Patent Grant
RE45553
This application claims benefit of Patent Cooperation Treaty Application Number PCT/GB03/02041, filed May 13, 2003, which claims priority from Great Britain Application Number 0210930.4, filed May 13, 2002.
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for improving operational characteristics of mass spectrometers.
The invention is described herein with reference to quadrupole mass filter arrangements, but is not limited to such apparatus.
Quadrupole, or multipole mass filters are known in the mass spectroscopy art and operate to transmit ions having a mass/charge ratio which lie within a stable operating region. The size of the stable operating region is governed by the geometry of quadrupole rods, and the magnitudes of DC and RF voltages (including the RF voltage's frequency) applied to the rods, amongst other factors. Thus, the transmitted ions can have a range of mass/charge ratios depending on the size of the stable operating region. The transmission characteristics of the filter, and hence the range of mass/charge ratios within the transmitted, or filtered ion beam, can be reduced by reducing the stable operating region's size. Rejected ions are not transmitted to the spectrometer's output or detector.
A substantial proportion of the rejected ions strike the quadrupole rods sputtering material from, and/or depositing dielectric material onto the rods. A large amount of deposition can occur over time, particularly when a spectrometer is used to analyse masses of particles within relatively intense ion beams. Deposited material can result in areas of the rod's surface becoming partially or completely insulating, or having a different electrical work function. Thus, the material deposited on the rods affects the characteristics of the electric field associated with the voltages applied to the rods. Ultimately, the deposited material changes the electric field strength near the surface of the rods.
A further problem, known as the space charge effect, occurs when analysing relatively intense ion beams. As the intense ion beam enters the quadrupole mass filter the electric field associated with the voltages applied to the quadrupole rods is distorted. This distortion of the field is due to the presence of the charged particles in the ion beam. The electric field distortions occur in the vicinity of the ions in the beam.
Quadrupole mass filters are seriously affected by these problems, particularly when a spectrometer comprising such filters operates at a high mass resolution. Very onerous demands on the precision with which the electric field is maintained are required for high resolution mass spectrometry. Furthermore, at high resolving powers, the stable trajectories of ions through the filter pass very close to the rods for relatively long distances in the filter. Therefore, the trajectories pass very close to the deposited dielectric material, and hence within a region of the electric field suffering from distortions.
Also, the resolving power of a spectrometer is approximately proportional to the square of time spent in the filter by the ions. Thus, a desired resolution may only be achieved if the ions spend sufficient time in the filter; the longer the ions spend in the filter, the greater the resolution obtained. It is usual to decelerate the ions to very low energies (typically 2 ev) to maximise time spent in the filter, and hence increase resolving power of the spectrometer. The space charge effect is high for such a slow ion beam, and this exacerbates the problems associated with distorted electrical fields caused by the space charge effect. Thus, presently there is a compromise between the space charge effect, ion beam energy and spectrometer mass resolution.
A mass filter having a distorted electric field caused by the problems described above can have a considerably reduced mass resolving power or transmission. In the worst case, the spectrometer is rendered useless. The problems are exacerbated over time as more dielectric material is deposited on the rods. The accumulation of material tends to be uneven with more material deposited close to the entrance of the filter since most ions are rejected on entry into the filter. When the spectrometer's performance falls below a tolerable level it is necessary to replace or refurbish the mass filter at considerable cost.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,129,327 discloses auxiliary electrode rods which are driven only by AC voltages to improve transmission into a second set of rods which act as a mass filter; the auxiliary electrodes act as an ion guide.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,736 discloses a rod set operating with substantially no DC voltage and at an elevated pressure. Thus, the filter act as a pressurised ion guide which has high transmission properties due to collision focussing.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,638 discloses a mass filter comprising a first filter operating as a collision/reaction cell and at an elevated gas pressure with respect to a second filter. The apparatus disclosed aims to reduce isobaric interferences by transmitting ions through a collision cell to reject intermediate ions which would otherwise cause isobaric interferences.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,340,814 discloses a spectrometer comprising two filters operating with similar mass resolution to improve the resolution of the whole device. When the two filters are coupled to one another, a higher resolution is achieved compared to the resolving power of each filter separately.
EP1114437 discloses a method and apparatus for removing ions from an ion beam to reduce the gas load on the collision cell which serves to minimise the formation, or reformation, of unwanted artefact ions in the collision cell.
None of these systems propose a solution to the problems described above.
It is an aim of the present invention to ameliorate the problems associated with the prior art. In their broadest form, embodiments of the invention reside in a mass spectrometer which comprises a multiple mass filter stage. In one of the mass filters a large proportion of unwanted ions are removed from the ion beam.
More precisely, there is provided a mass filter apparatus for filtering a beam of ions having mass/charge ratios in a range of mass/charge ratios to transmit ions of a selected mass/charge ratio in the said range, comprising an ion beam source for emitting the ion beam, first and second mass filter stages in series to receive the beam from the beam source, and a vacuum system for maintaining at least the second filter stage at an operating pressure below 10−3 torr, wherein said vacuum system is arranged to maintain both the first and second filter stages at operating pressures below 10−3 torr, the first mass filter stage is arranged for transmitting only ions having a sub-range of mass/charge ratios which includes the selected mass/charge ratio, and the second mass filter is arranged for transmitting only ions of the said selected mass/charge ratio.
Also, there is provided a method for filtering a beam of ions having mass/charge ratios within a range of mass/charge ratios to transmit ions of a selected mass/charge ratio in the said range, the method comprising; emitting the ion beam from a beam source into a first mass filter stage; transmitting through the first mass filter stage only ions having a sub-range of mass/charge ratios which includes the selected mass/charge ratio; and transmitting through a second mass filter stage in series with the first mass filter only ions having the selected mass/charge ratio, wherein the first and second filter stages operate at pressures below 10−3 torr.
Furthermore, there is provided a method for filtering ions with a given mass/charge ratio from a beam of ions having an array of mass/charge ratios, in a mass spectrometer comprising an ion beam source for emitting the ion beam, a detector or output for detecting or transmitting the filtered ions, and a plurality of mass filters disposed in series between the beam source and the detector or output, the filters having the same operating pressures at or below 10−3 torr, the method comprising; emitting the ion beam from a beam source into a first mass filter, transmitting only ions having a range of mass/charge ratios which includes the mass/charge ratio of the filtered ions from a first mass filter, and transmitting only the filtered ions from a second mass filter, disposed between the first mass filter and the detector or output.
Yet further, there is provided a method for producing a mass spectrum of a beam ions having mass/charge ratios within a range of mass/charge ratios, comprising; emitting the ion beam from a beam source into a first mass filter stage, transmitting only ions having a sub-range of mass/charge ratios which includes a selected mass/charge ratio through the first mass filter, transmitting only ions having the selected mass/charge ratio through a second mass filter in series with the first mass filter to a detector for detecting any ions having the selected mass/charge ratio, controlling at least the second filter stage so that the mass/charge ratio of transmitted ions is scanned over a scanned range, and detecting the number of ions transmitted by the second filter stage at any given mass/charge ratio to provide a mass spectrum, wherein the first and second filter stages operate at pressures below 10−3 torr.
Yet still further, there is provided a method of improving the resolving power of a mass spectrometer, comprising; emitting an ion beam from a beam source into a first and second mass filter stages in series, the ions in the beam having mass/charge ratios within a range of mass/charge ratios; transmitting through the first mass filter stage only ions having a sub-range of mass/charge ratios which includes a selected mass/charge ratio; receiving only ions in said sub-range at the second filter stage; transmitting through a second mass filter stage only ions having the selected mass/charge ratio, whereby the second filter stage can operate with reduced ion beam current.
Further still, there is provided a method for reducing the deposition of material on multipole elements of a primary resolving filter of a mass spectrometer, comprising emitting an ion beam from a beam source into a first mass filter stage, the ions in the beam having mass/charge ratios within a range of mass/charge ratios, transmitting through the first mass filter stage only ions having a sub-range of mass/charge ratios which includes a selected mass/charge ratio, receiving only ions in said sub-range at a second filter stage in series with said first filter stage, said second filter stage constituting said primary resolving filter, and transmitting through the second filter stage only ions having a selected mass/charge ratio within the sub-range, thereby reducing the number of ions rejected in said primary resolving filter.
Embodiments of the present invention have an advantage of operating with high resolution over much longer periods, compared to previous systems. A coarse filter removes the majority of unwanted ions from the ion beam and is arranged to operate with a relatively high band pass compared with a fine filter. Thus, the problems described above associated with the prior art can be reduced for the filters and the accuracy of the filter can be improved.
The operational procedures for an apparatus or method embodying the invention can be greatly simplified with respect to devices that utilise collision or reaction cells in the filter stages of the spectrometer. The only gases likely to be present in the filters of the devices embodying the present invention are very low level traces of residual gases such water vapour, CO2, or Ar which are mostly derived from the ion source, residue in the filter or purge gas. Traces of these gases at partial pressures below 10−3 torr in a typical filter are insufficient to cause any significant number of reactions with the ions being passing through the filter.
Devices and methods embodying the invention also have the advantage of less problematic operation, especially at high resolving powers, and when compared to spectrometers comprising collision or reaction cells. The spectrum produced by devices utilising collision or reaction cells can include unwanted peaks derived from reacted ions. The transmission of ions through the reaction/collision cell is reduced by the collisions or reactions, and so the sensitivity of the device is affected. The complexity to such device's operation is high because of the controls necessary for operating the reaction/collision cells. Also, a high degree of knowledge in ion collision chemistry is required by the operator to ensure the correct gas is used, otherwise the required reactions does not occur and the spectral results can be misleading or useless. Embodiments of the present invention operate at pressures where reactions or collisions are very unlikely to occur in the filter stage.
As described above the filters operate at a high vacuum of 10−3 torr, or less, at which pressures the density of gas molecules in the filter is at such a level that the likelihood of reactions or collisions taking place between the ions in the beam and any residual gas in the filter is very low or none existent. This has a further advantage that high transmission coefficients through the filters for the desirable ions can be achieved (and hence improvements to the sensitivity of the spectrometer is also improved).
Such advantages are particularly desirable for high resolution mass spectrometers. Such systems might typically operate at 10−6 torr, at which pressure, if there are any collisions and/or reactions of ions with the gas in the filter they have virtually no affect on the ion beam intensity or resulting spectrums. Thus, advantageously, embodiments of the present invention can operate at extremely high resolving powers and high beam intensities.
Also, a single vacuum pump can be used to maintain the vacuum in all filter stages, thus further simplifying the system.
Another advantage is achieved by removing a majority of ions from the ion beam in the first filter stage, and hence reducing the beam current in the second filter stage. Thus, the amount of material deposited on the second filter stage's elements is greatly reduced, allowing the second filter stage to operate with very high resolving powers for much longer periods of time. The time between service intervals can therefore be increased, increasing the time in which the spectrometer is operational and reducing costs. The second filter stage can also operate at very high resolving powers since the electric field characteristics in the filter remain substantially constant because of the much reduced deposition of dielectric material in the filter. The space charge effect can be calculated with a high degree of accuracy and compensated for. The space charge effect is much lower due to reduced beam current, thus further improving the resolving powers of the device.
Embodiments of the present invention are now described, by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of other embodiments of the present invention.
Referring to
For the purpose of this description, the filter 30 closest to the beam source chamber 12 is termed a “sacrificial filter”. The filter 32 closest to the detector 14 is termed the “analysis filter”.
The sacrificial filter operates at a lower resolving power and provides a more broad stability region than the analysis filter. The stability region of the sacrificial filter is set so that most of the mass spectrum of ions entering the filter is rejected. Put another way, the sacrificial filter acts to pre-filter the beam before it enters the analysis filter.
A high proportion of rejected ions strike the quadrupole rods of the sacrificial filter causing deposition thereon, but because the filter has a relatively broad stability region, any distortions of the electric field caused by such deposits in the filter 30 do not cause rejection of ions of the required mass/charge ratio. Thus, a large amount of unwanted material is removed from the ion beam before it enters the analysis filter, whilst substantially all ions of the required mass/charge ratio are transmitted to the analysis filter.
In addition, the high intensity ion beam entering the sacrificial filter 30 can distort the electric field by the space charge effect. The broad stability region of the sacrificial filter continues to operate so that substantial all the ions of the required mass/charge ratio are transmitted to the analysis filter. However, advantageously, the space charge effect in the analysis filter 32 is greatly reduced due to the reduced ion beam intensity or ion current, the majority of ions in the beam having been rejected in the sacrificial filter.
Furthermore, the sacrificial filter can operate at higher ion Energies, relative to the analysis filter. The ions can be decelerated before entering the analysis filter to roughly ⅕ the energy with which they transit the sacrificial filter. The sacrificial filter can be arranged to remove most of the unwanted ion beam current at the increased beam energy.
Also, the transmission of ions through the sacrificial filter is relatively high because of the high ion energy. In a preferred embodiment, the sacrificial filter typically removes 99.9% of the ion current. Put another way, 0.1% of ions in the ion beam are transmitted by the sacrificial filter. More preferably the sacrificial filter operates with a 0.01% transmission factor for very high resolution applications. As a result, the space charge effect and deposition of unwanted material on the analysis filter is reduced by a factor, in the order of 99.99%. Embodiments of the invention are particular effective where ion currents of 100 nA or more are present and when a resolution of 0.1 atomic mass units (amu) is required. At very high resolution (that is in the order of 0.02 amu) embodiments of the invention are extremely effectual.
The analysis filter is set to operate with sufficient resolving powers for each application. This resolution might typically be between 1 amu to fractions of an amu across the mass/charge ratio range chosen. The width of the analysis filter's band pass determines the resolution of the mass spectrometer.
With reference to
Further embodiments of the apparatus might include additional filters, or the like, within the vacuum chamber system. These additional components might be particularly useful if MS—MS experiments are being performed. Furthermore, additional multi-pole structures may be incorporated in the instrument comprising collision/reaction cells or ion guides. Auxiliary electrodes driven by AC voltages only may also be included to improve transmission. It may be desirable to locate these additional components between the sacrificial and analysis filters.
Other multipole arrangements, besides quadrupoles, can be used to filter ions outside a mass/charge ratio from the ion beam and preferably the analysis and sacrificial filters have the same rod configuration, but not necessarily rod length. If resolving powers below 1 amu are required, it is preferable to configure the rods in a quadrupole arrangement.
The opposing rods of the filters (in a quadrupole configuration) are spaced apart by a distance 2 r0. Preferably, r0 for both the sacrificial and analysis filters are equal and between 1 mm and 15 mm, or more preferably between 4 mm and 8 mm. The length of the sacrificial filter rods, L1, should be between 1 and 80 times r0, but preferably between 2 to 6 times r0. The analysis filter rod length, L2, is preferably between 20 to 80 times r0. For high resolution applications there can be a compromise between the rod length (to maximise the time ions spend in the filter) and engineering tolerances that constrain how long rods can be made to a given accuracy. At the priority date of this application an optimum length for L2 is 250 mm, where r0=6 mm. Filter rod manufacturing methods may improve with time, and the upper limit of 80 r0 for the rod length should not be limiting.
Typically, the chamber length containing the sacrificial filter need only be a few percent longer than the filter rods, although it can be longer to accommodate additional components.
Preferably the DC bias (pole bias) applied to all the rods in the sacrificial filter is controlled independently to the pole bias of the analysis filter rods. In this way, the kinetic energy of the ions in each filter can be controlled independently, for the reasons previously described.
Also, it is preferable to connect the sacrificial filter (e.g., filter 60, as shown in FIG. 3), via an RF coupler (e.g., RF coupler 74, as shown in FIG. 3) such as capacitors, to the analysis filter's power supply (e.g., AC power supply 68). Thus, the sacrificial filter has the same RF voltage (also referred to as AC voltage) as the analysis filter (e.g., filter 62) thereby reducing the need for additional power supplies, and hence reducing the overall cost of the instrument. In this preferred embodiment, the sacrificial filter has a different DC potential applied, e.g., by DC power supply 67, to the rods compared to the analysis filter DC potential, e.g., applied by DC power supply 66, since the sacrificial filter operates at a different resolution. In the case of the sacrificial filter, the DC potentials require relatively low precision since they are applied to a low resolution mass filter.
Filter resolution can be controlled by varying the RF to DC voltage ratio. For very high resolution the RF:DC ratio should lie between −5.963 and −5.958. The ratio for the sacrificial filter should lie between −5.983 to −6.00. (The voltages are calculated using known equations, such as equation 2.19 and 2.20 in “Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry and its Applications”, by P H Dawson, published by Elsevier, 1976, for example, assuming the ions transmitted have an amu=115, r0=6.0 mm, VRF=−1205.44V, VDC=202.24V, and RF drive frequency=2.0 MHz, given an RF:DC ratio of −5.96).
The filter chambers preferably operate at the same pressure and below 10−3 mbar, and more preferably below 10−5 mbar.
In another embodiment, an auxiliary rod system, similar to the system disclosed in U.S. Pat, No. 3,129,327 may be utilised to improve transmission into the sacrificial filter.
Embodiments of this invention are distinguished from other systems since the sacrificial filter transmits ions having substantially the same mass/charge ratio as those transmitted by the analysis filter. Other devices have been previously proposed to operate by selecting a parent ion in the first filter and where daughter ions of a different mass/charge ratio are transmitted by the second filter.
In the preferred embodiments the analysis filter determines the resolving power of the spectrometer. A spectrum of the ion beam can be produced by scanning the band pass of the filters through the desired range of mass/charge ratios. It is preferable to scan both filters at the same time to produce the spectrum. The scan can be a smooth scan through a range of mass/charge ratios or a jump scan where both the filter's transmission characteristics are stepped from one transmission peak to another. The jump scan can be particularly useful if areas of the spectrum are of no interest to the end-user.
Since both filter's transmission profiles are likely to be non-uniform (that is, the transmission does not have a ‘top-hat’ like profile) it is important to scan both the sacrificial and analysis filter together. In this way, any substantial modulation of the spectrum can be minimised. In a preferred embodiment, the filter's transmission profiles are scanned across the desired range of mass/charge ratios by scanning the power supply to the filters.
The RF:DC ratio determines the band pass width of the mass filters and so the analysis filter has a different RF:DC ratio applied compared to the sacrificial filter. A change to the rod voltage amplitude changes the mass/charge ratios transmitted through the filter. So, to achieve a scan through a mass/charge range, the analysis filter's supply is increased in amplitude, but the RF:DC ratio remains constant throughout the amplitude increase. If the sacrificial filter's RF supply is coupled to the analysis filter (as described above), then the RF signal strength on the sacrificial filter is also modulated. Thus, the sacrificial filter's separate DC supply should be modulated to scan the sacrificial filter through the mass/charge range whilst keeping its RF:DC constant. The sacrificial filter's DC supply is ramped up using a separate scanner device, e.g., scanner 76 in FIG. 3, since the sacrificial filter has a separate DC supply in the preferred embodiment. In this way, both the filter's transmission characteristics are scanned through the mass/charge range of interest without moving relative to one another (that is, the rate at which the filters are scanned over the mass/charge ratio is substantially the same for both filters).
If the filter transmission profiles are known, it may be desirable to scan the analysis filter only through the range transmitted by the sacrificial filter, particularly if the spectrum range is within the band pass of the sacrificial filter. However, a compensation factor should be added to the detected spectrum to compensate for the uneven transmission profile. If the spectral range is broader than the sacrificial filter's band pass, then both filters may have to be scanned. In which case, the sacrificial filter can be scanned coarsely whilst the analysis filter is scanned finely to produce the spectrum.
The detector and scan controller are preferably computer controlled, thereby allowing the capture of the spectrum to be automated. Suitable detectors and scan controlling means are known in the art.
Although
Further embodiments within the scope of the invention will be envisaged by the skilled person. For example, it may be desirable to have two or more analysis or sacrificial filters to further improve performance characteristics of a mass spectrometer. Also, other components might be disposed in series and between the sacrificial filter and the analysis filter; the two mass filters do not have to be juxtaposed. Of course, this invention is not limited to quadrupole mass filter configurations. Other configurations of filter can be used in embodiments within the scope of this invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0210930.4 | May 2002 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB03/02041 | 5/13/2003 | WO | 00 | 1/28/2005 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO03/096376 | 11/20/2003 | WO | A |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10497396 | May 2003 | US |
| Child | 14032110 | US |
