Patent Application
20060072070
The field of the present invention relates to the manufacture of optical lens elements to be used for example as ophthalmic lenses. The invention is particularly, but not exclusively, relevant to the production of ophthalmic lenses specific to a patient's optical requirements, for example contact lenses.
In the manufacture of optical lenses, the precise curvature of the faces of the lens is essential in determining the refractive characteristics of the lens.
Current lens manufacturing methods include machining and polishing, injection moulding and replication techniques. These methods involve complex machines and in the case of ether injection moulding or replication the use of fixed moulds limits flexibility over the shape of the lens being manufactured. Machining and polishing is expensive and not time efficient.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method of manufacture of an optical lens element. It is a further object of the present invention to provide apparatus for the improved manufacture of an optical lens element.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of the manufacture of an optical lens element, said method comprising: providing a fixable liquid separated from a different fluid by a meniscus; varying a curvature of the separating meniscus; and fixing the shape of the first liquid when the curvature has a desired configuration.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention there is provided an apparatus for the manufacture of an optical lens element, said apparatus including: a receptacle for receiving a fixable insulating liquid and an electrically conducting fluid, said fluids separated from each other by a fluid meniscus; an electrode configuration arranged to enable the curvature of the fluid meniscus to be varied; and means for fixing the shape of the fixable liquid.
The new method and apparatus provided by the present invention for lens manufacture are efficient and result in the production of lenses of accurate dimensions.
The present invention in one embodiment employs a method and apparatus based on an electrowetting process. By variation of an applied voltage the exact curvature of one, or each, face of the lens to be manufactured can be precisely controlled. This allows individual lenses to be manufactured which differ from each other by a minute level of refractive characteristics thus providing a more precise lens specification to meet the needs of the application.
In one aspect of the present invention, a lens manufacture process and apparatus are provided whereby it is possible for ophthalmic lenses to be manufactured on-site after an eye test. Complex lens shapes, having more exact corrective characteristics than conventional on-site lens stocks, can thereby be provided to a patient following an eye test.
Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments of the invention, wherein:
FIGS. 3 to 5 show schematically method steps of embodiments of the present invention for lens manufacture;
In this embodiment, the fluid container 6 contains two fluids consisting of two non-miscible liquids in the form of an electrically insulating non-polar fixable first liquid A, for example a preferably transparent acrylic or epoxy lacquer, and an electrically conducting and polar second liquid B, for example an aqueous salt solution. Liquid A lies on the upper surface of liquid B. The upper surface 7 of liquid A in this embodiment interfaces with a fluid material, for example a gas, and may be exposed to the atmosphere.
The first electrode 2 is a cylinder of inner radius typically between 1 mm and 20 mm. The electrode 2 is formed from a metallic material and is coated by an insulating layer 8, formed for example of parylene. The insulating layer has a thickness of between 50 nm and 100 μm, with typical values between 1 μm and 10 μm. The insulating layer is coated with a fluid contact layer 10, which reduces the hysteresis in the contact angle of the meniscus 12 with the cylindrical wall of the fluid chamber. The fluid contact layer is preferably formed from an amorphous fluorocarbon such as Teflon™ AF1600 produced by DuPont™. The fluid contact layer 10 has a thickness of between 5 nm and 50 μm. The AF1600 coating may be produced by successive dip coating of the electrode 2, which forms a homogeneous layer of material of substantially uniform thickness since the cylindrical sides of the electrode are substantially parallel to the cylindrical electrode; dip coating is performed by dipping the electrode whilst moving the electrode in and out of the dipping solution along its axial direction. The parylene coating may be applied using chemical vapor deposition.
A second electrode 14 is arranged at the base end of the cylindrical electrode 2, adjacent the base element 4. The second electrode 14 is arranged with at least one part in the fluid chamber such that the electrode acts on liquid B.
The two liquids A and B are non-miscible so as to tend to separate into two fluid bodies separated by a meniscus 12. Due to electrowetting, the wettability of the fluid contact layer by liquid B varies under the application of a voltage between the first electrode 2 and the second electrode 14, which tends to change the contact angle of the meniscus 12 at the three phase line (the line of contact between the fluid contact layer 10 and the two liquids A and B). The shape of the meniscus is thus variable in dependence on the applied voltage. The two liquids are preferably arranged to have substantially equal densities, to avoid gravitational effects between the two liquids. In an envisaged alternative liquid A can be of a lower density than liquid B.
Referring now to
In the configuration of
To produce a convex lower meniscus shape, a yet higher magnitude of voltage is applied between the first and second electrodes. Referring now to
Note that, whilst achieving the configuration of
Referring to
As shown in
Note that, in the alternative to curing the lacquer of liquid A when the meniscus is in a convex shape, the, or another, desired lens curvature may also be obtained by curing the lacquer of liquid A when the meniscus is in a concave shape.
Substrate 400 could be for example a lens body or simply a substrate to which it is desired to mount the manufactured lens in preparation for an application or for further modifications. The lower surface 401 of the substrate 400 can take the form of a plurality of shapes, for example curved or flat, as desired. In this embodiment the lower surface 401 of the substrate 400 is convex when viewed from below. In a preferred embodiment, the lower surface 401 is spherical in shape. Alternatively, it is possible for the lower surface 401 to be aspherical in shape as this can help to correct spherical optical aberrations arising from the fluid meniscus 412.
The method for lens manufacture in this embodiment of the invention is similar in manner to that of the previous embodiment and illustrated using
d shows that the now solid lacquer of liquid A has a shape with curved upper and lower faces corresponding to the curvatures of the lower surface 401 of the substrate 400 and the meniscus 412 respectively. The rigid transparent lacquer of liquid A forms a fixed layer 404 attached along its upper surface to the lower surface 401 of the substrate 400. The layer 404 and substrate 400 may together form the lens. Alternatively, the lower surface 401 may be coated with a non-adhesive layer such that the layer 404 and the substrate 400 may be separated if desired to form a lens, for example a contact lens, from the layer 404 alone.
Note that, in the alternative to curing the lacquer of liquid A when the meniscus is in a convex shape, the, or another, desired lens curvature may also be obtained by curing the lacquer of liquid A when the meniscus is in a concave shape.
Note that, although the upper face of substrate 400 is shown as a planar surface, the surface may also take a convex or concave shape.
As shown in
In this embodiment the fluid container 506 holds three fluid layers. The first fluid layer comprises liquid B, the lower surface of which is in part contact with electrode 514. The second fluid layer comprises the liquid A with its lower surface in contact with the upper surface of the first layer, thus forming a first meniscus 512.
In this embodiment, a third fluid layer 513 exists with its lower surface in contact with the upper surface of the second layer thus forming a second meniscus 503. The upper surface of the third layer 513 is in contact with at least part of the third electrode 500 such that the electrode acts upon the third fluid layer 513. The third layer may comprise the same fluid as liquid B, or may be an alternative fluid which is non-miscible with liquid A and electrically conductive. In addition, the fluid of the third layer is preferably of substantially equal density to liquid A and liquid B. It is alternatively possible though that the fluid of the third layer is of a lower density than liquids A and B. Both liquids A and B are as described in previous embodiments.
In practice, the three individual fluid layers are inserted in turn, according to their position in the fluid layer structure, into the fluid container 506. This is achieved by removal of the third electrode 500 and insertion of the fluid layers through the resulting top opening of the first electrode into the fluid container 506. Once the three layers have been inserted, the third electrode 500 is replaced over the top end opening of the first electrode 502 thus sealing the fluid container 506. An alternative envisaged method involves the injection of the fluids into the fluid container 506 through an opening in the third electrode which is positioned over the top end opening of the first electrode. The fluid layer insertion for both of these techniques could be achieved using a fluid insertion device capable of repeatedly inserting measured volumes of fluid into the fluid container.
The voltage levels across electrodes 514 and 502, and electrodes 500 and 502, respectively, are controllable independently. Variation of the applied voltage Vs across electrodes 514 and 502 results in the variation of the curvature of the first meniscus 512 as previously described. Variation of the applied voltage V6 across electrodes 500 and 502 results in a similar variation in the curvature of the second meniscus 503.
As shown in
b shows that with a selected different applied voltage Vs or V6, the second meniscus 503 and/or the first meniscus 512 respectively may adopt an opposite curvature relative to the original curvature. The value of the applied voltages Vs and V6 can differ from each other and be varied independently. Consequently the curvatures of the second meniscus 503 and the first meniscus 512 can differ from each other.
As shown in
Once removed from the fluid container 506, the now fixed lacquer of liquid A, when formed from the preferred transparent lacquer, is the manufactured optical lens 507 as desired, shown in
Note that, in the alternative to curing the lacquer of liquid A when the first and/or second meniscus is in a convex or concave shape respectively as described, the, or another, desired lens curvature may also be obtained by curing the lacquer of liquid A when one, or each of, the menisci is of a configuration having an opposite curvature.
The first electrode 61 is preferably cylindrical and base sealed by means of base element 60 to form fluid container 62. Fluid container 62 holds three fluid layers.
The first fluid layer consists of liquid B, the bottom surface of which is in part contact with the second electrode 64. The second electrode 64 is arranged at the base end of the cylindrical electrode 61. The second fluid layer consists of liquid A with its bottom surface in contact with upper surface of the first layer, thus forming a first fluid meniscus 65. In this embodiment, liquid A is electrically insulating, non-miscible with the other fluids in layers and of a suitable chemical nature for the manufacture of contact lenses or spectacles. This may be in the form of a transparent liquid lacquer.
The third fluid layer 63 with its lower surface in contact with the upper surface of said second fluid layer thus forming a second fluid meniscus 66. The upper surface of the third layer is in contact with at least one part of a third electrode 68 such that the electrode acts on the third fluid layer. The third electrode 68 is arranged at the top end of cylindrical electrode 61. The third fluid layer 63, as according to the previous embodiment, may comprise a fluid of preferably substantially equal density to the fluid of the second fluid layer, although in an alternative embodiment a fluid of a lower density is used. Liquid B may be as described in the first embodiment. The fluid layers are inserted into the fluid container 62 by a similar method to that of the previous embodiment where the third electrode 68 is removed and replaced, or by injection of fluids into the fluid container 62 through an opening in the third electrode 68. Again, a piston based device is used capable of repeated insertion of measured volumes of fluid.
Variation of an applied voltage V8 across electrodes 64 and 61 results in variation in the curvature of the first meniscus 65 as detailed in the previous embodiment. Variation of applied voltage V7 across electrodes 68 and 61 results in a similar curvature variation of the second meniscus 66.
The value of applied voltages V8 and V7 can differ from each other and be varied independently. Consequently the curvatures of the first fluid meniscus 65 and the second fluid meniscus 66 can differ from each other to provide a convex-concave lens of preferred shape and refractive characteristics.
Shown now in
The desired curvature for each meniscus 65 and 66 is generally determined by the desired focal power of the ophthalmic lens to be manufactured. In the manufacture of contact lenses the curvature of the second meniscus 66 is determined by using measurements of the curvature of the patient's eyeball. At least part of the information for the desired refractive characteristics of the lens is provided by a patient's optical prescription for eye deviation. As an envisaged alternative, a patient may themself adjust the curvatures of the menisci based upon viewing through the variable lens, optionally with further corrective lenses in place. This eliminates the need for an optical prescription for the patient.
Once the curvature of both meniscus 65 and 66 are as desired, the transparent lacquer of liquid A is cured using a mechanism appropriate to the chemical nature of lacquer used. One example involves the lacquer of liquid A being irradiated with ultraviolet radiation 69. Once cured, lacquer of liquid A is now fixed in the exact form described by the curvature of both menisci 65 and 66. Solid transparent lacquer of liquid A is removed from the fluid container 62 and is an ophthalmic lens 70 custom made to the specific eye deviation correction needs of the patient, shown in
In a still further embodiment of the present invention, an alternative electrode configuration may be incorporated to allow anamorphic lens shapes to be achieved.
a, being a cross-section taken in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the lens, shows an alternative electrode configuration for use in a variable meniscus apparatus as described in earlier embodiments of the present invention, capable of producing anamorphic lens shapes. This may, for example, in conjunction with the previous embodiment of the present invention, be capable of manufacturing corrective ophthalmic lenses of varying refractive characteristics for astigmatic eye deviation. A plurality of individual rectangular electrodes 72 are arranged side-by-side about the optical axis 76 of the lens to be manufactured, to form a generally cylindrical enclosure. The remaining characteristics of the lens may be as described in relation to the previous embodiments. The electrodes are formed from a metallic material. The cylindrical inner surface described by the arrangement of electrodes is covered with a continuous, uniform thickness, insulating layer 74 formed for example of parylene or Teflon™ AF1600 produced by DuPont™. Each individual electrode is also insulated with respect to the adjacent electrodes although it is alternatively possible for each longitudinal edge of adjacent electrodes to be connected by an electrically resistive film. This film is formed of a less conductive material than that of the electrodes.
Referring now to both
By controlling the voltages to generate a constant voltage difference between each individual electrode 72 and the electrode similar to the annular electrode 14 in the first embodiment, an aspherical lens may be manufactured of a similar specification to those manufactured in previous embodiments.
Through different combinations of individual applied voltages across electrodes it is possible to obtain various meniscus shapes including those of approximately spherical, and anamorphic, e.g. approximately cylindrical and approximately spherocylindrical, natures.
Applied voltage line 86 shows relatively the applied value of voltage corresponding to a point on the circumferential line 84 of the electrode arrangement. In the representation, the radial distance between a point on the applied voltage line 86 and the corresponding point on the circumferential line 84 represents the relative applied voltage, the common radial line lying at a specific angle from one of either axis 80 or 82. By way of example, this is illustrated in
The greater the radial distance between the point on the applied voltage line 86 and the corresponding point on the circumferential line 84, the greater the relative applied voltage. For example, as
In this embodiment the width of each electrode 72 is less than half, preferably less than one eighth, of the internal diameter of the cylindrical arrangement of electrodes. This involves the use of sufficient electrodes, preferably ten or above, to reduce observation at the center of the meniscus of significant effects caused by discrete steps of meniscus contact angle between the cylindrical walls of the fluid chamber.
As described in previous embodiments of the present invention, the liquid lacquer is cured when the meniscus curvature corresponds to the desired curvature of the lens to be manufactured.
b, being a cross-section taken in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the lens, shows a simplified alternative electrode configuration for producing anamorphic meniscus lens shapes. Four rectangular electrodes 77a, 77b, 77c, 77d are arranged about the optical axis 78 of the lens to be manufactured in a square formation with their longitudinal edges parallel, thus forming a square enclosure. The inner surface of the electrodes is covered with a continuous, uniform thickness, insulating layer 79, formed for example of parylene or Teflon™ AF1600.
Referring now to both
By connecting the voltages applied across opposite electrodes as pairs, in other words electrodes 77a and 77c as a pair, and electrodes 77b and 77d as a pair, and applying the voltages across each connected electrode pair and the annular electrode 14 similarly or differently, it is possible to obtain spherical, cylindrical or spherocylindrical meniscus shapes. Anamorphic meniscus shapes can also be obtained by combination of differently applied voltages across each single electrode and the annular electrode 14.
It is to be understood that further embodiments of the invention are envisaged and that features of one embodiment may be used in other embodiments.
As a further example of the above embodiments, the first liquid A comprises a lacquer, capable of being cured using ultra violet light, for example in the form of acrylate monomers, diacryl, an epoxy lacquer or a sol-gel material. In alternative embodiments the first liquid A does not have to comprise a lacquer but could be of an alternative curable, or otherwise fixable shape, liquid. Such lens elements may also be manufactured in accordance with the present invention to provide a master lens mould element. In this case, liquid A could also be opaque. Liquid A could also be colored with a dye such that colored lenses with desired configurations could be manufactured. Depending on the chemical nature of the material used for lens manufacture the material may be cured by the application of ultraviolet radiation or by alternative methods, for example with heat or with an ‘initiator’ chemical for the curing mechanism. The liquid may also be fixed in shape by methods other than curing, for example by freezing.
Whereas the first liquid A is located above the second liquid B, in the above-described embodiments, alternatively the first liquid A located in the lower part of the fluid container, a single variable meniscus may also be formed with a liquid or vapor layer above the first liquid A and the liquid A fixed in shape to form a lens element of a desired configuration.
In a further envisaged embodiment, the first electrode is shaped in a non-cylindrical rotationally-symmetric configuration. For example, the sides can be frustoconical or in a bell shape. In the described embodiment where the first electrode is replaced with a plurality of individual electrodes arranged about the optical axis, the longitudinal edges of the electrodes are not limited to lie parallel with each other. For example, the individual electrodes may together be arranged to form a frustoconical or bell shape about the optical axis. Such electrode formations can allow easier removal of the manufactured lens from the apparatus and can also allow fluid menisci of certain radii to be achieved more easily.
In a preferred embodiment, the method of lens manufacture may be fully automated wherein the desired characteristics of the lens are controlled for example by a dedicated computer using input lens data, such as an ophthalmic prescription.
It is to be understood that further equivalents and modifications are imagined within the scope of the invention as defined by the attached claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 020800595 | Dec 2002 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB03/04971 | 10/31/2003 | WO | 5/31/2005 |
