Users today utilize a variety of user devices, such as cell phones, smart phones, tablet computers, etc., to access online services (e.g., email applications, Internet services, television services, etc.), purchase products and/or services, and/or perform other tasks.
The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
Information associated with user devices (e.g., locations of the user devices when tasks are performed, times associated with when the user devices perform the tasks, network resources utilized by the user devices, etc.) and information associated with content accessed by the user devices (e.g., clickstream information associated with the user devices) may be collected by a provider of a network. Information associated with the users (e.g., preferences and other information) may be shared with vendors (e.g., businesses, organizations, etc.) that provide such products and/or services so that the users can access and interact with the vendors in an efficient manner.
Vendors are constantly trying to find out as much about users as possible so that the vendors can market appropriate products and/or services to the users via advertisements (ads). However, most vendors know very little about the users of their products and/or services. The vendors may utilize multiple marketing channels (e.g., online advertisements, email advertisements, etc.) to provide the advertisements to the users. Thus, the vendors are also constantly trying to figure out how to allocate a marketing budget so that appropriate advertisements are provided to appropriate users at appropriate times and via appropriate marketing channels.
The marketing information may include information associated with products and/or services offered by vendors and to be marketed to the users; advertisements for the products and/or the services offered by the vendors; offers for the products and/or the services; marketing campaign information (e.g., a campaign for products and/or services, a marketing budget for the campaign, timing associated with the campaign, etc.); user information received by the vendors via interactions between the vendors and the users; etc.
The marketing platform may include an analytics component and a marketing channel determination component. The analytics component may create user profiles for the users based on the user information and the marketing information. For example, the analytics component may create a user profile, for a particular user, that includes a user identifier (ID) (e.g., a user name) and multiple attributes associated with the particular user (e.g., demographic information, location information, time information, user device information, etc.). The analytics component may group the user profiles, based on the user information, to create one or more groups of user profiles (e.g., referred to herein as “user segments”). For example, the analytics component may group some of the user profiles into a user segment that prefers a particular type of automobile and shops at a particular store.
The analytics component may identify advertisements in the marketing information, and may calculate scores for the advertisements based on the marketing information. For example, the analytics component may calculate greater scores for advertisements that generate sales for the vendors than advertisements that do not generate sales for the vendors. The analytics component may select particular advertisements based on the calculated scores, and may correlate the particular advertisements with the user segments. For example, the analytics component may correlate a user segment that drinks coffee with particular advertisements for coffee that have the greatest scores (e.g., in relation to scores of other advertisements for coffee).
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The user segments may receive the advertisements (e.g., via the user devices), and the users in the user segments may generate feedback (e.g., receipt of the advertisements, purchase products/services associated with the advertisements, do nothing, request that the advertisements not be provided in the future, etc.) associated with the advertisements. The user devices may provide the feedback to the marketing platform. The marketing platform may utilize the feedback to refine, improve, and/or modify the analytics component and/or the marketing channel determination component.
Systems and/or methods described herein may determine advertisements for user segments and appropriate marketing channels for the advertisements. The systems and/or methods may ensure that personalized advertisements are delivered to appropriate users, via appropriate marketing channels and at appropriate times and locations. The systems and/or methods may enable vendors to allocate marketing budgets so that the advertisements are provided to users in a most productive manner.
As used herein, the term user is intended to be broadly interpreted to include a user device, or a user of a user device. The term vendor, as used herein, is intended to be broadly interpreted to include a business, an organization, a government agency, a vendor server, a user of a vendor server, etc.
A product, as the term is used herein, is to be broadly interpreted to include anything that may be marketed or sold as a commodity or a good. For example, a product may include bread, coffee, bottled water, milk, soft drinks, pet food, beer, fuel, meat, fruit, automobiles, clothing, content, etc. The term content, as used herein, is to be broadly interpreted to include video, audio, images, software downloads, and/or combinations of video, audio, images, and software downloads.
A service, as the term is used herein, is to be broadly interpreted to include any act or variety of work done for others (e.g., for compensation). For example, a service may include a repair service (e.g., for a product), a warranty (e.g., for a product), a telecommunication service (e.g., a telephone service, an Internet service, a network service, a radio service, a television service, a video service, etc.), an automobile service (e.g., for selling automobiles), a food service (e.g., a restaurant), a banking service, a lodging service (e.g., a hotel), etc.
User device 210 may include a device that is capable of communicating over network 250 with marketing systems 220, marketing platform 230, and/or marketing channels 240. In some implementations, user device 210 may include a radiotelephone; a personal communications services (PCS) terminal that may combine, for example, a cellular radiotelephone with data processing and data communications capabilities; a smart phone; a personal digital assistant (PDA) that can include a radiotelephone, a pager, Internet/intranet access, etc.; a laptop computer; a configured television; a tablet computer; a global positioning system (GPS) device; a gaming device; or another type of computation and communication device.
Marketing system 220 may include one or more personal computers, one or more workstation computers, one or more server devices, one or more virtual machines (VMs) provided in a cloud computing network, or one or more other types of computation and communication devices. In some implementations, marketing system 220 may be associated with one or more vendors or other entities that provide marketing services for the vendors. In some implementations, marketing system 220 may enable vendors to generate marketing information, and to provide the marketing information to user devices 210 and/or marketing platform 230. The marketing information may include information associated with products and/or services offered by the vendors and to be marketed to the users; advertisements for the products and/or the services offered by the vendors; offers for the products and/or the services; marketing campaign information (e.g., a campaign for a particular product and/or service, a marketing budget for the campaign, timing associated with the campaign, etc.); interactions (e.g., transactions, creation of user accounts with the vendors, creation of user profiles with the vendors, etc.) between the vendors and the users (e.g., between marketing systems 220 and user devices 210); etc.
Marketing platform 230 may include one or more personal computers, one or more workstation computers, one or more server devices, one or more VMs provided in a cloud computing network, or one or more other types of computation and communication devices. In some implementations, marketing platform 230 may be associated with a service provider that manages and/or operates network 250, such as, for example, a telecommunication service provider, a television service provider, an Internet service provider, a wireless service provider, etc.
In some implementations, marketing platform 230 may receive user information associated with user devices 210, and may receive marketing information associated with products and/or services offered by vendors and/or marketed by marketing systems 220. Marketing platform 230 may create user profiles based on the user information and/or the marketing information, and may group the user profiles based on the user information to create user segments. Marketing platform 230 may identify advertisements in the marketing information, and may calculate scores for the advertisements based on the marketing information. Marketing platform 230 may rank the advertisements based on the calculated scores, and may correlate the advertisements with the user segments based on the rank. Marketing platform 230 may determine marketing channels for the correlated advertisements and user segments, based on marketing campaign information, and may cause the advertisements to be provided to user devices 210 associated with corresponding user segments and via the marketing channels. Marketing platform 230 may receive feedback associated with the advertisements from user devices 210 associated with the user segments, and may utilize the feedback to refine the determination of the marketing channels for the advertisements.
Marketing channel 240 may include one or more personal computers, one or more workstation computers, one or more server devices, one or more VMs provided in a cloud computing network, or one or more other types of computation and communication devices. In some implementations, marketing channel 240 may be associated with one or more vendors or other entities that provide marketing services to the vendors. In some implementations, marketing channel 240 may include may include a DMP/DSP/trading desk, a mobile payment system, a retail system, a CRM system, etc. In some implementations, marketing channel 240 may provide advertisements to user devices 210 in a variety of formats, such as via online advertisements, via mobile advertisements, via SMS advertisements, via a payment application, via a POS or checkout device, via email advertisements, etc.
Network 250 may include a network, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a telephone network, such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or a cellular network, an intranet, the Internet, a fiber optic network, a satellite network, a cloud computing network, or a combination of networks.
In some implementations, the cellular network may include a fourth generation (4G) cellular network that includes an evolved packet system (EPS). The EPS may include a radio access network (e.g., referred to as a long term evolution (LTE) network), a wireless core network (e.g., referred to as an evolved packet core (EPC) network), an Internet protocol (IP) multimedia subsystem (IMS) network, and a packet data network (PDN). The LTE network may be referred to as an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN), and may include one or more base stations. The EPC network may include an all-Internet protocol (IP) packet-switched core network that supports high-speed wireless and wireline broadband access technologies. The EPC network may allow user devices 210 to access various services by connecting to the LTE network, an evolved high rate packet data (eHRPD) radio access network (RAN), and/or a wireless local area network (WLAN) RAN. The IMS network may include an architectural framework or network (e.g., a telecommunications network) for delivering IP multimedia services. The PDN may include a communications network that is based on packet switching. In some implementations, the cellular network may provide location information (e.g., latitude and longitude coordinates) associated with user devices 210. For example, the cellular network may determine a location of user device 210 based on triangulation of signals, generated by user device 210 and received by multiple base stations, with prior knowledge of the base stations.
In some implementations, the satellite network may include a space-based satellite navigation system (e.g., a global positioning system (GPS)) that provides location and/or time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more satellites (e.g., GPS satellites). In some implementations, the satellite network may provide location information (e.g., GPS coordinates) associated with user devices 210, enable communication with user devices 210, etc.
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Bus 310 may include a component that permits communication among the components of device 300. Processor 320 may include a processor (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), an accelerated processing unit (APU), etc.), a microprocessor, and/or any processing component (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc.) that interprets and/or executes instructions. Memory 330 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), and/or another type of dynamic or static storage device (e.g., a flash memory, a magnetic memory, an optical memory, etc.) that stores information and/or instructions for use by processor 320.
Storage component 340 may store information and/or software related to the operation and use of device 300. For example, storage component 340 may include a hard disk (e.g., a magnetic disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optic disk, a solid state disk, etc.), a compact disc (CD), a digital versatile disc (DVD), a floppy disk, a cartridge, a magnetic tape, and/or another type of computer-readable medium, along with a corresponding drive.
Input component 350 may include a component that permits device 300 to receive information, such as via user input (e.g., a touch screen display, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a button, a switch, a microphone, etc.). Additionally, or alternatively, input component 350 may include a sensor for sensing information (e.g., a global positioning system (GPS) component, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, an actuator, etc.). Output component 360 may include a component that provides output information from device 300 (e.g., a display, a speaker, one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs), etc.).
Communication interface 370 may include a transceiver-like component (e.g., a transceiver, a separate receiver and transmitter, etc.) that enables device 300 to communicate with other devices, such as via a wired connection, a wireless connection, or a combination of wired and wireless connections. Communication interface 370 may permit device 300 to receive information from another device and/or provide information to another device. For example, communication interface 370 may include an Ethernet interface, an optical interface, a coaxial interface, an infrared interface, a radio frequency (RF) interface, a universal serial bus (USB) interface, a Wi-Fi interface, a cellular network interface, or the like.
Device 300 may perform one or more processes described herein. Device 300 may perform these processes in response to processor 320 executing software instructions stored by a computer-readable medium, such as memory 330 and/or storage component 340. A computer-readable medium is defined herein as a non-transitory memory device. A memory device includes memory space within a single physical storage device or memory space spread across multiple physical storage devices.
Software instructions may be read into memory 330 and/or storage component 340 from another computer-readable medium or from another device via communication interface 370. When executed, software instructions stored in memory 330 and/or storage component 340 may cause processor 320 to perform one or more processes described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, hardwired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to perform one or more processes described herein. Thus, implementations described herein are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.
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In another example, assume that a particular user (e.g., Fred) utilizes a particular user device 210 (e.g., a gaming device) to play online games, and that Fred utilizes the gaming device to shop for online games. Further, assume that Fred utilizes the gaming device to receive advertisements associated with new online games when Fred shops for online games. In such an example, marketing platform 230 may create a user profile for Fred that includes information indicating interests of Fred (e.g., Fred is interested in online games), behavior of Fred (e.g., Fred shops online for games), advertisements received by Fred (e.g., Fred receives new online games advertisements via the gaming device), etc.
In still another example, assume that a particular user (e.g., Jane) plays golf, and utilizes a mobile user device 210 (e.g., a smart phone) when playing golf and to purchase golf equipment (e.g., golf clubs, golf balls, etc.). Further, assume that Jane utilizes the smart phone to receive advertisements associated with golf lessons when Jane purchases the golf equipment. In such an example, marketing platform 230 may create a user profile for Jane that includes information indicating interests of Jane (e.g., Jane is interested in golf), behavior of Jane (e.g., Jane purchases golf equipment via a mobile user device 210), advertisements received by Jane (e.g., Jane receives golf lesson advertisements via the mobile user device 210), etc.
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Alternatively, or additionally, marketing platform 230 may utilize matrix factorization to group the user profiles into the user segments based on the user information. The matrix factorization may include a factorization of a matrix into a product of matrices, and may include many different matrix decompositions. For example, the matrix factorization may include decompositions related to solving systems of linear equations, such as lower upper (LU) decomposition, LU reduction, block LU decomposition, rank factorization, Cholesky decomposition, QR decomposition (e.g., for an orthogonal matrix Q and an upper triangular matrix R), rank-revealing QR (RRQR) factorization, singular value decomposition, etc. In another example, the matrix factorization may include decompositions based on Eigen values, such as Eigen decomposition, Jordan decomposition, Schur decomposition, QZ decomposition (e.g., for unitary matrices Q and Z), Takagi's factorization, etc.
Alternatively, or additionally, marketing platform 230 may utilize K-means clustering to group the user profiles into the user segments based on the user information. The K-means clustering may include a method of vector quantization that may be used for cluster analysis in data mining. The K-means clustering may partition n observations (e.g., from the user information) into k clusters (e.g., user segments), in which each observation belongs to a cluster with a nearest mean serving as a prototype of the cluster. The K-means clustering may utilize efficient heuristic algorithms that converge quickly to a local optimum. The heuristic algorithms may include an expectation-maximization algorithm for mixtures of Gaussian distributions via an iterative refinement approach. The K-means clustering may utilize cluster centers to model data, and may determine clusters of comparable spatial extent.
In some implementations, marketing platform 230 may group the user profiles into the user segments in a manner that utilizes information associated with users of user devices 210, information associated with usage of network 250 by user devices 210, location information associated with user devices 210, and/or other attributes defined in the user profiles. In some implementations, marketing platform 230 may align the user segments with marketing objectives of the vendors, such as, for example, user engagement, user conversion, user loyalty, etc. For example, assume that three users (e.g., Bob, Joe, and Sally) of user devices 210 are interested in football, and that Joe and Sally watch football on their user devices 210. In such an example, marketing platform 230 may group Bob, Joe, and Sally into a user segment that is interested in football. The user segment may be targeted to receive advertisements associated with football (e.g., via a variety of marketing channels). Marketing platform 230 may also group Joe and Sally into another user segment that is interested in football and watches football on user devices 210. The other user segment may be targeted to receive advertisements associated with football (e.g., via user devices 210).
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In some implementations, marketing platform 230 may calculate scores for identified advertisements based on a particular user segment. For example, assume that marketing platform 230 identifies a particular user segment that is interested in jeans, and identifies three advertisements (e.g., A, B, and C) for jeans in the marketing information. Further, marketing platform 230 may calculate a score of 0.4 for advertisement A, a score of 0.8 for advertisement B, and a score of 0.7 for advertisement C based on the factors and the assigned weights associated with the marketing information. In such an example, marketing platform 230 may target advertisement B for the particular user segment since advertisement B has the greatest score.
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In some implementations, marketing platform 230 may correlate, with a particular user segment, an advertisement with a greatest ranking for the particular user segment. For example, assume that marketing platform 230 identifies three offers A-C for a particular user segment, and calculates a score of 0.4 for offer A, a score of 0.7 for offer B, and a score of 0.5 for offer C. In such an example, marketing platform 230 may rank offers A-C based on the scores (e.g., as (1) offer B, (2) offer C, and (3) offer A), and may correlate offer B with the particular user segment based on the ranking, since offer B has the greatest score.
In some implementations, marketing platform 230 may not utilize the ranks of the advertisements, and may correlate the advertisements with the user segments, based on the scores associated with advertisements. For example, assume that marketing platform 230 identifies three advertisements A-C for a particular user segment, and calculates a score of 0.4 for advertisement A, a score of 0.7 for advertisement B, and a score of 0.5 for advertisement C. In such an example, marketing platform 230 may correlate advertisement A with the particular user segment since advertisement A has the lowest score.
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In some implementations, marketing platform 230 may receive, from user devices 210, performance information associated with advertisements provided by marketing channels 240 to user devices 210. The performance information may include, for example, information indicating whether the users receive the advertisements, purchase products/services associated with the advertisements, do nothing, request that the advertisements not be provided in the future, etc. In some implementations, marketing platform 230 may determine a performance matrix for all available marketing channels 240 based on the performance information. For example, the performance matrix may indicate that a first marketing channel 240 has a first success rate (e.g., for selling products/services), a second marketing channel 240 has a second success rate, a third marketing channel 240 has a third success rate, etc. Marketing platform 230 may utilize the performance matrix to determine marketing channels 240 for the correlated advertisements and user segments, based on marketing campaign information.
In some implementations, marketing platform 230 may utilize machine learning and/or a portfolio optimization problem, such as a convex optimization problem, to determine marketing channels 240 for the correlated advertisements and user segments, based on marketing campaign information. For example, marketing platform 230 may attempt to maximize an expected revenue generated by the marketing campaign (e.g., via the determined marketing channels 240) based on constraints (e.g., the marketing budget for the marketing campaign, the timing associated with the marketing campaign, the number of advertisements for the marketing campaign, etc.). In some implementations, the convex optimization problem may include the following form:
minimize ƒ0(x)
subject to ƒi(x)≦bi, i=1, . . . , m,
where x=(x1, . . . , xn) is an optimization variable of the problem (e.g., the performance matrix for marketing channels 240), function ƒ0: Rn→R is an objective function, functions ƒi: Rn→R, i=1, . . . , m, are constraint functions, and constants b1, . . . , bm are the limits, or bounds, for the constraints. A vector x* may be called an optimal (e.g., the determined marketing channels 240), or a solution of the problem if vector x* has a smallest objective value among all vectors that satisfy the constraints (e.g., for any z with ƒ1(z)≦b1, . . . , ƒm(z)≦bm, ƒ0(z)≧ƒ0(x*)).
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In some implementations, marketing platform 230 may instruct marketing channels 240 to provide the advertisements to user devices 210 associated with the corresponding user segments. For example, assume that marketing platform 230 determines that an offer for a free cup of coffee at a coffee shop is to be provided, to user devices 210 associated with users who frequently drink coffee at the coffee shop, via a SMS message. In such an example, marketing platform 230 may instruct a marketing channel 240 (e.g., an SMS server device) to generate the SMS message, with the offer for the free cup of coffee. Marketing channel 240 may provide the SMS message to user devices 210 associated with the users who frequently drink coffee at the coffee shop.
In some implementations, marketing platform 230 may utilize the user information (e.g., mobility information associated with user devices 210, location information associated with user devices 210, user product/service preferences, etc.) and/or the marketing information to create effective advertisements. For example, marketing platform 230 may utilize such user information to determine an optimal time period and frequency for retargeting users with particular advertisements, as well as to determine products/services to cross sell with the particular advertisements.
In some implementations, marketing platform 230 may utilize the user information (e.g., mobility information associated with user devices 210, location information associated with user devices 210, user product/service preferences, etc.) and/or the marketing information to provide particular users with instant offers based on the locations of the particular users. For example, if marketing platform 230 determines that the particular users are located at a shopping mall, marketing platform 230 may cause marketing channel 240 to provide (e.g., via SMS messages) offers, associated with stores in the shopping mall, to user devices 210 associated with the particular users.
In some implementations, marketing platform 230 may utilize the user information (e.g., historical information associated with a particular user's product/service purchases, etc.) and/or the marketing information to provide the particular user with advertisements that may influence the particular user to a particular brand of product or service. For example, if marketing platform 230 determines that the particular user frequently purchases potato chips, marketing platform 230 may cause an advertisement associated with a particular brand of potato chips to be provided to a user device 210 associated with the particular user.
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For example, assume that marketing platform 230 causes an advertisement for a fishing rod to be provided to user devices 210 associate with three users (e.g., A, B, and C). Further, assume that user A utilizes a link from the advertisement to purchase the fishing rod online, that user B receives the advertisement but deletes the email, and that user C requests that such emails not be provided in the future. Information associated with the actions of users A-C may be provided as feedback to marketing platform 230.
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For example, based on feedback, marketing platform 230 may increase spending on advertising via a first type of marketing channel 240, which may decrease spending on advertising via other marketing channels 240. The decrease in spending on advertising via the other marketing channels 240 may affect the expected revenue generated by the marketing campaign. If the increase in spending on advertising via the first marketing channel 240 increases the expected revenue generated by the marketing campaign, marketing platform 230 may determine that the increase in spending is warranted. If the increase in spending on advertising via the first marketing channel 240 decreases the expected revenue generated by the marketing campaign, marketing platform 230 may determine that increase in spending is not warranted.
In another example, assume that a user of a mobile user device 210 views an advertisement for jeans and decides to buy the jeans from a store since the jeans are 20% off. The store may not know whether the user bought the jeans because the user saw the advertisement or based on window shopping. However, marketing platform 230 may know that the user receives the advertisement when the user was in a vicinity of the store (e.g., based on the location of the mobile user device 210). Therefore, marketing platform 230 may determine that the user went to the store and bought the jeans based on the advertisement.
In some implementations, marketing platform 230 may utilize the feedback to improve other functions provided by marketing platform 230, such as, for example, creating the user profiles, grouping of the user profiles into user segments, scoring and ranking of the advertisements, correlating the advertisements with the user segments, etc.
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Marketing platform 230 may generate user profiles 515 based on user information 505 and marketing information 510, as further shown in
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As shown in 5D, marketing platform 230 may identify advertisements in marketing information 510 (e.g., in the advertisements field), and may calculate scores 530 for the advertisements based on marketing information 510 and/or user segments 525. For example, marketing platform 230 may determine whether users in user segments 525 purchased products/services based on the advertisements, and may score the advertisements accordingly. As shown, assume that marketing platform 230 determines a score of “29” for online advertisements associated with the mobile phones, a score of “80” for mobile advertisements associated with golf, a score of “20” for SMS advertisements associated with the Internet service. As further shown, assume that marketing platform 230 determines a score of “15” for mail offers associated with the mobile phones, a score of “11” for email offers associated with the cars, a score of “77” for online offers associated with gardening.
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Systems and/or methods described herein may determine advertisements for user segments and appropriate marketing channels for the advertisements. The systems and/or methods may ensure that personalized advertisements are delivered to appropriate users, via appropriate marketing channels and at appropriate times and locations. The systems and/or methods may enable vendors to allocate marketing budgets so that the advertisements are provided to users in a most productive manner.
To the extent the aforementioned implementations collect, store, or employ personal information provided by individuals, it should be understood that such information shall be used in accordance with all applicable laws concerning protection of personal information. Additionally, the collection, storage, and use of such information may be subject to consent of the individual to such activity, for example, through “opt-in” or “opt-out” processes as may be appropriate for the situation and type of information. Storage and use of personal information may be in an appropriately secure manner reflective of the type of information, for example, through various encryption and anonymization techniques for particularly sensitive information.
The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the implementations to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the implementations.
A component is intended to be broadly construed as hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software.
User interfaces may include graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and/or non-graphical user interfaces, such as text-based interfaces. The user interfaces may provide information to users via customized interfaces (e.g., proprietary interfaces) and/or other types of interfaces (e.g., browser-based interfaces, etc.). The user interfaces may receive user inputs via one or more input devices, may be user-configurable (e.g., a user may change the sizes of the user interfaces, information displayed in the user interfaces, color schemes used by the user interfaces, positions of text, images, icons, windows, etc., in the user interfaces, etc.), and/or may not be user-configurable. Information associated with the user interfaces may be selected and/or manipulated by a user (e.g., via a touch screen display, a mouse, a keyboard, a keypad, voice commands, etc.).
It will be apparent that systems and/or methods, as described herein, may be implemented in many different forms of hardware, firmware, and/or combinations of software and hardware in the implementations illustrated in the figures. The actual software code or specialized control hardware used to implement these systems and/or methods is not limiting of the implementations. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems and/or methods were described without reference to the specific software code—it being understood that software and control hardware can be designed to implement the systems and/or methods based on the description herein.
Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of possible implementations. In fact, many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification. Although each dependent claim listed below may directly depend on only one claim, the disclosure of possible implementations includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.
No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Furthermore, as used herein, the term “set” is intended to include one or more items, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Where only one item is intended, the term “one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” or the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise.