Patent Application
20240407261
The present invention relates to a material for a photoelectric conversion element (device) and a photoelectric conversion device using the same, and particularly to a material for a photoelectric conversion device useful for an imaging device.
In recent years, development of an organic electronic device using a thin film formed with an organic semiconductor is in progress. Examples thereof include an electroluminescent device, a solar cell, a transistor device, and a photoelectric conversion device. In particular, development of an organic EL device, which is an electroluminescent device with an organic substance, is most advanced among them. The applications for smartphones, TV and the like are in progress, and development for a purpose of further higher functionality is continuously conducted.
On the photoelectric conversion device, a device using a P-N junction of an inorganic semiconductor, such as silicon, has been conventionally developed and practically used, and made are investigations for high functionalization of a digital camera and a camera for a smartphone and investigation for application for a monitoring camera, a sensor for an automobile, and the like. However, problems for these various uses include improving sensitivity and micronizing a pixel (improving resolution). For the photoelectric conversion device using an inorganic semiconductor, a mainly adopted method for obtaining a color image is disposing color filters corresponding to RGB, which are the three primary colors of light, on a light receiving part of the photoelectric conversion device. This method has problems in terms of utilization efficiency of an incident light and resolution, because the method disposes the RGB color filters on a plane (Non Patent Literature 1 and 2).
As a solution for such problems of the photoelectric conversion device, a photoelectric conversion device using an organic semiconductor instead of the inorganic semiconductor is developed (Non Patent Literature 1 and 2). This utilizes an ability to selectively absorb only light having a specific wavelength region with high sensitivity that the organic semiconductor has, and proposed is stacking photoelectric conversion devices composed of organic semiconductors corresponding to the three primary colors of light to solve the problem of improving the sensitivity and improving the resolution. A device in which a photoelectric conversion device composed of the organic semiconductor and a photoelectric conversion device composed of the inorganic semiconductor are stacked is also proposed (Non Patent Literature 3).
Here, the photoelectric conversion device using the organic semiconductor is a device having a photoelectric conversion layer composed of a thin film of the organic semiconductor between two electrodes, wherein a hole blocking layer and/or an electron blocking layer is disposed between the photoelectric conversion layer and the two electrodes, as necessary. In the photoelectric conversion device, light having a desired wavelength is absorbed in the photoelectric conversion layer to generate an exciton, and then charge separation of the exciton generates a hole and an electron. Thereafter, the hole and the electron move toward each electrode to convert the light into an electric signal. For a purpose of accelerating this process, a method of applying a bias voltage between both the electrodes is commonly used, but one of objects is reducing a leakage current from both the electrodes generated by applying the bias voltage. Accordingly, it can be mentioned that controlling the move of the hole and the electron in the photoelectric conversion device is a key to exhibit characteristic of the photoelectric conversion device.
The organic semiconductor used for each layer of the photoelectric conversion device can be classified into a P-type organic semiconductor and an N-type organic semiconductor. The P-type organic semiconductor is used as a hole transport material, and the N-type organic semiconductor is used as an electron transport material. To control the move of the hole and the electron in the aforementioned photoelectric conversion device, made are various developments of an organic semiconductor having appropriate physical properties such as hole mobility, electron mobility, an energy value of a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), and an energy value of a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). However, the organic semiconductor still has insufficient characteristics, and has not been utilized in commercial practice.
Patent literature 1 proposes a device using a carbazole derivative for the electron blocking layer disposed between the photoelectric conversion layer and the electrode. Patent literature 2 and 3 proposes a device using a naphthalene derivative for the electron blocking layer disposed between the photoelectric conversion layer and the electrode. Patent literature 4 proposes a device using a pyrene derivative for the electron blocking layer disposed between the photoelectric conversion layer and the electrode.
In the use of the photoelectric conversion device for imaging for highly functionalizing a digital camera and a camera for a smartphone and for application for a monitoring camera, a sensor for an automobile, and the like, challenges are further higher sensitivity and higher resolution. In view of such a circumstance, an object of the present invention is to provide a material that achieves higher sensitivity and higher resolution of the photoelectric conversion device for imaging, and a photoelectric conversion device for imaging using the same.
The present inventors have made intensive investigation, and consequently found that using a specific carbazole compound efficiently proceeds a process of generating a hole and an electron by charge separation of an exciton in a photoelectric conversion layer, and a process of moving of the hole and the electron in the photoelectric conversion device. This finding has led to the completion of the present invention.
The present invention is a material for a photoelectric conversion device for imaging, the material comprising a carbazole compound represented by the following general formula (1).
Here, Cz represents a substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group; Ar each independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms; and “m” represents an integer of 3 to 6. At least one Ar represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group represented by any one of the following formulae (2) to (5).
Here, “*” represents a point of bonding to adjacent Ar or Cz. The aromatic hydrocarbon groups represented by the formulae (2) to (5) optionally have a substituent.
In the general formula (1), one or both Cz may represent a carbazolyl group represented by the following formula (6).
Here, “*” represents a point of bonding to adjacent Ar. Ar4 represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group having 3 to 11 carbon atoms.
Among the carbazolyl groups represented by the formula (6), a carbazolyl group represented by the following formula (7) is preferable.
Here, “*” and Ar4 are as defined for the formula (6). The carbazolyl groups represented by the formula (6) and the formula (7) optionally have a substituent.
In the general formula (1), at least one Ar is preferably represented by any one of the formulae (3) to (5). “m” preferably represents an integer of 3 to 4.
At least one Ar preferably represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group represented by any one of the following formula (2a), (2b), (2c), (2d), (3a), (3b), (4a), (4b), (5a), or (5b).
Here, “*” is as defined for the formulae (2) to (5). The aromatic hydrocarbon groups represented by the above formulae optionally have a substituent.
In the general formula (1), one or both Cz represent the carbazolyl group represented by the formula (1a), and at least one Ar is preferably represented by the formulae (3) to (5). In the general formula (1), one or both Cz have at least one substituted or unsubstituted diarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted arylheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted diheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, as a substituent; or in the general formula (1), at least one Ar has a substituted or unsubstituted diarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted diheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, as a substituent, as one preferable aspect. Here, “*” is as defined for the formulae (2) to (5).
In the material for a photoelectric conversion device, preferably satisfied is any one of requirements that: an energy level of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) obtained by structural optimization calculation with density functional calculation B3LYP/6-31G (d) is −4.5 eV or lower; an energy level of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) obtained by the structural optimization calculation is −2.5 eV or higher; the material has a hole mobility of 1×10−6 cm2/Vs or more; or the material is amorphous.
The material for a photoelectric conversion device may be used as a hole transport material of a photoelectric conversion device for imaging.
The present invention is a photoelectric conversion device for imaging, comprising a photoelectric conversion layer and an electron blocking layer between two electrodes, wherein at least one layer of the photoelectric conversion layer or the electron blocking layer contains the above material for a photoelectric conversion device.
The above material for a photoelectric conversion device is preferably contained in the electron blocking layer of the photoelectric conversion device, and the photoelectric conversion layer preferably contains an electron transport material or a fullerene derivative.
The material for a photoelectric conversion device for imaging of the present invention can achieve appropriate move of the hole and the electron in the photoelectric conversion device, and consequently enables to reduce a leakage current generated by applying a bias voltage during the conversion of light into electric energy. As a result, a photoelectric conversion device that achieves a low dark current value and a high contrast ratio can be obtained. The material of the present invention is useful as a material for a photoelectric conversion device for a photoelectric-converting film-stacked imaging device.
The photoelectric conversion device for imaging of the present invention has at least one organic layer between two electrodes. This organic layer contains the material for a photoelectric conversion device for imaging represented by the general formula (1). Hereinafter, the material for a photoelectric conversion device for imaging represented by the general formula (1) is also referred to as a material for a photoelectric conversion device, a material of the present invention, or the compound represented by the general formula (1).
The compound represented by the general formula (1) will be described below.
In the general formula (1), Cz represents a carbazolyl group, and is bonded to adjacent Ar at any position. This carbazolyl group may have a substituent (R).
“m” represents an integer of 3 to 6, preferably an integer of 3 to 5, and more preferably an integer of 3 to 4.
Ar independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and preferably a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms. Ar represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group generated by removing two hydrogens from a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms. The aromatic hydrocarbon group optionally has a substituent. The “m” occurrences of Ar may be the same as or different from each other. When L1 or Ar1 to Ar5 represent the unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, the aromatic hydrocarbon group is a group obtained by removing one or two hydrogens from an aromatic hydrocarbon. Examples of the unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms include: monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene and biphenyl; bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalene; tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as indacene, biphenylene, phenalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and fluorene; tetracyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as fluoranthene, acephenanthrylene, aceanthrylene, triphenylene, pyrene, chrysene, tetraphene, tetracene, and pleiadene; and pentacyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as picene, perylene, pentaphene, pentacene, tetraphenylene, and naphthoanthracene. The aromatic hydrocarbon group is preferably benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, triphenylene, or pyrene. Note that at least one Ar represents the aromatic hydrocarbon group selected from any one of the formulae (2) to (5).
In the formulae (2) to (5), “*” represents a bond to adjacent Ar or Cz. The aromatic hydrocarbon groups Ar represented by the formulae (2) to (5) optionally have a substituent. Examples of the substituent (R) include a deuterium, a cyano group, an alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted diarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted diheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms. The substituent preferably represents a substituted or unsubstituted diarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted diheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms. When Ar has the substituent, the structure of Cz is preferably represented by the formula (1a), and at least one Ar is preferably represented by the formulae (3) to (5). Ar other than the formulae (2) to (5) may have a substituent. Examples of this substituent (R) include the same substituent (R) that may be contained in the aromatic hydrocarbon group represented by the formulae (2) to (5). The substituent (R) is bonded to the carbon atom or heteroatom constituting the aromatic ring.
The aromatic hydrocarbon group represented by the formulae (2) to (5) has two or more points of bonding (or bonds; represented by “*”), and when the aromatic hydrocarbon group has the substituent, the substituent may be bonded at any position.
Examples of a preferable aspect of the formula (2) include an aspect represented by any one of the formula (2a), (2b), (2c), or (2d). Examples of a preferable aspect of the formula (3) include an aspect represented by the formula (3a) or (3b). Examples of a preferable aspect of the formula (4) include an aspect represented by the formula (4a) or (4b). Examples of a preferable aspect of the formula (5) include an aspect represented by the formula (5a) or (5b). A more preferable aspect is an aspect represented by the formula (3a), (3b), (4a), (4b), (5a), or (5b), and a further preferable aspect is represented by the formula (3a), (4a), or (5a).
Cz in the general formula (1) represents a substituted or unsubstituted carbazolyl group. The bonding position of the carbazolyl group may be 1- to 9-positions, may be the 9-position being the N-position, or may be the 1- to 8-positions being the C-positions. The structure of Cz may be a structure represented by the following formula (1a) or (6), and a preferable aspect of the formula (6) is the formula (7).
“*” represents a point of bonding to adjacent Ar; and the carbon atom constituting the carbazole ring optionally has a substituent.
The carbon atoms constituting Cz in the general formula (1) and the carbazole ring in the formulae (1a), (6), and (7) optionally have a substituent. Examples of the substituent (R) include the same as the substituent (R) that may be contained in the aromatic hydrocarbon group represented by the formulae (2) to (5). Examples of the substituent include a deuterium, a cyano group, an alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted diarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted diheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms. Examples thereof preferably include a substituted or unsubstituted diarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted diheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms.
When having the substituent (R), Cz (carbazolyl group) in the general formula (1) preferably has any one of a substituted or unsubstituted diarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted diheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms. In this case, the structure of Cz is preferably represented by the formula (1a), and at least one Ar is represented by the formulae (3) to (5). Note that, when all Ar are represented by the formula (5) and when Ar or Cz does not have any one of a substituted or unsubstituted diarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted diheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms as the substituent, “m” preferably represents an integer of 4 to 6.
Ar4 represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group having 3 to 11 carbon atoms. Examples of the aromatic heterocyclic group in a case of the unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic group having 3 to 11 carbon atoms include a group generated by removing one hydrogen from an aromatic heterocyclic compound. Examples of the aromatic heterocyclic compound include: nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds having a pyrrole ring, such as pyrrole, pyrrolopyrrole, indole, isoindole, pyrroloisoindole, and carboline; thiophene, benzothiophene, furan, benzofuran, pyridine, pyrimidine, triazine, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, or quinoxaline. The aromatic heterocyclic compound is preferably thiophene, benzothiophene, furan, benzofuran, pyridine, pyrimidine, triazine, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, or quinoxaline.
Specific examples of the case of the unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms refer to the specific example described as the case where Ar represents the unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms.
When Ar4 represents the aromatic hydrocarbon group or the aromatic heterocyclic group, Ar4 optionally has a substituent. Examples of the substituent (R) include the same as the substituent (R) that may be contained in the aromatic hydrocarbon group represented by the formulae (2) to (5). Examples of the substituent include a deuterium, a cyano group, an alkyl groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted diarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted diheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms. The substituent (R) is bonded to the carbon atom or heteroatom constituting the aromatic ring. The substituent (R) is preferably a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms.
When the substituent (R) is an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms herein, the alkyl group may be any of a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group, and is preferably a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Specific examples thereof include: linear saturated hydrocarbon groups, such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a n-propyl group, a n-butyl group, a n-pentyl group, a n-hexyl group, a n-octyl group, a n-dodecyl group, a n-tetradecyl group, and a n-octadecyl group; branched saturated hydrocarbon groups, such as an isopropyl group, an isobutyl group, a neopentyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, and a 2-hexyloctyl group; and saturated alicyclic hydrocarbon groups, such as a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cyclooctyl group, a 4-butylcyclohexyl group, and a 4-dodecylcyclohexyl group.
When the substituent (R) is an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, specific examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group refer to the specific examples described as the case where Ar represents the unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms. This aromatic hydrocarbon group may further have a substituent. The substituent in this case is preferably an aromatic hydrocarbon group, specific examples thereof refer to the specific examples described as the case where Ar represents the unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and is preferably benzene.
When the substituent (R) is the diarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, the arylheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, or the diheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, specific examples thereof include diphenylamino, dibiphenylamino, phenylbiphenylamino, naphthylphenylamino, dinaphthylamino, dianthranilamino, diphenanthrenylamino, carbazolylphenylamino, carbazolylbiphenylamino, biscarbazolylamino, dibenzofuranylphenylamino, dibenzofuranylbiphenylamino, or bisdibenzofuranylamino. Preferable examples thereof include diphenylamino, dibiphenylamino, phenylbiphenylamino, naphthylphenylamino, dinaphthylamino, carbazolylphenylamino, carbazolylbiphenylamino, dibenzofuranylphenylamino, and dibenzofuranylbiphenylamino. More preferable examples thereof include diphenylamino, phenylbiphenylamino, carbazolylphenylamino, carbazolylbiphenylamino, dibenzofuranylphenylamino, or dibenzofuranylbiphenylamino. The aryl group constituting the above amino groups is preferably an aryl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, and the heteroaryl group is preferably a heteroaryl group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms. The number of carbon atoms of these amino groups is preferably 12 to 27. A heteroatom in the heteroaryl group is preferably N, S, or O. When the diarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, the arylheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, or the diheteroarylamino group having 12 to 30 carbon atoms has a substituent, the aryl group or the heteroaryl group may have the substituent, and the substituent is preferably an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms. Specific examples thereof refer to the specific examples described as the case where Ar represents the unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and is preferably benzene.
Preferable specific examples of the material for a photoelectric conversion device of the present invention represented by the general formula (1) will be described below, but are not limited thereto.
The material for a photoelectric conversion device of the present invention can be obtained by: synthesis by methods of various organic synthetic reactions established in the field of the organic synthetic chemistry including coupling reactions such as Suzuki coupling, Stille coupling, Grignard coupling, Ullmann coupling, Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, and Heck reaction, using commercially available reagents as raw materials; and then purification by using a known method such as recrystallization, column chromatography, and sublimation and purification. The method is not limited to this method.
The material for a photoelectric conversion device of the present invention preferably has an energy level of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) obtained by structural optimization calculation with a density functional calculation B3LYP/6-31G (D) of −4.5 eV or lower, more preferably within a range of −5.1 eV to −6.0 eV.
An energy level of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) obtained by the above structural optimization calculation is preferably −2.5 eV or higher, more preferably within a range of −2.5 eV to −1.0 eV, and further preferably within a range of −2.5 eV to −1.3 eV.
In the material for a photoelectric conversion device of the present invention, a difference (absolute value) between the HOMO energy level and the LUMO energy level is preferably within a range of 2.0 to 5.0 eV, and more preferably within a range of 2.5 to 4.0 eV.
The material for a photoelectric conversion device of the present invention preferably has a hole mobility of 1×10−6 cm2/Vs to 1 cm2/Vs, more preferably has a hole mobility of 1×10−5 cm2/Vs to 1×10−1 cm2/Vs. The hole mobility can be evaluated by known methods such as a method with a FET-type transistor device, a method with a time-of-flight method, and an SCLC method.
The material for a photoelectric conversion device of the present invention is preferably amorphous. The amorphousness can be confirmed by various methods, and can be confirmed by, for example, detecting no peak in an XRD method or by detecting no endothermic peak in a DSC method.
Next, a photoelectric conversion device for imaging using the material for a photoelectric conversion device of the present invention will be described, but a structure of the photoelectric conversion device for imaging of the present invention is not limited thereto. The photoelectric conversion device will be described with reference to the drawing.
Hereinafter, each member and each layer of the photoelectric conversion device of the present invention will be described.
The photoelectric conversion device is preferably supported on a substrate. This substrate is not particularly limited, and a substrate composed of glass, a transparent plastic, quartz, or the like may be used, for example.
An electrode used for the photoelectric conversion device for imaging of the present invention has a function of trapping a hole and an electron generated in the photoelectric conversion layer. A function to let light enter the photoelectric conversion layer is also required. Thus, at least one of two electrodes is desirably transparent or semi-transparent. A material used for the electrode is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity, and examples thereof include: conductive transparent materials, such as ITO, IZO, SnO2, ATO (antimony-doped tin oxide), ZnO, AZO (Al-doped zinc oxide), GZO (gallium-doped zinc oxide), TiO2, and FTO; metals, such as gold, silver, platinum, chromium, aluminum, iron, cobalt, nickel, and tungsten; inorganic conductive substances, such as copper iodide and copper sulfide; and conductive polymers, such as polythiophene, polypyrrole, and polyaniline. A plurality of these materials may be mixed to use as necessary. In addition, two or more layers thereof may be stacked.
The photoelectric conversion layer is a layer in which a hole and an electrode are generated by charge separation of an exciton generated by the incident light. The photoelectric conversion layer may be formed with a single photoelectric converting material, or may be formed by combination with a P-type organic semiconductor material being a hole transport material and an N-type organic semiconductor material being an electron transport material. Two or more kinds of the P-type organic semiconductor may be used, and two or more kinds of the N-type organic semiconductor may be used. One or more kinds of these P-type organic semiconductor and/or N-type organic semiconductor desirably use a dye material having a function of absorbing light with a desired wavelength in the visible region. As the P-type organic semiconductor material being the hole transport material, the material for a photoelectric conversion device of the present invention can be used.
The P-type organic semiconductor material may be any material having a hole transportability. The material for a photoelectric conversion device of the present invention is preferably used, but another P-type organic semiconductor material may be used. In addition, two or more kinds of the compounds represented by formula (1) may be mixed to use. Furthermore, the above compound and another P-type organic semiconductor material may be mixed to use.
The another P-type organic semiconductor material may be any material having the hole transportability, and examples thereof include: aromatic compounds such as a naphthalene derivative, an anthracene derivative, a phenanthrene derivative, a pyrene derivative, a chrysene derivative, a naphthacene derivative, a triphenylene derivative, a perylene derivative, a fluoranthene derivative, a fluorene derivative, a cyclopentadiene derivative, a furan derivative, a thiophene derivative, a pyrrole derivative, a benzofuran derivative, a dibenzothiophene derivative, a dinaphthothienothiophene derivative, an indole derivative, a pyrazoline derivative, a dibenzofuran derivative, a dibenzothiophene derivative, a carbazole derivative, and indolocarbazole; an aromatic amine derivative, a styrylamine derivative, a benzidine derivative, a porphyrin derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, and a quinacridone derivative.
In addition, examples of a polymer P-type organic semiconductor material include a polyphenylene-vinylene derivative, a polyparaphenylene derivative, a polyfluorene derivative, a polyvinylcarbazole derivative, and a polythiophene derivative. Two or more kinds selected from the compounds represented by the general formula (1) of the present invention, the P-type organic semiconductor material, and the polymer P-type organic semiconductor material may be mixed to use.
The N-type organic semiconductor material may be any material having the electron transportability, and examples thereof include naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide and perylenetetracarboxylic diimide, fullerenes, and azole derivatives such as imidazole, thiazole, thiadiazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, and triazole. Two or more kinds of materials selected from the N-type organic semiconductor materials may be mixed to use.
The electron blocking layer is provided in order to inhibit a dark current generated by injecting an electron from one electrode into the photoelectric conversion layer when a bias voltage is applied between the two electrodes. The electron blocking layer also has a function of hole transportation for transporting a hole generated by charge separation in the photoelectric conversion layer toward the electrode. A single layer or multiple layers of the electron blocking layer can be disposed as necessary. For the electron blocking layer, a P-type organic semiconductor material being the hole transport material can be used. The P-type organic semiconductor material may be any material having the hole transportability. Although the compound represented by the general formula (1) is preferably used, another P-type organic semiconductor material may be used. In addition, the compound represented by the general formula (1) and the other P-type organic semiconductor material as noted above or a polymer P-type organic semiconductor material may be mixed to use.
The hole blocking layer is provided in order to inhibit a dark current generated by injecting a hole from one electrode into the photoelectric conversion layer when a bias voltage is applied between the two electrodes. The hole blocking layer also has a function of electron transportation for transporting an electron generated by charge separation in the photoelectric conversion layer toward the electrode. A single layer or multiple layers of the hole blocking layer can be disposed as necessary. For the hole blocking layer, the N-type organic semiconductor material having the electron transportability can be used. The N-type organic semiconductor material may be any material having the electron transportability, and examples thereof include: polycyclic aromatic multivalent carboxylic anhydride or imidized products thereof, such as naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide and perylenetetracarboxylic diimide; fullerenes, such as C60 and C70; azole derivatives, such as imidazole, thiazole, thiadiazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, and triazole; a tris(8-quinolinolate)aluminum (III) derivative, a phosphine oxide derivative, a nitro-substituted fluorene derivative, a diphenylquinone derivative, a thiopyran dioxide derivative, a carbodiimide, a fluorenylidene methane derivative, an anthraquinodimethane derivative and an anthrone derivative, a bipyridine derivative, a quinoline derivative, and an indolocarbazole derivative. Two or more kinds of materials selected from the N-type organic semiconductor materials may be mixed to use.
Hydrogen in the material of the present invention may be deuterium. That is, a part or all of hydrogens on the aromatic rings in the general formula (1), and hydrogen on the aromatic rings of Cz, Ar, and substituent (R) may be deuterium. Furthermore, a part or all of hydrogens in a compound used as the N-type organic semiconductor material and the P-type organic semiconductor material may be deuterium.
A method for producing a film of each layer in producing the photoelectric conversion device for imaging of the present invention is not particularly limited. The photoelectric conversion device may be produced by any one of dry process and wet process.
The organic layer containing the material for a photoelectric conversion device of the present invention may be a plurality of layers as necessary.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with Examples, but the present invention is not limited to these Examples.
Calculated were HOMO and LUMO for the above compounds 2, 16, 17, 31, 37, 42, 58, 75, 89, 99, 110, and 139. The calculation was performed by using a density functional theory (DFT), using Gaussian as a calculation program, and with structural optimization calculation of a density functional calculation B3LYP/6-31G (d). Table 1 shows the results. It can be mentioned that any of the materials of the present invention has preferable HOMO and LUMO values.
As comparison, HOMO and LUMO for the compounds H1, H2, and H3 were calculated by the same method as the above method. Table 1 shows the results.
Synthesis examples of the compounds 16, 17, 37, and 58 will be described below as representative examples. The other compounds were also synthesized by similar methods.
Into a three-necked 500-ml flask with degassed and nitrogen-replenished, T1 (20.2 mmol), T2 (10.1 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (1.0 mmol), and potassium carbonate (100.8 mmol) were added, and 200 ml of toluene, 50 ml of ethanol, and 50 ml of water were added thereinto, and then the mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 4 hours. The mixture was once cooled to a room temperature, then 200 ml of water was added, the mixture was transferred into a separatory funnel and separation into an organic layer and an aqueous layer was performed. The organic layer was washed three times with 200 ml of water, and then the obtained organic layer was concentrated under a reduced pressure. The obtained residue was purified by column chromatography to obtain the compound 16 (white solid). The yield was 45%. The obtained solid was evaluated by the XRD method, but no peak was detected. Thus, this compound was found to be amorphous.
Into a three-necked 500-ml flask with degassed and nitrogen-replenished, T3 (16.8 mmol), T4 (8.4 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (0.4 mmol), and potassium carbonate (42.1 mmol) were added, and 80 ml of toluene, 20 ml of ethanol, and 20 ml of water were added thereinto, and then the mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 4 hours. The treatment same as in Synthesis Example 1 was performed to obtain a compound 17 (white solid). The yield was 49%. The obtained solid was evaluated by the XRD method, but no peak was detected. Thus, this compound was found to be amorphous.
Into a three-necked 500-ml flask with degassed and nitrogen-replenished, T5 (15.7 mmol), T6 (7.9 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (0.4 mmol), and potassium carbonate (39.3 mmol) were added, and 160 ml of toluene, 40 ml of ethanol, and 40 ml of water were added thereinto, and then the mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 4 hours. The treatment same as in Synthesis Example 1 was performed to obtain a compound 37 (white solid). The yield was 58%. The obtained solid was evaluated by the XRD method, but no peak was detected. Thus, this compound was found to be amorphous.
Into a three-necked 500-ml flask with degassed and nitrogen-replenished, T7 (16.8 mmol), T8 (8.4 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (0.4 mmol), and potassium carbonate (42.1 mmol) were added, and 170 ml of toluene, 42 ml of ethanol, and 42 ml of water were added thereinto, and then the mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 4 hours. The treatment same as in Synthesis Example 1 was performed to obtain a compound 58 (white solid). The yield was 55%. The obtained solid was evaluated by the XRD method, but no peak was detected. Thus, this compound was found to be amorphous.
On a glass substrate on which a transparent electrode composed of ITO with 110 nm in film thickness was formed, the compound 16 was produced to a film as an organic layer by a vacuum deposition method under a condition that a film thickness was approximately 3 μm. Subsequently, charge mobility was measured by a time-of-flight method using a device in which aluminum (Al) was formed with 70 nm in thickness as an electrode. The hole mobility was 2.9×10−5 cm2/Vs.
The hole mobility was measured by the same method as above except that compounds shown in Table 2 were used instead of the compound 16.
Table 2 shows the results.
On a glass substrate on which a transparent electrode composed of ITO with 70 nm in film thickness was formed, a 100-nm film of the compound 16 was formed with a vacuum degree of 4.0×10−5 Pa as an electron blocking layer. Then, a 100-nm thin film of quinacridone was formed as a photoelectric conversion layer. Finally, a 70-nm aluminum film was formed as an electrode to produce a photoelectric conversion device. A voltage of 2 V was applied between the ITO electrode and the aluminum electrode. In this time, a current in a dark place was 2.6×10−10 A/cm2. When a voltage of 2 V was applied and the ITO electrode side was irradiated with light with an LED adjusted to be an irradiation light wavelength of 500 nm and 1.6 μW from a height of 10 cm, a current was 1.5×10−7 A/cm2. A contrast ratio was calculated to be 5.7×102.
On a glass substrate on which an electrode composed of ITO with 70 nm in film thickness was formed, a 100-nm film of the compound H1 was formed with a vacuum degree of 4.0×10−5 Pa as an electron blocking layer. Then, a 100-nm thin film of quinacridone was formed as a photoelectric conversion layer. Finally, a 70-nm aluminum film was formed as an electrode to produce a photoelectric conversion device. On this photoelectric conversion device, a current when a voltage of 2 V was applied in a dark place and a current with light irradiation were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The current in a dark place was 5.6×10−9 A/cm2, and the current with light irradiation was 1.2×10−7 A/cm2. A constant ratio was calculated to be 0.21×102 A/cm2.
On an electrode composed of ITO with 70 nm in film thickness and formed on a glass substrate, a 10-nm film of the compound 16 was formed with a vacuum degree of 4.0×10−5 Pa as an electron blocking layer. Then, 2Ph-BTBT, F6-SubPc-OC6F5, and fullerene (C60) were co-deposited at a deposition rate ratio of 4:4:2 with 200 nm to form a film as a photoelectric conversion layer. Subsequently, 10-nm of dpy-NDI was deposited to form a hole blocking layer. Finally, an aluminum film was formed with 70 nm in thickness as an electrode to produce a photoelectric conversion device. A current in a dark place (dark current) was 3.2×10−10 A/cm2 with the electrodes of ITO and aluminum and with applying a voltage of 2.6 V. When a voltage of 2.6 V was applied and the ITO electrode side was irradiated with light with an LED adjusted to be an irradiation light wavelength of 500 nm and 1.6 μW from a height of 10 cm, a current (bright current) was 2.6×10−7 A/cm2. A contrast ratio was 8.1×102 with applying a voltage of 2.6 V. Table 3 shows the results.
Photoelectric conversion devices were produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that compounds shown in Table 3 were used as the electron blocking layer, and a current value in a dark place and a current value with light irradiation were similarly measured. Table 3 shows the results in Examples 2 to 9.
Photoelectric conversion devices were produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that compounds shown in Table 3 were used as the electron blocking layer, and a current value in a dark place and a current value with light irradiation were similarly measured. Table 3 shows the results in Comparative Examples 2 to 3.
The compounds used in Examples and Comparative Examples are shown below.
It is found from the results in Table 3 that the photoelectric conversion devices using the compound of the present invention exhibit a low dark current value and a high contrast ratio.
The material for a photoelectric conversion device for imaging of the present invention can achieve appropriate move of the hole and the electron in the photoelectric conversion device, and consequently enables to reduce a leakage current generated by applying a bias voltage during the conversion of light into electric energy. As a result, a photoelectric conversion device that achieves a low dark current value and a high contrast ratio can be obtained. The material of the present invention is useful as a material for a photoelectric conversion device for a photoelectric-converting film-stacked imaging device.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-171339 | Oct 2021 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2022/038534 | 10/17/2022 | WO |
