellulosic fiber of the present invention is characterized in that the anionic moieties comprise carboxyl (COOH) groups.
The amount of anionic moieties in the fiber can be measured by methods well-known to the skilled artisan. For example, the amount of COOH-groups in the fiber can be measured by way of e.g. acid-base titration. Other methods may rely on analytical derivatization. Furthermore, spectroscopic analysis methods are also available, cf. for example The surface charge of regenerated cellulose fibers, F. Weber et al., Cellulose, 2013, 20(6), 2719-2729. The measurement of the anionic moieties may be performed prior to treatment of the fiber with the polymeric modifying agent.
Furthermore, the modified cellulosic fiber according to the present invention is characterized in that the cationic moieties comprise ammonium groups, in particular quaternary ammonium groups.
Similar to the quantifaction of anionic moieties, the skilled artisan will be able to choose a suitable method for quantification of cationic moieties on the modified fiber. For example, in case the cationic moieties stem from nitrogen containing compounds, measurements based on the Kjeldahl method would be applicable.
Preferably the modified cellulosic fiber according to the present invention is characterized in that the polymeric modifying agent comprising cationic moieties exhibits a molar weight of from 100,000 g/mol to 500,000 g/mol, in particular of from 200,000 g/mol to 300,000 g/mol.
It has been found that the use of a polymeric cationic polyelectrolyte with a medium molecular weight, such as from 200,000 g/mol to 300,000 g/mol, results in advantageous properties of papers produced from the fiber according to the present invention.
The cellulosic staple may be treated with the polymeric cationic polyelectrolyte in a known way, especially by contacting the fiber with a solution or dispersion containing said polyelectrolyte in the desired amount.
The modified cellulosic fiber according to the present invention is characterized in that it comprises the anionic moieties incorporated in the fiber and has applied thereon the polymeric modifying agent comprising cationic moieties in an amount of from 0.5 wt. % to 5.0 wt. %, based on dry fiber.
This is, again, in contrast to Torgnysdotter 2003 wherein it is reported that the maximum amount of poly-DADMAC adsorbed onto to the fiber was about 0.3 wt. %. Without wishing to be bound to any theory, it is believed that the higher amount of polyelectrolyte which is adsorbed onto the fiber is due to the fact that the fiber is not carboxymethylated itself, but contains CMC incorporated in the fiber.
The modified cellulosic fiber according to the invention is characterized in that the anionic moieties, which are incorporated in the fiber, are from carboxymethylcellulose (CMC).
The manufacture of cellulosic staple fiber having CMC incorporated therein is well-known to the skilled artisan, such as, e.g. from U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,199,367 A and 4,289,824 A. Especially CMC is mixed into the spinning dope, e.g. a viscose dope, before spinning the fiber.
The CMC to be used may be a commercial product, with a degree of substitution (DS) of from 0.6-1.2, preferably 0.65-0.85, and a viscosity (2 wt. % solution; 25° C.) of from 30-800 mPas, preferably 50-100 mPas.
In contrast to Torgnysdotter 2003 and Torgnysdotter 2007, the fiber according to the invention is not surface charged or bulk charged by carboxymethylation. Rather, the cellulose fiber material of the fiber of the present invention is not derivatized itself, but carboxymethylcellulose is incorporated, i.e. dispersed within the matrix of the cellulose fiber material. As known to the skilled artisan, a cellulose fiber incorporating CMC can be produced by adding CMC to the spinning dope before spinning the fiber, such as a viscose spinning dope in the case of viscose fibers. Thus, the CMC is evenly distributed in the spinning dope and, as a consequence, is evenly distributed in the fiber spun therefrom, without derivatization of the cellulose fiber matrix itself.
In a preferred embodiment, the modified cellulosic fiber according to the present invention is characterized in that it comprises carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) incorporated in the fiber in an amount such that the fiber comprises of from 1 wt. % to 4 wt. % COOH-groups, preferably 1.5 wt. % to 3 wt. % COOH-groups, based on dry fiber.
The modified cellulosic fiber according to the present invention is characterized in that it comprises anionic moieties and has applied thereon a polymeric modifying agent comprising cationic moieties in amount of from 0.5 wt. % to 5.0 wt. %, based on dry fiber, wherein the polymeric modifying agent comprising cationic moieties is selected from the group consisting of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (poly-DADMAC), poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PAM-DADMAC) and mixtures thereof.
Preferably the modified cellulosic fiber according to the present invention is characterized in that the amount of the polymeric modifying agent comprising cationic moieties is from 0.6 wt. % to 4.0 wt. %, in particular of from 0.7 wt. % to 3.0 wt. %, in particular of from 0.75 wt. % to 2.0 wt. %, such as of from 1.0 wt. % to 1.75 wt. %, each based on dry fiber.
In a preferred embodiment the modified cellulosic fiber according to the invention is characterized in that it is capable of providing reversible bonds to another modified cellulosic fiber, and/or it is dispersible in an aqueous fluid.
Preferably the modified cellulosic fiber according to the present invention is used for the manufacture of a nonwoven product or paper.
It has been found that, in terms of the properties of papers containing the fiber according to the present invention, very advantageous results can be obtained with a combination of comparably high anionic charge of the fiber (in terms of the amount of COOH-groups) with a comparably low content of polymeric cationic polyelectrolyte.
Thus, in a further aspect the present invention provides paper or non-woven product comprising a modified cellulosic fiber according to the present invention.
The paper or non-woven material according to the present invention can for instance be a packaging material, such as a packaging material for food packaging; a filter material, especially a filtration paper, such as for infusion beverages, e.g. tea and coffee, or a filter material for oil filtration; a composite laminate, such as an overlay paper; an air-laid non-woven web, such as a hygiene and personal care product, home care product, e.g. wipes, towels, napkins and tablecloths, a speciality paper, e.g. wallcoverings (wall paper), mattress and upholstery padding. Preferably, the paper or non-woven web according to the present invention is a filter material for tea and coffee.
The paper or non-woven material according to the present invention may in particular be a wet-laid or an air-laid paper or non-woven material, preferably a wet-laid paper or non-woven material. In other words, the paper or non-woven material may be formed for instance by a wet-laid process, such as by a conventional paper-making process using a paper machine, e.g. an inclined wire paper machine, or an air-laid process, such as a dry-forming air-laid non-woven manufacturing process. A conventional paper-making process is described for instance in US 2004/0129632 A1, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. A suitable dry-forming air-laid non-woven manufacturing process is described for instance in U.S. Pat. No. 3,905,864, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The grammage of the paper or non-woven web is not particularly limited. Typically, the paper or non-woven web has a grammage of from 5-2000 g/m2, preferably of from 5-600 g/m2, more preferable of from 8.5-120 g/m2.
Preferably a nonwoven product or paper according to the present invention is characterized in that it comprises the modified cellulosic fiber according to the present invention in an amount of at least 5 wt. %, in particular of from 25 wt. % to 100 wt. %, in particular of from 40 wt. % to 90 wt. %, in particular of from 50 wt. % to 80 wt. %.
In a preferred embodiment a nonwoven product or paper according to the present invention is characterized in that it further comprises one or more substances selected from the group consisting of cellulose, viscose, lyocell, cotton, hemp, manila, jute, sisal, rayon, abaci. soft wood pulp, hard wood pulp, synthetic fibers or heat-sealable fibers, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyester, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), bicomponent fibers, preferably bicomponent fibers of the sheath-core type.
Bicomponent fibers are composed of two sorts of polymers having different physical and/or chemical characteristics, in particular different melting characteristics. A bicomponent fiber of the sheath-core type typically has a core of a higher melting point component and a sheath of a lower melting point component. Examples of bicomponent fibers, suitable for use in the present invention, include PET/PET fibers, PE/PP fibers, PET/PE and PLA/PLA fibers.
Instead of specialty natural fibers (e.g. abacá hemp, kenaf), regenerated cellulosic fibers can be used, either in 100% or in a blend with wood pulp. It is in the nature of natural cellulosic fibers that their properties may vary considerably, and also the supply of these fibers can vary depending on each harvest. Man made cellulosic fibers are of consistent quality, and their supply is stable due to the use of commonly available wood pulp as a raw material.
Preferably a nonwoven product or paper according to the present invention is characterized in that it does not comprise or substantially does not comprise any binder. With regard to embodiments comprising “substantially no binder”, binders if any may still be present in relatively minor amounts of up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, or up to 1 wt. % based on the total weight of the nonwoven product or paper. In the art of paper making the term “binder” denotes chemicals that are added during the paper-making process to modify strength of the paper.
A process for the manufacture of a modified cellulosic fiber according to the present invention comprises the steps of providing a cellulosic fiber with anionic moieties as defined above in an amount of more than 0.25 mol/kg and treating the cellulosic fiber comprising anionic moieties with the polymeric modifying agent comprising cationic moieties as defined above.
If the fiber of the present invention is to be used for the production of wet-laid nonwovens or papers, the decitex of the fiber according to the present invention is preferably of from 0.5 dtex to 12 dtex, most preferably of from 0.5 dtex to 3.5 dtex. The length of the fiber may range of from 2 mm to 15 mm, preferably of from 3 mm to 12 mm. The cross-section of the fiber may have a broad variety of shapes, e.g. round, serrated, flat, or multilobal such as trilobal.
If the fiber of the present invention is to be used for the production of dry-laid nonwovens, such as for spunlace applications, the decitex of the fiber according to the present invention is preferably of from 0.5 dtex to 12 dtex, most preferably of from 0.5 dtex to 3.5 dtex. The length of the fiber may range of from 20 mm to 80 mm, preferably of from 30 mm to 60 mm. The cross-section of the fiber may have a broad variety of shapes, e.g. round, serrated, flat, or multilobal such as trilobal.
It has been found that the fiber of the present invention allows an addition of more than 10 wt. % of the fiber in a recipe for filtration papers without a significant drop in paper strength.
The use of fibers according to the present invention enables the production of papers with high porosity while maintaining sufficient strength for the target applications.
Throughout the following examples, the parameter “porosity” (air permeability) was determined with an AKUSTRON Air-Permeability apparatus (Thwing-Albert, West Berlin, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Tensile strength was measured according DIN EN ISO 1924-2.
Tear strength was measured based on DIN EN 21974 grammage related.
Material Used:
200 g of Fiber 1.2 were added to 2 liters of a 1 wt. % PAM-DADMAC solution in H2O and stirred for 5 minutes.
The fibers were filtered off and the remaining liquid was squeezed out, until a total weight of 800 g was reached. The fiber was then washed with deionized water and squeezed out again.
The fiber prepared by this procedure (Fiber 1.3) was analyzed to have a nitrogen content of 0.89 wt. % which corresponds to a level of 6 wt. % PAM-DADMAC on fiber.
Test Paper Production:
The paper was produced in a Rapid Köthen Lab sheet former. The test sheets were dried in an oven at 105° C. without any pressure load.
The fibers 1.1-1.3 were added to previously refined reference pulps in an overall amount of 20 wt. %, 50 wt. % and 80 wt. %, respectively. Test sheets were produced in a grammage of 30 g/m2.
The test sheets were tested for tensile strength, tear strength and porosity (air permeability).
Test Results:
Compared to the sheets produced with the reference fiber (Fiber 1.1) the following improvements were achieved (Mixture share of 80% viscose fiber and 20% reference pulp):
# Sheets with anionic viscose-fiber (Fiber 1.2)
# Sheets with Viscose fiber according to invention (Fiber 1.3)
Compared to a sheet made from 100% reference pulp, with all viscose fibers the porosity is increased as desired (+50%-+300%, depending on % viscose fiber).
Material Used:
Anionic viscose fibers were produced in 1.3 dtex/6 mm (see WO 2011/012423A1) with different percentages of CMC incorporation. The grade of CMC incorporation was characterized by the percentage of carboxylic groups in the fiber.
The fibers were treated with polyelectrolyte in a bath procedure analogous to Example 1. Different levels of polyelectrolyte were set by using different bath concentrations.
The add-on level of polyelectrolyte on the fibers was determined by nitrogen analysis on the produced test paper sheets.
Test Paper Production:
The test paper was produced in a Rapid Kothen Lab sheet former. The test paper sheets were dried in an oven at 105° C. without any pressure load.
Test sheets were produced in a basis weight of 30 g/m2 from 100% modified viscose fiber and from 80 wt. % modified viscose fiber with addition of 20 wt. % of a reference pulp.
The test sheets were tested for tensile strength, tear strength and porosity (air permeability).
Test Results:
A reference sheet with 80 wt. % untreated anionic fiber (Fiber 1.2) showed a breaking length of only 539 m, which is 30%-40% of the strength achieved with the treated fiber, depending on the PAM-DADMAC add-on.
The porosity of the produced sheets was within the desired range.
It is shown that a higher anionic charge of the fiber (wt. % COOH) and a lower level of the cationic polyelectrolyte give the best results for tensile strength.
Material Used:
The fibers were treated with polyelectrolyte in a bath procedure analogous to Example 1. Different levels of polyelectrolyte were set by using different bath concentrations.
Test Paper Production:
The paper was produced in a Rapid Köthen Lab sheet former. The test paper sheets with 30 g/m2 were dried in an oven at 105° C. without any pressure load.
Test results are depicted in
Material Used:
The viscose fibers were treated with the different cationic polyelectrolytes in a bath procedure analogous to Example 1. Different levels of polyelectrolyte were set by using different bath concentrations. Polyethylenimine was added with a target of 1.5% polyelectrolyte on fiber, but it was observed that this polymer had a very high affinity to the anionic fiber resulting in an add-on level of 3.62%.
The add-on level of polyelectrolyte on the fibers was determined by nitrogen analysis:
Test Paper Production:
The paper was produced in a Rapid Köthen Lab sheet former. The test paper sheets were dried in an oven at 105° C. without any pressure load.
Test sheets were produced in a basis weight of 30 g/m2 from 100% of modified viscose fiber and from 80 wt. % of modified viscose fiber with addition of 20 wt. % of a reference fiber.
The test sheets were tested for tensile strength, tear strength and porosity (air permeability).
Test Results:
The results show that Poly-DADMAC in a medium molecular weight is an especially suited polymer for the use in the present invention.
On the other hand side the fiber with a high level of polyethylenimine on fiber showed inferior performance in terms of paper strength. In this example the molar ratio of anionic moieties to cationic moieties (in mEq/mEq) is only 0.5 and thus smaller than 1, resulting in an insufficient improvement of paper strength.
Material Used:
The viscose fibers were treated with the different cationic polyelectrolytes in a bath procedure analogous to Example 1, with the exception that no washing of the treated fiber took place.
Different levels of polyelectrolyte were set by using different bath concentrations.
The add-on level of polyelectrolyte on the fibers was determined by nitrogen analysis:
Test paper production: The paper was produced in a Rapid Kothen Lab sheet former. The test sheets were dried in an oven at 105° C. without any pressure load.
Test sheets were produced in a basis weight of 30 g/m2 from 100% of modified viscose fiber, after applying a series of washes.
The add-on level of polyelectrolyte on the fibers was determined by nitrogen analysis on selected test sheets:
Even after 10 washes the Poly-DADMAC level on the paper sheets is identical to the level on the provided modified viscose fiber. This shows that in the chosen concentration the polyelectrolyte is quantitatively retained on the fiber and is not washed out in the paper making process or the final application.
The test sheets were tested for tensile strength (breaking length) and porosity (air permeability).
Test Results:
Retention of Polyelectrolyte After Washing
Even after several washings of the fiber, the same tensile strength in the paper is achieved, confirming the quantitative retention of the polyelectrolyte on the fiber, without losing efficiency.
Influence of Add-on Level of Polyelectrolyte on Breaking Length
In papers from 100% viscose fiber, those made with polyelectrolyte add-ons≥1% showed significant higher strength than those which were made from fibers with <1% add-on. Together with the results from Example 4 this indicates, that there is an optimum add-on level of around 1% polyelectrolyte.
Influence of Molecular Weight of the Polyelectrolyte
Papers were formed after different wash cycles:
In each case the medium molecular weight poly-DADMAC gives a higher strength in the produced test sheets, indicating that there is a preferred molecular weight for Poly-DADMAC>100,000.
Porosity of the produced papers was within expectation and no porosity losses were observed.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16196098 | Oct 2016 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2017/077598 | 10/27/2017 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2018/078094 | 5/3/2018 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3905864 | Curry et al. | Sep 1975 | A |
| 4199367 | Smith | Apr 1980 | A |
| 4289824 | Smith | Sep 1981 | A |
| 6379494 | Jewell | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 10619272 | Bloom | Apr 2020 | B2 |
| 20040129632 | Le Brech et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20110177737 | Bloom | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110177738 | Bloom | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20180340275 | Bloom | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1394553 | May 1975 | GB |
| 2226229 | Mar 2004 | RU |
| 2514760 | May 2014 | RU |
| 1996026220 | Aug 1996 | WO |
| 0039389 | Jul 2000 | WO |
| 0039398 | Jul 2000 | WO |
| 0129309 | Apr 2001 | WO |
| WO-2008028998 | Mar 2008 | WO |
| 2011012423 | Feb 2011 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| A. Torgnysdotter et al., “The Link Between the Fiber Contact Zone and the Physical Properties of Paper: A Way to Control Paper Properties,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 41, No. 13/2007, pp. 1619-1633 (2007). |
| A. Torgnysdotter et al., “Study of the joint strength between regenerated cellulose fibres and its influence on the sheet strength,” Nordic Pulp and Paper Research, vol. 18, No. Apr. 2003, pp. 455-459 (2003). |
| R. Sczech ,,Haftvermittlung von Polyelektrolyten zwischen Celluloseoberflächen PAM-DADMAC is mentioned as a well suited adhesion promotor between cellulosic surfaces (http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/733/pdf/sczech.pdf. |
| F. Weber et al., “The surface charge of regenerated cellulose fibres,” Cellulose, 20(6), pp. 2719-2729 (2013). |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability and Written Opinion issued in International Application No. PCT/EP2017/077598 dated Apr. 30, 2019 (7 pages). |
| International Search Report issued in International Application No. PCT/EP2017/077598 dated Dec. 15, 2017 (4 pages). |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20190257029 A1 | Aug 2019 | US |
