Patent Grant
7625520
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to the methods of batch processing powder-metallurgy (P/M) aluminum alloy and metal matrix composite (MMC) sheet and plate products. More particularly, the present invention relates to the method of manufacturing such product at yield rates higher than conventional batch processes.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Powder-metallurgy MMC's are advanced composite materials that are made from metal powders and reinforcement materials by powder-metallurgy manufacturing methods. P/M MMC can be produced in many forms, such as extruded tubes and rolled sheets.
P/M MMC sheets have many applications in aerospace such as skins and control surfaces, and in the nuclear industry as neutron absorbing material. Each of these applications uses MMC for its special properties which are controlled by different MMC compositions. However, all P/M MMC sheet products produced by prior-art manufacturing methods suffer from low production yield rates from the initial cylindrical shaped billets.
Typical sheet yield-rates are approximately 30 to 60% from an initial MMC billet. The higher the percentage of reinforcement in the MMC, the lower the recovery rate for MMC sheet production. The low sheet yield rate reduces productivity and increases cost, and also generates large quantities of scrap. The scrap cannot be recycled as composite and must be recycled as dirty metal, which severely reduces the recovery price. The matrix metal is usually recovered. However, the expensive reinforcing material such as boron carbide is removed with the flux and discarded. As a result, low yield rate and high cost-of-production in current manufacturing processes have limited the applications of MMC sheets, even though they have properties superior to conventional metallic sheets.
There have been many efforts to make metal matrix composites, as demonstrated in, for example: U.S. Pat. No. 4,104,061 issued to Roberts; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,557,893 and 4,623,388 issued to Jatkar et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,500 issued to Zendalis et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,722,751 issued to Akechi; U.S. Pat. No. 5,561,829 issued to Sawtell et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,965,829 issued to Haynes et al.; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/387,781 filed by Harrigan et al. However, none of these works addressed the manufacturing problem of low yield rate for P/M MMC sheet production.
A typical prior-art manufacturing process for P/M MMC sheet production is illustrated in
The extruded rectangle workpiece possesses a nose defect at the lead end and pipe defect at the butt end. The nose defect manifests itself as a radiused leading edge that has little or no hot work and must be removed during the preparation of the roll preform. The pipe defect is a linear discontinuity that occurs because the center of the MMC billet flows faster than the outside due to friction between extrusion press container, the die surface and the MMC billet.
If a MMC workpiece is rolled without the nose defect removed, significant edge cracking may develop during the rolling process which reduces the recovery rate. If a MMC workpiece is rolled without the pipe defect removed, the final sheet product will contain a large delamination near the centerline of the thickness. Therefore, the nose and pipe defects must be removed from the extrusion in order to produce good quality sheet. Material losses associated with the extrusion process are about 15 to 18%.
Edge cracking of the MMC roll-preform occurs during the rolling process. Edge cracks are caused by the limited ductility of the MMC, high shear stresses in the work piece, and the low working temperature at the sheet edges. An edge crack can be as long as 15 cm (˜6″) from the rolled sheet edges. Edge cracking during the rolling process can represent approximately 28% of the weight of the MMC roll-preform, and they must to be removed from the final sheet product before delivery to the customer.
A “picture frame” rolling method is used to roll materials that have limited ductility. The method uses a metallic picture frame surrounding the material to be rolled. The picture frame and roll preform are rolled together as an assembly. The frame minimizes or prevents rolling edge cracks.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,705,577 issued to Ondracek et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,571 issued to Langhans et al. described the picture frame method to roll nuclear fuel composites. The frame is retained as part of the final product.
A picture frame rolling method has been used for rolling aluminum MMC (Al-MMC) sheet. A machined aluminum frame was heated and an Al-MMC rectangular roll-perform was placed inside the frame. As the frame cooled, it shrank to a tight fit around the rectangle Al-MMC. The framed Al-MMC was heated and rolled with multiple passes on a rolling mill to final thickness. The aluminum frame did not retain a tight fit with the rectangular Al-MMC roll preform during all rolling passes because the frame was not metallurgically bonded with the Al-MMC. Therefore, edge cracks, although reduced in length, occurred during the rolling process.
There is also a “box-frame” method used to produce a MMC sheet. Blended boron carbide and aluminum powder is loaded to a welded aluminum box. The mixture is compacted at room temperature and an aluminum lid is welded in place to seal the box. The box-frame with the blended powder mixture is heated and then rolled to produce a MMC sheet with monolithic aluminum cladding sandwiched on either side of a MMC core that is not fully densified. Such sandwich sheet has poor mechanical and thermal properties and suffers from delamination and blistering problems in corrosive environments. As a result, sandwich sheets have limited applications.
Therefore, there is a real need to improve the manufacturing technology for MMC sheet, with the specific objective being improved yield rates.
The present invention is a novel and unique method of manufacturing powder-metallurgy (P/M) metal matrix composite (MMC) sheets.
According the method of the present invention, hot-pressed P/M MMC billets are directly rolled to P/M MMC sheets, bypassing the extrusion process and therefore avoid the approximately 18% yield loss associated with the extrusion process.
The present invention method produces a square or rectangular P/M MMC billet with a metallurgically bonded metal frame incorporated during the billet manufacturing process. The framed MMC billet can be rolled to sheet without edge cracks.
The manufacturing process of the present invention includes the following major sequential steps:
The main advantage of the present invention is that the sheet yield rate from MMC billet, according to the present invention method, is approximately 80 to 100% compared to 30 to 60% in prior-art manufacturing methods.
Referring particularly to the drawings for the purpose of illustration only and not limitation, there is illustrated:
Although specific embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the drawings, it should be understood that such embodiments are by way of example only and merely illustrative of but a small number of the many possible specific embodiments which can represent applications of the principles of the present invention. Various changes and modifications obvious to one skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and contemplation of the present invention.
The major sequential steps of the manufacturing method of this invention are illustrated in
Step 1: Blending of MMC Raw Materials
Matrix metal powder and reinforcement material are blended uniformly at room temperature to produce the MMC mixture.
The matrix metal powder is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, copper, iron, zinc, nickel, cobalt, titanium, and alloys thereof. The matrix metal is in particulate form. The average particle size is less than approximately 100 microns.
The reinforcement material is selected from the group consisting of silicon carbide, silicon nitride, titanium nitride, titanium carbide, titanium silicide, molybdenum silicide, nickel aluminate, boron carbide, aluminum nitride, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, gadolinium oxide, ceramic materials and mixtures thereof. The reinforcement is also selected from the group of aluminum, boron, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, nickel, silicon, titanium, zinc, alloys and mixtures thereof.
The reinforcement material can have the physical shape of particulate, whiskers, fibers, and mixtures thereof. The average particle size in particulate form is less than approximately 100 microns.
The matrix metal powder makes up between about 55 and 95 volume percent of the mixture. The reinforcement makes up between about 5 and 45 volume percent of the mixture.
Step 2: Preparing the Metal Frame and Billet Consolidation Tool
A metal cubic cylinder that has a removable bottom is prepared as a billet consolidation tool. A four-sided picture frame made of a metal similar to the matrix metal is placed in the billet tool. The outside walls of the picture frame are in close contact with the inside walls of the consolidation tool. A common lubricant such as that in forging processes can be applied on the inside walls of the consolidation tool for easier removal of the framed MMC billet after hot-pressing.
The picture frame can be configured such that the frame can act as the billet consolidation tool. Therefore, the separate billet consolidation tool is not necessary for supporting the picture frame. If the framed MMC billet is designed to be rolled in only one direction, only the two roll-preform sides that are parallel to the rolling direction are necessary to be framed because the other two sides will not have edge cracks during the one-direction rolling.
All sides of the MMC billet can be framed to form an encapsulating box-framed MMC billet for rolling as well. The box-framed MMC billet is rolled to produce sandwich structure sheet that has thin skins of the frame metal and a MMC core that is about 100% theoretical density. The skins and the MMC core are metallurgically bonded. This sandwich MMC sheet will not have blistering or delamination problems.
Of course the frame shape is not limited to square and rectangle. Round and other shapes are possible if they are needed.
Step 3: Loading and Compaction of the Blended Powders
The powder mixture is loaded to the frame and then is compacted at room temperature to form a framed-compact that is approximately 50% to 95% of the theoretical density.
Step 4: Consolidating the Framed-compact to Form a Framed-Billet
This step consolidates the framed MMC compact to form a framed-billet. The frame is also metallurgically bonded to the MMC billet during the operation.
There are various powder metallurgy methods to consolidate the framed-compact to form the framed-billet. The following are typical processes:
(1) Vacuum/Inert-gas/Air Hot-Press
Under vacuum, inert-gas or air, the framed-compact is heated to a degassing temperature range and then is held in the temperature range for more than about one-half hour for degassing. The degassing temperature range depends on the matrix metal and is from between about 230° C. (450° F.) and less than the lowest eutectic melt temperature of elemental powder in the matrix metal. The main function of degassing is to remove H2O from the MMC compact.
After the degassing period, the temperature is raised to the consolidation temperature, which is the highest eutectic melt temperature of elemental powder in the matrix metal. The consolidation temperature is lower than the melt temperature of the basic matrix metal. The consolidation temperatures are between about 230 and 615° C. (450 and 1145° F.) for aluminum MMC. While the consolidation temperature and vacuum, inert-gas or air are maintained, the degassed-compact is pressed to full density resulting in a framed-billet.
In the case of only one element metal in the matrix metal is used, the consolidation temperature is bellow the melt temperature of the element metal.
(2) Cold Isostatic Press/Sinter
In the Cold Isostatic Press/Sinter process, the MMC mixture is compacted at room temperature in Step C to about 85% to 95% of theoretical density. Pressing the powder mixture to high density at room temperature requires pressures between about 50,000 psi and 85,000 psi. Typically, a cold isostatic press (CIP) is employed.
The framed-compact is then sintered in vacuum, in inert-gas or in air. The framed-compact is heated to the degassing temperature range and then is held at this temperature range for more than about one-half hour to be degassed. After degassing, the degassed-framed-compact is heated to a sintering temperature that is the highest eutectic melt temperature of the elemental powder in the matrix metal so that sintering of the matrix takes place to form the framed-billet. This sintered MMC billet has a density that is still approximately that of the starting compact between 85% and 95% of the theoretical density, but is sealed by the sintering process. This sealing is needed to avoid internal oxidation of the billet during heating for rolling. The MMC sheet density is approximately 100% of theoretical density after the sintered billet is rolled.
CIP/Sinter is not suitable to produce P/M MMC that has only one elemental matrix metal because there is no transient eutectic melt required for sintering of matrix metal,
(3) Cold Compacting/Hot Press
The framed-compact produced in Step C is heated to the consolidation temperature in inert-gas or in air. While the consolidation temperature and inert-gas continue to be maintained, the framed-compact is hot pressed to approximately 98 to 100% of theoretical density to produce the framed-billet. There is no degassing period required in this process.
Step E: Rolling Framed-Roll-preform
The framed-billet is cleaned to produce a framed-roll-preform. The cleaning operation includes removing excessive frame metal from bottom and top surfaces and cleaning the roll surfaces by sandblasting, chemical mill or machining as necessary.
The framed-roll-preform is rolled to sheet according to a rolling schedule. If two-direction rolling is needed, the framed-roll-preform is rolled in one direction to produce the desired sheet width and then is rolled in the other direction to produce the desired length and final thickness.
The rolled frame metal is removed for recycling. The finished MMC sheet is then cut to final dimension.
Theoretically, the MMC sheet recovery rate could be up to 100% from the initial MMC powder mixture by the manufacturing method defined by this invention because of no in-process MMC loss. Practically, however, recovery rates of between about 80 and 95% are achievable.
What is believed to be the best mode of the invention has been described above. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous variations of the type described could be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit of the invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the broad general meaning of the terms in which the claims are expressed.
Of course the present invention is not intended to be restricted to any particular form or arrangement, or any specific embodiment, or any specific use, disclosed herein, since the same may be modified in various particulars or relations without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention hereinabove shown and described of which the apparatus or method shown is intended only for illustration and disclosure of an operative embodiment and not to show all of the various forms or modifications in which this invention might be embodied or operated.
The present invention has been described in considerable detail in order to comply with the patent laws by providing full public disclosure of at least one of its forms. However, such detailed description is not intended in any way to limit the broad features or principles of the present invention, or the scope of the patent to be granted.
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