Manifold system having flow control

Information

  • Patent Grant
  • 6713002
  • Patent Number
    6,713,002
  • Date Filed
    Friday, January 31, 2003
    21 years ago
  • Date Issued
    Tuesday, March 30, 2004
    20 years ago
Abstract
An injection molding apparatus and method are provided in which the rate of material flow during an injection cycle is controlled. According to one preferred embodiment, an injection molding apparatus is provided that includes a manifold, at least one injection nozzle coupled to the manifold, an actuator, and a valve pin adapted to reciprocate through the manifold and the injection nozzle. The valve pin has a first end coupled to the actuator, a second end that closes the gate in a forward position, and a control surface intermediate said first and second ends for adjusting the rate of material flow during an injection cycle. Retracting the valve pin tends to decrease the rate of material flow during the injection cycle and displacing the valve pin toward the gate tends to increase the rate of material flow during the injection cycle.
Description




FIELD OF THE INVENTION




This invention relates to injection of pressurized materials through a manifold, such as injection molding of plastic melt in a hot runner system. More specifically, this invention relates to an improved injection molding hot runner system in which the rate of melt flow is controlled through the gate during an injection molding cycle.




DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART




U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,582 discloses a multi-gate single cavity system in which the rate of melt flow through the individual gates is controlled independently via a control system according to specific target process conditions. This system enables the weld line of the part (the section of the part in which the melt from one gate meets the melt from another gate) to be selectively located. It also enables the shape of the weld line to be altered to form a stronger bond.




The '582 patent discloses controlling the rate of melt flow with a tapered valve pin at the gate to the mold cavity. It also discloses placing a pressure transducer inside the mold cavity. Placing the pressure transducer inside the mold cavity can result in the pressure transducer sensing pressure spikes which can occur when the valve pin is closed. A pressure spike sensed by the transducer can cause an unintended response from the control system, and result in a less precise control of the melt flow than desired.




The control system disclosed in the '582 patent uses the variables of valve pin position and cavity pressure to determine what position the valve pin should be in. Thus, the algorithm performed by the control system in the '582 patent utilizes two variables to control the rate of melt flow into the cavity.




SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION




An injection molding apparatus and method are provided in which the rate of material flow during an injection cycle is controlled. According to one preferred embodiment, an injection molding apparatus is provided that includes a manifold, at least one injection nozzle coupled to the manifold, an actuator, and a valve pin adapted to reciprocate through the manifold and the injection nozzle. The valve pin has a first end coupled to the actuator, a second end that closes the gate in a forward position, and a control surface intermediate said first and second ends for adjusting the rate of material flow during an injection cycle. Retracting the valve pin tends to decrease the rate of material flow during the injection cycle and displacing the valve pin toward the gate tends to increase the rate of material flow during the injection cycle.




According to another preferred embodiment, in an injection molding system having a manifold for injecting material into first and second mold cavities, respectively, and a controller for controlling the flow rate of material injected into the first and second mold cavities during an injection cycle according to first and second target profiles, respectively, wherein the first and second target profiles represent a desired value of first and second sensed conditions related to the flow rate of material injected into the first and second cavities during an injection cycle, respectively, a method is provided for creating at least the first target profile for the first mold cavity. The method includes the steps of shutting off a flow of material into the second cavity, and injecting material into the first cavity to determine what values of the first sensed condition produce an acceptable molded part in the first cavity, the values of the first sensed condition that produce an acceptable molded part constituting the first target profile.




According to another preferred embodiment, in an injection molding system having a manifold for injecting material into first and second mold cavities, respectively, and a controller for controlling the flow rate of material injected into the first and second mold cavities according to first and second target profiles, respectively, wherein each target profile represents a desired value of first and second sensed conditions related to the flow rate of material injected into the first and second cavities during an injection cycle, respectively, a method is provided for creating the first and second target profiles. The method includes the step of simultaneously injecting material into the first and second cavities; and based on the simultaneous injection of material, determining what values of the first sensed condition produce an acceptable molded part in the first mold cavity, the values of the first sensed condition that produce an acceptable molded part constituting the first target profile, and determining what values of the second sensed condition produce an acceptable molded part in the second mold cavity, the values of the second sensed condition that produce an acceptable molded part in the second mold cavity constituting the second target profile.




According to another preferred embodiment, in an injection molding system having a manifold for injecting material through first and second gates into one or more mold cavities, and a controller for controlling the flow rate of material injected through the first and second gates during an injection cycle according to first and second target profiles, respectively, wherein the first and second target profiles represent a desired value of first and second sensed conditions related to the flow rate of material injected through the first and second gates during an injection cycle, respectively, a method is provided for creating at least the first target profile, the method includes the steps of selecting a test first target profile to be executed by the controller, injecting material through the first gate into a cavity according to the test first target profile executed by the controller, and determining whether the material injected produces an acceptable molded part in the cavity.




According to another preferred embodiment, in an injection molding system having a manifold for injecting material through a first gate into a first mold cavity, and a controller for controlling the flow rate of material injected through the first gate during an injection cycle according to a first target pressure profile by comparing a target pressure to an actual pressure during the injection cycle, wherein the first target pressure profile represents a target value of the pressure exerted by the material injected through the first gate during the injection cycle, a method is provided for creating the first target pressure profile. The method includes the steps of selecting a value of a variable corresponding to target injection pressure of the injected material, selecting a value of a variable corresponding to target pack pressure of the injected material, and selecting a value of a variable corresponding to a duration of the injection cycle.




According to another preferred embodiment, in an injection molding system having a manifold for injecting material through a first gate into a first mold cavity, and a controller for controlling the flow rate of material injected through the first gate during an injection cycle according to a first target pressure profile by comparing a target pressure to an actual pressure exerted by the material, a method is provided for creating the first target pressure profile. The method includes selecting pressure values for a plurality of variables corresponding to target pressures at a corresponding plurality of times during the injection cycle, and forming the first target pressure profile according to the pressure values.




According to another preferred embodiment, an injection molding apparatus is provided that includes a manifold for directing material through first and second gates into one or more mold cavities, and a controller to independently control a flow rate of material injected into through the first and second gates during an injection cycle according to a first target profile associated with the material injected through the first gate and a second target profile associated with material injected through the second gate. The first target profile represents target values of a first sensed condition related to the flow rate of material injected through the first gate during the injection cycle and the second target profile represents target values of a second sensed condition related to the flow rate of material injected through the second gate during the injection cycle. The apparatus further includes a graphical user interface for displaying at least the first target profile.




According to another preferred embodiment, an injection molding apparatus is provided that includes a manifold to direct material to first and second gates into one or more mold cavities, the manifold including first and second wells associated with each gate, a first ram to force material from the first well through the first gate, a second ram to force material from the second well through the second gate, and a controller to independently control first and second rates at which the first and second rams force material through the first and second gates and into the one or more mold cavities during an injection cycle.




According to another preferred embodiment, an injection molding apparatus is provided that includes a manifold to direct material into a mold cavity, a valve pin adapted to reciprocate through the manifold toward and away from the mold cavity, wherein valve pin contacts material injected into the mold cavity, and a controller to control a flow rate of material injected into the first cavity during an injection cycle based on a force exerted on the valve pin by the material.




According to another preferred embodiment, in an injection molding system apparatus having a manifold, at least one injection nozzle coupled to the manifold, an actuator, and a valve pin adapted to reciprocate through the manifold and the injection nozzle, the valve pin having a first end coupled to the actuator, and a second end that closes the gate, a method is provided having the steps of prior to the beginning of an injection cycle, placing the valve pin in a rearward position, moving the valve pin forward from the rearward position at the beginning of the injection cycle toward the gate to an intermediate position in which material flow is permitted, and moving the valve pin further toward the gate from the intermediate position to close the gate at the end of the injection cycle.




According to another preferred embodiment, in an injection molding system having a manifold to direct material to first and second gates, the manifold including first and second wells associated with each gate, a method is provided including the steps of injecting material into each of the first and second wells, injecting material from the each of the first and second wells through each of the first and second gates, and independently controlling the rates at which the material is injected from the first and second wells.




According to another preferred embodiment, in an injection molding system having a manifold to direct material to first and second gates which lead to one or more mold cavities, the first and second gates having first and second valve pin associated therewith, a method is provided having the steps of injecting material into the manifold, determining a first force exerted by the material on the first valve pin, and a second force exerted by the material on the second valve pin, respectively, and independently controlling the rate at which the material is injected through each of the first and second gates into the one or more mold cavities based on the first and second forces, respectively.




According to another preferred embodiment, in an injection molding system having a manifold to direct material to first and second gates which lead to one or more mold cavities, a method is provided that includes the steps of injecting material into the manifold, controlling in the manifold a first rate at which material is injected through the first gate into the one or more mold cavities based on a first pressure sensed in the one or more cavities, and controlling in the manifold a second rate at which material is injected through the second gate into the one or more mold cavities based on a second pressure sensed in the one or more cavities.











BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS





FIG. 1

is a partially schematic cross-sectional view of an injection molding system according to one embodiment of the present invention;





FIG. 2

is an enlarged fragmentary cross-sectional view of one side of the injection molding system of

FIG. 1

;





FIG. 3

is an enlarged fragmentary cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of a system similar to

FIG. 1

, in which a plug is used for easy removal of the valve pin;





FIG. 4

is an enlarged fragmentary cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of a system similar to

FIG. 1

, in which a threaded nozzle is used;





FIG. 5

is a view similar to

FIG. 4

, showing an alternative embodiment in which a plug is used for easy removal of the valve pin;





FIG. 6

shows a fragmentary cross-sectional view of a system similar to

FIG. 1

, showing an alternative embodiment in which a forward shut-off is used;





FIG. 7

shows an enlarged fragmentary view of the embodiment of

FIG. 6

, showing the valve pin in the open and closed positions, respectively;




FIG.


8


. is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention similar to

FIG. 6

, in which a threaded nozzle is used with a plug for easy removal of the valve pin;





FIG. 9

is an enlarged fragmentary view of the embodiment of

FIG. 8

, in which the valve pin is shown in the open and closed positions;





FIG. 10

is an enlarged view of an alternative embodiment of the valve pin, shown in the closed position;





FIG. 11

is a fragmentary cross sectional view of an alternative embodiment of an injection molding system having flow control that includes a valve pin that extends to the gate;





FIG. 12

is an enlarged fragmentary cross-sectional detail of the flow control area;





FIG. 13

is a fragmentary cross sectional view of another alternative embodiment of an injection molding system having flow control that includes a valve pin that extends to the gate, showing the valve pin in the starting position prior to the beginning of an injection cycle;





FIG. 14

is view of the injection molding system of

FIG. 13

, showing the valve pin in an intermediate position in which material flow is permitted;





FIG. 15

is a view of the injection molding system of

FIG. 13

, showing the valve pin in the closed position at the end of an injection cycle; and





FIG. 16

shows a series of graphs representing the actual pressure versus the target pressure measured in four injection nozzles coupled to a manifold as shown in

FIG. 13

;





FIGS. 17 and 18

are screen icons displayed on interface


114


of

FIG. 13

which are used to display, create, edit, and store target profiles;





FIG. 19

is a fragmentary cross-sectional partially schematic view of another alternative embodiment of an injection molding system having flow control in which a ram is used to inject material from a well in the manifold into the mold cavity;





FIG. 20

is a fragmentary view of the embodiment shown in

FIG. 19

in which the well


640


is being filled by the injecting molding machine;





FIG. 21

is a view similar to

FIG. 20

in which the well is full of material and the system is ready to inject material into the mold cavity;





FIG. 22

is a view similar to

FIGS. 20 and 21

in which injection into the mold cavity has begun;





FIG. 23

is a view similar to

FIGS. 20-22

in which the injection cycle is complete;





FIG. 24

is a cross-sectional partially schematic view of another alternative embodiment of an injection molding system having flow control in which a load cell behind the valve pin is used to control the flow rate in each injection nozzle;





FIG. 25

is a enlarged fragmentary cross-sectional view of the valve pin and actuator of

FIG. 24

;





FIG. 26

is an enlarged view of the load cell and valve pin of

FIG. 24

;





FIGS. 27A and 27B

show an enlarged view of the tip of the valve pin closing the gate and controlling the flow rate, respectively;





FIGS. 28A and 28B

shown an alternative structure of an injection molding nozzle for use in the system shown in

FIG. 24

;





FIG. 29

is a cross-sectional partially schematic view of an alternative embodiment of an injection molding system having flow control similar to

FIG. 19

in which a pressure transducer is used to sense the hydraulic pressure supplied to the actuator;





FIG. 30

shows a fragmentary cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of an injection molding system having flow control similar to

FIG. 13

in which the pressure transducer is mounted in the mold cavity; and





FIG. 31

is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of an injection molding system having flow control in which flow control is effected by measuring the differential pressure of the actuator chambers.











DETAILED DESCRIPTION





FIGS. 1-2

show one embodiment of the injection molding system according to the present invention. The injection molding system


1


is a multi-gate single cavity system in which melt material


3


is injected into a cavity


5


from gates


7


and


9


. Melt material


3


is injected from an injection molding machine


11


through an extended inlet


13


and into a manifold


15


. Manifold


15


distributes the melt through channels


17


and


19


. Although a hot runner system is shown in which plastic melt is injected, the invention is applicable to other types of injection systems in which it is useful to control the rate at which a material (e.g., metallic or composite materials) is delivered to a cavity.




Melt is distributed by the manifold through channels


17


and


19


and into bores


18


and


20


of nozzles


21


and


23


, respectively. Melt is injected out of nozzles


21


and


23


and into cavity


5


(where the part is formed) which is formed by mold plates


25


and


27


. Although a multi-gate single-cavity system is shown, the invention is not limited to this type of system, and is also applicable to, for example, multi-cavity systems, as discussed in greater detail below.




The injection nozzles


21


and


23


are received in respective wells


28


and


29


formed in the mold plate


27


. The nozzles


21


and


23


are each seated in support rings


31


and


33


. The support rings serve to align the nozzles with the gates


7


and


9


and insulate the nozzles from the mold. The manifold


15


sits atop the rear end of the nozzles and maintains sealing contact with the nozzles via compression forces exerted on the assembly by clamps (not shown) of the injection molding machine. An O-ring


36


is provided to prevent melt leakage between the nozzles and the manifold. A dowel


73


centers the manifold on the mold plate


27


. Dowels


32


and


34


prevent the nozzle


23


and support ring


33


, respectively, from rotating with respect to the mold


27


.




The nozzles also include a heater


35


(FIG.


2


). Although an electric band heater is shown, other heaters may be used. Furthermore, heat pipes (for example those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,389,002) may be disposed in each nozzle and used alone or in conjunction with heater


35


. The heater is used to maintain the melt material at its processing temperature up to the gates


7


and


9


. The nozzles


21


and


23


also include an insert


37


and a tip


39


. The insert can be made of a material (for example beryllium copper) having high thermal conductivity in order to maintain the melt at its processing temperature up to the gate by imparting heat to the melt from the heater


35


. The tip


39


is used to form a seal with the mold plate


27


and is preferably a material (for example titanium alloy or stainless steel) having low thermal conductivity so as to reduce heat transfer from the nozzle to the mold.




A valve pin


41


having a head


43


is used to control the rate of flow of the melt material to the respective gates


7


and


9


. The valve pin reciprocates through the manifold. A valve pin bushing


44


is provided to prevent melt from leaking along stem


102


of the valve pin. The valve pin bushing is held in place by a threadably mounted cap


46


. The valve pin is opened at the beginning of the injection cycle and closed at the end of the cycle. During the cycle, the valve pin can assume intermediate positions between the fully open and closed positions, in order to decrease or increase the rate of flow of the melt. The head includes a tapered portion


45


that forms a gap


81


with a surface


47


of the bore


19


of the manifold. Increasing or decreasing the size of the gap by displacing the valve pin correspondingly increases or decreases the flow of melt material to the gate. When the valve pin is closed the tapered portion


45


of the valve pin head contacts and seals with the surface


47


of the bore of the manifold.





FIG. 2

shows the head of the valve pin in a Phantom dashed line in the closed position and a solid line in the fully opened position in which the melt is permitted to flow at a maximum rate. To reduce the flow of melt, the pin is retracted away from the gate by an actuator


49


, to thereby decrease the width of the gap


81


between the valve pin and the bore


19


of the manifold.




The actuator


49


(for example, the type disclosed in application Ser. No. 08/874,962 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,894,035) is mounted in a clamp plate


51


which covers the injection molding system


1


. The actuator


49


is a hydraulic actuator, however, pneumatic or electronic actuators can be used. The actuator


49


includes a hydraulic circuit that includes a movable piston


53


in which the valve pin


41


is threadably mounted at


55


. Thus, as the piston


53


moves, the valve pin


41


moves with it. The actuator


49


includes hydraulic lines


57


and


59


which are controlled by servo valves


1


and


2


. Hydraulic line


57


is energized to move the valve pin


41


toward the gate to the open position, and hydraulic line


59


is energized to retract the valve pin away from the gate toward the close position. An actuator cap


61


limits longitudinal movement in the vertical direction of the piston


53


. O-rings


63


provide respective seals to prevent hydraulic fluid from leaking out of the actuator. The actuator body


65


is mounted to the manifold via screws


67


.




A pressure transducer


69


is used to sense the pressure in the manifold bore


19


downstream of the valve pin head


43


. In operation, the conditions sensed by the pressure transducer


69


associated with each nozzle are fed back to a control system that includes controllers PID


1


and PID


2


and a CPU shown schematically in FIG.


1


. The CPU executes a PID (proportional, integral, derivative) algorithm which compares the sensed pressure (at a given time) from the pressure transducer to a programmed target pressure (for the given time). The CPU instructs the PID controller to adjust the valve pin using the actuator


49


in order to mirror the target pressure for that given time. In this way a programmed target pressure profile for an injection cycle for a particular part for each gate


7


and


9


can be followed.




Although in the disclosed embodiment the sensed condition is pressure, other sensed conditions can be used which relate to melt flow rate. For example, the position of the valve pin or the load on the valve pin could be the sensed condition. If so, a position sensor or load sensor, respectively, could be used to feed back the sensed condition to the PID controller. In the same manner as explained above, the CPU would use a PID algorithm to compare the sensed condition to a programmed target position profile or load profile for the particular gate to the mold cavity, and adjust the valve pin accordingly.




Melt flow rate is directly related to the pressure sensed in bore


19


. Thus, using the controllers PID


1


and PID


2


, the rate at which the melt flows into the gates


7


and


9


can be adjusted during a given injection molding cycle, according to the desired pressure profile. The pressure (and rate of melt flow) is decreased by retracting the valve pin and decreasing the width of the gap


81


between the valve pin and the manifold bore, while the pressure (and rate of melt flow) is increased by displacing the valve pin toward the gate


9


, and increasing the width of the gap


81


. The PID controllers adjust the position of the actuator piston


51


by sending instructions to servo valves


1


and


2


.




By controlling the pressure in a single cavity system (as shown in

FIG. 1

) it is possible to adjust the location and shape of the weld line formed when melt flow


75


from gate


7


meets melt flow


77


from gate


9


as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,582. However, the invention also is useful in a multi-cavity system. In a multi-cavity system the invention can be used to balance fill rates and packing profiles in the respective cavities. This is useful, for example, when molding a plurality of like parts in different cavities. In such a system, to achieve a uniformity in the parts, the fill rates and packing profiles of the cavities should be as close to identical as possible. Using the same programmed pressure profile for each nozzle, unpredictable fill rate variations from cavity to cavity are overcome, and consistently uniform parts are produced from each cavity.




Another advantage of the present invention is seen in a multi-cavity system in which the nozzles are injecting into cavities which form different sized parts that require different fill rates and packing profiles. In this case, different pressure profiles can be programmed for each respective controller of each respective cavity. Still another advantage is when the size of the cavity is constantly changing, i.e., when making different size parts by changing a mold insert in which the part is formed. Rather than change the hardware (e.g., the nozzle) involved in order to change the fill rate and packing profile for the new part, a new program is chosen by the user corresponding to the new part to be formed.




The embodiment of

FIGS. 1 and 2

has the advantage of controlling the rate of melt flow away from the gate inside manifold


15


rather than at the gates


7


and


9


. Controlling the melt flow away from the gate enables the pressure transducer to be located away from the gate (in FIGS.


1


-


5


). In this way, the pressure transducer does not have to be placed inside the mold cavity, and is not susceptible to pressure spikes which can occur when the pressure transducer is located in the mold cavity or near the gate. Pressure spikes in the mold cavity result from the valve pin being closed at the gate. This pressure spike could cause an unintended response from the control system, for example, an opening of the valve pin to reduce the pressure—when the valve pin should be closed.




Avoidance of the effects of a pressure spike resulting from closing the gate to the mold makes the control system behave more accurately and predictably. Controlling flow away from the gate enables accurate control using only a single sensed condition (e.g., pressure) as a variable. The, '582 patent disclosed the use of two sensed conditions (valve position and pressure) to compensate for an unintended response from the pressure spike. Sensing two conditions resulted in a more complex control algorithm (which used two variables) and more complicated hardware (pressure and position sensors).




Another advantage of controlling the melt flow away from the gate is the use of a larger valve pin head


43


than would be used if the valve pin closed at the gate. A larger valve pin head can be used because it is disposed in the manifold in which the melt flow bore


19


can be made larger to accommodate the larger valve pin head. It is generally undesirable to accommodate a large size valve pin head in the gate area within the end of the nozzle


23


, tip


39


and insert


37


. This is because the increased size of the nozzle, tip and insert in the gate area could interfere with the construction of the mold, for example, the placement of water lines within the mold which are preferably located close to the gate. Thus, a larger valve pin head can be accommodated away from the gate.




The use of a larger valve pin head enables the use of a larger surface


45


on the valve pin head and a larger surface


47


on the bore to form the control gap


81


. The more “control” surface (


45


and


47


) and the longer the “control” gap (


81


)—the more precise control of the melt flow rate and pressure can be obtained because the rate of change of melt flow per movement of the valve pin is less. In

FIGS. 1-3

the size of the gap and the rate of melt flow is adjusted by adjusting the width of the gap, however, adjusting the size of the gap and the rate of material flow can also be accomplished by changing the length of the gap, i.e., the longer the gap the more flow is restricted. Thus, changing the size of the gap and controlling the rate of material flow can be accomplished by changing the length or width of the gap.




The valve pin head includes a middle section


83


and a forward cone shaped section


95


which tapers from the middle section to a point


85


. This shape assists in facilitating uniform melt flow when the melt flows past the control gap


81


. The shape of the valve pin also helps eliminates dead spots in the melt flow downstream of the gap


81


.





FIG. 3

shows another aspect in which a plug


87


is inserted in the manifold


15


and held in place by a cap


89


. A dowel


86


keeps the plug from rotating in the recess of the manifold that the plug is mounted. The plug enables easy removal of the valve pin


41


without disassembling the manifold, nozzles and mold. When the plug is removed from the manifold, the valve pin can be pulled out of the manifold where the plug was seated since the diameter of the recess in the manifold that the plug was in is greater than the diameter of the valve pin head at its widest point. Thus, the valve pin can be easily replaced without significant downtime.





FIGS. 4 and 5

show additional alternative embodiments of the invention in which a threaded nozzle style is used instead of a support ring nozzle style. In the threaded nozzle style, the nozzle


23


is threaded directly into manifold


15


via threads


91


. Also, a coil heater


93


is used instead of the band heater shown in

FIGS. 1-3

. The threaded nozzle style is advantageous in that it permits removal of the manifold and nozzles (


21


and


23


) as a unitary element. There is also less of a possibility of melt leakage where the nozzle is threaded on the manifold. The support ring style (

FIGS. 1-3

) is advantageous in that one does not need to wait for the manifold to cool in order to separate the manifold from the nozzles.

FIG. 5

also shows the use of the plug


87


for convenient removal of valve pin


41


.





FIGS. 6-10

show an alternative embodiment of the invention in which a “forward” shutoff is used rather than a retracted shutoff as shown in

FIGS. 1-5

. In the embodiment of

FIGS. 6 and 7

, the forward cone-shaped tapered portion


95


of the valve pin head


43


is used to control the flow of melt with surface


97


of the inner bore


20


of nozzle


23


. An advantage of this arrangement is that the valve pin stem


102


does not restrict the flow of melt as in

FIGS. 1-5

. As seen in

FIGS. 1-5

, the clearance


100


between the stem


102


and the bore


19


of the manifold is not as great as the clearance


100


in

FIGS. 6 and 7

. The increased clearance


100


in

FIGS. 6-7

results in a lesser pressure drop and less shear on the plastic.




In

FIGS. 6 and 7

the control gap


98


is formed by the front cone-shaped portion


95


and the surface


97


of the bore


20


of the rear end of the nozzle


23


. The pressure transducer


69


is located downstream of the control gap—thus, in

FIGS. 6 and 7

, the nozzle is machined to accommodate the pressure transducer as opposed to the pressure transducer being mounted in the manifold as in

FIGS. 1-5

.





FIG. 7

shows the valve pin in solid lines in the open position and Phantom dashed lines in the closed position. To restrict the melt flow and thereby reduce the melt pressure, the valve pin is moved forward from the open position towards surface


97


of the bore


20


of the nozzle which reduces the width of the control gap


98


. To increase the flow of melt the valve pin is retracted to increase the size of the gap


98


.




The rear


45


of the valve pin head


43


remains tapered at an angle from the stem


102


of the valve pin


41


. Although the surface


45


performs no sealing function in this embodiment, it is still tapered from the stem to facilitate even melt flow and reduce dead spots.




As in

FIGS. 1-5

, pressure readings are fed back to the control system (CPU and PID controller), which can accordingly adjust the position of the valve pin


41


to follow a target pressure profile. The forward shut-off arrangement shown in

FIGS. 6 and 7

also has the advantages of the embodiment shown in

FIGS. 1-5

in that a large valve pin head


43


is used to create a long control gap


98


and a large control surface


97


. As stated above, a longer control gap and greater control surface provides more precise control of the pressure and melt flow rate.





FIGS. 8 and 9

show a forward shutoff arrangement similar to

FIGS. 6 and 7

, but instead of shutting off at the rear of the nozzle


23


, the shut-off is located in the manifold at surface


101


. Thus, in the embodiment shown in

FIGS. 8 and 9

, a conventional threaded nozzle


23


may be used with a manifold


15


, since the manifold is machined to accommodate the pressure transducer


69


as in

FIGS. 1-5

. A spacer


88


is provided to insulate the manifold from the mold. This embodiment also includes a plug


87


for easy removal of the valve pin head


43


.





FIG. 10

shows an alternative embodiment of the invention in which a forward shutoff valve pin head is shown as used in

FIGS. 6-9

. However, in this embodiment, the forward cone-shaped taper


95


on the valve pin includes a raised section


103


and a recessed section


104


. Ridge


105


shows where the raised portion begins and the recessed section ends. Thus, a gap


107


remains between the bore


20


of the nozzle through which the melt flows and the surface of the valve pin head when the valve pin is in the closed position. Thus, a much smaller surface


109


is used to seal and close the valve pin. The gap


107


has the advantage in that it assists opening of the valve pin which is subjected to a substantial force F from the melt when the injection machine begins an injection cycle. When injection begins melt will flow into gap


107


and provide a force component F


1


that assists the actuator in retracting and opening the valve pin. Thus, a smaller actuator, or the same actuator with less hydraulic pressure applied, can be used because it does not need to generate as much force in retracting the valve pin. Further, the stress forces on the head of the valve pin are reduced.




Despite the fact that the gap


107


performs no sealing function, its width is small enough to act as a control gap when the valve pin is open and correspondingly adjust the melt flow pressure with precision as in the embodiments of

FIGS. 1-9

.





FIGS. 11 and 12

show an alternative hot-runner system having flow control in which the control of melt flow is still away from the gate as in previous embodiments. Use of the pressure transducer


69


and PID control system is the same as in previous embodiments. In this embodiment, however, the valve pin


41


extends past the area of flow control via extension


110


to the gate. The valve pin is shown in solid lines in the fully open position and in Phantom dashed lines in the closed position. In addition to the flow control advantages away from the gate described above, the extended valve pin has the advantage of shutting off flow at the gate with a tapered end


112


of the valve pin


41


.




Extending the valve pin to close the gate has several advantages. First, it shortens injection cycle time. In previous embodiments thermal gating is used. In thermal gating, plastication does not begin until the part from the previous cycle is ejected from the cavity. This prevents material from exiting the gate when the part is being ejected. When using a valve pin, however, plastication can be performed simultaneously with the opening of the mold when the valve pin is closed, thus shortening cycle time by beginning plastication sooner. Using a valve pin can also result in a smoother gate surface on the part.




The flow control area is shown enlarged in FIG.


12


. In solid lines the valve pin is shown in the fully open position in which maximum melt flow is permitted. The valve pin includes a convex surface


114


that tapers from edge


128


of the stem


102


of the valve pin


41


to a throat area


116


of reduced diameter. From throat area


116


, the valve pin expands in diameter in section


118


to the extension


110


which extends in a uniform diameter to the tapered end of the valve pin.




In the flow control area the manifold includes a first section defined by a surface


120


that tapers to a section of reduced diameter defined by surface


122


. From the section of reduced diameter the manifold channel then expands in diameter in a section defined by surface


124


to an outlet of the manifold


126


that communicates with the bore of the nozzle


20


.

FIGS. 11 and 12

show the support ring style nozzle similar to

FIGS. 1-3

. However, other types of nozzles may be used such as, for example, a threaded nozzle as shown in FIG.


8


.




As stated above, the valve pin is shown in the fully opened position in solid lines. In

FIG. 12

, flow control is achieved and melt flow reduced by moving the valve pin


41


forward toward the gate thereby reducing the width of the control gap


98


. Thus, surface


114


approaches surface


120


of the manifold to reduce the width of the control gap and reduce the rate of melt flow through the manifold to the gate.




To prevent melt flow from the manifold bore


19


, and end the injection cycle, the valve pin is moved forward so that edge


128


of the valve pin, i.e., where the stem


102


meets the beginning of curved surface


114


, will move past point


130


which is the beginning of surface


122


that defines the section of reduced diameter of the manifold bore


19


. When edge


128


extends past point


130


of the manifold bore melt flow is prevented since the surface of the valve stem


102


seals with surface


122


of the manifold. The valve pin is shown in dashed lines where edge


128


is forward enough to form a seal with surface


122


. At this position, however, the valve pin is not yet closed at the gate. To close the gate the valve pin moves further forward, with the surface of the stem


102


moving further along, and continuing to seal with, surface


122


of the manifold until the end


112


of the valve pin closes with the gate.




In this way, the valve pin does not need to be machined to close the gate and the flow bore


19


of the manifold simultaneously, since stem


102


forms a seal with surface


122


before the gate is closed. Further, because the valve pin is closed after the seal is formed in the manifold, the valve pin closure will not create any unwanted pressure spikes. Likewise, when the valve pin is opened at the gate, the end


112


of the valve pin will not interfere with melt flow, since once the valve pin is retracted enough to permit melt flow through gap


98


, the valve pin end


112


is a predetermined distance from the gate. The valve pin can, for example, travel 6 mm. from the fully open position to where a seal is first created between stem


102


and surface


122


, and another 6 mm. to close the gate. Thus, the valve pin would have 12 mm. of travel, 6 mm. for flow control, and 6 mm. with the flow prevented to close the gate. Of course, the invention is not limited to this range of travel for the valve pin, and other dimensions can be used.





FIGS. 13-15

show another alternative hot runner system having flow control in which the control of material flow is away from the gate. Like the embodiment shown in

FIGS. 11 and 12

, the embodiment shown in

FIGS. 13-15

also utilizes an extended valve pin design in which the valve pin closes the gate after completion of material flow. Unlike the embodiment of

FIGS. 11 and 12

, however, flow control is performed using a “reverse taper” pin design, similar to the valve pin design shown in

FIGS. 1-5

.




The valve pin


200


includes a reverse tapered control surface


205


for forming a gap


207


with a surface


209


of the manifold (see FIG.


14


). The action of displacing the pin


200


away from the gate


211


reduces the size of the gap


207


. Consequently, the rate of material flow through bores


208


and


214


of nozzle


215


and manifold


231


, respectively, is reduced, thereby reducing the pressure measured by the pressure transducer


217


. Although only one nozzle


215


is shown, manifold


231


supports two or more like nozzle arrangements shown in

FIGS. 13-15

, each nozzle for injecting into a single or multiple cavities.




The valve pin


200


reciprocates by movement of piston


223


disposed in an actuator body


225


. This actuator is described in co-pending application Ser. No. 08/874,962. As disclosed in that application, the use of this actuator enables easy access to valve pin


200


in that the actuator body


225


and piston


223


can be removed from the manifold and valve pin simple by releasing retaining ring


240


.




The reverse closure method offers an advantage over the forward closure method shown in

FIGS. 6-9

,


11


and


12


, in that the action of the valve pin


200


moving away from the gate acts to displace material away from the gate, thereby assisting in the desired effect of decreasing flow rate and pressure.




In the forward closure method shown in

FIGS. 6-9

, forward movement of the pin is intended to reduce the control gap between the pin and the manifold (or nozzle) bore surface to thereby decrease flow rate and pressure. However, forward movement of the pin also tends to displace material toward the gate and into the cavity, thereby increasing pressure, working against the intended action of the pin to restrict flow.




Like the embodiment shown in

FIGS. 6-9

, and the embodiment shown in

FIGS. 11 and 12

, movement of the valve pin away from the gate is also intended to increase the flow rate and pressure. This movement, however, also tends to displace material away from the gate and decrease pressure. Accordingly, although either design can be used, the reverse taper design has been found to give better control stability in tracking the target pressure.




The embodiment shown in

FIGS. 13-15

also includes a tip heater


219


disposed about an insert


221


in the nozzle. The tip heater provides extra heat at the gate to keep the material at its processing temperature. The foregoing tip heater is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,786, entitled “Tip Heated Hot Runner Nozzle.” Heat pipes


242


are also provided to conduct heat uniformly about the injection nozzle


215


and to the tip area. Heat pipes such as these are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,389,002.





FIGS. 13-15

show the valve pin in three different positions.

FIG. 13

represents the position of the valve pin at the start of an injection cycle. Generally, an injection cycle includes: 1) an injection period during which substantial pressure is applied to the melt stream from the injection molding machine to inject the material in the mold cavity; 2) a reduction of the pressure from the injection molding machine in which melt material is packed into the mold cavity at a relatively constant pressure; and 3) a cooling period in which the pressure decreases to zero and the article in the mold solidifies.




Just prior to the start of injection, tapered control surface


205


is in contact with manifold surface


209


to prevent any material flow. At the start of injection the pin


200


will be opened to allow material flow. To start the injection cycle the valve pin


200


is displaced toward the gate to permit material flow, as shown in FIG.


14


. (Note: for some applications, not all the pins will be opened initially, for some gates pin opening will be varied to sequence the fill into either a single cavity or multiple cavities).

FIG. 15

shows the valve pin at the end of the injection cycle after pack. The part is ejected from the mold while the pin is in the position shown in FIG.


15


.




As in previous embodiments, pin position will be controlled by a controller


210


based on pressure readings fed to the controller from pressure sensor


217


. In a preferred embodiment, the controller is a programmable controller, or “PLC,” for example, model number 90-30PLC manufactured by GE-Fanuc. The controller compares the sensed pressure to a target pressure and adjusts the position of the valve pin via servo valve


212


to track the target pressure, displacing the pin forward toward the gate to increase material flow (and pressure) and withdrawing the pin away from the gate to decrease material flow (and pressure). In a preferred embodiment, the controller performs this comparison and controls pin position according to a PID algorithm. Furthermore, as an alternative, valve


212


can also be a high speed proportional valve.




The controller also performs these functions for the other injection nozzles (not shown) coupled to the manifold


231


. Associated with each of these nozzles is a valve pin or some type of control valve to control the material flow rate, a pressure transducer, an input device for reading the output signal of the pressure transducer, means for signal comparison and PID calculation (e.g., the controller


210


), means for setting, changing and storing a target profile (e.g., interface


214


), an output means for controlling a servo valve or proportional valve, and an actuator to move the valve pin. The actuator can be pneumatic, hydraulic or electric. The foregoing components associated with each nozzle to control the flow rate through each nozzle are called a control zone or axis of control. Instead of a single controller used to control all control zones, alternatively, individual controllers can be used in a single control zone or group of control zones.




An operator interface


214


, for example, a personal computer, is used to program a particular target pressure profile into controller


210


. Although a personal computer is used, the interface


214


can be any appropriate graphical or alpha numeric display, and could be directly mounted to the controller. As in previous embodiments, the target profile is selected for each nozzle and gate associated therewith by pre-selecting a target profile (preferably including at least parameters for injection pressure, injection time, pack pressure and pack time), programming the target profile into controller


210


, and running the process.




In the case of a multicavity application in which different parts are being produced in independent cavities associated with each nozzle (a “family tool” mold), it is preferable to create each target profile separately, since different shaped and sized cavities can have different profiles which produce good parts.




For example, in a system having a manifold with four nozzles coupled thereto for injecting into four separate cavities, to create a profile for a particular nozzle and cavity, three of the four nozzles are shut off while the target profile is created for the fourth. Three of the four nozzles are shut off by keeping the valve pins in the position shown in

FIGS. 13

or


15


in which no melt flow is permitted into the cavity.




To create the target profile for the particular nozzle and cavity associated therewith, the injection molding machine is set at maximum injection pressure and screw speed, and parameters relating to the injection pressure, injection time, pack pressure and pack time are set on the controller


210


at values that the molder estimates will generate good parts based on part size, shape, material being used, experience, etc. Injection cycles are run for the selected nozzle and cavity, with alterations being made to the above parameters depending on the condition of the part being produced. When satisfactory parts are produced, the profile that produced the satisfactory parts is determined for that nozzle and cavity associated therewith.




This process is repeated for all four nozzles (keeping three valve pins closed while the selected nozzle is profiled) until target profiles are ascertained for each nozzle and cavity associated therewith. Preferably, the acceptable target profiles are stored in computer member, for example, on a file stored in interface


214


and used by controller


210


for production. The process can then be run for all four cavities using the four particularized profiles.




Of course, the foregoing process of profile creation is not limited to use with a manifold having four nozzles, but can be used with any number of nozzles. Furthermore, although it is preferable to profile one nozzle and cavity at a time (while the other nozzles are closed) in a “family tool” mold application, the target profiles can also be created by running all nozzles simultaneously, and similarly adjusting each nozzle profile according the quality of the parts produced. This would be preferable in an application where all the nozzles are injecting into like cavities, since the profiles should be similar, if not the same, for each nozzle and cavity associated therewith.




In single cavity applications (where multiple nozzles from a manifold are injecting into a single cavity), the target profiles would also be created by running the nozzles at the same time and adjusting the profiles for each nozzle according to the quality of the part being produced. The system can also be simplified without using interface


214


, in which each target profile can be stored on a computer readable medium in controller


210


, or the parameters can be set manually on the controller.





FIG. 14

shows the pin position in a position that permits material flow during injection and/or pack. As described above, when the target profile calls for an increase in pressure, the controller will cause the valve pin


200


to move forward to increase gap


207


, which increases material flow, which increases the pressure sensed by pressure transducer


217


. If the injection molding machine is not providing adequate pressure (i.e., greater than the target pressure), however, moving the pin forward will not increase the pressure sensed by transducer


217


enough to reach the target pressure, and the controller will continue to move the pin forward calling for an increase in pressure. This could lead to a loss of control since moving the pin further forward will tend to cause the head


227


of the valve pin to close the gate and attenuate material flow through and about the gate.




Accordingly, to prevent loss of control due to inadequate injection pressure, the output pressure of the injection molding machine can be monitored to alert an operator when the pressure drops below a particular value relative to the target pressure. Alternatively, the forward stroke of the valve pin (from the position in

FIG. 13

to the position in

FIG. 14

) can be limited during injection and pack. In a preferred embodiment, the pin stroke is limited to approximately 4 millimeters. Greater or smaller ranges of pin movement can be used depending on the application. If adequate injection pressure is not a problem, neither of these safeguards is necessary.




To prevent the movement of the valve pin too far forward during injection and pack several methods can be used. For example, a control logic performed by the controller


210


can be used in which the output signal from the controller to the servo valve is monitored. Based on this signal, an estimate of the valve pin position is made. If the valve pin position exceeds a desired maximum, for example, 4 millimeters, then the forward movement of the pin is halted, or reversed slightly away from the gate. At the end of the injection cycle, the control logic is no longer needed, since the pin is moved to the closed position of FIG.


15


and attenuation of flow is no longer a concern. Thus, at the end of the pack portion of the injection cycle, a signal is sent to the servo valve to move the pin forward to the closed position of FIG.


15


.




Other methods and apparatus for detecting and limiting forward displacement of the valve pin


200


can be used during injection and pack. For example, the pressure at the injection molding machine nozzle can be measured to monitor the material pressure supplied to the manifold. If the input pressure to the manifold is less than the target pressure, or less than a specific amount above the target pressure, e.g., 500 p.s.i., an error message is generated.




Another means for limiting the forward movement of the pin is a mechanical or proximity switch which can be used to detect and limit the displacement of the valve pin towards the gate instead of the control logic previously described. The mechanical or proximity switch indicates when the pin travels beyond the control range (for example, 4 millimeters). If the switch changes state, the direction of the pin travel is halted or reversed slightly to maintain the pin within the desired range of movement.




Another means for limiting the forward movement of the pin is a position sensor, for example, a linear voltage differential transformer (LVDT) that is mounted onto the pin shaft to give an output signal proportional to pin distance traveled. When the output signal indicates that the pin travels beyond the control range, the movement is halted or reversed slightly.




Still another means for limiting the forward movement of the pin is an electronic actuator. An electronic actuator is used to move the pin instead of the hydraulic or pneumatic actuator shown in

FIGS. 13-15

. An example of a suitable electronic actuator is shown in copending U.S. Ser. No. 09/187,974. Using an electronic actuator, the output signal to the servo valve motor can be used to estimate pin position, or an encoder can be added to the motor to give an output signal proportional to pin position. As with previous options, if the pin position travels beyond the control range, then the direction is reversed slightly or the position maintained.




At the end of the pack portion of the injection cycle, the valve pin


200


is moved all the way forward to close off the gate as shown in FIG.


15


. In the foregoing example, the full stroke of the pin (from the position in

FIG. 13

to the position in

FIG. 15

) is approximately 12 millimeters. Of course, different ranges of movement can be used depending on the application.




The gate remains closed until just prior to the start of the next injection cycle when it is opened and moved to the position shown in FIG.


13


. While the gate is closed, as shown in

FIG. 15

, the injection molding machine begins plastication for the next injection cycle as the part is cooled and ejected from the mold.





FIG. 16

shows time versus pressure graphs (


235


,


237


,


239


,


241


) of the pressure detected by four pressure transducers associated with four nozzles mounted in manifold block


231


. The four nozzles are substantially similar to the nozzle shown in

FIGS. 13-15

, and include pressure transducers coupled to the controller


210


in the same manner as pressure transducer


217


.




The graphs of FIG.


16


(


a-d


) are generated on the user interface


214


so that a user can observe the tracking of the actual pressure versus the target pressure during the injection cycle in real time, or after the cycle is complete. The four different graphs of

FIG. 16

show four independent target pressure profiles (“desired”) emulated by the four individual nozzles. Different target profiles are desirable to uniformly fill different sized individual cavities associated with each nozzle, or to uniformly fill different sized sections of a single cavity. Graphs such as these can be generated with respect to any of the previous embodiments described herein.




The valve pin associated with graph


235


is opened sequentially at 0.5 seconds after the is valves associated with the other three graphs (


237


,


239


and


241


) were opened at 0.00 seconds. Referring back to

FIGS. 13-15

, just before opening, the valve pins are in the position shown in

FIG. 13

, while at approximately 6.25 seconds at the end of the injection cycle all four valve pins are in the position shown in FIG.


15


. During injection (for example, 0.00 to 1.0 seconds in

FIG. 16



b


) and pack (for example, 1.0 to 6.25 seconds in

FIG. 16



b


) portions of the graphs, each valve pin is controlled to a plurality of positions to alter the pressure sensed by the pressure transducer associated therewith to track the target pressure.




Through the user interface


214


, target profiles can be designed, and changes can be made to any of the target profiles using standard windows-based editing techniques. The profiles are then used by controller


210


to control the position of the valve pin. For example,

FIG. 17

shows an example of a profile creation and editing screen icon


300


generated on interface


214


.




Screen icon


300


is generated by a windows-based application performed on interface


214


. Alternatively, this icon could be generated on an interface associated with controller


210


. Screen icon


300


provides a user with the ability to create a new target profile or edit an existing target profile for any given nozzle and cavity associated therewith. Screen icon


300


and the profile creation text techniques described herein are described with reference to

FIGS. 13-15

, although they are applicable to all embodiments described herein.




A profile


310


includes (x, y) data pairs, corresponding to time values


320


and pressure values


330


which represent the desired pressure sensed by the pressure transducer for the particular nozzle being profiled. The screen icon shown in

FIG. 17

is shown in a “basic” mode in which a limited group of parameters are entered to generate a profile. For example, in the foregoing embodiment, the “basic” mode permits a user to input start time displayed at


340


, maximum fill pressure displayed at


350


(also known as injection pressure), the start of pack time displayed at


360


, the pack pressure displayed at


370


, and the total cycle time displayed at


380


.




The screen also allows the user to select the particular valve pin they are controlling displayed at


390


, and name the part being molded displayed at


400


. Each of these parameters can be adjusted independently using standard windows-based editing techniques such as using a cursor to actuate up/down arrows


410


, or by simply typing in values on a keyboard. As these parameters are entered and modified, the profile will be displayed on a graph


420


according to the parameters selected at that time.




By clicking on a pull-down menu arrow


391


, the user can select different nozzle valves in order to create, view or edit a profile for the selected nozzle valve and cavity associated therewith. Also, a part name


400


can be entered and displayed for each selected nozzle valve.




The newly edited profile can be saved in computer memory individually, or saved as a group of profiles for a group of nozzles that inject into a particular single or multi-cavity mold. The term “recipe” is used to describe a group of profiles for a particular mold and the name of the particular recipe is displayed at


430


on the screen icon.




To create a new profile or edit an existing profile, first the user selects a particular nozzle valve of the group of valves for the particular recipe group being profiled. The valve selection is displayed at


390


. The user inputs an alpha/numeric name to be associated with the profile being created, for family tool molds this may be called a part name displayed at


400


. The user then inputs a time displayed at


340


to specify when injection starts. A delay can be with particular valve pins to sequence the opening of the valve pins and the injection of melt material into different gates of a mold.




The user then inputs the fill (injection) pressure displayed at


350


. In the basic mode, the ramp from zero pressure to max fill pressure is a fixed time, for example, 0.3 seconds. The user next inputs the start pack time to indicate when the pack phase of the injection cycle starts. The ramp from the filling phase to the packing phase is also fixed time in the basic mode, for example, 0.3 seconds.




The final parameter is the cycle time which is displayed at


380


in which the user specifies when the pack phase (and the injection cycle) ends. The ramp from the pack phase to zero pressure will be instantaneous when a valve pin is used to close the gate, as in the embodiment of

FIG. 13

, or slower in a thermal gate (see

FIG. 1

) due to the residual pressure in the cavity which will decay to zero pressure once the part solidifies in the mold cavity.




User input buttons


415


through


455


are used to save and load target profiles. Button


415


permits the user to close the screen. When this button is clicked, the current group of profiles will take effect for the recipe being profiled. Cancel button


425


is used to ignore current profile changes and revert back to the original profiles and close the screen. Read Trace button


435


is used to load an existing and saved target profile from memory. The profiles can be stored in memory contained in the interface


215


or the controller


210


. Save trace button


440


is used to save the current profile. Read group button


445


is used to load an existing recipe group. Save group button


450


is used to save the current group of target profiles for a group of nozzle valve pins. The process tuning button


455


allows the user to change the PID settings (for example, the gains) for a particular nozzle valve in a control zone. Also displayed is a pressure range


465


for the injection molding application.




Button


460


permits the user to toggle to an “advanced” mode profile creation and editing screen. The advanced profile creation and editing screen is shown in FIG.


18


. The advanced mode allows a greater number of profile points to be inserted, edited, or deleted than the basic mode. As in the basic mode, as the profile is changed, the resulting profile is displayed.




The advanced mode offers greater profitability because the user can select values for individual time and pressure data pairs. As shown in the graph


420


, the profile


470


displayed is not limited to a single pressure for fill and pack, respectively, as in the basic mode. In the advanced mode, individual (x, y) data pairs (time and pressure) can be selected anywhere during the injection cycle.




To create and edit a profile using advanced mode, the user can select a plurality of times during the injection cycle (for example 16 different times), and select a pressure value for each selected time. Using standard windows-based editing techniques (arrows


475


) the user assigns consecutive points along the profile (displayed at


478


), particular time values displayed at


480


and particular pressure values displayed at


485


.




The next button


490


is used to select the next point on the profile for editing. Prev button


495


is used to select the previous point on the profile for editing. Delete button


500


is used for deleting the currently selected point. When the delete button is used the two adjacent points will be redrawn showing one straight line segment.




The add button


510


is used to add a new point after the currently selected point in which time and pressure values are entered for the new point. When the add button is used the two adjacent points will be redrawn showing two segments connecting to the new point.





FIGS. 19-23

show another alternative embodiment of an injection molding system. The system includes a manifold


515


having a plurality of nozzles


520


coupled thereto for injecting melt material into a plurality of cavities


525


. Alternatively, the nozzles can also inject into a single cavity. In

FIG. 19

, only one nozzle


520


is shown but the following description applies to all nozzles coupled to manifold


515


.




As in previous embodiments, each nozzle in the system includes a pressure transducer


530


associated therewith for sensing the pressure of the melt material in the manifold which thereby gives an indication of rate of meltflow through nozzle


520


and into cavity


525


with respect to each injection molding nozzle. Mold cavity


525


is formed by mold halves


526


and


527


, which are separated to eject the molded part formed in cavity


525


after the injection cycle. As in previous embodiments, the pressure transducer can also be located in the nozzle, the manifold, or the cavity.




As in previous embodiments, a controller


535


receives signals from pressure transducers


530


coupled to each nozzle


520


(only one of which is shown). The controller


535


controls solenoid valve


540


which controls the movement of a piston in actuator


545


which is coupled to and acts to reciprocate the valve pin


550


to open and close gate


555


to cavity


525


.




The controller also sends a signal to servo valve


560


A which controls actuator


560


which in turn controls the movement of a ram


565


, and further controls solenoid valve


570


which is coupled to another actuator


575


which controls a valve


580


which is adapted to open and close a manifold channel


585


which leads to nozzle


520


. Each injection nozzle coupled to manifold


515


(not shown) includes the foregoing actuators


545


,


575


and


560


and ram


565


and solenoid valves


540


and


570


and servo valve


560


A associated therewith for controlling flow from each nozzle.




The actuators are mounted in a clamp plate


595


which also includes an opening


600


that receives an inlet bushing


610


threadably mounted to the manifold


515


. The inlet bushing


610


receives a nozzle


590


from an injection molding machine. The injection molding machine can be, for example, a reciprocating or non-reciprocating extruder. The injection molding machine nozzle


590


feeds melt material into the central bushing


610


into a central channel


620


which branches off via a plurality of channels


585


and


630


(and others not shown) to a corresponding plurality of injection molding nozzles


520


.




The foregoing embodiment is similar to previous embodiments in that pressure transducer


530


is used to measure pressure indicative of flow rate of melt material into cavity


525


during the injection cycle. (The actuators described herein are hydraulic actuators, however, pneumatic or electric or other types of actuation can also be used.) Also, as in previous embodiments, a controller


535


compares the pressure sensed by the pressure transducer to target values of a target profile and issues control signals to increase or decrease pressure to track the target profile for each nozzle.




In previous embodiments the controller controlled the position of a valve pin to regulate flow rate independently at each gate during injection. The foregoing embodiment also enables the flow rate of plastic to be controlled independently through each nozzle


520


and each gate during injection. However, in the embodiment shown in

FIGS. 19-23

, a valve pin is not used to control flow rate as in previous embodiments. Rather, valve pin


550


is used only to open and close gate


555


.




In the foregoing embodiment, ram


565


and well


640


are used to regulate the flow of melt material through nozzle


520


and into cavity


525


in the following manner.




At the start of the injection cycle, valve gate


555


is closed by valve pin


550


and valve


580


is opened to permit flow through manifold channel


585


(see FIG.


20


). The injection molding machine nozzle


590


injects melt material through the inlet bushing


610


into the manifold


515


, such that it fills well


640


(see FIG.


20


). The valve pin


550


is still in the closed position while the well


640


is being filled. Ram


565


is in a predetermined adjustable retracted position to permit a specific volume of melt material to gather in well


640


(see FIG.


21


).

FIG. 21

shows the system ready to inject melt material into cavity


525


.




The controller


535


then signals the servo valve


540


to cause actuator


545


to retract valve pin


550


and open gate


555


, while also signaling servo valve


570


to cause actuator


575


to close valve


580


and shut off manifold channel


585


. Closing valve


580


when injecting into the cavity prevents backflow of material through channel


585


. This position is shown in FIG.


22


.




The controller then signals actuator


560


to move ram


565


forward to inject material from the well


640


through the nozzle


520


and into the cavity


525


. During this time, the controller controls the velocity at which the ram moves forward, according to the pressure sensed by pressure transducer


530


, in relation to a target pressure profile. Accordingly, if the pressure transducer


530


senses a pressure that is below the target pressure for that particular time during the injection cycle, the controller


535


signals the actuator


560


to increase the velocity of the ram


565


, conversely, if the pressure sensed is greater than the target pressure, the controller will control the actuator to decrease the velocity of the ram forward. When the ram reaches its lowermost position, the cavity


525


is full and the gate is closed (see FIG.


23


). Alternatively, ram


565


can be velocity controlled by using a linear transducer to monitor ram position. If so, at the end of injection, the ram is not bottomed out, and control can be transferred to the pressure transducer


530


during pack.




As stated above, a reciprocating or non-reciprocating extruder can be used. If a non-reciprocating extruder is used, plastication into the manifold can be continuous, and the valve


580


is used to shut off the manifold channel


585


during injection so that during this time no plastic can flow through the manifold channel. When well


640


is filled with melt material, plastication in the non-reciprocating extruder can be stopped until the next cycle.




As in previous embodiments described herein, preferably a PID algorithm is used to control the actuator


560


to track the target profile. The target profile can be created in the same manner as described above with respect to previous embodiments.




Using the embodiment shown in

FIGS. 19-23

, the flow rate of plastic through each gate is controlled independently. Additionally, the use of well


640


enables one to control the specific volume of plastic injected into each cavity


525


, which leads to part-to-part consistency, especially when molding in multi-cavity applications in which each cavity


525


is an identical part. By altering the position of ram


565


when injecting melt material into well


640


, the volume of material in well


640


can be controlled, thereby controlling the volume of material into cavity


525


.





FIGS. 24-28

show an alternative embodiment in which a load cell


140


is used to sense the melt pressure acting on the face


142


of valve pin


41


. Where possible, reference characters are used that refer to elements common to FIG.


1


. As in previous embodiments, an actuator


49


is used to translate the valve pin


41


toward and away from the gate. The actuator


49


includes a housing


144


and a piston


146


slidably mounted within the housing. The actuator is fed by pneumatic or hydraulic lines


148


and


150


. Other actuators, for example, electrical actuators may also be used.




The valve pin


41


is mounted to the piston


146


so that valve pin translates through the injection nozzle


23


with movement of the piston. The valve pin is mounted to the piston via a pin


152


. The pin


152


is slotted so that a clearance


154


exists in which the valve pin can translate with respect to the pin


152


and piston


146


. The valve pin bears against a button


156


on the load cell


140


. The load cell


140


is mounted via screws


158


to the piston. Thus, as shown in

FIG. 26

, a force F


2


acting on the valve pin will cause the load button


156


to depress. Excitation voltages or other types of signals which indicate the proportionate force on the load button


156


are carried through cable


160


and fed to a controller


151


.




In operation, as seen in

FIG. 24

, the melt material is injected from an injection molding machine nozzle


11


into an extended inlet


13


mounted to a manifold


15


through respective injection molding nozzles


21


and


23


and into mold cavities


162


and


164


. In the embodiment shown, a multi-cavity mold is shown in which nozzles


21


and


23


inject melt material to form different size molded parts in cavities


162


and


164


, respectively. As stated above with respect to the embodiment shown in

FIG. 1

, a mold cavity with multiple gates can be used, or multiple mold cavities with cavities having the same size can be used.




When the valve pin


41


is retracted to permit melt material to be injected into the cavity


162


, the melt pressure will act on the face of the valve pin


142


with the resulting force being transmitted through the shaft of the valve pin to the load sensor


140


(see FIGS.


26


-


27


). Thus, the load (F


2


) sensed by load cell


140


is directly related to the melt flow rate into the melt cavity.




Sheer stresses caused by the melt streaming downward over the valve pin will tend to reduce the pressure sensed by the load cell but such stresses are typically less than the nominal load due to the melt pressure. Thus, the resultant force F


2


will tend to compress the valve pin toward the load cell, with the possible exception of the initial opening of the valve, and the load cell provides an accurate indicator of the melt pressure at the gate. If the application results in sheer stresses exceeding F


2


, the load cell can be pre-loaded to compensate for such stresses.




Similar to previous embodiments described above, the signal transmitted through cable


160


is compared by controller


151


with a target value of a target profile and the controller adjusts the position of the valve pin accordingly to increase or decrease flow rate. In this embodiment, the target profile is also a time versus pressure profile, but the pressure is the a result of the force of the pin on the load cell, as opposed to previous embodiments in which a pressure transducer directly senses the force of the flow of the melt material. The profile is created in similar fashion to the embodiments described above: running the process and adjusting the profile until acceptable parts are produced.




The valve pin controls the flow rate through the gate using a tapered edge


155


to form a control gap


153


close to the gate. It should be noted, however, that any of the other valve pin designs described herein can be used with the load cell


140


. Accordingly, when the pressure sensed by the load cell is less than the target pressure on the target profile, the controller


151


signals the actuator to retract the valve pin to increase the size of the control gap


153


and, consequently, the flow rate. If the pressure sensed by the load cell


140


is greater than the target pressure, the controller


151


signals the actuator to displace the valve pin toward the gate to decrease the size of the control gap


153


and consequently, the flow rate.




The use of the load cell has an additional application shown in FIG.


27


A. In a single cavity multiple gate system it is often desirable to open gates in a cascading fashion as soon as the flow front of the melt material reaches the gate. When melt material


166


has flowed into the gate area of the valve pin, a force F


3


from the melt in the cavity is exerted on the face


142


of the valve pin.




In this way, gates can be sequentially opened in cascading fashion by sensing the force of the melt pressure on the face of the valve pin when the valve pin is closed. Given typical gate diameters of 0.2 inches and melt pressures of 10,000 psi, the resulting force of 300 pounds is readily measured by available load sensors, since the force of the cell equals the area of the gate times the pressure at the gate. Thus, this melt detection can then be used to signal the opening of the gate as in the sequential valve gate. This assures that the gate does not open prematurely.





FIGS. 28A and 28B

show an alternative embodiment in which the sheer stress on the valve pin is reduced. The nozzle


21


is designed to include a channel for melt flow


168


and a bore


170


through which the valve pin reciprocates. As such, the flow does not cause any axial sheer stress on the valve pin and thus reduces errors in pressure sensing. An indent


172


is provided in the nozzle


21


so that side load on the valve pin is reduced, i.e., to equalize pressure on both sides of the valve pin. An additional benefit to the configuration shown in

FIGS. 28A and 28B

is that since the flow of material is away from the valve pin, the valve pin does not “split” the flow of material, which can tend to cause part lines or a flow streak on the molded part.





FIG. 29

shows another alternative embodiment of the present invention similar to FIG.


19


. As in

FIG. 19

, a ram


565


is used to force material from well


640


into cavity


525


at a controlled rate. The rate is controlled by signals sent from controller


535


to servo valve


560


A, which in turn controls the velocity at which actuator


560


moves ram


565


forward.




In

FIG. 29

, actuator


560


is shown in more detail including piston


564


, actuator chamber


566


, and hydraulic lines


561


and


562


controlled by servo valve


560


A. Energizing hydraulic line


561


and filling chamber


566


causes piston


564


and ram


565


to move forward and displace material from well


640


through channel


585


and nozzle


520


, and into cavity


525


.




In the embodiment of

FIG. 19

, the controller controls the rate at which the ram injects material according to signals received by pressure transducer


530


, compared to a target profile. In the embodiment of

FIG. 29

, pressure transducer


530


has been removed in favor of pressure transducer


563


mounted along hydraulic line


561


which leads to chamber


566


. The pressure transducer


560


senses the hydraulic fluid pressure in line


561


and sends a proportional signal to the controller


535


. Since the pressure of the hydraulic fluid entering chamber


566


is directly related to the rate at which the ram


565


moves forward, and the rate at which the ram moves forward is directly related to the rate of material flow into the cavity


525


, the pressure sensed by pressure transducer


560


is directly related to the rate of material flow into the cavity


525


, and can be used to control the material flow rate.




Accordingly, as in previous embodiments, a target profile is created that has been demonstrated to generate acceptable molded parts. In the embodiment of

FIG. 29

, however, the target profile represents target values of the hydraulic pressure sensed by pressure transducer


563


, as opposed to directly sensing the material pressure. In operation, the controller compares the pressure signal sensed from pressure transducer


563


to the target pressure profile for gate


555


. If the pressure sensed is too low, the controller will increase the hydraulic pressure in line


561


(which increases the velocity of the ram which increases flow rate of the material), if the pressure is too high the controller will decrease the hydraulic pressure (which decreases the velocity of the ram which decreases the rate of material flow).




The target pressure profile of the hydraulic fluid will appear similar to a conventional material profile, since the pressure of the hydraulic fluid will rise rapidly during the injection portion of the cycle, level off during the pack portion of the cycle, and go to zero pressure as cycle ends the valve pin


550


closes.




Although only one injection nozzle


520


and cavity


525


is shown, there is a like arrangement associated with each injection nozzle of actuators


575


,


565


,


545


, as well as solenoid valves


540


and


570


and servo valve


560


, to independently control the melt flowing from each gate, according to the target profile created for that gate. Also, although a single cavity


525


is shown, each nozzle may inject to multiple cavities or a single cavity mold. Only a single controller


535


, however, is needed to control all the nozzles associated with manifold


515


.




Using the foregoing arrangement of

FIG. 29

, as in previous embodiments, the material flow from each nozzle of the manifold can be controlled independently.





FIG. 30

shows another alternative embodiment of the present invention. The embodiment of

FIG. 30

is substantially the same as the embodiment shown in

FIG. 13

with the exception that pressure transducer


217


has been moved from manifold


231


to inside the mold half


650


which, together with mold half


660


, forms mold cavity


670


in which the molded part is formed. Accordingly, in this embodiment, the target profile represents target values of the pressure sensed by pressure transducer


217


inside the cavity opposite the gate


211


.




The operation of the embodiment of

FIG. 30

is the same as that described in the embodiment shown in

FIG. 13

in terms of target profile creation and use of valve pin


200


to control the material flow (interface


214


is not shown

FIG. 30

but can be used). However, placing the pressure transducer in the cavity offers several advantages, for example, in the cavity the pressure transducer


217


is not exposed to the high temperatures generated by the manifold, as in FIG.


13


. Also, the presence of the pressure transducer in the manifold may slightly disrupt material flow in the manifold. Another consideration in choosing whether to mount the transducer in the mold or in the manifold is whether the mold geometry permits the transducer to be mounted in the mold.





FIG. 31

is another alternative embodiment of the present invention that is similar to

FIG. 13

(like reference characters are used wherever possible). Target profile creation as well as the flow control operation by valve pin


200


is substantially the same as described above.

FIG. 31

, however, does not include a pressure transducer


217


as shown in

FIG. 13

to directly sense the flow of melt material into the cavity. Rather, similar to the embodiment shown in

FIG. 24

, the arrangement shown in

FIG. 31

performs flow control by sensing the material pressure F


2


exerted by the melt material on the valve pin.




In

FIG. 24

measuring the load on the valve pin was performed using a load cell


140


, however, in

FIG. 31

, it is performed by pressure transducers


700


and


710


mounted along hydraulic lines


720


and


730


which lead to actuator chambers


740


and


750


, respectively. Energizing lines


720


and


730


and filling actuator chambers


740


and


750


, enables axial movement of piston


223


, thereby moving valve pin


200


and affecting the flow rate of the material into the cavity


760


as described above.




Pressure transducers


700


and


710


sense a differential pressure which is directly related to the force exerted on valve pin


200


, which is directly related to the flow rate of the material. For example, when the material flow causes a force F


2


to act on valve pin


200


, the force relates up the valve pin to the piston, which in turn tends to increase the pressure in chamber


740


and line


720


and decrease the pressure in chamber


750


and line


730


, directly causing a change in the difference in the pressures sensed by the transducers


700


and


710


. Accordingly, the differential pressure is directly related to the flow rate of the material into the cavity.




Once an acceptable target profile of differential pressure is developed using techniques described above, the controller will cause the servo valve


212


to track this target profile by altering the position of the valve pin to change the flow rate of the material and track the differential pressure target profile. For example, if the differential pressure is too high (e.g., the pressure sensed by transducer


700


is higher than the pressure sensed by transducer


710


by an amount greater than the target differential pressure) the controller will cause servo valve to retract the valve pin to reduce the flow rate, thereby reducing the force F


2


on the valve pin, thereby decreasing the pressure in chamber


740


and line


720


, thereby decreasing the pressure sensed by transducer


700


, thereby decreasing the difference in pressure sensed by transducers


700


and


710


. Note, in certain applications the differential pressure may be negative due to the sheer force of the material on the valve pin, this however will not affect the controller's ability to track the target profile.




As in the embodiment shown in

FIG. 24

, the embodiment shown in

FIG. 31

offers the advantage that it is not necessary to mount a pressure transducer in the mold or the manifold. As in all previous embodiments, the embodiment shown in

FIG. 31

enables the material flow from each nozzle attached to the manifold to be independently profileable.




Having thus described certain embodiments of the present invention, various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only, and not intended to be limiting. The invention is limited only as defined in the following claims and the equivalents thereof.



Claims
  • 1. In an injection molding apparatus having upstream and downstream channels communicating with each other for delivering fluid material to one or more mold cavities, apparatus for controlling delivery of the melt material from the channels to the one or more mold cavities, each channel having an axis, the downstream channel having an axis intersecting a gate of a cavity of a mold, the upstream channel having an axis not intersecting the gate and being associated with an upstream actuator interconnected to an upstream melt flow controller disposed at a selected location within the upstream channel, the apparatus comprising:a sensor for sensing a selected condition of the melt material at a position downstream of the upstream melt flow controller; an actuator controller interconnected to the upstream actuator, the actuator controller comprising a computer interconnected to a sensor for receiving a signal representative of the selected condition sensed by the sensor, the computer including an algorithm utilizing a value indicative of the signal received from the sensor as a variable for controlling operation of the upstream actuator; wherein the upstream melt flow controller is adapted to control the rate of flow of the fluid material at the selected location within the upstream channel according to the algorithm.
  • 2. Apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a downstream melt flow controller movable by a downstream actuator between open flow and closed flow positions within the downstream channel.
  • 3. Apparatus of claim 2 wherein the downstream actuator is interconnected to the actuator controller, the algorithm utilizing the value indicative of the signal received from the sensor as a variable to control movement of the downstream melt flow controller between the open flow and closed flow positions.
  • 4. Apparatus of claim 1 wherein the actuator comprises a mechanically movable member interconnected to the melt flow controller, the mechanically movable member being controllably drivable for movement through a predetermined path of travel according to the algorithm.
  • 5. Apparatus of claim 4 wherein the mechanically movable member is drivable by hydraulic, pneumatic or electrical energy, force or power.
  • 6. Apparatus of claim 2 wherein, during an injection cycle having a variable flow rate period and a stop point, the algorithm includes a first set of instructions for moving the downstream melt flow controller to the open flow position during the variable flow rate period and to the closed flow position at the stop point and a second set of instructions for moving the upstream controller to a plurality of positions that control the rate of flow of fluid material during the variable flow rate period, the first and second sets of instructions utilizing the value indicative of the signal received from the sensor as a variable for controlling operation of the upstream and downstream actuators.
  • 7. Apparatus for controlling flow of a fluid material in an injection molding apparatus having a flow channel system having an upstream flow channel having an axis through which fluid material is routed to a gate of a mold, the apparatus comprising:a first flow control mechanism comprising a first actuator drivably interconnected to a fluid material contacting member disposed within the upstream flow channel; the upstream channel communicating with and delivering fluid material to the gate of the mold; the axis of the upstream channel being offset from and not intersecting the gate of the mold; the fluid material contacting member being controllably movable through the upstream channel at variable rates of travel to control the rate of flow of the fluid material to the gate.
  • 8. The apparatus of claim 7 further comprising a downstream channel communicating with the upstream channel, the downstream channel having an axis intersecting and communicating with the gate of the mold.
  • 9. The apparatus of claim 8 further comprising a second flow control member comprising a second actuator drivably interconnected to a second fluid material contacting member disposed within the downstream flow channel;the second fluid material contacting member having an outer surface portion engageable with a complementary surface of a portion of the downstream flow channel to stop flow of the fluid material; the second actuator being controllably drivable to drive the outer surface portion of the second fluid material contacting member between an open flow position and a closed flow position.
  • 10. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the first flow control mechanism is interconnected to a master controller having an algorithm that includes a set of instructions for controlling the drive of the first flow control mechanism.
  • 11. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the first and second flow control mechanisms are interconnected to a master controller having an algorithm that includes a set of instructions for controlling the drive of the first and second control mechanisms.
  • 12. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising a sensor for sensing a selected condition of the fluid material and sending a signal indicative of the sensed condition to the master controller, the algorithm utilizing a value corresponding to the signal as a variable to control the drive of the first flow control mechanism.
  • 13. The apparatus of claim 11 further comprising a sensor for sensing a selected condition of the fluid material and sending a signal indicative of the sensed condition to the master controller, the algorithm utilizing a value corresponding to the signal as a variable to control the drive of the first and second flow control mechanisms.
  • 14. Method of controlling fluid flow during an injection cycle in an injection molding machine having a fluid flow distribution system for delivering fluid material to a gate of a mold, the method comprising:injecting fluid through an upstream channel having an axis not intersecting the gate of the mold; regulating the rate of flow of the fluid during the course of the injection cycle at a selected position within the upstream channel according to an algorithm which receives a variable input indicative of a sensed condition of the fluid material sensed by a sensor during the injection cycle; routing the regulated flow of fluid from the upstream channel to a downstream channel having an axis intersecting and communicating with the gate of the mold.
  • 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising regulating the stopping and starting of flow of the fluid material in the injection cycle at a position within the downstream channel.
  • 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the regulating of the stopping and starting of flow is carried out according to the algorithm based on the variable input indicative of the sensed condition.
RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation under 37 CFR §1.53(b) of Ser. No. 10/269,927 filed on Oct. 11, 2002, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/400,533 filed on Sep. 21, 1999 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,464,909 on Oct. 15, 2002; which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 09/063,762 filed on Apr. 21, 1998 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,361,300 on Mar. 26, 2002.

US Referenced Citations (2)
Number Name Date Kind
4717324 Schad et al. Jan 1988 A
6276914 Sicilia Aug 2001 B1
Continuations (2)
Number Date Country
Parent 10/269927 Oct 2002 US
Child 10/355514 US
Parent 09/400533 Sep 1999 US
Child 10/269927 US
Continuation in Parts (1)
Number Date Country
Parent 09/063762 Apr 1998 US
Child 09/400533 US