Patent Application
20110028332
An embodiment of the present invention relates to a marker for diagnosis of breast cancer, a method of testing for breast cancer, and a test kit for breast cancer. More specifically, an embodiment of the present invention relates to a marker for detecting the onset of breast cancer or an early stage (clinical stage 0) of breast cancer, the marker being composed of a micro-RNA that is found in serum or plasma, a method of testing for breast cancer, and a test kit for breast cancer.
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that is the most frequently found in females in many civilized countries, and the risk of such a malignant tumor progressing to invasive breast cancer still exceeds 10% for females of all ages (Non-Patent Document 1). This is partly attributed to the fact that cancer tissue cannot be detected by palpation or mammography examination until the cancer tissue grows to a certain size.
Hitherto, it has been believed that the onset and progression of cancers including breast cancer are caused by accumulation of multi-step mutations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Recently, it was found that so-called epigenetic mutations, such as DNA methylation and histone diacetylation, which do not involve mutations of the primary structure of genes also relate to the onset and progression of cancers.
It is becoming clear that abnormality of DNA methylation or histone modification is controlled by low-molecular-weight RNAs called micro-RNAs. It should be noted that a micro-RNA (hereinafter also referred to as “miRNA”) is a small non-coding RNA that is composed of 19 to 25 nucleotides and that is not translated as an amino acid sequence of proteins. It has been confirmed that a large number of miRNAs are present in living organisms including humans, and they are systematically and highly conserved (Non-Patent Documents 2 to 4). In particular, in humans, about 800 types of miRNAs have been discovered to date (Non-Patent Documents 5 to 10).
Regarding the relationship between a cancer and a miRNA, Calin et al. reported that frequent down-regulation of miR-15 and miR-16, which are miRNAs, occurs in lymphocytic leukemia (Non-Patent Document 11). Furthermore, recently, Michael et al. reported that the expression of miR-143 and miR-145, which are miRNAs, decreases in human colorectal cancer (Non-Patent Document 12).
However, these reports do not describe whether or not the decrease in the expression of the miRNAs affects clinical pathological characteristics of cancers, and there are many unknown points regarding the expression regulation mechanism and expression abnormality of micro-RNAs in cancers, and target genes of the micro-RNAs.
An embodiment of the present invention is to provide a marker which can detect the onset of breast cancer that cannot be detected by palpation or mammography examination and that is highly likely to be overlooked by existing pathological cell diagnosis or the presence of breast cancer cells even in an early stage (clinical stage 0) of breast cancer, and which is simple and has high reliability, the marker being composed of a micro-RNA that is present in serum or plasma; a test method; and a test kit.
The inventors of at least an embodiment of the present invention have conducted intensive studies in order to solve the above problem or a problem that existing diagnostic markers for detecting breast cancer have low accuracy in terms of diagnostic sensitivity (sensitivity) and specificity and thus diagnosis cannot be accurately performed. As a result, it was found that the level of a micro-RNA (α) that is present in serum or plasma of a subject is significantly reduced after the onset of breast cancer, the level of a micro-RNA (β) that is present in serum or plasma is constant regardless of the affection of breast cancer, and the micro-RNAs can be used as a marker with which the onset of breast cancer or an early stage (clinical stage 0) of breast cancer can be diagnosed on the basis of the dynamics of these micro-RNAs. This finding led to the completion of at least an embodiment of the present invention.
A marker of an embodiment of the present invention is a marker associated with breast cancer, and more specifically, (A) “a marker for detecting the onset of breast cancer or the early stage (clinical stage 0) of breast cancer” or a marker used as a prognostic factor of breast cancer, and is characterized by being (B) “a micro-RNA that is found in serum or plasma”. In other words, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method in which the (B) is used as the (A).
The micro-RNA is preferably a micro-RNA (α) that is present in the serum or the plasma at a significantly reduced level after the onset of breast cancer, or during or after an early stage (during or after clinical stage 0) of breast cancer compared with that before the onset of breast cancer or before the early stage (before clinical stage 0) of breast cancer. The micro-RNA is more preferably at least one micro-RNA (α) selected from the group consisting of hsa-miR-92a1, hsa-miR-92a2, hsa-miR-22, hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-601, hsa-miR-658, and hsa-miR-494.
In addition, the micro-RNA is preferably a combination of the micro-RNA (α) and a micro-RNA (β) that is present in the serum or the plasma at a constant level before and after the onset of breast cancer, or before, during, and after the early stage (before, during, and after clinical stage 0) of breast cancer. More preferably, the micro-RNA is a combination of the micro-RNA (α) and the micro-RNA (β), and a numerical value obtained by dividing the level of the micro-RNA (α) present in the serum or the plasma by the level of the micro-RNA (β) present in the serum or the plasma after the onset of breast cancer, or during or after the early stage (during or after clinical stage 0) of breast cancer is statistically significantly reduced compared with that before the onset of breast cancer or before the early stage (before clinical stage 0) of breast cancer.
The micro-RNA (β) is preferably at least one micro-RNA selected from the group consisting of hsa-miR-638, hsa-miR-630, and hsa-miR-572.
A method of testing for breast cancer of an embodiment of the present invention is characterized by including detecting the dynamics of a level of a micro-RNA that is present in serum or plasma derived from a subject and preferably includes (i) a step of comparing a numerical value obtained from a sample derived from a subject with a numerical value obtained from a sample derived from one or more healthy subjects or one or more breast cancer patients, each of the numerical values being obtained as a level of the micro-RNA (α) present in the serum or the plasma, to test whether or not there is a statistically significant difference between the numerical values, or (ii) a step of comparing a numerical value obtained from a sample derived from a subject with a numerical value obtained from a sample derived from one or more healthy subjects or one or more breast cancer patients, each of the numerical values being obtained as a normalized level of the micro-RNA (α) present in the serum or the plasma and determined by dividing a level of the micro-RNA (α) present in the serum or the plasma by a level of the micro-RNA (β) present in the serum or the plasma, to test whether or not there is a statistically significant difference between the numerical values. In particular, in steps (i) and (ii), the sample used as a comparison reference is more preferably a sample derived from one or more breast cancer patients.
Furthermore, a test kit for breast cancer of an embodiment of the present invention is characterized by including at least a reagent for measuring the micro-RNA functioning as the marker of the present invention.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, even the onset of breast cancer that cannot be detected by palpation or mammography examination and that is highly likely to be overlooked by existing pathological cell diagnosis or breast cancer in an early stage (clinical stage 0) can be easily tested by collecting the blood from a subject, and the difference between positivity and negativity is more significantly sensitive to that of existing breast cancer markers. Thus, an embodiment of the present invention can provide a marker, a test method, and a test kit which have high reliability. Furthermore, in the test of breast cancer, whether a subject is positive or negative can be determined by simply collecting the blood. This is preferable because the burden on the subject is low.
Embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings which are meant to be exemplary, not limiting, and wherein like elements are numbered alike in several Figures, in which:
Next, a marker, a method of testing for breast cancer, and a test kit for breast cancer of an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail.
A marker of an embodiment of the present invention is a marker associated with breast cancer and is characterized by being a micro-RNA that is found in serum or plasma.
As described below, the marker of an embodiment of the present invention may be a micro-RNA (α) alone or a combination of the micro-RNA (α) and a micro-RNA (β).
[Micro-RNA]
Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that do not code proteins, and it is believed that micro-RNAs relate to various biological phenomena such as development, differentiation, and proliferation. At least several hundred miRNA genes that code these small RNAs are present on the genome. First, an early miRNA having a length of several hundred to several thousand nucleotides is transcribed from the genes, and is then digested by a protein complex called a Microprocessor to produce a hairpin-shaped precursor miRNA composed of about 60 to 70 nucleotides. Subsequently, the precursor miRNA is moved from the nucleus to cytoplasm through exportin-5, and further digested by ribonuclease III called a Dicer to produce a mature miRNA dimer composed of 19 to 25 nucleotides. It is believed that the mature miRNA dimer forms a complex with Argonaute protein, which is associated with RNA interference (RNAi), and functions. The mechanism of the action thereof is believed to be partial (incomplete) hybridization with a messenger RNA, a part of which is (which is partially) complementary to a miRNA, and an unknown translation suppressing action concurrent with the hybridization. Accordingly, it is believed that the complex engages in a very unique expression control mechanism that one type of miRNA controls the translation of a plurality of messenger RNAs coding proteins.
Recently, the inventors detected a mature miRNA dimer, which should be present in cytoplasm, in serum or plasma. Although the mechanism through which miRNAs enter the bloodstream and the reason therefor are not completely clear, it was found that a level of a specific miRNA (micro-RNA (α)) fluctuates whereas a level of a specific miRNA (micro-RNA (β)) is steady (constant).
In the present invention, for example, any of the numerical value (Copies/μL) measured by a real-time RT-PCR (or RT-qPCR) detection method and the signal intensity detected by a microarray analysis method or a northern blot analysis method can be used as an index as the “level”.
(Micro-RNA (β))
Among mature miRNA dimers that are present in serum or plasma, the micro-RNA (β) is preferably at least one micro-RNA selected from the group consisting of hsa-miR-638, hsa-miR-630, and hsa-miR-572. The levels of these micro-RNAs are steady (constant) before and after the onset of breast cancer or before, during, and after an early stage (before, during, and after clinical stage 0) of breast cancer.
Accordingly, when the dynamics of the fluctuating level of the micro-RNA (α), which is caused by the affection of breast cancer or the progression of the stage of breast cancer, is detected, different samples can be normalized on the basis of the level of the micro-RNA (β) that is present in serum or plasma. That is, a numerical value obtained by dividing the level of the micro-RNA (α) that is present in serum or plasma by the level of the micro-RNA (β) that is present in serum or plasma is significantly reduced after the onset of breast cancer, or during or after the early stage (during or after clinical stage 0) of breast cancer as compared with the numerical value before the onset of breast cancer or before the early stage (clinical stage 0) of breast cancer. Therefore, the combination of the micro-RNAs (a) and (β) is suitable for the marker of the present invention.
The sequences of such micro-RNAs (β) are shown below.
(Micro-RNA (α))
Examples of the micro-RNA (α) include micro-RNAs such as hsa-miR-92a1, hsa-miR-92a2, hsa-miR-22, hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-601, hsa-miR-658, and hsa-miR-494. The levels of these micro-RNAs are specifically reduced with canceration of cells derived from tissue of the breast, mammary ducts, and mammary glands (that is, the levels of these micro-RNAs that are present in serum or plasma are statistically significantly reduced after the onset of breast cancer, or during or after the early stage (clinical stage 0) of breast cancer compared with the levels before the onset of breast cancer or before the early stage (clinical stage 0) of breast cancer). Therefore, these micro-RNAs are suitable for a marker for detecting the onset of breast cancer or the early stage (clinical stage 0) of breast cancer.
These micro-RNAs (α) may be used alone or in combination of two or more types of micro-RNAs (α).
It should be noted that although hsa-miR-92a1 and hsa-miR-92a2 are transcribed from different genome regions, the sequences of the mature miRNAs are identical. Hereinafter, hsa-miR-92a1 and hsa-miR-92a2 are also referred to as “hsa-miR-*92a” in combination.
The sequences of such micro-RNAs (α) are shown below.
In this description, the “breast cancer” includes both ductal carcinoma originating from a terminal duct and lobular carcinoma originating from a lobule. It should be noted that the term “cancer” refers to a malignant tumor, but may be simply referred to as “tumor”. The terms “malignant transformation” and “canceration” may be used as synonyms.
In this description, the term “onset” refers to the time when a subject is diagnosed as having a specified disease by comprehensive diagnosis on the basis of clinical symptoms specific to the disease, test data, and the like.
In this description, the term “prognostic factor” refers to determination information for forecasting the course of the disease after an operation, forecasting the future, and selecting an appropriate therapeutic method. In addition to the marker of the present invention, in general, the following factors are known as prognostic factors. Examples thereof include the size of a lump, the degree of metastasis to lymph nodes, the presence or absence of distant metastasis, the presence or absence of a hormone receptor (estrogen receptor (ER) or progesterone receptor (PgR)), the menopause status, and the nuclear grade.
In general, the clinical stages (stages) of breast cancer are defined by the terms a non-invasive cancer (intraepithelial carcinoma), a locally invasive cancer, a regional invasive cancer, and a distant metastatic cancer (metastatic cancer) or on the basis of the size of a tumor, the presence or absence of invasion to lymph nodes, and distant metastasis of cancer cells, and specifically represented as stages 0 to IV (clinical stages 0 to IV).
Non-invasive cancer (intraepithelial carcinoma): Non-invasive cancer refers to a cancer that stays in a local area, and corresponds to the earliest-stage cancer. Although the size of the cancer may significantly increase in the breast, invasion to surrounding tissue or metastasis to other sites in the body has not been caused. This cancer is usually detected by mammography examination.
Locally invasive cancer: Locally invasive cancer refers to a cancer that stays in the breast, though the cancer invades surrounding tissue.
Regional invasive cancer: Regional invasive cancer refers to a cancer that has invaded also tissue disposed around the breast, such as the chest wall or lymph nodes.
Distant metastatic cancer (metastatic cancer): Distant metastatic cancer (metastatic cancer) refers to a cancer that has spread by metastasis from the breast to other sites in the body.
Stage 0: The tumor is confined to a mammary duct or a mammary gland, and there is no invasion to surrounding mammary gland tissue (non-invasive cancer (intraepithelial carcinoma)). This is also referred to as the early stage of breast cancer.
Stage I: The diameter of the tumor is less than 2 cm, and metastasis outside the breast is not observed.
Stage II: The diameter of the tumor is 2 to 5 cm, and metastasis is observed in lymph nodes under the arm (one side or both sides) at the same side as that of the tumor.
Stage III: The diameter of a tumor exceeds 5 cm. Metastasis to lymph nodes is observed, and adhesion to surrounding tissue or adhesion to lymph nodes is observed. Alternatively, regardless of the size of the tumor, metastasis to the skin, chest wall, and thoracic lymph nodes at the downstream of the breast is observed.
Stage IV: Regardless of the size of the tumor, metastasis to organs and tissue such as the lung and bones distant from the breast or metastasis to lymph nodes of sites distant from the breast is observed.
In addition, breast cancer is classified on the basis of the type of tissue in which cancer cells are generated for the first time, and the range of the spread of the focus. A cancer originating from a mammary duct is referred to as “ductal carcinoma”, and about 90% of breast cancer cases are ductal carcinoma. A cancer originating from a mammary gland is referred to as lobular carcinoma. A cancer originating from adipose tissue or connective tissue is referred to as “sarcoma”. However, such a sarcoma is rare among breast cancer cases.
Ductal carcinoma in situ is a cancer that is confined in a mammary duct. Although this cancer has not invaded tissue around the breast, this cancer may spread along the mammary duct and the size thereof may increase in the breast. This cancer accounts for 20% to 30% of breast cancer cases.
Lobular carcinoma in situ proliferates inside a mammary gland. This cancer often generated in a plurality of sites of breasts at both sides. Lobular carcinoma in situ accounts for 1% to 2% of breast cancer cases.
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma is a cancer that originates from a mammary duct and that has invaded beyond a duct wall into surrounding mammary gland tissue. This cancer may spread by metastasis to a site other than the breast and accounts for 65% to 80% of breast cancer cases.
Infiltrating lobular carcinoma is a cancer that originates from a mammary gland, that invades into surrounding mammary gland tissue, and that further spreads by metastasis to a site other than the breast. This cancer accounts for 10% to 15% of breast cancer cases.
In addition, inflammatory breast cancer, which accounts for about 1% of all breast cancer cases, and Paget's disease of nipple are known. Furthermore, medullary carcinoma, tubular carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma (colloid carcinoma), and the like are also known as invasive cancers whose occurrence frequency is low, the invasive cancers originating from a mammary duct.
Breast cancer according to the present application include all carcinomas (cancers) originating from tissue of the breast, mammary ducts, and mammary glands, and non-invasive cancers in clinical stage 0 (intraepithelial carcinomas), which cannot be detected by palpation or mammography examination.
A method of testing for breast cancer of an embodiment of the present invention is characterized by including detection of the dynamics of a level of a micro-RNA that is present in serum or plasma derived from a subject and preferably includes step (i) or (ii) below.
Step (i): A step of comparing a numerical value obtained from a sample derived from a subject with a numerical value obtained from a sample derived from one or more healthy subjects or one or more breast cancer patients, each of the numerical values being obtained as a level of the micro-RNA (α) present in the serum or the plasma, to test whether or not there is a statistically significant difference between the numerical values.
Step (ii): A step of comparing a numerical value obtained from a sample derived from a subject with a numerical value obtained from a sample derived from one or more healthy subjects or one or more breast cancer patients, each of the numerical values being obtained as a normalized level of the micro-RNA (α) present in the serum or the plasma and determined by dividing a level of the micro-RNA (α) present in the serum or the plasma by a level of the micro-RNA (β) present in the serum or the plasma, to test whether or not there is a statistically significant difference between the numerical values.
In the method of testing for breast cancer of the present invention, specifically, first, the total RNA is extracted from a specimen. In this description, the term “specimen” refers to the blood taken from a breast cancer patient (which refers to a human or a mammal other than a human which has been diagnosed as having breast cancer by pathological cell diagnosis), a healthy subject (which refers to a human or a mammal other than a human which has no specific chronic diseases and has no problem with their daily life and actions, and more specifically, a human or a mammal other than a human which has been diagnosed as not having a cancer during a regular physical checkup (including cancer screening) conducted once a year or more), a subject (which refers to a human or a mammal other than a human for which the onset of breast cancer is suspected), or the like.
Specifically, the blood is collected from a subject such as a human, and the supernatant obtained from the blood is then centrifuged to remove blood cells. The resulting blood is used as serum or plasma. The total RNA is extracted from the obtained serum or plasma. Examples of a method for extracting the total RNA include a guanidine-cesium chloride ultracentrifugation method, and an acid guanidinium-phenol-chloroform (AGPC) method.
Next, a miRNA according to an embodiment of the present invention contained in the extracted total RNA is detected. The detection method is not particularly limited as long as the amount of expression of the miRNA according to an embodiment of the present invention can be measured by the method. Examples of the method include a microarray analysis method, a northern blot analysis method, and a real-time RT-PCR detection method.
An example of the microarray analysis method is the method described in Example 1.
In the northern blot analysis method, the total RNA is separated by electrophoresis in accordance with the chain length, and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane or a nylon membrane. This membrane is incubated in a buffer with a probe having a sequence complementary to the miRNA according to an embodiment of the present invention and labeled with a radioactive substance (e.g., 32P etc.) or the like. As a result, the miRNA according to an embodiment of the present invention hybridized with the probe can be detected on the basis of the label attached to the probe. It should be noted that each of prehybridization, hybridization, and a washing step is conducted under a stringent condition. Herein, the term “stringent condition” is a temperature of 37° C. in a hybridization buffer containing 0.25 M sodium phosphate (pH 7.2), 7% SDS, and 0.5% sodium pyrophosphate, for example, when DNA labeled with 32P is used as the probe. In the washing step, the stringent condition is a temperature of 37° C. in a washing buffer containing 2×SSC and 1% SDS, and room temperature in a washing buffer containing 0.1×SSC. In other cases, other standard conditions of the detection method may be used. When detection is performed by a radioactively labeled probe, the miRNA according to an embodiment of the present invention hybridized with the probe can be quantitatively determined using autoradiography on the basis of the band density.
Furthermore, according to the real-time RT-PCR (or RT-qPCR) detection method, the miRNA according to an embodiment of the present invention can be quantitatively detected by PCR using random priming cDNA corresponding to the total RNA and a primer complementary to the miRNA according to the present invention, via a fluorescent dye, such as SYBR Green, which is specifically bonded to double-strand DNA. The real-time RT-PCR detection method can be conducted in accordance with a known method or an instruction manual from a manufacturer of a detection device or a reagent (for example, ABI Prism 7900 Sequence Detection System (Perkin-Elmer Applied Biosystems), SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Perkin-Elmer Applied Biosystems), or the like).
After the detection of the miRNA according to an embodiment of the present invention contained in the extracted total RNA, either step (i) or step (ii) is preferably conducted.
(Step (i))
Step (i) is a step of comparing a numerical value obtained from a sample derived from a subject with a numerical value obtained from a sample derived from one or more healthy subjects or one or more breast cancer patients, each of the numerical values being obtained as a level of the micro-RNA (α) present in the serum or the plasma, to test whether or not there is a statistically significant difference between the numerical values.
That is, step (i) is a step of comparing the absolute value of the amount of expression of at least one micro-RNA (α) selected from the group consisting of hsa-miR-*92a, hsa-miR-22, hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-601, hsa-miR-658, and hsa-miR-494; preferably hsa-miR-494, hsa-miR-370, and hsa-miR-*92a; and particularly preferably a micro-RNA (α) of hsa-miR-494
(i-1) with the absolute value of the amount of expression of the micro-RNA (α) obtained from a sample derived from one or more healthy subjects to test whether or not the former absolute value is statistically significantly low (where the significance level is preferably 5% and more preferably 1%), or
(i-2) with the absolute value of the amount of expression of a micro-RNA (α) obtained from a sample derived from one or more breast cancer patients to test whether or not the former absolute value is statistically significantly high.
More specifically, in (i-1), as a result of the comparison, when the absolute value is statistically significantly low, a subject who provided the sample is diagnosed as having breast cancer. Conversely, when there is no statistically significant difference, the result of the comparison becomes useful information indicating that the subject has been diagnosed as a healthy subject. In (i-2), as a result of the comparison, when the absolute value is statistically significantly high, a subject who provided the sample is diagnosed as a healthy subject. Conversely, when there is no statistically significant difference, the result of the comparison becomes useful information indicating that the subject has been diagnosed as having breast cancer.
When the subject is one individual, preferably, a specimen is obtained in advance before the onset of breast cancer or before the early stage (before clinical stage 0) of breast cancer, and the amount of expression of the micro-RNA (α) obtained from a sample derived from the specimen is used as a comparison target.
(Step (ii))
Step (ii) is a step of comparing a numerical value obtained from a sample derived from a subject with a numerical value obtained from a sample derived from one or more healthy subjects or one or more breast cancer patients, each of the numerical values being obtained as a normalized level of the micro-RNA (α) present in the serum or the plasma and determined by dividing a level of the micro-RNA (α) present in the serum or the plasma by a level of the micro-RNA (β) present in the serum or the plasma, to test whether or not there is a statistically significant difference between the numerical values.
That is, step (ii) is a step of normalizing the amount of expression of a micro-RNA (α) by dividing the amount of expression of at least one micro-RNA (α) selected from the group consisting of hsa-miR-*92a, hsa-miR-22, hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-601, hsa-miR-658, and hsa-miR-494; preferably a micro-RNA of hsa-miR-370 or hsa-miR-*92a by the amount of expression of at least one micro-RNA (β) selected from the group consisting of hsa-miR-638, hsa-miR-630, and hsa-miR-572, preferably hsa-miR-638, and comparing the obtained relative value of the amount of expression of the micro-RNA (α)
(ii-1) with a relative value of the amount of expression of the micro-RNA (α) obtained from a sample derived from one or more healthy subjects to test whether or not the former relative value is statistically significantly low (where the significance level is preferably 5% and more preferably 1%), or
(ii-2) with a relative value of the amount of expression of the micro-RNA (α) obtained from a sample derived from one or more breast cancer patients to test whether or not the former relative value is statistically significantly high.
More specifically, in (ii-1), as a result of the comparison, when the relative value is statistically significantly low, the subject who provided the sample is diagnosed as having breast cancer. Conversely, when there is no statistically significant difference, the result of the comparison becomes useful information indicating that the subject has been diagnosed as a healthy subject. In (ii-2), as a result of the comparison, when the relative value is statistically significantly high, the subject who provided the sample is diagnosed as a healthy subject. Conversely, when there is no statistically significant difference, the result of the comparison becomes useful information indicating that the subject has been diagnosed as having breast cancer.
As in step (i), when the subject is one individual, preferably, a specimen is obtained in advance before the onset of breast cancer or before the early stage (clinical stage 0) of breast cancer, and the amount of expression of the micro-RNA (α) obtained from a sample derived from the specimen is used as a comparison target.
Step (ii) is more preferable than step (i) because since normalization has been performed, the result does not depend on the type of micro-RNA (α) used, the subject (individual), or whether or not the blood is collected before the onset of breast cancer or before the early stage (clinical stage 0) of breast cancer.
One embodiment of a specific procedure of step (ii) and the subsequent diagnosis of breast cancer will be exemplified below.
Normalization is performed by dividing the amount of expression of each of hsa-miR-*92a, hsa-miR-22, hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-601, hsa-miR-658, and hsa-miR-494 by the amount of expression of hsa-miR-638, hsa-miR-630, or hsa-miR-572 corrected in advance by the signal intensity obtained by a microarray analysis method with an internal standard. That is, normalization is performed by dividing the level of the micro-RNA (α) present in serum or plasma by the level of the micro-RNA (β) present in serum or plasma.
When the normalized amount of expression of hsa-miR-*92a, hsa-miR-22, hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-601, hsa-miR-658, or hsa-miR-494 derived from a subject is significantly reduced as compared with the normalized amount of expression of hsa-miR-*92a, hsa-miR-22, hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-601, hsa-miR-658, or hsa-miR-494 derived from a healthy subject, the subject can be diagnosed as having breast cancer. For example, the normalized amount of expression of hsa-miR-*92a, hsa-miR-22, hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-601, hsa-miR-658, or hsa-miR-494 derived from a breast cancer patient is statistically significantly reduced as compared with the corrected amount of expression of hsa-miR-*92a, hsa-miR-22, hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-601, hsa-miR-658, or hsa-miR-494 derived from a healthy subject.
As for a statistical method of testing whether or not there is a significant difference in step (i) or (ii), an appropriate method may be selected in accordance with the number of samples and the like. Examples of the method include a Ttest (T-test), an F-test, and a chi-square test.
By such a test method, even for a subject who is in clinical stage 0 of breast cancer and before the onset of breast cancer, it can be determined that the subject has breast cancer with high reliability. Therefore, it is possible to provide important information that may help in deciding what treatment strategy to follow such as medication or an operation.
A test kit for breast cancer of an embodiment of the present invention is characterized by including at least a reagent for measuring a micro-RNA functioning as a marker of the present invention, wherein the test kit includes various instruments, materials, reagents and/or primers for amplifying genes, reagents related to gene amplification, and the like which are necessary for conducting the method of testing for breast cancer of the present invention.
Examples of the reagents for measuring a micro-RNA include various enzymes, buffering solutions, washing liquids, and dissolution liquids. Specifically, the reagents include at least a dissolution liquid for diluting a specimen and further include a primer for PCR, the primer being used for detecting the micro-RNA. A set of necessary instruments such as a microtiter plate and equipment for DNA amplification with which a plurality of specimens can be treated at the same time may further be included as kit elements.
According to a high throughput embodiment of the method of testing for breast cancer of the present invention, a microreactor element, specifically, a chip instrument may be included in the above test kit. Such an embodiment of an improved configuration is preferably a system that adopts a configuration in which digitized data with respect to signals obtained from a chip is taken in, a file is formed through computer processing, and the file is stored in a predetermined directory on a computer. Furthermore, the system may further include a capacity with which numerical data is statistically processed to display a significant difference from a control (experimental control). The data processing is performed using suitable software that enables statistical analysis through necessary correction and normalization. A person skilled in the art can establish a system for such a data processing using existing technologies, methods, and procedures.
Next, an embodiment of the present invention will be described in more detail by way of Examples, but an embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto.
The blood was collected from respective healthy subjects (humans who were diagnosed as not having breast cancer during regular physical checkup including cancer screening and conducted once a year or more) and breast cancer patients (humans who were diagnosed as having breast cancer by pathological cell diagnosis) shown in Table 1, and serum was then separated from the blood. The total RNA was extracted from the serum using “(trade name) Isogen-LS” (produced by Nippon Gene Co., Ltd.), and the concentration of the total RNA was adjusted to 100 ng/μL.
Next, dephosphorylation reaction of the total RNA was conducted using “(trade name) Alkaline Phosphatase (Calf intestine) (CIAP)” (produced by Takara Bio Inc.), which is an alkaline phosphatase derived from calf small intestine. Subsequently, labeling was performed with cyanine, which is a dye, using “(trade name) T4 RNA Ligase (Cloned)” (produced by Ambion, Inc.). The above operation was conducted using “(trade name) miRNA Labeling Reagent and Hybridization Kit (catalogue No.: 5190-0408)” (produced by Agilent technologies) in accordance with the protocol attached thereto.
Furthermore, hybridization of the total RNA labeled with cyanine was conducted using a microarray slide of “(trade name) Human miRNA Microarray kit 8×15K V2 (Catalogue No.: G4470B)” (produced by Agilent technologies) to obtain signals.
Subsequently, the microarray slide was scanned using “(trade name) DNA Microarray Scanner” (produced by Agilent technologies). For signal detection, “Feature Extraction 9.5.3 Software” and “Agilent Scan Control Software (ver. 7.0)” that were attached to the above scanner were used.
The obtained results are shown in Table 1.
A T-test (significant difference test) of the averages of the healthy subjects and the breast cancer patients was conducted on the basis of the analysis data obtained in Example 1. Specifically, the T-test was conducted using the numerical values of hsa-miR-92a, hsa-miR-22, hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-601, and hsa-miR-658 obtained from the subjects (sample Nos. 4 to 10) and the breast cancer patients (sample Nos. 13 to 21) as they are. The obtained p-values are shown in Table 2. Furthermore, the numerical values of hsa-miR-92a, hsa-miR-22, hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-601, and hsa-miR-658 obtained from the healthy subjects (sample Nos. 4 to 10) and the breast cancer patients (sample Nos. 13 to 21) shown in Table 1 were divided by hsa-miR-638 obtained from the corresponding healthy subjects (sample Nos. 4 to 10) and breast cancer patients (sample Nos. 13 to 21), and the T-test was conducted. The obtained p-values are shown in Table 2.
Referring to Table 2, as a result of the significant difference test of the averages of the healthy subjects and the breast cancer patients, the p-values of all the markers normalized by hsa-miR-638 satisfied p<0.05, and thus a significant difference was observed. Accordingly, Table 2 showed that breast cancer can be diagnosed more accurately by normalizing the markers of hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-601, hsa-miR-92, hsa-miR-22, and hsa-miR-658 with hsa-miR-638.
Sample Nos. i to iv shown in Table 3 were each quantified by a predetermined immunoassay method using, as specimens, the bloods (serums or plasmas) derived from four breast cancer patients among sample Nos. 13 to 21 and, as markers, CA15-3, CEA, NCC-ST-439, and BCA225, all of which have been hitherto used. The obtained results are shown in Table 3.
Referring to Table 3, except for CA15-3 and NCC-ST-439 of sample No. i, all the obtained results satisfied the index of the reference value of the existing breast cancer markers. In other words, when breast cancer was diagnosed using the existing breast cancer markers, all samples were diagnosed as false negative, and consequently, breast cancer could not be determined.
The blood was collected from respective healthy subjects and breast cancer patients, and the serum was separated from the blood. The total RNA was extracted from the serum using “(trade name) Isogen-LS” (produced by Nippon Gene Co., Ltd.). Subsequently, hsa-miR-*92a and hsa-miR-638 were quantified by RT-PCR using the total RNA extracted from each of the samples. The measurement of the RT-PCR was conducted using “(trade name) TaqMan MicroRNA Assay Kit (produced by Applied Biosystems Japan Ltd.)” in accordance with a protocol attached thereto. The results thereof are shown in Tables 4 to 7 and
Note that the diagnostic sensitivity (sensitivity) and the specificity are calculated as follows.
Diagnostic sensitivity=12/(12+5)×100=70.6%
Specificity=21/(7+21)×100=75.0%
(However, the threshold is assumed to be 0.25.)
Note that the diagnostic sensitivity (sensitivity) and the specificity are calculated as follows.
Diagnostic sensitivity=17/(17+0)×100=100.0%
Specificity=21/(7+21)×100=75.0%
(However, the threshold is assumed to be 0.25.)
Table 6 shows the results of the test using the values of hsa-miR-*92a obtained by taking serum from respective 28 healthy subjects and 17 breast cancer patients. When 25% of the value obtained in healthy subject samples was set to the threshold, the diagnostic sensitivity was 70.6% and the specificity was 75%. Thus, hsa-miR-*92a is a marker that is excellent in terms of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity as compared with generally used breast cancer markers, which have a diagnostic sensitivity of about 20% to 40% and a specificity of about 30% to 50%.
Table 7 shows the results of the test using the values obtained by dividing hsa-miR-*92a by hsa-miR-638. When 25% of the value obtained in healthy subject samples was similarly set to the threshold, the diagnostic sensitivity was 100%. Thus, breast cancer could be diagnosed with high accuracy as compared with the case where the test was conducted using hsa-miR-*92a only.
The storage stability of hsa-miR-*92a and hsa-miR-638 obtained by separating serums from the bloods of healthy subjects was evaluated.
As for a specific procedure, first, the serums were left to stand at room temperature (25° C.) for seven days. Next, a change in the amount of each of the micro-RNAs with time was quantitatively determined by RT-PCR as in Example 3.
The results obtained with regard to hsa-miR-*92a are shown in
Referring to
The marker of an embodiment of the invention of the subject application can easily detect the onset of breast cancer that cannot be detected by palpation or mammography examination and that is highly likely to be overlooked by existing pathological cell diagnosis or breast cancer in an early stage (clinical stage 0) with high reliability. Therefore, the marker of an embodiment of the invention is suitable for use in a test kit for breast cancer, the test kit including at least a reagent for measuring a micro-RNA.
While the description above refers to particular embodiments of the present invention, it will be understood that many modifications may be made without departing from the spirit thereof. The accompanying claims are intended to cover such modifications as would fall within the true scope and spirit of the present invention.
The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims, rather than the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008-083897 | Mar 2008 | JP | national |
This is a U.S. national stage application of International Application No. PCT/JP2009/056293, filed on 27 Mar. 2009. Priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) and 35 U.S.C. §365(b) is claimed from Japanese Application No. JP2008-083897, filed 27 Mar. 2008, the disclosure of which is also incorporated herein by reference.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2009/056293 | 3/27/2009 | WO | 00 | 9/27/2010 |
