Patent Grant
8858278
The present invention relates to marine vessel propulsion and control systems. More particularly, aspects of the invention relate to control circuits and methods for controlling the movement of a marine vessel having waterjet propulsion apparatus.
Marine vessel controls include control over the speed, heading, trim and other aspects of a vessel's attitude and motion. The controls are frequently operated from a control station, where an operator uses control input devices, such as buttons, knobs, levers and handwheels, to provide one or more control input signals to one or more actuators. The actuators then typically cause an action in a propulsion apparatus or a control surface corresponding to the operator's input. Control signals can be generated by an operator, which can be a human or a machine such as a computer or an auto-pilot.
Various forms of propulsion have been used to propel marine vessels over or through the water. One type of propulsion system comprises a prime mover, such as an engine or a turbine, which converts energy into a rotation that is transferred to one or more propellers having blades in contact with the surrounding water. The rotational energy in a propeller is transferred by contoured surfaces of the propeller blades into a force or “thrust” which propels the marine vessel. As the propeller blades push water in one direction, thrust and vessel motion are generated in the opposite direction. Many shapes and geometries for propeller-type propulsion systems are known.
Other marine vessel propulsion systems utilize waterjet propulsion to achieve similar results. Such devices include a pump, a water intake or suction port and an exit or discharge port, which generate a waterjet stream that propels the marine vessel. The waterjet stream may be deflected using a “deflector” to provide marine vessel control by redirecting some waterjet stream thrust in a suitable direction and in a suitable amount.
In some applications, such as in ferries, military water craft, and leisure craft, it has been found that propulsion using waterjets is especially useful. In some instances, waterjet propulsion can provide a high degree of maneuverability when used in conjunction with marine vessel controls that are specially-designed for use with waterjet propulsion systems.
It is sometimes more convenient and efficient to construct a marine vessel propulsion system such that the net thrust generated by the propulsion system is always in the forward direction. The “forward” direction 20, or “ahead” direction is along a vector pointing from the stern, or aft end of the vessel, to its bow, or front end of the vessel. By contrast, the “reverse”, “astern” or “backing” directing is along a vector pointing in the opposite direction (or 180° away) from the forward direction. The axis defined by a straight line connecting a vessel's bow to its stern is referred to herein as the “major axis” 13 of the vessel. A vessel has only one major axis. Any axis perpendicular to the major axis 13 is referred to herein as a “minor axis,” e.g., 22 and 25. A vessel has a plurality of minor axes, lying in a plane perpendicular to the major axis. Some marine vessels have propulsion systems which primarily provide thrust only along the vessel's major axis, in the forward or backward directions. Other thrust directions, along the minor axes, are generated with awkward or inefficient auxiliary control surfaces, rudders, planes, deflectors, etc. Rather than reversing the direction of a ship's propeller or waterjet streams, it may be advantageous to have the propulsion system remain engaged in the forward direction while providing other mechanisms for redirecting the water flow to provide the desired maneuvers.
One example of a device that redirects or deflects a waterjet stream is a conventional “reversing bucket,” found on many waterjet propulsion marine vessels. A reversing bucket deflects water, and is hence also referred to herein as a “reversing deflector.” The reversing deflector generally comprises a deflector that is contoured to at least partially reverse a component of the flow direction of the waterjet stream from its original direction to an opposite direction. The reversing deflector is selectively placed in the waterjet stream (sometimes in only a portion of the waterjet stream) and acts to generate a backing thrust, or force in the backing direction.
A reversing deflector may thus be partially deployed, placing it only partially in the waterjet stream, to generate a variable amount of backing thrust. By so controlling the reversing deflector and the waterjet stream, an operator of a marine vessel may control the forward and backwards direction and speed of the vessel. A requirement for safe and useful operation of marine vessels is the ability to steer the vessel from side to side. Some systems, commonly used with propeller-driven vessels, employ “rudders” for this purpose.
Other systems for steering marine vessels, commonly used in waterjet-propelled vessels, rotate the exit or discharge nozzle of the waterjet stream from one side to another. Such a nozzle is sometimes referred to as a “steering nozzle.” Hydraulic actuators may be used to rotate an articulated steering nozzle so that the aft end of the marine vessel experiences a sideways thrust in addition to any forward or backing force of the waterjet stream. The reaction of the marine vessel to the side-to-side movement of the steering nozzle will be in accordance with the laws of motion and conservation of momentum principles, and will depend on the dynamics of the marine vessel design.
Despite the proliferation of the above-mentioned systems, some maneuvers remain difficult to perform in a marine vessel. These include “trimming” the vessel, docking and other maneuvers in which vertical and lateral forces are provided.
It should be understood that while particular control surfaces are primarily designed to provide force or motion in a particular direction, these surfaces often also provide forces in other directions as well. For example, a reversing deflector, which is primarily intended to develop thrust in the backing direction, generally develops some component of thrust or force in another direction such as along a minor axis of the vessel. One reason for this, in the case of reversing deflectors, is that, to completely reverse the flow of water from the waterjet stream, (i.e., reversing the waterjet stream by 180°) would generally send the deflected water towards the aft surface of the vessel's hull, sometimes known as the transom. If this were to happen, little or no backing thrust would be developed, as the intended thrust in the backing direction developed by the reversing deflector would be counteracted by a corresponding forward thrust resulting from the collision of the deflected water with the rear of the vessel or its transom. Hence, reversing deflectors often redirect the waterjet stream in a direction that is at an angle which allows for development of backing thrust, but at the same time flows around or beneath the hull of the marine vessel. In fact, sometimes it is possible that a reversing deflector delivers the deflected water stream in a direction which is greater than 45° (but less than 90°) from the forward direction.
Nonetheless, those skilled in the art appreciate that certain control surfaces and control and steering devices such as reversing deflectors have a primary purpose to develop force or thrust along a particular axis. In the case of a reversing deflector, it is the backing direction in which thrust is desired.
Similarly, a rudder is intended to develop force primarily in a side-to-side or athwart ships direction, even if collateral forces are developed in other directions. Thus, net force should be viewed as a vector sum process, where net or resultant force is generally the goal, and other smaller components thereof may be generated in other directions at the same time.
“Trimming” force is a force that is substantially along a vertical axis 22 of the vessel. This force acts to raise 23 or lower 24 the marine vessel, or parts thereof, along the vertical axis 22. Upwards trim force is developed by deflecting water from a waterjet stream in a downward direction, and conversely, downward trim is developed by deflecting at least a portion of the waterjet stream upwards. The various directions and axes described herein will be illustrated in more detail in the Detailed Description section below.
Steering and trimming control surfaces generally do not develop any backing thrust. Steering and trimming surfaces, such as rudders, trim tabs and interceptors provide forces along minor axes of a marine vessel and generally do not redirect any appreciable portion of a waterjet stream in a direction less than 90° from the forward direction. Thus, these trimming and steering surfaces do not develop any significant backing thrust. Accordingly, steering and trimming control surfaces should not be confused with a reversing deflector, as reversing deflectors do provide a deflection of a waterjet stream with enough forward deflection (having a component traveling in a direction less than 90° from the forward direction) to provide backing thrust.
Marine vessel control systems work in conjunction with the vessel propulsion systems to provide control over the motion of the vessel. To accomplish this, control input signals are used that direct and control the vessel control systems. Control input devices are designed according to the application at hand, and depending on other considerations such as cost and utility.
One control input device that can be used in marine vessel control applications is a control stick or “joystick,” which has become a familiar part of many gaming apparatus. A control stick generally comprises at least two distinct degrees of freedom, each providing a corresponding electrical signal. For example, as illustrated in
To date, most control systems remain unwieldy and require highly-skilled operation to achieve a satisfactory and safe result. Controlling a marine vessel typically requires simultaneous movement of several control input devices to control the various propulsion and control apparatus that move the vessel. The resulting movement of marine vessels is usually awkward and slow, and lacks an intuitive interface to its operator.
Even present systems employing advanced control input devices, such as control sticks, are not very intuitive. An operator needs to move the control sticks of present systems in a way that provides a one-to-one correspondence between the direction of movement of the control stick and the movement of a particular control actuator.
Examples of systems that employ control systems to control marine vessels include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,234,100 and 6,386,930, in which a number of vessel control and propulsion devices are controlled to achieve various vessel maneuvers. Also, the Servo Commander system, by Styr-Kontroll Teknik Corporation, comprises a joystick-operated vessel control system that controls propulsion and steering devices on waterjet-driven vessels.
These and other present systems have, at best, collapsed the use of several independent control input devices (e.g., helm, throttle) into one device (e.g., control stick) having an equivalent number of degrees of freedom as the input devices it replaced.
Accordingly, there is a need for improved control systems in marine vessels. In vessels propelled by waterjets, it is useful to have a more intuitive and less cumbersome control input apparatus that can be used for underway as well as docking and other maneuvers. One aspect of the invention allows for a more direct way of moving a vessel according to a movement of a control stick in an intuitive manner whereby a single movement of the control stick in a single direction provides a plurality of control signals that are delivered to a plurality of control actuators such that the vessel translates in response to the movement of the control stick.
Another aspect of the invention comprises algorithms for controlling the major vessel control actuators (e.g., engine RPM, reversing buckets, bow thruster and waterjet nozzle positions) based on control signals from a control stick to provide vessel movement corresponding to the control stick movement, such that an operator can selectively move the vessel along one axis without movement along another axis. Accordingly:
One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method for controlling a marine vessel having at least two of a steering nozzle, a reversing bucket and a bow thruster, comprising receiving a vessel control signal from a vessel control apparatus, the vessel control signal corresponding to a movement of the control apparatus along at least one degree of freedom; and generating at least a first actuator control signal and a second actuator control signal corresponding to the vessel control signal; wherein the first actuator control signal is coupled to and controls one of the steering nozzle, the reversing bucket and the bow thruster, and the second actuator control signal is coupled to and controls a different one of the steering nozzle, the reversing bucket and the bow thruster.
Another embodiment is directed to a system for controlling a marine vessel having at least two of a steering nozzle, a reversing bucket and a bow thruster, comprising a vessel control apparatus having at least one degree of freedom and providing a vessel control signal corresponding to a movement of the control apparatus along the at least one degree of freedom; and a processor that receives the vessel control signal and provides at least a first actuator control signal and a second actuator control signal, corresponding to the vessel control signal; wherein the first actuator control signal is coupled to and controls one of the steering nozzle, the reversing bucket and the bow thruster, and the second actuator control signal is coupled to and controls a different one the steering nozzle, the reversing bucket and the bow thruster.
Another embodiment is directed to a system for controlling a marine vessel having three of a water jet propulsor, a steering nozzle, a reversing bucket and a bow thruster, comprising a vessel control apparatus which provides at least one vessel control signal corresponding to a movement of the control apparatus along at least one degree of freedom; and a processor that receives the vessel control signal and provides at least a first, second, and third actuator control signals, corresponding to the vessel control signal; wherein the first actuator control signal is coupled to and controls a first actuator which controls one of the water jet propulsor, the steering nozzle, the reversing bucket and the bow thruster, the second actuator control signal is coupled to and controls a second actuator which controls a second, different, one of the water jet propulsor, the steering nozzle, the reversing bucket and the bow thruster and the third actuator control signal is coupled to and controls a third actuator which controls a third, different, one of the water jet propulsor, the steering nozzle, the reversing bucket and the bow thruster.
Still another embodiment is directed to a system for controlling a marine vessel having at least two sets of: at least two steering nozzles, at least two water jet propulsors and at least two reversing buckets, comprising a vessel control apparatus which provides at least one vessel control signal corresponding to a movement of the control apparatus along at least one degree of freedom; and a processor which receives the vessel control signal and provides at least a first set of actuator control signals and a second set of actuator control signals, the first and second sets of actuator control signals corresponding to the vessel control signal; wherein the first set of actuator control signals is coupled to and controls a first set of the at least two steering nozzles, the at least two water jet propulsors and the at least two reversing buckets, the second set of actuator control signals is coupled to and controls a different set of the at least two steering nozzles, the at least two water jet propulsors and the at least two reversing buckets.
Yet another embodiment is directed to a marine vessel control system, comprising a vessel control apparatus that provides a vessel control signal corresponding to movement of the vessel control apparatus along at least one degree of freedom; and a processor that receives the vessel control signal and provides at least a first actuator control signal and a second actuator control signal; wherein the first actuator control signal is coupled to and controls one of a water jet propulsor, a steering nozzle, a reversing bucket and a bow thruster, and wherein the second actuator control signal is coupled to and controls a different one of the water jet propulsor, the steering nozzle, the reversing bucket and the bow thruster to move the vessel primarily in a direction corresponding to the movement of the vessel control apparatus.
Still another embodiment is directed to a method for controlling a marine vessel having a first steering nozzle, a reversing deflector and one of a bow thruster and a second steering nozzle. The method comprises receiving a first vessel control signal comprising at least one of a transverse thrust component, a forward-reverse thrust component and a rotational thrust component, generating at least a first actuator control signal and a second actuator control signal in response to the first vessel control signal, coupling the first actuator control signal to and controlling the first steering nozzle, and coupling the second actuator control signal to and controlling one of the second steering nozzle, the reversing deflector, and the bow thruster. This embodiment comprises inducing a net transverse thrust to the marine vessel in response to the transverse thrust component without substantially inducing any forward-reverse thrust or rotational thrust to the marine vessel, or inducing a net forward-reverse thrust to the marine vessel in response to the forward-reverse thrust component without substantially inducing any transverse thrust or rotational thrust to the marine vessel, or inducing a net rotational thrust to the marine vessel in response to the rotational thrust component without substantially inducing any forward-reverse thrust or transverse thrust to the marine vessel.
Another embodiment is directed to a system for controlling a marine vessel having a first steering nozzle, a reversing deflector and one of a bow thruster and a second steering nozzle, comprising processor that is configured to receive a first vessel control signal comprising at least one of a transverse thrust component, a forward-reverse thrust component and a rotational thrust component and to provide at least a first actuator control signal and a second actuator control signal in response to the first vessel control signal. The first actuator control signal is coupled to and controls the first steering nozzle. The second actuator control signal is coupled to and controls one of the second steering nozzle, the reversing deflector, and the bow thruster. The processor is configured to provide the first actuator control signal and the second actuator control signal to induce any of a net transverse thrust to marine vessel in response to the transverse thrust component without substantially inducing any forward-reverse thrust or rotational thrust, to induce a net forward-reverse thrust to the marine vessel in response to the forward-reverse thrust component without substantially inducing any transverse thrust or rotational thrust, and to induce a net rotational thrust to the marine vessel in response to the rotational thrust component without substantially inducing any forward-reverse thrust or transverse thrust.
Another embodiment is directed to a marine vessel control apparatus, comprising a control stick having at least a first and a second degree of freedom; and a lockout device that prevents output of a control signal corresponding to at least one degree of freedom.
In view of the above discussion, and in view of other considerations relating to design and operation of marine vessels, it is desirable to have a marine vessel control system which can provide forces in a plurality of directions, such as a trimming force, and which can control thrust forces in a safe and efficient manner. Some aspects of the present invention generate or transfer force from a waterjet stream, initially flowing in a first direction, into one or more alternate directions. Other aspects provide controls for such systems.
Aspects of marine vessel propulsion, including trim control, are described further in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/213,829, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In addition, some or all aspects of the present invention apply to systems using equivalent or similar components and arrangements, such as outboard motors instead of jet propulsion systems and systems using various prime movers not specifically disclosed herein.
Prior to a detailed discussion of various embodiments of the present invention, it is useful to define certain terms that describe the geometry of a marine vessel and associated propulsion and control systems.
The axis perpendicular to the marine vessel's major axis 13 and nominally perpendicular to the surface of the water on which the marine vessel rests, is referred to herein as the vertical axis 22. The vector along the vertical axis 22 pointing away from the water and towards the sky defines an up direction 23, while the oppositely-directed vector along the vertical axis 22 pointing from the sky towards the water defines the down direction 24. It is to be appreciated that the axes and directions, e.g. the vertical axis 22 and the up and down directions 23 and 24, described herein are referenced to the marine vessel 10. In operation, the vessel 10 experiences motion relative to the water in which it travels. However, the present axes and directions are not intended to be referenced to Earth or the water surface.
The axis perpendicular to both the marine vessel's major axis 13 and a vertical axis 22 is referred to as an athwartships axis 25. The direction pointing to the left of the marine vessel with respect to the ahead direction is referred to as the port direction 26, while the opposite direction, pointing to the right of the vessel with respect to the forward direction 20 is referred to as the starboard direction 27. The athwartships axis 25 is also sometimes referred to as defining a “side-to-side” force, motion, or displacement. Note that the athwartships axis 25 and the vertical axis 22 are not unique, and that many axes parallel to said athwartships axis 22 and vertical axis 25 can be defined.
With this the three most commonly-referenced axes of a marine vessel have been defined. The marine vessel 10 may be moved forward or backwards along the major axes 13 in directions 20 and 21, respectively. This motion is usually a primary translational motion achieved by use of the vessels propulsion systems when traversing the water as described earlier. Other motions are possible, either by use of vessel control systems or due to external forces such as wind and water currents. Rotational motion of the marine vessel 10 about the athwartships axis 25 which alternately raises and lowers the bow 11 and stern 12 is referred to as pitch 40 of the vessel. Rotation of the marine vessel 10 about its major axis 13, alternately raising and lowering the port and starboard sides of the vessel is referred to as roll 41. Finally, rotation of the marine vessel 10 about the vertical axis 22 is referred to as yaw 42. An overall vertical displacement of the entire vessel 10 that moves the vessel up and down (e.g. due to waves) is called heave.
In waterjet propelled marine vessels a waterjet is typically discharged from the aft end of the vessel in the astern direction 21. The marine vessel 10 normally has a substantially planar bulkhead or portion of the hull at its aft end referred to as the vessel's transom 30. In some small craft an outboard propeller engine is mounted to the transom 30.
Referring to
The overall control system comprises electrical as well as hydraulic circuits that includes a hydraulic unit 141. The hydraulic unit 141 may comprise various components required to sense and deliver hydraulic pressure to various actuators. For example, the hydraulic unit 141 may comprise hydraulic fluid reservoir tanks, filters, valves and coolers. Hydraulic pumps 144P and 144S provide hydraulic fluid pressure and can be fixed or variable-displacement pumps. This aspect allows for a variable actuator rate of movement. Actuator control valve 140 delivers hydraulic fluid to and from the actuators, e.g. 152, to move the actuators. Actuator control valve 140 may be a proportional solenoid valve that moves in proportion to a current or voltage provided to its solenoid to provide variable valve positioning. Return paths are provided for the hydraulic fluid returning from the actuators 152. Hydraulic lines, e.g. 146, provide the supply and return paths for movement of hydraulic fluid in the system. Of course, many configurations and substitutions may be carried out in designing and implementing specific vessel control systems, depending on the application, and that described in regard to the present embodiments is only illustrative.
The operation of the electro-hydraulic vessel control system of
The movement of one or more of the vessel control apparatus generates an electrical vessel control signal. The vessel control signal is generated in any one of many known ways, such as by translating a mechanical movement of a wheel or lever into a corresponding electrical signal through a potentiometer. Digital techniques as well as analog techniques are available for providing the vessel control signal and are within the scope of this disclosure.
The vessel control signal is delivered to a control processor unit 130 which comprises at least one processor adapted for generating a plurality of actuator control signals from the vessel control signal. The electrical lines 132 are input lines carrying vessel control signals from the respective vessel control apparatus 100, 110 and 120. The control processor unit 130 may also comprise a storage member that stores information using any suitable technology. For example, a data table holding data corresponding to equipment calibration parameters and set points can be stored in a magnetic, electrostatic, optical, or any other type of unit within the control processor unit 130.
Other input signals and output signals of the control processor unit 130 include output lines 136, which carry control signals to control electrically-controlled actuator control valve 140. Also, control processor unit 130 receives input signals on lines 134 from any signals of the control system to indicate a position or status of that part. These input signals may be used as a feedback in some embodiments that enhance the operation of the system or that provides an indication to the operator or another system indicative of the position or status of that part.
The fact that the steering nozzle 3102 is articulated to move side-to-side will be explained below, but this nozzle 3102 may also be fixed or have another configuration as used in various applications. The waterjet stream exiting the steering nozzle 3102 is designated as 3101A.
Other embodiments of a reversing deflector and trim deflector for a waterjet propulsion system are illustrated in commonly-owned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/213,829, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The apparatus for moving the integral reversing deflector and trim deflector comprises a hydraulic actuator 3106, comprising a hydraulic cylinder 3106A in which travels a piston and a shaft 3106B attached to a pivoting clevis 3106C. Shaft 3106B slides in and out of cylinder 3106A, causing a corresponding raising or lowering of the integral reversing deflector and trim deflector apparatus 3700, respectively.
It can be appreciated from
Similarly, if the combined reversing deflector and trim deflector apparatus 3700 is rotated upwards about pivot 3130 (counter clockwise in
However, it is to be understood that various modifications to the arrangement, shape and geometry, the angle of attachment of the reversing deflector 3104 and the trim deflector 3120 and the size of the reversing deflector 3104 and trim deflector 3120 are possible, as described for example in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/213,829. It is also to be appreciated that although such arrangements are not expressly described herein for all embodiments, but that such modifications are nonetheless intended to be within the scope of this disclosure.
Steering nozzle 3102 is illustrated in
One output signal of the control processor unit 130 is provided, on line 141A, to a reversing bucket proportional solenoid valve 140A. The bucket proportional solenoid valve 140A has coils, indicated by “a” and “b” that control the hydraulic valve ports to move fluid through hydraulic lines 147A to and from reversing bucket actuator 152. The reversing bucket actuator 152 can retract or extend to move the reversing bucket 154 up or down to appropriately redirect the waterjet stream and provide forward or reversing thrust.
Another output of the control processor unit 130, on line 141B, is provided to the nozzle proportional valve 140B. The nozzle proportional valve 140B has coils, indicated by “a” and “b” that control the hydraulic valve ports to move fluid through hydraulic lines 147B to and from nozzle actuator 153. The nozzle actuator 153 can retract or extend to move the nozzle 158 from side to side control the waterjet stream and provide a turning force.
Additionally, an output on line 203 of the control processor unit 130 provides an actuator control signal to control a prime mover, or engine 202. As stated earlier, an actuator may be any device or element able to actuate or set an actuated device. Here the engine's rotation speed (RPM) or another aspect of engine power or throughput may be so controlled using a throttle device, which may comprise any of a mechanical, e.g. hydraulic, pneumatic, or electrical device, or combinations thereof.
Also, a bow thruster 200 (sometimes referred to merely as a “thruster”) is controlled by actuator control signal provided on output line 201 by the control processor unit 130. The actuator control signal on line 201 is provided to a bow thruster actuator to control the bow thruster 200. Again, the bow thruster actuator may be of any suitable form to translate the actuator control signal on line 201 into a corresponding movement or action or state of the bow thruster 200. Examples of thruster actions include speed of rotation of an impeller and/or direction of rotation of the impeller.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the control system, an autopilot 138, as known to those skilled in the art, can provide a vessel control signal 137 to the control processor unit 130, which can be used to determine actuator control signals. For example, the autopilot 138 can be used to maintain a heading or a speed. It is to be appreciated that the autopilot 138 can also be integrated with the control processor unit 130 and that the control processor unit 130 can also be programmed to comprise the autopilot 138.
We now look at a more detailed view of the nature of the signals provided to and produced by the control processor unit 130.
Control stick 100 is a joystick-type vessel control apparatus, having two degrees of freedom (x and y) which provide corresponding output vessel control signals VCx and VCy. Each of the vessel control signals VCx and VCy can be split into more than one branch, e.g. VCx1, VCx2 and VCx3, depending on how many functions are to be carried out and how many actuators are to be controlled with each of the vessel control signals VCx and VCy.
The helm 120 is a vessel control apparatus and has one degree of freedom and produces a vessel control signal VCh corresponding to motion of the helm wheel along a rotary degree of freedom (clockwise or counter-clockwise).
Throttle control 110 is a vessel control apparatus and has one degree of freedom and produces a vessel control signal VCt corresponding to motion of the throttle control 110 along a linear degree of freedom.
According to one aspect of the invention, each vessel control signal is provided to the control processor unit 130 and is used to produce at least one corresponding actuator control signal. Sometimes more than one vessel control signal are processed by control processor unit 130 to produce an actuator control signal.
According to the embodiment illustrated in
Processor module 130A may be one of several processing modules that comprise the control processor unit 130. Many other functions, such as incorporation of a feedback signal from one or more actuators can be performed by the processors 130, 130A as well. The signals shown to exit the processor module 130A are only illustrative and may be included with other signals to be processed in some way prior to delivery to an actuator. Note that in some embodiments of the processor module 130A there is no difference, or substantially no difference, between the vessel control signal VCx and the associated vessel control branch signals (e.g., VCx1, VCx2 and VCx3), and they will all be generally referred to herein as vessel control signals. One of skill in the art would envision that the exact signals input into the function modules of a control processor unit can be taken directly from the corresponding vessel control apparatus, or could be pre-processed in some way, for example by scaling through an amplifier or by converting to or from any of a digital signal and an analog signal using a digital-to-analog or an analog-to-digital converter.
While various embodiments described herein present particular implementations of the control processor unit 130 and the various associated modules which functionally convert input vessel control signals to actuator control signal outputs, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to these illustrative embodiments. For example, the modules and control processor unit 130 may be implemented as a processor comprising semiconductor hardware logic which executes stored software instructions. Also, the processor and modules may be implemented in specialty (application specific) integrated circuits ASICs, which may be constructed on a semiconductor chip. Furthermore, these systems may be implemented in hardware and/or software which carries out a programmed set of instructions as known to those skilled in the art.
The waterjet prime mover (engine) RPM is controlled in the following way. Vessel control branch signal VCx2, which is substantially equal to the vessel control signal VCx is provided to engine RPM module 181 that is adapted for calculating a signal AC21. In addition, vessel control signal VCy is used to obtain vessel control branch signal VCy1 that is provided to engine RPM module 183, which determines and provides an output signal AC22. Further, throttle control apparatus 110, provides vessel control signal VCt, that is provided to engine RPM module 186 that determines and provides an output signal AC23. The three signals AC21, AC22 and AC23 are provided to a selector 170 that selects the highest of the three signals. The highest of AC21, AC22 and AC23 is provided as the actuator control signal AC2 that controls the engine RPM. It is to be appreciated that, although engine RPM modules 181, 183 and 186 have been illustrated as separate modules, they can be implemented as one module programmed to perform all three functions, such as a processor programmed according to the three illustrated functions.
It should also be pointed out that the system described above is only exemplary. Other techniques for selecting or calculating actuator control signal AC2 are possible. For example, it is also possible to determine averages or weighted averages of input signals, or use other or additional input signals, such as feedback signals to produce AC2. It is also to be appreciated that, depending on the desired vessel dynamics and vessel design, other function modules and selectors may be implemented within control processor unit 130 as well.
As mentioned above, control stick 100 produces vessel control signal VCy when the control stick 100 is moved along the y-direction degree of freedom as previously mentioned. According to another aspect of this embodiment, reversing bucket position module 184 receives vessel control signal VCy and calculates the actuator control signal AC3. The signal AC3 is provided to the reversing bucket actuator (not shown). Signal AC3 may be an input to a closed-loop position control circuit wherein signal AC3 corresponds to a position of the reversing bucket actuator, provided directly or indirectly, to cause the reversing bucket to be raised and lowered, as described earlier. Reference is made to
According to another aspect of the invention, input signals are taken from each of the control stick 100 and the helm 120 to operate and control the position of the waterjet nozzle (not shown). Vessel control signals VCx3 and VCh are provided to nozzle position modules 182 and 186, which generate signals AC41 and AC42 respectively. The signals AC41 and AC42 are summed in a summing module 172 to produce the nozzle position actuator control signal AC4. Note that the summing module 172 can be replaced with an equivalent or other function, depending on the application.
The previous discussion has illustrated that algorithms can be implemented within the control processor unit 130, and are in some embodiments carried out using function modules. This description is conceptual and should be interpreted generally, as those skilled in the art recognize the possibility of implementing such a processing unit in a number of ways. These include implementation using a digital microprocessor that receives the input vessel control signals or vessel control branch signals and performs a calculation using the vessel control signals to produce the corresponding output signals or actuator control signals. Also, analog computers may be used which comprise circuit elements arranged to produce the desired outputs. Furthermore, look-up tables containing any or all of the relevant data points may be stored in any fashion to provide the desired output corresponding to an input signal.
Key data points on the plots of the various functions relating the inputs and outputs of the function modules are indicated with various symbols, e.g. solid circles, plus signs and circles containing plus signs. These represent different modes of calibration and setting up of the functions and will be explained below.
Specific examples of the algorithms for generating the previously-described actuator control signals for single-waterjet vessels are given in
It is to be appreciated that the bow thruster 200 can be implemented in a number of ways. The bow thruster 200 can be of variable speed and direction or can be of constant speed and variable direction. The bow thruster 200 may also be an electrically-driven propulsor whose speed and direction of rotation are controlled by a signal which is proportional to or equal to actuator control signal AC1. The precise form of this function is determined by preset configuration points typically set at the factory
The figure also shows that, according to this embodiment of the module 181, moving the control stick 100 to its full port or full starboard position generates the respective relative maximum engine RPM actuator control signal AC21. While the figure shows the port and starboard signals as symmetrical, they may be asymmetrical to some extent if dictated by some design or operational constraint that so makes the vessel or its auxiliary equipment or load asymmetrical with respect to the x-axis. The precise form of this function is determined by preset configuration points typically set at the factory or upon installation.
In some embodiments, key points used in the plurality of functional modules are either pre-programmed at manufacture, or are selected and stored based on a dock-side or underway calibration procedure. In other embodiments, the key points may be used as parameters in computing the functional relationships, e.g. using polynomials with coefficients, or are the end-points of a line segment which are used to interpolate and determine the appropriate function output.
According to this embodiment of the control system, single waterjet vessel control is provided, as illustrated in
Similarly, according to some control maneuvers, by placing the helm 120 in the straight ahead position while the control stick 100 is in the full ahead position, the vessel moves ahead in a straight line at high engine RPM with the reversing bucket 154 raised and the nozzle in the centered position. Helm 120 motion to starboard is also illustrated and is analogous to that as its motion to port and will not be described for the sake of brevity.
According to some maneuvers, by placing the helm 120 in the straight ahead position no motion of the vessel results. That is, no turning occurs, and the forward and backing thrusts are balanced by having the engine at low RPM and the reversing bucket 154 substantially in a neutral position. The reversed waterjet portion is split between the left and the right directions and results in no net force athwartships. Thus, no vessel movement occurs. Helm 120 motion to starboard is also illustrated and is analogous to that of port motion and is not described for the sake of brevity.
Similarly, the helm 120 can be placed in the straight ahead position, which results in the nozzle being to the right and the reversing bucket 154 in a middle (neutral) position. The bow thruster 200 also thrusts to port (by ejecting water to starboard). The net lateral thrust developed by the bow thruster 200 and that developed laterally by the waterjet are equal, so that the vessel translates purely to the left without turning about a vertical axis.
Similarly, according to some control modules, by placing the helm 120 in the straight ahead position, the reversing bucket 154 remains fully lowered but the nozzle is in the neutral position, so the reversing bucket deflects equal amounts of water to the right and to the left because the nozzle is centered. The bow thruster 200 remains off. Thus, the vessel moves straight back without turning or rotating. Helm 120 motion to starboard is also illustrated and is analogous to that for motion to port and thus will not be described herein.
It should be appreciated that the above examples of vessel movement are “compound movements” that in many cases use the cooperative movement of more than one device (e.g., propulsors, nozzles, thrusters, deflectors, reversing buckets) of different types. It is clear, e.g. from
It should also be appreciated that in some embodiments the overall movement of the vessel is in close and intuitive correspondence to the movement of the vessel control apparatus that causes the vessel movement. Some embodiments of the present invention can be especially useful in maneuvers like docking.
It should be further appreciated that the algorithms, examples of which were given above for the vessel having a single waterjet propulsor, can be modified to achieve specific final results. Also, the algorithms can use key model points from which the response of the function modules can be calculated. These key model points may be pre-assigned and pre-programmed into a memory on the control processor unit 130 or may be collected from actual use or by performing dock-side or underway calibration tests, as will be described below.
As mentioned previously and as illustrated, e.g., in
The following description is for marine vessels having two propulsors, and can be generalized to more than two propulsors, including configurations that have different types of propulsors, such as variable-pitch propellers or other waterjet drives.
Control stick 100 has two degrees of freedom, x and y, and produces two corresponding vessel control signals 1000 and 1020, respectively. The vessel control signals 1000 and 1020 are taken to several function modules through branch signals as discussed earlier with regard to
The x-axis vessel control signal 1000 provides an input to each of six function modules: function module 1700, which calculates a signal 1010, used in controlling the port reversing bucket position actuator; function module 1701, which calculates a signal 1011, used in controlling the port engine RPM actuator; function module 1702, which calculates a signal 1012, used in controlling the port nozzle position actuator; function module 1703, which calculates a signal 1013, used in controlling the starboard reversing bucket position actuator; function module 1704, which calculates a signal 1014, used in controlling the starboard engine RPM actuator; and function module 1705, which calculates a signal 1015, used in controlling the starboard nozzle position actuator.
Note that some of the signals output from the function modules are the actuator control signals themselves, while others are used as inputs combined with additional inputs to determine the actual actuator control signals. For example, the port and starboard engine RPM actuators receive a highest input signal from a plurality of input signals provided to selector modules 1140, 1141, as an actuator control signal for that engine RPM actuator.
The y-axis vessel control signal 1020 provides an input to each of four function modules: function module 1706, which calculates a signal 1016, used in controlling the port engine RPM actuator; function module 1707, which calculates a signal 1017, used in controlling the port reversing bucket position actuator; function module 1708, which calculates a signal 1018, used in controlling the starboard engine RPM actuator; and function module 1709, which calculates a signal 1019, used in controlling the starboard reversing bucket position actuator.
Helm vessel control apparatus 120 delivers a vessel control signal to each of two function modules: function module 1710, which calculates a signal 1020, used in controlling the port nozzle position actuator and function module 1711, which calculates a signal 1021, used in controlling the starboard nozzle position actuator.
Two separate throttle control apparatus are provided in the present embodiment. A port throttle controller 110P, which provides a vessel control signal 1040 as an input to function module 1712. Function module 1712 calculates an output signal 1022, based on the vessel control signal 1040, that controls the engine RPM of the port propulsor. Similarly, a starboard throttle controller 110S, provides a vessel control signal 1041 as an input to function module 1713. Function module 1713 calculates an output signal 1023, based on the vessel control signal 1041, that controls the engine RPM of the starboard propulsor.
As mentioned before, more than one intermediate signal from the function modules or elsewhere can be used in combination to obtain the signal that actually controls an actuator. Here, a selector module 1140 selects a highest of three input signals, 1011, 1016 and 1022 to obtain the port engine RPM actuator control signal 1050. A similar selector module 1141 selects a highest of three input signals, 1014, 1018 and 1023 to obtain the starboard engine RPM actuator control signal 1051.
Additionally, a summation module 1142 sums the two input signals 1010 and 1017 to obtain the port reversing bucket position actuator control signal 1052. Another summation module 1143 sums the two input signals 1013 and 1019 to obtain the starboard reversing bucket position actuator control signal 1053. Yet another summation module 1144 sums the two input signals 1012 and 1020 to obtain the port nozzle position actuator control signal 1054, and summation module 1145 sums the two input signals 1015 and 1021 to obtain the starboard nozzle position actuator control signal 1055.
As described previously, the x-axis degree of freedom of the control stick 100 is used to place the port reversing bucket approximately at the neutral position, and motion to starboard will raise the bucket and motion to port will lower the bucket (
Port engine RPM is lowest (idling) when the control stick 100 x-axis position is about centered. Port engine RPM is raised to higher levels when the control stick 100 is moved along the x-axis degree of freedom (
Movement of the helm 120 in the clockwise direction results in vessel movement to starboard. Movement of the helm 120 in the counter-clockwise direction results in vessel movement to port. The functional relationships of
As in the case for the single propulsor vessel, we see that vessel motion is in accordance with the movement of the vessel control apparatus. Thus, one advantage of the control system of the invention is that it provides a more intuitive approach to vessel control that can be useful for complex maneuvers such as docking. It is, of course, to be appreciated that the dynamics of vessel movement can vary widely depending on the equipment used and design of the vessel. For example, we have seen how a single-propulsor vessel and a dual-propulsor vessel use different actuator control signals to achieve a similar vessel movement. One aspect of the present invention is that it permits, in some embodiments, for designing and implementing vessel control systems for a large variety of marine vessels. In some embodiments, adapting the control system for another vessel can be done simply by re-programming the algorithms implemented by the above-described function modules and/or re-calibration of the key points on the above-described curves, that determine the functional relationship between a vessel control signal and an actuator control signal.
One aspect of marine vessel operation and control that may cause differences in vessel response is the design and use of the reversing buckets. Two types of reversing buckets are in use with many waterjet-propelled vessels: an “integral” design, which rotates laterally with a steering nozzle to which it is coupled, and a “laterally-fixed” design, which does not rotate laterally with the steering nozzle, and remain fixed as the steering nozzle rotates. Both integral and laterally-fixed designs can be dropped or raised to achieve the reversing action necessary to develop forward, neutral or backing thrust, but their effect on vessel turning and lateral thrusts is different.
The control system of the present invention can be used for both types of reversing buckets, as well as others, and can be especially useful for controlling vessels that have the laterally-fixed type of reversing buckets, which have traditionally been more challenging to control in an intuitive manner, as will be explained below. The following discussion will illustrate the two types of reversing buckets mentioned above, and show how their response differs. The following discussion also illustrates how to implement the present control system and method with the different types of reversing buckets.
Several exemplary modes of operation of the combined reversing bucket and steering nozzle are illustrated in
Several exemplary modes of operation of the laterally-fixed reversing bucket 5A and steering nozzle 6A are illustrated in
One thing that is apparent from comparing the integral and the laterally-fixed types of reversing buckets is that the lateral component of thrust due to the reversed component of the waterjet in the integral type reversing bucket is in a direction substantially reflected about the vessel's major axis (centerline) compared to the same thrust component developed by using a laterally-fixed reversing bucket. In other words, the resultant thrust for the integral reversing bucket 5 will be to the port side of the vessel, whereas the resultant thrust with the laterally-fixed reversing bucket 5A will be to the starboard side of the vessel.
According to some aspects of the present invention, problems related to the use of laterally-fixed reversing buckets in some embodiments can be overcome. The primary problem with respect to controlling waterjets with laterally-fixed reversing buckets is predicting the overall effect of variable amounts of reverse thrust. This is a significant problem, as the reversing component is not only deflected substantially out of line with steering nozzle angle but at varying degrees with respect to nozzle position. Through the use of specially designed algorithms and simplified calibration methods, the present invention can anticipate and correct for such discrepancies and result in smooth, intuitive operation of the control system. This of course does not limit the scope of the present invention, and it is useful for many types of reversing buckets.
In some embodiments, the marine vessel may have coupled steering nozzles or propulsor apparatus. For example, it is possible to use two steering nozzles that are mechanically-coupled to one another and rotate in unison by installing a cross-bar that links the two steering nozzles and causes them to rotate together. A single actuator or set of actuators may be used to rotate both steering nozzles in this embodiment. Alternatively, the steering nozzles may be linked electrically through use of shared actuator control signals. It is possible to split an actuator control signal so that separate actuators controlling each steering nozzle are made to develop the same or similar movements.
Traditionally, systems which use two or more coupled steering nozzles experienced a reduction in overall maneuverability, as the nozzles cannot be independently controlled or rotated. However, the control system and techniques described herein allow for full motion and maneuverability because extra degrees of freedom and combinations of control gestures and maneuvers are made possible through the individualized movements of all vessel control devices according to set algorithms. One maneuver that is not possible using traditional controls in vessels with integral reversing buckets and coupled steering nozzles that can be performed using the present control system with a laterally-fixed reversing bucket system is a purely lateral translation of the vessel.
In addition to being able to move in the degrees of freedom already described, the control stick 100 also has a locking mechanism that locks out movement in one or more of the degrees of freedom. For example, it is illustrated that by turning a first part of a locking device (cam plunger 119A), mounted on support member 118, the cam plunger 119A may descend into a corresponding second part of the locking device (locking drum 119B) so that the control stick 100 is prevented from moving along the x-axis but can still move along the y-axis.
It is to be appreciated that many electrical and mechanical embodiments can provide the same functionality or its equivalent. Several types of pin-and-hole arrangements and locking screws could also be used. In addition, the locking device may comprise an electrical interlock that when activated opens an electrical switch that prevents vessel control signals from the affected degree of freedom from being provided by the vessel control devices and/or received by the respective actuators. Said switch may be directly actuated by, e.g. pressing an interlock button, or may be indirectly actuated by use of an electrical relay.
Such interlocks may be useful in applications where one mode of operation and control of the vessel involves use of both the x and the y degrees of freedom (e.g., during docking maneuvers) while another mode of operation (e.g., open water cruising) does not require one of the degrees of freedom (e.g., the x-axis). This can be used, for example, prevent accidental actuation of controls such as reversing buckets and nozzles while operating at high speeds.
Another aspect of the invention relates to the way in which the control system interfaces to testing and calibration equipment. In some embodiments, troubleshooting and calibration of the control system can be accomplished using hand-held inexpensive interrogation and calibration equipment. Traditionally, bulky and expensive equipment, comprising a computer or an ASCII terminal, was interfaced through proprietary connections to the control system. A skilled technician would perform routine maintenance and calibration procedures because they required specialized equipment and knowledge. By contrast, the present invention uses flexible and modular components, such as the above-described functional elements and modules of the control processor unit 130, that can be tested, programmed and re-adjusted more easily using standard computers or even handheld personal digital assistants (PDAs). As discussed above, in one embodiment of the control system, the conversion of vessel control signals from vessel control devices to actuator control signals is done in software executing on a control processor unit 130. Standard connections, including serial and universal serial bus (USB), as well as infra-red connections between the control system and the interrogating device can be used, and those skilled in the art will understand the details of implementing such coupling.
The present invention provides, in some embodiments, three levels of configuration/calibration: 1) Set at factory or installation 2) Set dockside 3) Set under maneuvering conditions.
Some configuration parameters such as engine idle and maximum RPM can be preprogrammed at the factory or during installation. Other parameters such as extreme actuator points will vary from application to application. These points can be calibrated quickly and efficiently by performing an automatic calibration routine with the vessel at the dock. During dockside calibration, all actuators are automatically moved by the controller to sense the extreme positions, and the control stick, helm and throttles are manually moved from one extreme to the other such that the controller can sense the extreme positions of each devise. The third level of calibration is applied to maneuvering parameters designated with a cross inside of a circle in
This procedure can compensate for individual aspects of a marine vessel, as each vessel could be unique in its configuration, options, or equipment installed therein following delivery from the factory. Additionally, the procedure described above can be performed periodically to adjust for changing parameters that change over a vessel's lifetime. Also, if new equipment, e.g. fishing rigs, batteries, or other cargo causes the vessel to deviate from its ideal control characteristics, then the control system can be so re-calibrated to accommodate these changes.
According to some embodiments, by employing electrical control signals in the electrical portion of the control system, it is possible to minimize hazards and cost associated with hydraulic and mechanical controllers and components. Electrical wiring and components may be generally produced at a lower cost than hydraulic components and control apparatus that have to reliably bear high hydraulic system pressures. Furthermore, hydraulic pressure surges or shocks associated with, e.g., hydraulic helm systems are avoided by using electrical vessel control apparatus as described herein.
One aspect of the present invention permits increased reliability of the electrical components of the control system by using appropriate signal protection techniques. In some embodiments of the present invention the inputs and outputs of the function modules or other components are electrically isolated using inexpensive optical couplers. This way, signals are allowed to pass through the optical couplers but electrical faults will be prevented from propagating through the system. This can be especially useful in marine applications, where water is always a hazard to electrical wiring and components because of its ability to cause short circuits in the control system. Of course, other isolation techniques are known, and one skilled in the art would appreciate the need to package and install the present control system such that any adverse effects of sea water leakage into the electrical components are minimized.
The concepts presented herein may be extended to systems having any number of control surface actuators and propulsors and are not limited to the embodiments presented herein. Modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art and are meant to be encompassed by the scope of the present description and accompanying claims. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the range of equivalents and understanding of the invention.
This application is a divisional of and also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §§120 and 121 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/748,997, which was filed on May 15, 2007, which is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/343,123, which was filed on Jan. 30, 2006 and issued on May 15, 2007 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,216,599, which is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/261,048, which was filed on Sep. 30, 2002 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,037,150 on May 2, 2006, which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/213,829, which was filed on Aug. 6, 2002 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,052,338 on May 30, 2006, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/261,048 is also a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to International patent application No. PCT/US02/25103, also filed on Aug. 6, 2002 and which designates the United States of America. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/261,048 also claims priority, under 35 U.S.C. §119(e), to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/325,584, which was filed on Sep. 28, 2001. Each of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/213,829 and PCT/US02/25103 claim priority 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/310,554 which was filed on Aug. 6, 2001. Each of the above-identified applications is herein incorporated by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 11748997 | May 2007 | US |
| Child | 12398153 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11343123 | Jan 2006 | US |
| Child | 11748997 | US | |
| Parent | 10261048 | Sep 2002 | US |
| Child | 11343123 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10213829 | Aug 2002 | US |
| Child | 10261048 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/US02/25103 | Aug 2002 | US |
| Child | 10213829 | US |
