Patent Grant
8650756
Lightweight sandwich panel structures consisting of low density cores and solid facesheets are widely used in engineering applications. Cellular core structures based upon honeycomb topologies are often used because of their high compressive strength-to-weight ratios and high bending stiffness. These honeycomb structures are close-celled with limited access into the core regions. The cores may be attached to the facesheets or plates by conventional joining methods, such as adhesive bonding, brazing, diffusion bonding and welding. Recently, lattice truss structures have been explored as an alternate cellular core topology. Pyramidal lattice truss structures are usually fabricated from high ductility alloys by folding a perforated metal sheet along the perforations, creating accordion-like structures. Conventional joining methods such as brazing or laser welding are then used to bond the core to solid facesheets, forming sandwich structures. The lattice topology, core relative density, and parent alloy mechanical properties, along with the bond strengths, determine the mode of truss deformation and, therefore, the out-of-plane and in-plane mechanical properties of these structures.
The design of the core-facesheet node interface is of the utmost importance. Ultimately, this dictates the maximum load that can be transferred from the facesheets to the core. Node bond failure has been identified as a failure mode for sandwich structures, especially metallic honeycombs. However, analogous node failure modes have been observed in sandwich panels utilizing tetragonal and pyramidal lattice truss cores during shear loading. Assuming sufficient core-faceplate bond (facesheet-bond) strength and ductility, when sandwich panels are subjected to intense shear or bending loads, the nodes transfer forces from the facesheets to the core members and the topology for a given core relative density dictates the load carrying capacity. When the node-facesheet interfacial strength is compromised by poor joint design or inadequate bonding methods, node bond failure occurs resulting in premature failure of the sandwich panel. Numerous factors determine the robustness of nodes, including joint composition, microstructure, degree of porosity, geometric effects (which control stress concentrations) and the nodes' contact area.
Micromechanical models for the stiffness and strength of pyramidal lattice truss cores, comprising elastic-plastic struts with perfect nodes have been recently developed. These models assumed that the trusses are connected to rigid face sheets and are of sufficiently low aspect ratio that bending effects make a negligible contribution to the stiffness and strength. These micromechanical models also assume the node strength is the same as the parent metal alloy. However, the measured elastic moduli rarely reach the predicted values because of variations in the length of the trusses and small initial departures from straightness introduced by manufacturing processes.
The design of the core-to-facesheet interface in honeycomb sandwich panels is of utmost importance. Ultimately, this dictates the amount of load that can be transferred from the face sheets to the core. This is even more critical for lattice-based cores since they can have a smaller node area than honeycombs of the same core density. Node bond failure has been identified as a key catastrophic failure mode for metallic honeycomb sandwich structures (See Bitzer, 1997). Similar node robustness problems have been observed in lattice-based sandwich structures. When sandwich panels are subjected to shear or bending loads, the nodes transfer forces from the facesheets to the core, assuming adequate node bond strength exists, and the topology for a given core relative density dictates the load carrying capacity. When the core-facesheet interface strength is compromised by poor joint design or weak bonding methods, node failure occurs and catastrophic failure of the sandwich panel results. Although numerous factors (including joint composition, microstructure, degree of porosity, and geometric constraints) determine the robustness of nodes, the node contact area serves as a critical limiting factor in determining the maximum force that can be transmitted across the core-facesheet interface.
Initial efforts to fabricate millimeter scale structures employed investment casting of high fluidity casting alloys such as copper/beryllium (See Wang et al., 2003), aluminum/silicon (See Deshpande et al., 2001, Deshpande and Fleck, 2001, Wallach and Gibson, 2001, Zhou et al., 2004), and silicon brass (See Deshpande and Fleck, 2001). Investment casting begins with the creation of a wax or polymer pattern of the lattice truss sandwich structure. The sandwich structure is attached to a system of liquid metal gates, runners, and risers that are made from a casting wax. The whole assembly is coated with ceramic casting slurry. The pattern is then removed and the empty (negative) pattern filled with liquid metal. After solidification, the ceramic, gates, and runners are removed, leaving behind a lattice based sandwich structure of homogeneous metal. However, the tortuosity of the lattices made it difficult to fabricate high-quality investment-cast structures at the low relative density (2-10%) needed to optimize sandwich panel constructions (See Chiras et al., 2002). In addition, the inherent low quality of as-cast metals resulted in sandwich structures that lacked the robustness required for the most demanding structural applications (See Sugimura, 2004).
The toughness of many wrought engineering alloys is evidenced by development of alternative fabrication approaches based upon perforated metal sheet folding (See Sypeck and Wadley, 2002). These folded truss structures could be bonded to each other or to facesheets by either transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding or micro welding techniques to form lattice-truss sandwich panels. Panels fabricated with tetrahedral (See Sypeck and Wadley, 2002, Rathbun et al., 2004, Lim and Kang, 2006) and pyramidal lattice-truss (See Zok et al., 2004, Queheillalt and Wadley, 2005, McShane et al., 2006, Radford, et al. 2006) topologies have been made by the folding and brazing/TLP bonding method. However, the node bond strength and the topology for a given core relative density may dictate the load-carrying capacity. While these structures are much more robust than their investment cast counterparts, their robustness may be dictated by the quality of the bond between the core and facesheets.
A detailed description of the fabrication approach for making 6061 aluminum alloy lattice truss structures can be found in Multifunctional Periodic Cellular Solids and the Method of Making the Same (PCT/US02/17942, filed Jun. 6, 2002), Method for Manufacture of Periodic Cellular Structure and Resulting Periodic Cellular Structure (PCT/US03/16844, filed May 29, 2003), and Methods for Manufacture of Multilayered Multifunctional Truss Structures and Related Structures therefrom (PCT/US2004/004608, filed Feb. 17, 2004), of which all of the PCT Applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Briefly, these patents describe a folding process used to bend perforated sheets to create a single or multiple-layered lattice truss structures. The folding is accomplished using a paired punch and die tool or a finger break to fold node rows into the desired truss structure. The lattice truss core is then joined to facesheets via one of the previously mentioned methods to form the lattice truss sandwich structure (i.e. adhesives, welding, brazing, soldering, transient liquid phase sintering, etc.).
Provided herein are exemplary methods and systems to manufacture lattice-based sandwich structures from monolithic material. Such methods and systems eliminate the bonding process which is conventionally used to join lattice based truss cores to facesheets to form sandwich structures. This bonded interface is a key mode of failure for sandwich structures which are subjected to shear or bending loads because the nodes transfer forces from the face sheets to the core members while the topology for a given core relative density dictates the load carrying capacity (assuming adequate node-bond strength exists).
An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention comprises a core and related structures that provide very low density, good crush resistance and high in-plane shear resistance. An aspect of the truss structures may include sandwich panel cores and lattice truss topology that may be designed to efficiently support panel bending loads while maintaining an open topology that facilitates multifunctional applications.
Some aspects of various embodiments of the present invention method and system utilize, but are not limited to, novel methodologies to construct sandwich structures without using adhesives, diffusion bonding, brazing, soldering, or resistance/electron/laser welding or coupling to join the cores to the facesheets to form sandwich structures. Facesheet-core interface bond failure (e.g., facesheet-core interface) may be a key failure mode for lattice based sandwich structures. When lattice based sandwich panels are subjected to shear or bending loads, the nodes transfer forces from the face sheets to the core members (assuming adequate node bond strength exists) and the topology (for a given core relative density) dictates the load carrying capacity. However, when the node-facesheet interface strength is compromised, node failure occurs and catastrophic failure of the sandwich panel results.
Some aspects of various embodiments of the present invention method and system may utilize, but are not limited thereto, a two-step manufacturing process. A prismatic structure is extruded forming a 3D structure with a constant cross section along the path of extrusion; thereafter a secondary operation is used to selectively remove material, from the core region, forming a 3D lattice truss sandwich structure. This process can be used for any metal, including (but not limited thereto) steel, aluminum, copper, magnesium, nickel, titanium alloys, etc., and is highly suited for alloys that possess limited ambient temperature ductility.
It should be appreciated that the method of manufacture/fabrication may be altered or adjusted in interest of creating a resultant structure that is ultimately desired or required.
An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides a method of creating a monolithic lattice truss or truss-based structure (or related structure as desired or required). The method comprising: providing a monolithic sample; extruding the monolithic sample to selectively remove material along a first path; and machining the monolithic sample to selectively remove material along a second path, wherein the first path and the second path are offset at a desired offset angle to create one or a plurality of truss unit portions. Multiple paths and various types of paths and respective locations and angles may be applied as desired or required to achieve the desired method or structure.
An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides a method of creating a monolithic lattice truss structure (or related structure as desired or required). The method comprising: providing a monolithic sample; machining the monolithic sample to selectively remove material along a first path; and machining the monolithic sample to selectively remove material along a second path, wherein the first path and the second path are offset at a desired offset angle to create one or a plurality of truss unit portions. Multiple paths and various types of paths and respective locations and angles may be applied as desired or required to achieve the desired method or structure.
An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides a monolithic lattice truss structure (or related structure as desired or required). The structure comprising: one or a plurality of truss unit portions, wherein the truss unit portions have the same metallurgical and microstructural properties.
An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides a structure that is manufactured or fabricated in whole or in part and by any one or combination of the manufacturing or fabrication methods discussed herein.
Provided herein are exemplary methods and systems to manufacture bonded corrugation truss based structures from monolithic material. Relatively narrow panels with several cells can manufactured from monolithic materials, but are limited because of the narrow width which is imposed by the limits of current extrusion technology. The Truss-based sandwich structures can be welded using friction stir welding to avoid melting the material and weakening the welds. If other welding methods are used it is desirable to include the use of a vertical side member in the structure to reinforce the welded region. The vertical side members may be thickened.
An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention comprises a core and related structures that provide very low density, good crush resistance and high in-plane shear resistance. An aspect of the truss structures may include sandwich panel cores and that may be designed to efficiently support panel bending loads while maintaining an open topology that facilitates multifunctional applications.
Some aspects of various embodiments of the present invention method and system may utilize, but are not limited thereto, a two-step manufacturing process. Corrugation truss based structures are created by extruding monolithic structures; thereafter the extrusions can be joined using adhesives, diffusion bonding, brazing, soldering, or resistance/electron/laser/friction stir welding or coupling or welded together to form a panel of any width. This process can be used for any metal, including (but not limited thereto) steel, aluminum, copper, magnesium, nickel, titanium alloys, etc., and is highly suited for alloys that possess limited ambient temperature ductility.
It should be appreciated that the method of manufacture/fabrication may be altered or adjusted in interest of creating a resultant structure that is ultimately desired or required.
An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides a method of creating a monolithic truss-based structure (or related structure as desired or required). The method comprising: providing monolithic samples; extruding the monolithic samples to selectively remove material along the extruded path; and welding the extrusions together by the process of friction stir welding.
An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides a method of creating a monolithic truss structure (or related structure as desired or required). The method comprising: providing a monolithic samples; extruding the monolithic samples to selectively remove material along the extruded path; including a vertical side member in the extruded structures; and joining the extruded structures using adhesives, diffusion bonding, brazing, soldering, or resistance/electron/laser/friction stir welding or coupling or welded together to form a panel of any width such that vertical side members are located at the interfaces of the joined extruded structures.
An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides a method of creating a monolithic truss structure (or related structure as desired or required). The method comprising: providing a monolithic samples; extruding the monolithic samples to selectively remove material along the extruded path such that the extrusion nodes have a curved or smoothed triple point interface with the facesheet; including a vertical side member in the extruded structures; and joining the extruded structures using adhesives, diffusion bonding, brazing, soldering, or resistance/electron/laser/friction stir welding or coupling or welded together to form a panel of any width; such that vertical side members are located at the interfaces of the joined extruded structures.
An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides a method of creating a monolithic lattice truss structure (or related structure as desired or required). The method comprising: providing a monolithic samples; extruding the monolithic samples to selectively remove material along the extruded path such that the extrusion nodes have a curved or smoothed triple point interface with the facesheet; including a vertical side member in the extruded structures; and joining the extruded structures using adhesives, diffusion bonding, brazing, soldering, or resistance/electron/laser/friction stir welding or coupling or welded together to form a panel of any width such that vertical side members are located at the interfaces of the joined extruded structures; repeating the process to manufacture several such panels; and the panels are stacked upon each other and bonded by various metallurgical or adhesive methods to create a multilayered structure.
An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention provides a method of creating a monolithic lattice truss structure (or related structure as desired or required). The method comprising: providing a monolithic samples; extruding the monolithic samples to selectively remove material along the extruded path such that the extrusion nodes have a curved or smoothed triple point interface with the facesheet; including a vertical side member in the extruded structures; and joining the extruded structures using adhesives, diffusion bonding, brazing, soldering, or resistance/electron/laser/friction stir welding or coupling or welded together to form a panel of any width such that vertical side members are located at the interfaces of the joined extruded structures; repeating the process to manufacture several such panels; and the panels either in single or multilayer form are edge supported (e.g., clamped).
An aspect of an embodiment provides a method of creating bonded corrugation truss based structures. The method comprising: providing a monolithic sample; extruding the monolithic sample to selectively remove material, which yields a first corrugation panel; extruding another the monolithic sample to selectively remove material, which yields a second corrugation panel; and laterally coupling the first and second corrugation panels in communication with one another to form a single continuous plurality panel.
An aspect of an embodiment comprises a panel, the panel comprising: a first monolithic corrugated panel and a second monolithic corrugated panel that are laterally coupled in communication with one another to form a single continuous plurality panel.
These and other objects, along with advantages and features of the invention disclosed herein, will be made more apparent from the description, drawings and claims that follow.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the instant specification, illustrate several aspects and embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description herein, and serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are provided only for the purpose of illustrating select embodiments of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
FIGS. 1(A)-(C) provide schematic illustrations of three stages of the manufacturing method utilizing two arrays of channels EDM cut into a monolithic block of metal forming a pyramidal lattice truss sandwich structure.
FIGS. 2(A)-(B) provide schematic illustrations of two of the stages of the manufacturing method utilizing a single array of channels EDM cut into an extruded prismatic sandwich structure forming a pyramidal lattice truss sandwich structure.
FIGS. 4(A)-(B) provide schematic illustrations of two of the stages of the manufacturing method of a double-layer pyramidal lattice sandwich structure with aligned nodes between adjacent layers and a double array of channels EDM cut into an extruded double-layer prismatic sandwich structure.
FIGS. 6(A)-(B) provide schematic illustrations of the regions in the corrugated core that are removed by electro discharge machining to create a pyramidal lattice core sandwich panel structure.
FIGS. 10(A)-(B) graphically illustrates the normalized (a) compression and (b) shear stiffness measurements, respectively, versus strain.
FIGS. 12(A)-(C) provide schematic illustrations of an embodiment of a sandwich structure demonstrating blast or explosion mitigation in response to an explosion. FIGS. 12(A)-(C) provide the impulse loading stage, core crushing stage, and panel bending stage, respectively.
FIGS. 13(A)-(D) provide schematic illustrations of an embodiment of a sandwich structure 1201 demonstrating projectile arresting capabilities in response to a projectile, which provides various rupture and fracture details.
FIGS. 14(A)-(C) provides a schematic illustration the typical extrusion process used to cut a monolithic block of metal forming a pyramidal lattice truss sandwich structure, a cross section of a pyramidal lattice truss sandwich structure, and three nodes with a curved or smooth triple point interface with the facesheet.
FIGS. 15(A)-(B) provide a schematic illustration of the friction stir welding technique used to join extruded prismatic sandwich structures to form a panel and a cross section of the panel.
FIG. 16(A)-(B) provides a photographic depiction extrusion of extruded and friction stir welded corrugated core 6061-T6 aluminum sandwich panel, and a close-up of the panel cross section highlighting the weld line and the dimensions of the core, the facesheets, and the vertical side member.
FIGS. 18(A)-(B) provide a schematic illustration and a photograph depiction of the “Black Widow” blast testing rig used to evaluate the mine blast resistance of the corrugation panels.
FIGS. 19(A)-(B) provide a graph and a chart of the back facesheet deflection of the corrugation panel and a mass equivalent solid panel at different standoff distances using the “Black Widow” blast testing rig.
FIG. 20(A)-(B) provides photographs of corrugation plurality panels (
FIGS. 21(A)-(B) provide photographs of a corrugation plurality subjected to the black widow blast testing rig at a 25 cm standoff. Additionally,
FIGS. 22(A)-(B) provide photographs of a corrugation plurality subjected to the black widow blast testing rig at a 22 cm standoff. Additionally,
FIGS. 23(A)-(B) provide photographs of a corrugation plurality subjected to the black widow blast testing rig at a 19 cm standoff. Additionally,
FIGS. 24(A)-(B) provide photographs of a corrugation plurality subjected to the black widow blast testing rig at a 15 cm standoff. Additionally,
As described earlier, a variety of lattice topologies can be fabricated from ductile metals using current fabrication methods that rely on cutting, stamping and/or bending processes to form the desired lattice core, which is then subsequently bonded to facesheet by a variety of methods including, but not limited to, adhesives, diffusion bonding, brazing, soldering or resistance/electron/laser welding, coupling, etc. The design of the core-to-facesheet interface is of utmost importance. Ultimately, this dictates the amount of load that can be transferred from the facesheets to the core, and, ultimately, supported by the truss assembly.
Provided herein, an aspect of an embodiment provides methods and systems that result in sandwich structures with highly robust nodes that can be manufactured from any metal, including, but not limited to steel, aluminum, copper, magnesium, nickel, titanium alloy, etc. These methods are well-suited for alloys that possess limited ambient temperature formability.
The following are exemplary methods and systems of various embodiments of the present invention that can be used to fabricate lattice truss sandwich structures (or any structure as desired/required) from any metal, thus greatly expanding the realm of metals that can be fabricated into cellular structures, as the aforementioned methods (adhesives, diffusion bonding, brazing, soldering or resistance/electron/laser welding, etc.) could only have been fabricated from alloys. In addition, since there is no metallurgical or microstructural discontinuity at the truss-facesheet (truss-faceplate) interface region, the likelihood of corrosion is greatly reduced.
In an exemplary and non-limiting embodiment of an aspect of the present invention, a pyramidal lattice sandwich structure is formed from a solid monolithic sample 1, such as a piece of metal, but not limited thereto. The initial monolithic sample 1 can be sheet, plate, ingot, billet, powder compact, or slurry, or the like, form depending on the size of the final sandwich structure or any desired/required structure. The following is a description for the manufacture of a pyramidal lattice. It should also be appreciated, however, that tetrahedral, Kagome, cone, frustum, or other lattice-based truss structures may be manufactured via this method as desired or required.
In an exemplary and non-limiting embodiment of an aspect of the present invention, a pyramidal lattice sandwich structure is formed from an extruded prismatic structure. The extruded prismatic structure can take on a variety of shapes, dependent only upon the desired topology of the final sandwich structure or any desired/required structure. Again, the following is a description for the manufacture of a pyramidal lattice. It is envisioned, however, that tetrahedral, Kagome, cone, frustum, or other lattice-based truss structures may be manufactured via this method.
In an exemplary and non-limiting embodiment of an aspect of the present invention, these manufacturing techniques may be used to form multi-layered sandwich panels. Again, the following is a description for the manufacture of a double-layer pyramidal lattice, however, it is envisioned that tetrahedral, Kagome, cone, frustum, or other lattice-based truss structures of any number of layers may be manufactured via this method.
Aspects of various embodiments of the present invention provide, but are not limited to, a novel method and system to manufacture lattice-based truss sandwich structures or any desired/required structures that provides enhanced truss-facesheet interface strength by avoiding poor joint design or bonding procedures, which can cause the catastrophic failure of sandwich panels. Although numerous factors determine the robustness of joined nodes (joint composition, microstructure, degree of porosity, geometric constraints, etc.) this new method results in sandwich structures with highly robust nodes that have the equivalent metallurgical, for instance strength, ductility, chemical composition, microstructural characteristics, etc. of the parent material. Aspects of the present invention methods can be used for, but are not limited to, any solid, metal, or metal alloy, including, but not limited to steels, aluminum, copper, magnesium, nickel, titanium alloy, etc. and is highly suited for alloys which possess limited ambient temperature ductility.
This approach can be extended to other material classes. For example, various approaches have been developed for producing polymeric structures with prismatic cores that can then be fabricated via the means described heretofore, including 3D lattice truss sandwich structures. Ceramic materials with prismatic cores can also be fabricated using “green state” extrusion forming and sintering, in which the material can be laterally machined prior to or after a sintering operation. Edge-defined film fed growth also provides a means for fabricating prismatic structures of the type envisioned here from many types of materials, including ceramics (sapphire for example) and semiconductors (such as silicon).
Further, during assembly of any of the components related with the JBD system a variety of welding or joining techniques may be applied, including, but not limited thereto, friction stir welding for effective joining. Some of the joints, particularly “lap joints” provide open paths to bare aluminum (or desired or required material) of the plates or cores (for example), which in turn may produce undesirable corrosion product in certain instances. To prevent this, optionally special sealants may be employed which are applied during welding (e.g., friction stir welding or as desired or required) to those lap joints.
FIGS. 12(A)-(C) are schematic illustration of an embodiment of a sandwich structure 1201 demonstrating blast or explosion mitigation in response to an explosion. FIGS. 12(A)-(C) provide the impulse loading stage, core crushing stage, and panel bending stage, respectively.
FIGS. 13(A)-(D) are schematic illustration of an embodiment of a sandwich structure 1301 demonstrating projectile arresting capabilities in response to a projectile, which provides various rupture and fracture details. As shown inserts 1305 (e.g., prism shaped) are disposed therein and filler material 1303 (e.g., elastomers) in the interstial space of the sandwich structure 1301.
The following are exemplary methods and systems of various embodiments of the present invention that can be used to bonded corrugation truss based structures (or any structure as desired/required) from any metal, thus greatly expanding the realm of metals that can be fabricated into truss based structures, as the aforementioned methods (adhesives, diffusion bonding, brazing, soldering or resistance/electron/laser welding, etc.) could only have been fabricated from alloys. In addition, since there is no metallurgical or microstructural discontinuity at the truss-facesheet (truss-faceplate) interface region, the likelihood of corrosion is greatly reduced.
In an exemplary and non-limiting approach of an embodiment, a monolithic sample may be extruded, to form a first corrugation panel. A second monolithic sample may be extruded to form a second corrugation panel. It should be appreciated that the monolithic samples can be aluminum, ceramic, polymer, metal, alloy, and/or any combination of composites thereof, or the like, form depending on the size of the final corrugation truss based structures or any desired/required structure. The two corrugation panels can then be laterally coupled in communication with one another to form a single continuous plurality panel. The term laterally may encompass, for example, side-by-side arrangement or at least substantially side-by-side. The corrugation panels can be coupled using adhesives, diffusion bonding, brazing, soldering or resistance/electron/laser welding, friction stir welding, coupling, etc. The above steps can be repeated to form a continuous plurality panel containing any number of corrugation panels. As discussed herein, various embodiments comprise the structure and related method for the manufacture of a corrugation plurality panel with a prismatic core shape. It should also be appreciated, however, that tetrahedral, Kagome, cone, frustum, or other truss structures may be manufactured via this method as desired or required.
Referring to
Next, although not shown, in an exemplary and non-limiting embodiment of an aspect of the present invention, these manufacturing techniques may be used to form multi-layered plurality panels, by vertically coupling said plurality panels. Said vertical coupling can comprise claiming, adhesives, diffusion bonding, brazing, soldering or resistance/electron/laser welding, or friction stir welding. Again, the following is a description for the manufacture of a double-layer pyramidal/triangular corrugation plurality panel, however, it is envisioned that tetrahedral, Kagome, cone, frustum, or other lattice-based truss structures of any number of layers may be manufactured via this method. The combination of these two steps produces a multi-layered (in the at least substantially vertical direction) corrugated extrusion plurality panel, with facesheets enclosing truss units, forming nodes where truss legs or ligaments interface with a facesheet at nodes, and containing weld lines. It is noted that the alignment of nodes 6 between adjacent layers is not a prerequisite. As with this embodiment or any embodiments discussed herein, each individual layer may be aligned or offset any amount from adjacent layers, yielding the desired properties for the structure as a whole and the layers individually. Similarly, the truss units may have any number of legs or ligaments according to the fabrication approach. The truss units 1505 comprise of a plurality of legs or ligaments 1511. The legs may have a variety of shapes such as straight or curved and may have a variety of cross-sections. The plurality of truss units 1505 form an array of truss units. While the y-direction path and the x-direction path are shown as substantially straight, it should be appreciate that the paths may be curved or shaped as desired or required. Moreover, while the various extrusion paths (x, y, and z) as illustrated appear to be substantially orthogonal or perpendicular respectively with one another, it should be appreciated that any respective angles may be implemented as desired or required for the desired or required fabrication process or resultant truss and/or panel structure. For instance, the array of truss units and panels (or any related components of the resultant structure) may be fabricated so that the truss units and panels (or any related components) may be contoured or shaped as desired or required. In an embodiment, the monolithic sample may comprise at least one select material as desire or required. In an embodiment, the select material may comprise, for example but not limited thereto, aluminum, ceramic, polymer, metal, metal alloy, and/or any combination of composites thereof (or any material(s) as desired or required. It should be appreciated that the monolithic sample may be extruded along a plurality of paths, such as two or more as desired or required. The area that the faceplate/facesheet and truss units intersect form an interface region. In an embodiment, the interface region has the same metallurgical and microstructural properties. In an embodiment, the truss units have nodes wherein the nodes have the same metallurgical and microstructural properties as the truss unit. In an embodiment, the extruding or machining or both the extruding and machining create the truss units of varying relative density.
Aspects of various embodiments of the present invention provide, but are not limited to, a novel method and system to manufacture corrugation truss based plurality panels or any desired/required structures that provides enhanced truss-facesheet interface strength by avoiding poor joint design or bonding procedures, which can cause the catastrophic failure of sandwich panels. Although numerous factors determine the robustness of joined nodes (joint composition, microstructure, degree of porosity, geometric constraints, etc.) this new method results in sandwich structures with highly robust nodes that have the equivalent metallurgical, for instance strength, ductility, chemical composition, microstructural characteristics, etc. of the parent material. Aspects of the present invention methods can be used for, but are not limited to, any solid, metal, or metal alloy, including, but not limited to steels, aluminum, copper, magnesium, nickel, titanium alloy, etc. and is highly suited for alloys which possess limited ambient temperature ductility.
This approach can be extended to other material classes. For example, various approaches have been developed for producing polymeric structures with prismatic cores that can then be fabricated via the means described heretofore, including truss based sandwich structures. Ceramic materials with prismatic cores can also be fabricated using “green state” extrusion forming and sintering, in which the material can be laterally machined prior to or after a sintering operation. Edge-defined film fed growth also provides a means for fabricating prismatic structures of the type envisioned here from many types of materials, including ceramics (sapphire for example) and semiconductors (such as silicon).
It should be appreciated that prior to or after any extrusions the sample, billet, panel, or structure may be fabricated or manipulated by machining (e.g., machined via electro discharge machining), cutting or any other suitable operation as discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/447,166, filed Apr. 24, 2009, entitled “Manufacture of Lattice Truss Structures from Monolithic Materials” and it's corresponding PCT International Application No. PCT/US/2007/022733, filed Oct. 26, 2007; of which the disclosures are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
Practice of the invention will be still more fully understood from the following examples and experimental results, which are presented herein for illustration only and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way.
An aspect of an embodiment of this invention may comprise an extrusion and electro discharge machining (EDM) method has been developed to fabricate a pyramidal lattice core sandwich structure. The approach is readily extendable to tetrahedral and to multilayer versions of these lattices. In this approach, a 6061 aluminum alloy corrugated core sandwich panel is first extruded, creating an integral core and facesheets, fashioned from a single sample of material. The corrugated core (or any core shape as desired or required) is then penetrated by an alternating pattern of triangular shaped EDM electrodes normal to the extrusion direction to form the pyramidal lattice. The process results in a sandwich panel in which the core-facesheet nodes posses the parent materials' metallurgical and mechanical properties. The out-of-plane compression and in-plane shear mechanical properties of the structure have been measured and found to be very well predicted by analytical estimates.
Referring to
Referring to
It should be appreciated that any dimensions or angles shown herein are exemplary and illustrative only and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. The sizes, materials, flexibility, rigidness, shapes, contours, angles or dimensions discussed or shown may be altered or adjusted as required or desired.
Test Results
The relative density can be derived for the pyramidal structure depends upon the truss cross sectional area, t2, its inclination angle, ω, and length, l. The ratio of the metal volume in a unit cell to that of the unit cell then gives the relative density:
For the samples manufactured here, t=3.2 mm, l=24.6 mm and ω=50.77° resulting in a predicted relative density of 6.5%. The experimentally measured relative density was 6.2±0.01%.
The lattice truss structures were tested at ambient temperature in compression and shear at a nominal strain rate of 10−2 s−1 in accordance with ASTM C365 and C273 using a compression shear plate configuration. A laser extensometer measured the compressive strain by monitoring the displacements of the unconstrained facesheets (with a displacement precision of ±0.001 mm. The shear strain was obtained by monitoring the displacements of the shear plates with a measurement precision of ±0.010 mm.
Referring to
Referring to
Tensile coupons of the aluminum 6061 alloy were used to determine the mechanical properties of the parent aluminum alloy. Tensile tests were performed according to ASTM E8 at a strain rate of 10−3 s−1. The average Young's modulus, Es, and 0.2% offset yield strength, σys, were 69 GPa and 268 MPa, respectively. The tangent modulus, Et, at the inelastic bifurcation stress was 282 MPa.
The peak strength of a lattice truss core is determined by the mechanism of strut failure which, in turn, depends on the cell geometry, strut material properties and the mode of failure loading. Table 1 summarizes the micromechanical predictions for the pyramidal lattice. The micromechanical predictions for the compressive and shear peak strength are shown in
The compression and shear stiffnesses were measured from periodic unload/reload measurements.
Table 1 provides the analytical expressions for the compression and shear stiffness and strength of a pyramidal lattice truss core sandwich structure.
A new method for fabricating a lattice truss core sandwich panel structure has been developed using a combination of extrusion and electro discharge machining. The approach has been illustrated by the fabrication and mechanical property evaluation of sandwich panels made from a 6061 aluminum alloy; however, the method is applicable to any alloy system that can be easily extruded. For materials that can not be extruded, the electro discharge machining method could be performed in two directions (instead of one as described here) on a monolithic plate resulting in a similar lattice structure. This alternative method, therefore, is extendable to most conductive material systems or other material systems as desired or required.
The measured peak compressive and shear strengths were found to be in excellent agreement with the micromechanical model predictions for the operative truss member failure mechanisms: inelastic buckling for compression and plastic yielding (followed by tensile fracture) for shear. The non-dimensional compression and shear moduli coefficients were found to be in excellent agreement with the analytical predictions.
Conventional sandwich panel structures suffer from node failure during static and dynamic testing. These failures are initiated at defects or in weak or embrittled regions that result from core-faceplate bonding (facesheet bonding) processes. Whereas, the present invention fabrication method described above, results in sandwich panels in which the core-facesheet nodes have identical material properties to those of the trusses and facesheets. Joining methods such as brazing or welding have been eliminated with this process. No evidence of nodal failure was observed during compression or shear loading of the samples fabricated by the method described here.
The method of sandwich panel manufacture described here has been used to fabricate sandwich panels that eliminate the incidence of nodal failures. The panels' mechanical properties are found to be governed only by the geometry of the sandwich panel, the alloy mechanical properties, and the mode of loading. These properties are well predicted by recent micromechanical models.
An aspect of an embodiment of this invention may comprise an extrusion developed to fabricate a pyramidal corrugation truss based corrugation panels, laterally coupled by a process comprising friction stir welding to form corrugation plurality panels. The approach is readily extendable to tetrahedral and to multilayer versions of these trusses. In this approach, multiple 6061 aluminum alloy corrugated core sandwich panels is first extruded, creating an integral cores and facesheets, fashioned from a single samples of material. The corrugated cores (or any core shape as desired or required) are then laterally coupled by friction stir welding to form a continuous plurality panel. The process results in a sandwich panel in which the core-facesheet nodes posses the parent materials' metallurgical and mechanical properties. The out-of-plane compression and in-plane shear mechanical properties of the structure have been measured and found to be very well predicted by analytical estimates.
Referring to
Referring to
It should be appreciated that any dimensions or angles shown herein are exemplary and illustrative only and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. The sizes, materials, flexibility, rigidness, shapes, contours, angles or dimensions discussed or shown may be altered or adjusted as required or desired.
Test Results—Mine Blast Simulation
A “Black Widow” blast testing rig (the “Rig”) was used to measure the performance of the corrugation plurality panels 1509 described above and as shown in
The table of
The following patents, applications and publications as listed below and throughout this document are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety herein. The devices, systems, articles of manufacture and methods of various embodiments of the present invention disclosed herein may utilize aspects disclosed in the following patents and applications and are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety:
In summary, while the present invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments, many modifications, variations, alterations, substitutions, and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiment described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the present invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Accordingly, the invention is to be considered as limited only by the spirit and scope of the following claims, including all modifications and equivalents.
Still other embodiments will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from reading the above-recited detailed description and drawings of certain exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that numerous variations, modifications, and additional embodiments are possible, and accordingly, all such variations, modifications, and embodiments are to be regarded as being within the spirit and scope of this application. For example, regardless of the content of any portion (e.g., title, field, background, summary, abstract, drawing figure, etc.) of this application, unless clearly specified to the contrary, there is no requirement for the inclusion in any claim herein or of any application claiming priority hereto of any particular described or illustrated activity or element, any particular sequence of such activities, or any particular interrelationship of such elements. Moreover, any activity can be repeated, any activity can be performed by multiple entities, and/or any element can be duplicated. Further, any activity or element can be excluded, the sequence of activities can vary, and/or the interrelationship of elements can vary. Unless clearly specified to the contrary, there is no requirement for any particular described or illustrated activity or element, any particular sequence or such activities, any particular size, speed, material, dimension or frequency, or any particularly interrelationship of such elements. Accordingly, the descriptions and drawings are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive. Moreover, when any number or range is described herein, unless clearly stated otherwise, that number or range is approximate. When any range is described herein, unless clearly stated otherwise, that range includes all values therein and all sub ranges therein. Any information in any material (e.g., a United States/foreign patent, United States/foreign patent application, book, article, etc.) that has been incorporated by reference herein, is only incorporated by reference to the extent that no conflict exists between such information and the other statements and drawings set forth herein. In the event of such conflict, including a conflict that would render invalid any claim herein or seeking priority hereto, then any such conflicting information in such incorporated by reference material is specifically not incorporated by reference herein.
This application claims priority under 35 USC §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/088,584, filed Aug. 13, 2008, entitled “Use of a Multifunctional Aluminum Alloy Sandwich Panel for Mine Blast Protection,” and this application also claims priority under 35 USC §120 as a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/447,166, filed Apr. 24, 2009, which is a national stage filing of International Application No. PCT/US2007/022733, filed Oct. 26, 2007, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/855,089 filed Oct. 27, 2006, entitled “Manufacture of Lattice Truss Sandwich Structures from Monolithic Materials” and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/963,790 filed Aug. 7, 2007, entitled “Manufacture of Lattice Truss Sandwich Structures from Monolithic Materials;” all of the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
Work described herein was supported by Federal Grant No. ONR Grant Nos. N00014-01-1-1051 and N00014-07-1-0764, awarded by Office of Naval Research. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5690035 | Hatayama et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 6226944 | Peshkam et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6537682 | Colligan | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6938383 | Morris et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 20060283129 | Salhaney | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090286100 A1 | Nov 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61088584 | Aug 2008 | US | |
| 60855089 | Oct 2006 | US | |
| 60963790 | Aug 2007 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12447166 | US | |
| Child | 12479408 | US |
