A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. Copyright 2008, WMS Gaming, Inc.
Embodiments of the inventive subject matter relate generally to wagering game systems, and more particularly to managing and enforcing limitation rules for wagering accounts.
Wagering game machines, such as slot machines, video poker machines and the like, have been a cornerstone of the gaming industry for several years. Generally, the popularity of such machines depends on the likelihood (or perceived likelihood) of winning money at the machine and the intrinsic entertainment value of the machine relative to other available gaming options. Where the available gaming options include a number of competing wagering game machines and the expectation of winning at each machine is roughly the same (or believed to be the same), players are likely to be attracted to the most entertaining and exciting machines. Shrewd operators consequently strive to employ the most entertaining and exciting machines, features, and enhancements available because such machines attract frequent play and hence increase profitability to the operator. Therefore, there is a continuing need for wagering game machine manufacturers to continuously develop new games and gaming enhancements that will attract frequent play.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the Figures of the accompanying drawings in which:
This description of the embodiments is divided into six sections. The first section provides an introduction to embodiments of the invention, while the second section describes wagering game machine architectures and wagering game networks. The third section describes interfaces and operations of some embodiments and the fourth section describes example wagering game machines in more detail. The fifth section describes some additional embodiments and the sixth section presents some general comments.
This section provides an introduction to some embodiments of the invention.
Wagering game machines typically offer a limited number of ways for players to provide monetary value for use in wagering games. Some wagering game machines allow players to insert cash and cashless vouchers or to draw from casino accounts. However, wagering game machines typically do not offer many other ways to procure funds. As a result, when players run out of cash, cashless vouchers, and/or casino account funds, they often leave the casino floor to acquire additional funds. For example, players may go to automated teller machines, banks, or other institutions from which they can procure funds. Some embodiments of the invention enable players to acquire funds from a variety of sources without leaving a wagering game machine. Additionally, some embodiments enable players to specify conditions under which various account transactions will take place. For example, players can create account rules that automatically replenish depleted accounts, limit losses, donate a portion of winnings to charity, etc. The discussion of
In the second transaction (see “2ND” in
Although
This section describes an example operating environment and provides structural aspects of some embodiments. This section includes discussion about wagering game machine architectures and wagering game networks.
The CPU 226 is also connected to an input/output (I/O) bus 222, which can include any suitable bus technologies, such as an AGTL+frontside bus and a PCI backside bus. The I/O bus 222 is connected to a payout mechanism 208, primary display 210, secondary display 212, value input device 214, player input device 216, information reader 218, and storage unit 230. The player input device 216 can include the value input device 214 to the extent the player input device 216 is used to place wagers. The I/O bus 222 is also connected to an external system interface 224, which is connected to external systems 204 (e.g., wagering game networks).
In one embodiment, the wagering game machine 206 can include additional peripheral devices and/or more than one of each component shown in
Any component of the architecture 200 can include hardware, firmware, and/or machine-readable media including instructions for performing the operations described herein. Machine-readable media includes any mechanism that provides (i.e., stores and/or transmits) information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a wagering game machine, computer, etc.). For example, tangible machine-readable media includes read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory machines, etc. Machine-readable media also includes any media suitable for transmitting software over a network.
While
Each of the plurality of casinos 312 includes a local area network 316, which may include a wireless access point 304, wagering game machines 302, and a wagering game server 306 that can serve wagering games over the local area network 316. The wagering game server 306 includes an account controller 318, which can facilitate account transactions and enforce account rules. The account controller 318 can communicate with other network components, such as the financial institution computer 324, when enforcing account rules and processing transactions. Also, the account controller 318 can record, modify, and use account information in the account store 320 and rule store 322. In some embodiments, the account controller 318, account store 320, and the rule store 322 can be located outside the casino 312.
The local area network 316 includes wireless communication links 310 and wired communication links 308. The wired and wireless communication links can employ any suitable connection technology, such as Bluetooth, 802.11, Ethernet, public switched telephone networks, SONET, USB, arcnet, current loop, etc. In one embodiment, the wagering game server 306 can serve wagering games and/or distribute content to devices located in other casinos 312 or at other locations on the communications network 314.
Any of the wagering game network components (e.g., the wagering game machines 302) can include hardware and machine-readable media including instructions for performing the operations described herein.
The wagering game machines 302 described herein can take any suitable form, such as floor standing models, handheld mobile units, bartop models, workstation-type console models, etc. Further, the wagering game machines 302 can be primarily dedicated for use in conducting wagering games, or can include non-dedicated devices, such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants, personal computers, etc. In one embodiment, the wagering game network 300 can include other network devices, such as accounting servers, wide area progressive servers, player tracking servers, and/or other devices suitable for use in connection with embodiments of the invention.
In various embodiments, wagering game machines 302 and wagering game servers 306 work together such that a wagering game machine 302 may be operated as a thin, thick, or intermediate client. For example, one or more elements of game play may be controlled by the wagering game machine 302 (client) or the wagering game server 306 (server). Game play elements may include executable game code, lookup tables, configuration files, game outcome, audio or visual representations of the game, game assets or the like. In a thin-client example, the wagering game server 306 may perform functions such as determining game outcome or managing assets, while the wagering game machine 302 may be used merely to present the graphical representation of such outcome or asset modification to the user (e.g., player). In a thick-client example, game outcome may be determined locally (e.g., at the wagering game machine 302) and then communicated to the wagering game server 306 for recording or managing a player's account.
Similarly, functionality not directly related to game play may be controlled by the wagering game machine 302 (client) or the wagering game server 306 (server) in embodiments. For example, account transactions and account rules may be managed centrally (e.g., by the wagering game server 306) or locally (e.g., by the wagering game machine 302). Other functionality not directly related to game play may include power management, presentation of advertising, software or firmware updates, system quality or security checks, etc.
This section describes operations and interfaces associated with some embodiments of the invention. In the discussion below, the flow diagrams will be described with reference to the block diagrams presented above. In certain embodiments, the operations are performed by executing instructions residing on machine-readable media (e.g., software), while in other embodiments, the operations are performed by hardware and/or other logic (e.g., firmware). In some embodiments, the operations are performed in series, while in other embodiments, one or more of the operations can be performed in parallel. Furthermore, the discussion below describes communications between wagering game network components. In some embodiments, the communications can include HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP) requests for Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) documents. However, in other embodiments, the communications can be formatted according to different communication protocols.
The section will discuss
At block 402, a wagering game machine 302 detects a player identifier. The wagering game machine 302 may detect the player identifier as a result of a player swiping a player account card, manually entering the identifier, or providing some other device that indicates the player identifier (e.g., an RFID tag). The flow continues at block 404.
At block 404, the wagering game machine 302 receives a list of wagering game accounts and other accounts associated with the player identifier. In some embodiments, the wagering game machine's account manager 236 requests and receives the list from the account controller 318. The flow continues at block 406.
At block 406, the wagering game machine 302 presents a graphical representation of the wagering game accounts and/or other accounts enumerated in the list. For example, the wagering game machine's account manager 236 presents, on the primary display 210, a user interface including graphics that represent financial accounts associated with the player identifier.
Referring back to
At block 408, the wagering game machine 302 detects a request for information about the wagering game account and/or other accounts. For example, the account manager 236 detects that a player has activated an icon in the user interface. The flow continues at block 410.
At block 410, the wagering game machine 302 receives account information associated with the account access request. The account information can include an account balance, transaction options associated with the account, and other information related to the account. In some embodiments, the account manager 236 requests and receives the account information from the account controller 318. Flow continues at block 412.
At block 412, the wagering game machine presents a graphical representation of the account information. To illustrate this concept,
Referring back to
At block 414, the wagering game machine 302 detects a transaction associated with the account options. For example, the account manager 236 detects a drag-and-drop operation that signifies an account transaction request. The drag-and-drop operations can indicate all parameters needed to request an account transaction. For example, drag-and-drop operations can indicate a transaction type, source account, destination account, currency amount, etc. The flow continues at block 416.
At block 416, the wagering game machine 302 transmits an indication of the transaction request, so the wagering game account and/or other accounts can be adjusted. For example, the account unit 236 transmits, to the account controller 318, an indication of the transactions that the player requested via the user interface. From block 416, the flow ends.
Thus far, this section has described account operations typically performed by wagering game machines. This section will continue with a discussion about account operations that are typically performed by account controllers.
At block 602, the account controller 318 receives (from a wagering game machine 302) a request for a list of wagering game accounts and other financial accounts associated with a player. The flow continues at block 604.
At block 604, the account controller 318 transmits the account list to the wagering game machine 302. As noted above, in some embodiments, the account controller 318 may control presentation of the account list on the wagering game machine 302. The flow continues at block 606.
At block 606, the account controller 318 receives a request for information about the wagering game account and other accounts. For example, the request may ask for account balances, transaction options, information about recent transactions, etc. The flow continues at block 608.
At block 608, the account controller 318 transmits the account information to the wagering game machine 302. The flow continues at block 610.
At block 610, the account controller 318 receives an account transaction request from the wagering game machine 302. For example, the account controller 318 receives a request to transfer funds from the player's savings account to the player's game session account. The flow continues at block 612.
At block 612, the account controller 318 adjusts the accounts based on the transaction request. For example, the account controller 318 instructs the financial institution computer 324 to deliver funds from a savings account to a game session account. In some embodiments, the account controller 318 does not transfer funds directly into game session accounts. Instead, the account controller 318 deposits funds into other wagering game accounts. Later, the account controller 318 can transfer funds from the wagering game accounts to game session accounts, if needed. The flow continues at block 614.
At block 614, the account controller 318 provides account information indicating the results of the requested transactions. For example, the account controller 318 notifies the player that funds have been transferred between the player's savings account and game session account. The account controller 318 can notify the player by sending a message to the wagering game machine 302. In some embodiments, the wagering game machine 302 will update its credit meter or other related balances accordingly. From block 614, the flow ends.
This section continues with a discussion of account rules. Some embodiments enable players to submit rules that automatically initiate account transactions when certain conditions are met. In some embodiments, the account rules specify account transactions, source and destination accounts, amounts, and trigger conditions. The account transactions can include transfers, deposits, withdrawals credits, debits, etc. When appropriate, source and destination accounts are identified (e.g., for transfers). Trigger conditions indicate when rules should be enforced. Trigger conditions can relate to time, account balances, wagering game results, wagers placed, and any other statistic associated with wagering game accounts, other financial accounts, and wagering games.
In some embodiments, players can use account rules to limit losses. For example, a player can create account rules that limit how much money can be transferred from a checking account into a game session account. Alternatively, players can move a portion of each winning jackpot from a game session account into savings account, where the savings account does not support wagering-game-related withdrawals. Players can also create account rules that transfer percentages of winnings to fund savings plans, charities, and other programs (e.g., responsible gambling programs). Furthermore, in some embodiments, players can create account rules that, at the conclusion of a gaming session, automatically transfer the entire game session account balance to another account, such as a casino debit account, checking account, or the like. As a result, embodiments eliminate the need for wagering game machines to return cash or cashless vouchers at the end of gaming sessions.
The following discussion will describe account rules in more details. In particular, the discussion of
At block 702, a wagering game machine 302 presents an interface through which players can view and configure account rules. In some embodiments, the account manager 236 and/or other components create the account rule interface and populate it with account information received from the account controller 318. In other embodiments, the machine 302 renders the account interface in a web browser, using information received from the account controller 318 or other network devices.
Referring back to
At block 704, the wagering game machine 302 detects a change to the account rules. For example, the wagering game machine 302 detects that a player has attempted to create new rules or modify existing rules. In some embodiments, players can create and modify rules as follows. In the embodiment of
Referring back to
At block 706, the wagering game machine 302 submits the change to the account rules. Referring to
Although wagering game machines can perform the operations of the flow 700, in some embodiments, other devices perform those operations. For example, in a casino, players can use the kiosk 326 to view, create, and modify their account rules. From outside the casino, players can view, create, and modify account rules using the workstation 328, which in some embodiments can communicate with the account controller 318 over the world wide wed and/or the Internet. Account controllers can also play a role in the process with which players view, create, and modify account rules. This section continues with a discussion about how account servers can interact with a wagering game machine, kiosks, and workstations to process and store account rules.
At block 1002, the account controller 318 detects a request for account rule information. In one embodiment, the account controller 318 receives the request from a wagering game machine 302 that is presenting the account rules interface 802. The account rule information can include account rules associated with a player. The flow continues at block 1004.
At block 1004, the account controller 318 transmits the account rule information to the requester (e.g., a wagering game machine 302). The account rule information can be in a form suitable for populating an account rules interface (e.g., see
At block 1006, the account controller 318 detects a modification to the account rules associated with a player identifier. In some embodiments, the account controller 318 receives, from a wagering game machine 302, a request to modify account rules associated with a player. The request can enumerate account rule parameters for a new account rule or for an existing rule. The flow continues at block 1008.
At block 1008, the account controller 318 revises the account rules accordingly. For example, the account controller 318 modifies a player's account rules using the rule parameters received at block 1006. In some embodiments, the account controller 318 notifies the player that the account rules have been modified successfully or that there was an error updating the account rules. From block 1008, the flow ends.
This section continues with a discussion about operations for enforcing the account rules.
At block 1102, the account controller 318 determines that a rule associated with a wagering game account should be enforced. As noted above, account rules can be associated with trigger condition. For example, winning jackpots, placing wagers, playing certain games, account balances, time of day, total amount of wagers made, etc. can trigger account rules to perform financial transactions. In some embodiments, the wagering game machines 302 notifies the account controller 318 about any information relevant to a player's account rules. For example, wagering game machines 302 can notify the account controller 318 when a player wins a jackpot, makes a wager, plays a game, begins a game session, ends a game session, etc. In response, the account controller 318 can determine whether any account rules' trigger conditions have been satisfied. In other embodiments, the wagering game machines 302 can acquire a list of account rules and notify the account controller 318 only when a trigger condition has been satisfied.
In some embodiments, account rules are not associated with wagering game events. For example, account rules can be related to time, account balances, account transactions, etc. Thus, the account controller 318 can use time, account balances, account transactions, and other non-event-related information to determine that an account rules should be enforced. The flow continues at block 1104.
At block 1104, the account controller 318 performs transactions specified in the account rules that are being enforced. For example, if an account rule specifies a transfer of funds, the account controller 318 transfers funds between accounts. As another example, if the account rule specifies that an account is to be locked, the account controller 318 locks the account. As yet another example, if the account rule specifies that certain transactions are prohibited (e.g., withdrawals from a retirement account), the account controller 318 marks the account as deposit only. The account controller 318 may enforce some account rules with assistance from the financial institution computer 324. The flow continues at block 1106.
At block 1106, the account controller 318 provides an indication of the financial transactions. In some embodiments, the account controller 318 can transmit a transaction statement for display on the wagering game machine 302 at which the player is present (e.g., in an account interface). Alternatively, the account controller 318 can notify the player via email, instant message, telephone message, etc. From block 1106, the flow ends.
The wagering game machine 1200 comprises a housing 1212 and includes input devices, including value input devices 1218 and a player input device 1224. For output, the wagering game machine 1200 includes a primary display 1214 for displaying information about a basic wagering game. The primary display 1214 can also display information about a bonus wagering game and a progressive wagering game. The wagering game machine 1200 also includes a secondary display 1216 for displaying wagering game events, wagering game outcomes, and/or signage information. While some components of the wagering game machine 1200 are described herein, numerous other elements can exist and can be used in any number or combination to create varying forms of the wagering game machine 1200.
The value input devices 1218 can take any suitable form and can be located on the front of the housing 1212. The value input devices 1218 can receive currency and/or credits inserted by a player. The value input devices 1218 can include coin acceptors for receiving coin currency and bill acceptors for receiving paper currency. Furthermore, the value input devices 1218 can include ticket readers or barcode scanners for reading information stored on vouchers, cards, or other tangible portable storage devices. The vouchers or cards can authorize access to central accounts, which can transfer money to the wagering game machine 1200.
The player input device 1224 comprises a plurality of push buttons on a button panel 1226 for operating the wagering game machine 1200. In addition, or alternatively, the player input device 1224 can comprise a touch screen 1228 mounted over the primary display 1214 and/or secondary display 1216.
The various components of the wagering game machine 1200 can be connected directly to, or contained within, the housing 1212. Alternatively, some of the wagering game machine's components can be located outside of the housing 1212, while being communicatively coupled with the wagering game machine 1200 using any suitable wired or wireless communication technology.
The operation of the basic wagering game can be displayed to the player on the primary display 1214. The primary display 1214 can also display a bonus game associated with the basic wagering game. The primary display 1214 can include a cathode ray tube (CRT), a high resolution liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, light emitting diodes (LEDs), or any other type of display suitable for use in the wagering game machine 1200. Alternatively, the primary display 1214 can include a number of mechanical reels to display the outcome. In
A player begins playing a basic wagering game by making a wager via the value input device 1218. The player can initiate play by using the player input device's buttons or touch screen 1228. The basic game can include arranging a plurality of symbols along a payline 1232, which indicates one or more outcomes of the basic game. Such outcomes can be randomly selected in response to player input. At least one of the outcomes, which can include any variation or combination of symbols, can trigger a bonus game.
In some embodiments, the wagering game machine 1200 can also include an information reader 1252, which can include a card reader, ticket reader, bar code scanner, RFID transceiver, or computer readable storage medium interface. In some embodiments, the information reader 1252 can be used to award complimentary services, restore game assets, track player habits, etc.
The system 1400 also includes a wagering game machine 1462. The wagering game machine 1462 has a graphical user interface (“GUI”) 1402 that a player can use to play wagering games. The GUI 1402 can also include a Quick Add button 1420, which can initiate a Quick Add procedure to automatically add money to a wagering game session balance. The Quick Add button 1420 can initiates a series of operations that the system 1400 can perform, similar to the operations described in
If there are limitations, the system 1400 can generate a message 1412 to notify the player of restraints, use limits, etc. The system 1400 can deactivate the Quick Add procedure and/or controls associated with the wagering game machine 1462 when all accounts are restricted. In some embodiments, the player can set account rules with triggers that warn the player when the credit account is near its use limits (e.g., the system 1400 can generate a warning message that the Visa account is near a daily cash withdrawal limit, or that the wagering game machine 1462 is near a daily funds transfer limit).
In some embodiments, the system 1400 can determine a co-account manager (e.g., a co-account holder who has a credit account profile, a social contact who has a player account, etc.) associated with the account (e.g., that the player has specified in the profile, that the credit lender has on the credit account records, etc.) The co-account manager can also set limitations on the credit account. The system 1400 can detect profile settings for the co-account manager. The co-account manager can also have a player account on the account server 1404. The profile settings can include limitations on the player's use of the credit account(s). For example, if the co-account manager is a co-account holder for one of the credit accounts, the system 1400 can look at the co-account manager's account profile to determine if the co-account manager has set use limits or restraints on using that credit account for wagering game purposes. In another example, the player account 1403 can be associated with a social network account, and the co-account manager can be a social contact (e.g., a trusted friend, a money manager, a social worker, etc.) on the social network. The player can use the system 1400 to designate the social contact (e.g., within the account settings panel 1419), as an authorized agent to help the player to gamble more responsibly by giving the social contact the ability to set limitations for the player. The social contact can have an account (e.g., a social network account, a financial account, a player account, etc.) that the system 1400 can access. The system 1400 can look at the social contact's account for any limitations that the social contact has set on the use of the credit account(s) they are authorized to co-manage. In some embodiments, the co-account manager can set limitations by creating account rules which include actions that limit the use of the credit account.
The flow 1500 continues at processing block 1504, where the system determines a credit account, and credit account access information, associated with the Quick Add procedure. The system can determine the credit account, in one embodiment, as described in
The flow 1500 continues at processing block 1506, where the system determines a transaction amount to transfer from the credit account to the wagering game session account. The system can determine a transaction amount to transfer by searching a player profile to determine a default transaction amount, as illustrated in
The flow 1500 continues at processing block 1508, where the system determines limitations on use of the credit account to augment the wagering game session account. The system can access rules stores as illustrated in
The flow 1500 continues at decisional block 1510, where the system determines whether there are use limitations. If there are use limitations, the flow 400 continues at block 1602 in
In processing block 1603, after finding the player's name and/or other identifying information from potential sources, the system can stop the transaction, and provide a message explaining the reason(s) for the use restriction(s). The system can present the message through a GUI as a pop-up message (e.g., see message 1412 in
In addition to use restrictions, or prohibitions, some limitations can be use limits, which limit, but don't automatically restrict, the player from using the credit account unless the player has reached a spending limit. At processing block 1604 the system determines if the player has reached, or exhausted, a spending limit set by the system. The limit can be a “session” limit, or in other words, a system imposed limit on credit account spending during any given wagering game session. The session limit can include an amount that can be utilized by any or all credit accounts for any wagering game session. To prevent the player from circumventing the limit by repeatedly starting game sessions, the session limit can also have a periodic time limitation, like a daily limit, wherein the player is restricted from utilizing any or all of the credit accounts for quick balance augmentation until the next day. The session balance can be stored and associated with an account server, with a wagering game machine, as a stand-alone background routine, etc. The player can use the credit account until the limit has been reached. Once reached, the system can provide a message, in processing block 1610, that notifies the player that the session limit is exhausted.
If there is no session limit, or if the session limit has not been exhausted, the system, at processing block 1606, can check for another type of limitation, a credit limit. A credit limit is a limit set on the credit account itself. The credit limit can be set by the player, as a self-imposed spending limit, by a social contact, by the credit account, or by other individuals, groups, third parties, and mechanisms. The system can look for money limits, time period limits, or a combination of the two like a daily spending limit. As mentioned previously, some use limitations can be self-imposed limits stored by the player as account rules in a player profile and/or player account settings. At processing block 1606, the system can check to see if the credit limit has been exhausted. For instance, the system can store a credit transfer balance to determine how many credit transfers have been made by the player, what the total amount of the credit transfers have been, and what times periods have transpired between credit transfers.
If the system determines that a credit limit has been exhausted, then, at processing block 1608, the system can check to see if there are other credit account(s) associated with the player account. If so, the flow 1500 can return to block 1602 and the system can check for limitations on the other credit account(s).
If, however, there are no other credit accounts, and the credit limit is exhausted, the flow 1500 continues at processing block 1610, where the system can provide a message that the credit limit is exhausted.
Returning now to processing block 1606, if the session limit and/or the credit limit have not been exhausted, the flow 1500 continues at processing block 1612, where the system determines whether the player account has not yet exceeded a use limit, but that the request for the transaction amount would exceed the use limits. For example, the system may determine that a default transaction amount, such as $100, would exceed the dollar amount of the limit, but the limit still has some balance left, such as $25. At processing block 1614, the system can provide a message that the limit would be exceeded if the default transaction amount were transferred (e.g., if the system were to transfer $100), but the system can still transfer up to the use limit (i.e., the $25 amount up to the limit). In some embodiments, the system can provide a message and prompt the player whether the player wants to transfer the remainder (i.e., the $25 amount). In some embodiments, the system can transfer the remainder automatically.
Returning now to processing block 1612, if there are no use restrictions, and if the use limits are not exhausted, or would not be exceeded with the transaction, the flow returns to block 1512 in
In this detailed description, reference is made to specific examples by way of drawings and illustrations. These examples are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the inventive subject matter, and serve to illustrate how the inventive subject matter can be applied to various purposes or embodiments. Other embodiments are included within the inventive subject matter, as logical, mechanical, electrical, and other changes can be made to the example embodiments described herein. Features or limitations of various embodiments described herein, however essential to the example embodiments in which they are incorporated, do not limit the inventive subject matter as a whole, and any reference to the invention, its elements, operation, and application are not limiting as a whole, but serve only to define these example embodiments. This detailed description does not, therefore, limit embodiments of the invention, which are defined only by the appended claims.
Each of the embodiments described herein are contemplated as falling within the inventive subject matter, which is set forth in the following claims.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/991,391 which is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/US09/43055 filed 6 May 2009. The PCT/US09/43055 application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/051,145 filed 7 May 2008. application Ser. No. 12/991,391, International Application PCT/US09/43055, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/051,145 are hereby incorporated by reference.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 12991391 | US | |
Child | 13858467 | US |