Patent Application
20250145773
The present invention relates to a masterbatch including cellulose fibers, a method for producing the same, and a method for producing a rubber composition and a molded body to which the masterbatch is added.
Conventionally, as for reinforcing rubber materials, techniques of mixing short fibers in addition to techniques of filling carbon black, silica, and the like, have been known. Among them, reinforcing with cellulose fibers has the advantage of increasing strength without substantially impairing the flexibility and lightness of the rubber material, and improving abrasion resistance.
However, when hydrophilic cellulose fibers are simply added to hydrophobic rubber, problems such as poor dispersibility of the fibers in the rubber and aggregation of fibers tend to occur. Furthermore, it is known that because the adhesion strength at the interface between fibers and rubber is low, when force is applied to the rubber, the rubber and fibers tend to separate from each other at their interface, and as a result, sufficient strength cannot be obtained. Therefore, studies are being conducted on techniques using a masterbatch in which cellulose fibers are dispersed in a polymer, and techniques that improve adhesion strength at the interface between fibers and rubber.
For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a method in which an aqueous dispersion solution of cellulose fibers and rubber latex are mixed and dried to form a masterbatch, which is added to rubber. It has been reported that the rubber composition prepared by this method has good fiber dispersibility in the rubber and has improved breaking strength and rigidity. Furthermore, Patent Document 2 discloses a method of mixing and drying an aqueous dispersion solution of modified cellulose fibers and rubber latex to form a masterbatch. It has been reported that a rubber composition prepared by adding this masterbatch to rubber has excellent tensile properties.
As mentioned above, cellulose fibers are formed into a masterbatch and are modified usually by a wet process. According to the wet process, problems such as aggregation and poor dispersion of fibers can be reduced, but the adhesion strength at the interface between the fibers and the rubber is not always improved, and the strength and abrasion resistance of the rubber material may not be improved. In addition, the wet process needs treatment of waste liquid and is a water-based manufacturing method, so compatibility with existing processes has been a problem.
Thus, an object of the present invention is to provide a masterbatch that can improve dispersibility of cellulose fibers in rubber and further increase adhesion strength at an interface between the fibers and the rubber, a simple method for preparing the masterbatch, and furthermore a method for producing a rubber composition and a rubber molded body using the masterbatch.
The present inventors have extensively studied in order to achieve the above-mentioned objects. As a result, the present inventors have found that when a masterbatch in which polyolefin resin is mixed with cellulose fibers and a silane coupling agent is prepared, and the masterbatch is added to rubber, dispersibility of cellulose fibers in the rubber can be improved, and further adhesion strength at the interface between the fibers and the rubber can be improved, and abrasion resistance or tensile/tear strength can be enhanced.
That is, the present invention provides the following.
In the description of the present invention, “to” used before and after numerical values is intended to include the numerical values written before and after “to” as a lower limit value and an upper limit value.
According to the masterbatch of the present invention, a rubber composition, and a rubber molded body with good dispersibility of cellulose fibers can be obtained. In the masterbatch of the present invention, since the silane coupling agent acts as an interfacial adhesive agent between fibers and rubber, a rubber composition also having excellent adhesion strength between the interface between fibers and the rubber can be obtained. Therefore, the masterbatch of the present invention is excellent in improving physical properties, has good mechanical strength such as tensile strength and tear strength, and excellent abrasion resistance, as well as can provide a rubber molded product having flexibility and light weight. Since the masterbatch of the present invention includes an olefin resin as a base material, it does not need water-based treatment or waste treatment, and has the advantage that it can be produced using existing resin kneading facility.
Hereinafter, a masterbatch of the present invention will be described in detail based on embodiments, but the present invention is not limited to these embodiments.
A masterbatch of the present invention includes a polyolefin resin (base material), cellulose fibers, and a silane coupling agent. The masterbatch of the present invention, when kneaded into various rubbers, can provide rubber compositions and rubber molded bodies in which cellulose fibers are well dispersed.
The masterbatch of the present invention includes a polyolefin resin as a base material. In the present invention, the polyolefin resin includes all homopolymers and copolymers based on, for example, olefin monomers such as ethylene and propylene. Examples thereof include homopolymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, and polyisobutylene, copolymers such as an ethylene-α-olefin copolymer, an ethylene-cyclic olefin copolymer, an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-(meth)acrylic acid copolymer and metal salts thereof (ionomers), an ethylene-acrylic acid ester-maleic anhydride copolymer, and an ethylene-(meth)acrylic acid alkyl ester copolymer, and modified polyolefin such as maleic anhydride modified polyethylene, but the examples are not limited to these. Also, a plurality of types of polyolefin resins can be used in combination.
Since the masterbatch of the present invention is desirably melted at the kneading temperature of the rubber, the polyolefin resin is preferably a resin having a melting point of 140° C. or less, more preferably a resin having a melting point of 100° C. or more and less than 140° C., and further more preferably a resin having a melting point of 120° C. or more and 135° C. or less, and, for example, a polyethylene-based resin is particularly preferable.
The polyethylene-based resin is not particularly limited, and, for example, all of ethylene homopolymers, ethylene-α-olefin copolymers, modified polyethylenes, and the like, can be used. Also, a plurality of types of polyethylene-based resins can be used.
However, the polyethylene-based resin is preferably one in which at least a part of the polyethylene component forms a crystal structure in the masterbatch at room temperature (25° C.). When differential scanning calorimetry (DSC measurement) is performed on a molded body containing such a polyethylene-based resin, a melting peak associated with melting of polyethylene crystals is observed at 124±5° C. For example, even when acid-modified polyethylene resin is used, a melting peak associated with melting of polyethylene crystals is observed at 124±5° C. When a resin including polyethylene crystals exhibiting melting peak mentioned above, especially a polyethylene resin exhibiting a melting peak at a temperature of 140° C. or less, particularly 120° C. or more and 135° C. or less, is used as a base material, an effect of improving dispersibility of cellulose fibers based on the masterbatch of the present invention can be made more remarkable.
Examples of the polyethylene-based resin include ethylene-α-olefin copolymers, and the like, in addition to ethylene homopolymers (polyethylene resins in the narrow sense). Note here that polyethylene resins copolymerized with a small amount, for example, about 20% or less of these α-olefins, are generally classified as polyethylene resins. Also in the present invention, the term “polyethylene resin” is used in a broad sense to include polyethylene-based resins containing some amounts of α-olefin units. Preferable examples of the α-olefin include 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 4-methylpentene-1, and the like. Furthermore, examples of the ethylene-α-olefin copolymer include ethylene-1-butene copolymer, ethylene-1-pentene copolymer, ethylene-1-hexene copolymer, and ethylene-1-octene copolymer.
In the masterbatch of the present invention, the base material is preferably polyethylene. Note here that based on the degree of branching, density, properties, and the like, polyethylene is classified into high-density polyethylene (HDPE; density is approximately 0.942 g/cm3 or higher), low-density polyethylene (LDPE; density is approximately 0.910 g/cm3 or higher and less than 0.942 g/cm3), and among them, those with a density of 0.930 g/cm3 or more and less than 0.942 g/cm3 may also be distinguished as “medium density polyethylene”), very low density polyethylene (VLDPE; approximately less than 0.910 g/cm3), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE; density approximately 0.911 g/cm3 or more and less than 0.940 g/cm3), ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE), and the like. In the present invention, any of these polyethylene resins may be used.
In the present invention, more preferably, as the base material, low-density polyethylene is used, further preferably, a polyethylene-based resin including linear low-density polyethylene, and particularly preferably a linear low-density polyethylene is used. Since low-density polyethylene and linear low-density polyethylene have low crystallinity and are flexible, when used as the base material of the present invention, the masterbatch is easily kneaded into the rubber. In particular, the linear low-density polyethylene is excellent in flexible and tough, and has excellent heat-sealing property, and its melting point and softening temperature often fall within the range of about 124±5° C. Therefore, while the masterbatch is easily melted when kneaded into rubber, there is no risk that the resin will flow and become liberated before being dispersed into the rubber, allowing cellulose fibers to be well dispersed into the rubber. Linear low-density polyethylene also has advantages in terms of cost as compared with other polyethylenes.
Cellulose fibers used in the present invention are not particularly limited, but natural cellulose fibers derived from plants are preferable because they have an established industrial usage method and are easily available, and fine cellulose fibers derived from plants, for example, powdered pulps are preferable. Note here that the “cellulose fiber” includes regenerated cellulose fibers in a broad sense, and the masterbatch of the present invention can include regenerated cellulose, same as natural cellulose.
In general, cellulose fibers derived from plants are made up of 30 to 40 cellulose molecules bundled together to form ultra-thin and highly crystalline microfibrils with a diameter of about 3 nm and a length of several hundred nm to several tens of micrometers. These form a bundled structure via amorphous portions. The above-mentioned powdered pulp (powdered cellulose) is an aggregate of the bundles. In the present invention, the “cellulose fiber” is used to include not only the above-mentioned bundle of microfibrils (undefibrated state) but also the state of microfibrils produced by being defibrated.
Cellulose fibers derived from plants are not particularly limited, and examples thereof include wood, bamboo, hemp, jute, kenaf, agricultural residual waste (for example, straw from wheat and rice, stalks from corn and cotton, sugarcane), and those derived from cloth, recycled pulp, waste paper, wood flour, and the like. Preferably, cellulose fibers derived from wood, and particularly, wood pulp is used. As compared with pulps derived from other plants, wood pulp has the advantage of having a stable supply with less seasonal fluctuations in production. Note here that pulp is also a raw material for paper, and chemically, tracheid extracted from plants includes cellulose as its main component.
Cellulose fibers derived from plants often contain components other than cellulose, such as lignin and hemicellulose. In the present invention, although it is not necessary to completely remove these components other than cellulose, it is preferable that such components are in small amounts. For example, when the amount of lignin or hemicellulose is large as in a composition containing wood flour itself, it becomes difficult to impart desired mechanical properties. In the present invention, the content of cellulose in the cellulose fiber raw material is preferably 70% by mass or more, more preferably 80% by mass or more, and furthermore preferably 90% by mass or more. Particularly preferable cellulose fiber raw materials of this type include, for example, kraft pulp.
Kraft pulp is a general term for pulp produced by removing lignin and hemicellulose from wood or other plant materials through chemical treatment such as caustic soda, and extracting nearly pure cellulose. A main component is cellulose molecule, and a small amount of hemicellulose and lignin are included.
For the cellulose fiber of the present invention, a part of hydroxyl groups in the cellulose molecules may be acetylated or carboxylated, and the hydrogen atom in the hydroxyl group may be substituted with metal ions such as sodium and potassium, ammonium ions, and the like.
The average fiber diameter and average fiber length of the cellulose fibers are not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected depending on the application of use and the like. However, from the viewpoint of dispersibility and reinforcing properties of fibers in rubber, the average fiber diameter of cellulose fibers is preferably 1 μm to 50 μm, particularly preferably more than 1 μm to 30 μm. For the same reason, the average fiber length of the dispersed fibers, such as cellulose fibers, is preferably from 8 μm to 3000 μm, particularly preferably from 8 μm to 1000 μm, and further preferably from 8 μm to 300 μm. For example, the above-mentioned powdered pulp generally has a fiber diameter of 1 μm to 40 μm and particularly 5 μm to 30 μm, and a fiber length of 10 μm to 1000 μm and particularly 10 μm to 300 μm. Note here that the above average fiber diameter and average fiber length can be measured using a fiber analyzer or measured by averaging fiber lengths that are sizes in the longitudinal direction and fiber diameters that are sizes in the short length of the dispersed fibers observed under an optical microscope or electron microscope. When the average fiber diameter and the average fiber length are determined by microscopic observation, the scope of observation is, for example, 960 μm×1200 μm.
The above-mentioned cellulose fiber is preferably in a range from 20 to 120 parts by mass, and particularly preferably in a range from 60 to 110 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the base materials. When the content of the cellulose fibers is low, the proportion of the base material is increased, so when a masterbatch is added to the rubber, a large amount of polyolefin resin may be mixed in, and the rubber-like quality may be lost. In addition, when the content of cellulose fibers is high, poor molding or poor fiber dispersibility in the masterbatch during the masterbatch formation process may occur, and the formation of cellulose aggregates in the rubber molded body may be generated.
The masterbatch of the present invention contains a silane coupling agent in addition to the above components. Although the present invention is not necessarily limited by a specific theory, it is thought that the reason why the present invention is effective is that the silane coupling agent improves the interfacial adhesion strength between the cellulose fiber and the rubber, and the bound rubber between the rubber material and the cellulose increases.
A silane coupling agent is an organosilicon compound including a functional group that can react or interact with an organic substance and a hydrolyzable group such as an alkoxy group in one molecule. Examples of functional groups that can react or interact with organic substances include a sulfide group, a mercapto group, a vinyl group, an allyl group, a (meth)acryloyloxy group, a (meth)acryloyloxyalkylene group, an amine group, a ureido group, an isocyanate group, an epoxy group, and a p-styryl group. One type of silane coupling agent may be used, or two or more types may be used.
In the present invention, the silane coupling agent desirably includes a sulfur atom, and preferably includes a sulfide group or a mercapto group. A silane coupling agent having a polysulfide structure, such as a sulfide-based silane coupling agent having a polysulfide structure having 2 to 10 sulfur atoms is particularly preferable. When a sulfide-based silane coupling agent having such a polysulfide structure is blended, the Si part of the coupling agent bonds with the OH group of the cellulose fiber, and the sulfur part can crosslink with the rubber component, so the adhesion between the cellulose fiber and rubber can be improved and the strength can be increased.
The above-mentioned silane coupling agent is included preferably in a range from 0.05 to 70% by mass, particularly preferably in a range from 1 to 60% by mass, more preferably in a range from 2 to 50% by mass, and particularly in a range from 6 to 20% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of cellulose fibers. The silane coupling agent is also preferably contained in an amount of 0.1 to 40% by mass, particularly 1 to 30% by mass, more preferably 2 to 25% by mass, particularly in a range from 5 to 20% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the total of the base material and cellulose fibers. When the addition amount of the silane coupling agent is small, the blending effects such as improving the dispersibility of cellulose fibers and reinforcing the rubber will not be sufficient, and when the amount is excessive, the cost will increase. In the masterbatch of the present invention, the mass ratio of polyolefin resin:cellulose fiber:silane coupling agent is preferably in a range of 25 to 74:20 to 55:2 to 55, more preferably in a range of 25 to 68:30 to 55:2 to 20, and particularly preferably in a range of 34 to 63:35 to 55:2 to 11.
In addition to polyolefin resins, cellulose fibers, and silane coupling agents, the masterbatch of the present invention may include resins other than polyolefin resin, fibers other than cellulose, and/or various conventional additives, and the like, to the extent that the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
Examples of resins other than polyolefin resins include, but are not limited to, general-purpose thermoplastic resins such as polystyrene resins and petroleum resins, and biodegradable resins such as polylactic acid. Examples of fibers other than cellulose include, but are not limited to, natural fibers such as silk and wool, organic fibers such as polyester fibers, polyamide fibers, polyethylene fibers, polypropylene fibers, phenol fibers, polyphenylene sulfide fibers, and carbon fibers, and furthermore, inorganic fibers such as glass fibers and rock wool.
Examples of additives include antioxidants, light stabilizers, radical scavengers, ultraviolet absorbers, colorants (dyes, organic pigments, inorganic pigments); fillers such as carbon black, silica, mica, talc, calcium carbonate, and barium sulfate; lubricants, plasticizers, processing aids such as acrylic processing aids, foaming agents, lubricants such as paraffin wax, surface treatment agents, crystal nucleating agents, mold release agents, hydrolysis inhibitors, anti-blocking agents, electrostatic charges, antifogging agents, anti-mold agents, ion trapping agents, flame retardants, flame retardant aids, but not limited thereto. Such other components can be contained appropriately within a range that does not impair the purpose of the present invention, such as, in an amount of about 0.1 to 10% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the entire masterbatch.
Next, examples of the masterbatch of the present invention will be described below.
The masterbatch of the present invention can be produced by kneading, typically melt-mixing a polyolefin resin, cellulose fibers, and a silane coupling agent. In the present invention, the melt mixing refers to kneading and dispersing components such as cellulose fibers and a silane coupling agent in a state where the polyolefin resin is melted, and for example, an extruder, a kneader, a Banbury mixer, and the like can be used. Among these, it is preferable to use a twin-screw extruder from the viewpoint of kneading power.
The order of kneading the polyolefin resin, cellulose fiber, and silane coupling agent is not particularly limited, and the silane coupling agent may be kneaded after the polyolefin resin and cellulose fiber are kneaded. The silane coupling agent can also be added to the surface of cellulose fibers and then kneaded with the base material. However, from the viewpoint of workability, it is preferable to knead the polyolefin resin material, cellulose fiber, and silane coupling agent all at once.
Cellulose fibers can also be melt-mixed in the presence of a dispersion aid. In this case, a dispersion aid for the dispersed fibers can be added into the mixing device (for example, an extruder) and recovered via a vent. As the dispersion aid for the dispersed fibers, water or the like is preferably used from the viewpoint that environmental burden such as separation or recovery is small and even if it remains, adverse effect on the dispersed fibers is small.
The masterbatch of the present invention thus produced may be processed into various shapes for the purpose of facilitating kneading into rubber. For example, the masterbatch kneaded as mentioned above can be extruded into strands using a single-screw extruder, and then cut into pellets using a pelletizer, or can also be processed into a sheet shape or film shape by rolling with a hot roll to form sheets for roll kneading.
The present invention also includes a rubber composition prepared using the above-mentioned masterbatch, for example, a rubber composition to which the above-mentioned masterbatch is added, and molded products thereof. The present invention further includes a method for producing a rubber composition and a rubber molded body, which includes kneading the above-mentioned masterbatch into rubber. The rubber composition is produced by a well-known method, for example, by kneading the raw rubber component, the above-mentioned masterbatch, and other components in a Banbury mixer, a kneader, an open roll, an extruder, or the like, and then vulcanizing thereof. Other blending agents include reinforcing agents (carbon black, silica, and the like), fillers (calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, talc, clay, and the like), a silane coupling agent, a vulcanization accelerator, stearic acid, zinc oxide, a vulcanizing agent, a vulcanization aid, a softening agent, a plasticizer, a processing auxiliary, an aging inhibitor, an ozone deterioration inhibitor, and the like.
Rubber into which the masterbatch of the present invention is kneaded is not particularly limited. In this specification, the polymer of the raw rubber may be referred to as a “rubber component” or a “rubber material” in order to distinguish it from a rubber composition after kneading a masterbatch and a rubber molded product after (crosslinking) molding. Rubber components are roughly classified into natural rubber and synthetic rubber. Examples of the natural rubber include natural rubber (NR) in a narrow sense without chemical modification; chemically modified natural rubber such as chlorinated natural rubber, chlorosulfonated natural rubber, and epoxidized natural rubber; hydrogenated natural rubber; and deproteinized natural rubber. Examples of the synthetic rubber include diene-based rubbers such as butadiene rubber (BR), styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR), isoprene rubber (IR), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), chloroprene rubber, styrene-isoprene copolymer rubber, styrene-isoprene-butadiene copolymer rubber, and isoprene-butadiene copolymer rubber; and non-diene-based rubbers such as butyl rubber (IIR), ethylene-propylene rubber (EPM, EPDM), acrylic rubber (ACM), epichlorohydrin rubber (CO, ECO), fluororubber (FKM), silicone rubber (Q), urethane rubber (U), and chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM). Among these, diene-based rubber is preferred, and diene-based natural rubber is more preferred. The rubber components may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
In the present invention, the amount of masterbatch added to the rubber composition is not particularly limited, and the amount may be a desired amount depending on the physical properties of the target rubber composition and molded body, the amount of cellulose fibers in the masterbatch, the type of rubber component, and the type and amount of the other components. For example, 0.3 to 20 parts by mass, particularly 2 to 15 parts by mass of masterbatch having a mass ratio of polyolefin resin:cellulose fiber:silane coupling agent of 25 to 74:20 to 55:2 to 55 with respect to 100 parts by mass of the rubber component may be kneaded. Furthermore, with respect to 100 parts by mass of rubber components to be kneaded, the addition amount of the cellulose fibers may be 0.1 to 7 parts by mass, and particularly 1 to 5 parts by mass.
In the present invention, the shape of the rubber molded body is not particularly limited, and the shape may be a sheet shape, a tubular shape, and other complicated shapes depending on the purpose and application of use. Also, the molding method is not limited, and various conventional molding methods such as press molding, injection molding, extrusion molding, and roll molding, and the like, can be used. A composite material with other members may be made by transfer molding or molding with a 3-axis or 4-axis calendar roll.
Application of use of the rubber molded body of the present invention is not particularly limited. The rubber molded body of the present invention has advantages that excellent abrasion resistance and tear strength are exhibited, and a specific gravity is smaller than the rubber molded bodies containing other reinforcing fillers (silica or carbon black) because rubber molded body of the present invention is reinforced with cellulose fibers. Therefore, the rubber molded body of the present invention is useful in applications where lightness is required, and can be used in various applications such as members or materials that are lightweight and require high abrasion resistance and tear strength. For example, it can be suitably used as a material for automobile parts and footwear.
Specifically, the resin molded body of the present invention can be used as the following products, parts, and/or members. For example, transportation equipment (automobiles, motorcycles, trains, aircraft, and the like), structural members of robot arms, amusement robot parts, prosthetic limb members, home appliance materials, OA equipment housings, information processing equipment, mobile terminals, building materials, films for houses, drainage equipment, toiletry product materials, various tanks, containers, sheets, packaging materials, toys, stationery, food containers, bobbins, tubes, cable troughs, resin gutters, furniture materials (wall materials, handrails, and the like), shoes, and sporting goods. It can be used as a material for tires, belts, hoses, packing, shoe soles, and the like.
Examples of materials for transportation equipment include materials for vehicles. Examples of vehicle materials include trims such as dashboard trim, door trim, and pillar trim, interior parts such as meter panels, meter housings, glove boxes, package trays, roof headlinings, consoles, instrument panels, armrests, seats, seat backs, trunk lids, trunk lid lowers, door inner panels, pillars, spare tire covers, door knobs, light housings, and back trays, exterior parts such as bumpers, bonnets, spoilers, radiator grills, fenders, fender liners, rocker panels, side steps, door outer panels, side doors, back doors, roofs, roof carriers, wheel cap covers, door mirror covers, and under covers, and battery cases, engine covers, fuel tanks, fuel tubes, fuel filler boxes, air intake ducts, air cleaner housings, air conditioner housings, coolant reserve tanks, radiator reserve tanks, window washer tanks, intake manifolds, rotating parts such as fans and pulleys, parts such as wire harness protectors, connection boxes or connectors, and integrally molded parts such as front end modules, front end panels, and the like.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained in more detail based on Examples, but the present invention is not limited to these Examples except as specified above.
Various masterbatches were prepared using the following materials. Furthermore, the masterbatches were kneaded into rubber and crosslinking (vulcanization) molded into a rubber sheet, and the obtained rubber molded bodies were evaluated for the physical properties. Table 1 below shows the masterbatch (MB) composition, rubber compositions for evaluation, and physical property evaluation results of each Example and Comparative Example.
Polyethylene resin, cellulose fibers-1, and a silane coupling agent were introduced from a hopper into a codirectional twin screw extruder (KZW15TW-45 MG-NH, manufactured by Technovel Co., Ltd.) with a screw diameter of 15 mm and L/D of 45, and extruded and kneaded into strands. The above mixing was performed by adjusting the ratio of polyethylene resin:cellulosefiber-1:silane coupling agent=60:40:8 (mass ratio). After cooling and cutting, a pelletized masterbatch was obtained.
After heating and kneading natural rubber, the above masterbatch, silica, silane coupling agent, and vulcanization aid (zinc oxide, stearic acid) at 110 to 140° C. in a 1 L kneader (DS1-5GHHE, manufactured by Moriyama Seisakusho Co., Ltd.), an unvulcanized rubber sheet (rubber composition) was prepared by kneading sulfur and a vulcanization accelerator at room temperature using an 8-inch roll (98-inch test roll, manufactured by Minamisenju Seisakusho Co., Ltd.). This was press-vulcanized at 150° C. for 8 minutes to obtain a vulcanized rubber sheet with a thickness of 2 mm. The vulcanization time was determined to be the time at which the torque reaches its maximum in the curelastometer.
Each unvulcanized rubber sheet was pressed to a thickness of 0.1 mm at 150° C., was observed using a polarizing microscope (ECLIPSE LV100ND manufactured by Nikon Corporation) at 50× magnification and in arbitrary 10 scope, and was evaluated as “X” for poor dispersibility when 5 or more cellulose aggregates with an area of 20,000 μm2 or more were observed, as “A” for slightly poor dispersibility when 1 or more and less than 5 cellulose aggregates with an area of 20,000 μm2 or more were observed, or as “O” for excellent dispersibility when no cellulose aggregates with an area of 20,000 μm2 or more were observed.
Abrasion resistance evaluation was performed according to ISO 20871. Using a DIN abrasion tester, a DIN abrasion volume was determined from the following formula at a load of 10 N and an abrasion distance of 40 m.
Hardness evaluation was performed using a manual hardness meter (HARDMATIC HH-336 manufactured by Mitutoyo Co., Ltd.) according to JIS K6253.
Punching was carried out with an angle type (without cutting) according to JIS K6252, and breaking strength was measured with a chuck distance of 20 mm and at a tensile speed of 500 mm/min to obtain tear strength using a universal testing machine (Autograph AGS-X manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).
Punching into dumbbell-shaped 3 was carried out according to JIS K6251, breaking strength and elongation were measured with a chuck distance of 20 mm and at a tensile speed of 500 mm/min using a universal testing machine (Autograph AGS-X, manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).
For all measured values, the value of Comparative Example 1, which did not contain cellulose fiber, was set to 100, and values of other Examples were expressed as indexes. As the value of DIN abrasion volume is smaller and the values of tear strength, the tensile strength (breaking strength), and elongation are larger, the reinforcement of the vulcanized rubber composition become better and the mechanical properties become excellent.
Example 2 was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that cellulose fiber-1 used in Example 1 was replaced with cellulose fiber-2, and the mixing ratio was set to polyethylene resin:cellulose fiber-2:silane coupling agent was 60:40:2 (mass ratio).
Example 3 was carried out in the same manner as in Example 2, except that polyethylene resin:cellulose fiber-2:silane coupling agent was 60:40:8 (mass ratio). For reference, an example of the polarized light micrograph of the vulcanized rubber sheet sample obtained in this example is shown in
Example 4 was carried out in the same manner as in Example 2, except that polyethylene resin:cellulose fiber-2:silane coupling agent was 60:40:20 (mass ratio).
Comparative Example 1 was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a masterbatch was not added during preparation of the rubber sheet for evaluation.
Comparative Example 2 was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a silane coupling agent was not added during preparation of a masterbatch.
Comparative Example 3 was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the silane coupling agent used in Example 1 was replaced with a comparative silane compound.
The results in Table 1 showed the following.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-039674 | Mar 2022 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2023/007588 | 3/1/2023 | WO |
