Mathematical musical orchestral method for predicting classes of patients for medical treatment

Abstract

Methods for classifying patients as responders or non-responders to treatment of a disease and predicting recurrence of disease in a patient using audio tunes are provided.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a novel method of predicting classes of patients for medical treatment.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Gene expression analysis provides the foundation for studying thousands of individual alterations in gene function. These alterations in mRNA expression can be viewed as biomarkers. Whole genome gene expression assays are routinely used to predict treatment responses in human diseases (Xiang et al. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel. 2003; 6:384-95; and Lee J. S. and Thorgeirsso, S. S. Gastroenterology 2004; 127:S51-55). A major limitation with the gene expression data analysis methods is the low prediction accuracy with small sample size (Roepman P. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:249-62). Studies have indicated that the prediction accuracy can be increased by increasing the sample size. For example, Ein-Dor et al. reported that ˜3000 samples are needed to get good prediction accuracy necessary for the clinical applications in lung cancer (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103:5923-5928). It has also been proposed that gene expression data can be supplemented with copy number variation and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) information to obtain the accuracy required for class prediction (Kalia M. Metabolism 2013; 62:S11-14). Using more than one technique, however, will increase the cost of the test and also the complexity associated with the present data analysis methods.

Currently, a supervised clustering method is used to analyze microarray data to classify a patient for treatment response (Speed, T. (Ed.) 2003 Statistical analysis of gene expression microarray data. Chapman and Hall/CRC, NewYork).

The goal of these approaches is to relate gene expression to different target classes and to use this new information to produce a prediction model. Often, this approach is called pattern recognition. There are many different algorithms, such as linear predictors, neural nets, etc. These are very powerful tools, but each has its own advantages and disadvantages. One would need to know how to select the right method, structure, and definition for a given problem. This approach may not provide accurate results to take clinical decision. For example, a prediction model developed by Gordon et al. could reach only 74% predicting accuracy with ˜400 samples; a good outcome but not excellent result (Gordon et al. Can Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 905-910).

Musical algorithms have been widely used to compose tunes for entertainment purposes. There is a limited usage in medical musical therapy applications (Carr et al. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70252).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method of using a mathematical musical orchestral algorithm, referred to herein as MMOA, to predict response of a patient suffering from a disease to a selected treatment for the disease. As demonstrated herein, this novel MMOA is suitable for small sample size with high prediction accuracy.

Accordingly, an aspect of the present invention relates to a method of classifying a patient suffering from a disease as a responder or a non-responder to a selected treatment for the disease.

In one embodiment, the disease is cancer.

In one embodiment, the disease is lung cancer.

This method comprises first analyzing a tissue sample from the patient with a microarray. The data set generated from the microarray is then filtered using a standard microarray data analysis method and an audio tune and/or sound frequency pattern capturing the filtered data from the microarray is then established via the MMOA. The patient is then classified as a non-responder or responder to the selected treatment based upon the assigned audio tune and/or sound frequency pattern being similar to an audio tune and/or sound frequency pattern already previously identified for known responders or known non-responders.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the MMOA is manually operated.

In another embodiment, a web based program converted from the manually operated MMOA and referred to as sound frequency pattern generation and recognition algorithm or SFPGRA is used.

The classification method of the present invention is also useful in predicting recurrence of a disease such as cancer in a patient.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the methods and materials are described herein. All publications, patent applications, patents and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 provides a schematic of the mathematical musical orchestral algorithm protocol used in the method of the present invention for class prediction. In this embodiment of the present invention, mRNA molecules are considered as the vibrating macromolecules and their vibrations/sound frequency patterns (SFPs) are indirectly estimated from a microarray based gene expression analysis. The fluorescent intensity values obtained from DNA microarrays were converted to musical notes/sound frequencies, and the notes were used to compose class specific tunes/SFPs. Patients suffering from cancer are classified into responder or non-responder based on the tunes/SFPs.

FIG. 2 provides a flow diagram of the steps involved in the development of the class prediction model of the present invention. The model was trained and tested with retrospective clinical samples. The model was built with non-responders and responders training data set and fine-tuned with known test data sets. A double blind test was conducted to test and validate the prediction accuracy of the model.

FIGS. 3A through 3F are musical compositions prepared by SFP generation. Normalized gene expression intensity of top 50 biomarkers was converted into musical notes/sound frequencies. A coherent music/SFP specific to each group (FIG. 3A) and patient (FIGS. 3B and 3C) were composed/generated to train the model. Eight data sets were treated as the “unknowns” and the tunes/SFPs were used to validate the model (FIGS. 3D-3F). A double blind test was conducted to test and validate the prediction accuracy of the model. FIG. 3A is an example of a Reference/Theme/Framework tune/SFP specific to non-responders and responders patients composed/generated using non-responders/responders mean value. The tunes/SFPs were used as the reference tunes/SFPs to compose/generate known tunes/SFPs (training set). FIG. 3B shows examples of known non-responder (training set) tunes/SFPs. Three non-responder tunes/SFPs were composed/generated and used as the training set. FIG. 3C shows examples of known responder (training set) tunes/SFPs. Three responder tunes/SFPs were composed/generated and used as the training set. FIGS. 3D-3F show examples of unknown (test set) tunes. Eight tunes/SFPs (4R and 4NR) were composed/generated to validate the MMOA.

FIGS. 4A through 4G show class specific sound frequency pattern generation and recognition (SFPGR). Steps involved in sound frequency pattern generation and recognition are shown with sample data sets obtained from two unknown patients. Unknown 1 data were obtained from responder patient 8 and Unknown 2 data were obtained from non-responder patient 5. FIG. 4A shows the random distribution of microarray signal intensities/numbers. Randomness was observed in the distribution of signal intensities of the top 50 biomarkers obtained by the conventional microarray data analysis. FIGS. 4B and 4C show random distribution of sound frequencies observed in unknown patient 1 data obtained from responder patient 8 and unknown patient 2 data obtained from non-responder patient 5, respectively. Only one patient in each group is shown as an example. Randomness was also observed in the distribution of signal intensities of the top 50 biomarkers after we converted the signal intensities into sound frequencies. FIGS. 4D and 4E show class specific sound frequency patterns of unknown patient 1 data obtained from responder patient 8 and unknown patient 2 data obtained from non-responder patient 5, respectively. A unique sound frequency pattern (SFP) specific to each class was generated after the class specific tunes with the top 50 biomarkers were composed. These patterns were stored in a data base and compared with the SFPs of unknowns to assist in making clinical decisions with respect to a patient. FIGS. 4F and 4G are spectrograms converted from the sound frequency patterns from unknown patient 1 data obtained from responder patient 8 and unknown patient 2 data obtained from non-responder patient 5, respectively, which are useful for further pattern recognition purposes.

FIG. 5 is a schematic of a deconvolution program. As shown, the musical notes/sound frequencies can be readily converted to gene symbol/ID and intensity information and linked to public databases and/or pathway analysis tools.

FIG. 6 shows an overview of an embodiment of a data base structure for the present invention. In this embodiment, the data base comprises deidentified patients' clinical information, tissue specification, sample (RNA/DNA) details, microarray data, composed tunes, reference SFPs, and known and unknown SFPs.

FIGS. 7A through 7C show class prediction and data integration capabilities of MMOA. Flow charts showing the steps involved in the MMOA to discriminate the major classes and sub-classes for personalized medicine applications are depicted in FIGS. 7A and 7B, respectively. In FIG. 7A class prediction was done with top 50 biomarkers specific for surgical treatment response (one parameter). FIG. 7B shows use of the algorithm in subclass predictions such as chemotherapy response or radiotherapy or targeted therapy response in non-responder patients who are eligible for adjuvant chemotherapy or radio or targeted therapy. FIG. 7C shows use of MMOA in the integration of gene expression data with 3-dimensional voxel intensity obtained from computed tomography (CT) scan image data to discriminate malignant nodules from benign nodules in patients at high risk for lung cancer.

FIG. 8 provides an example of final data output from this method. As shown, clinical decision information can be obtained from a first level of the program. Gene list and the pathway information can be obtained from the next level. The details about SFPs are available in the third level. The raw data obtained from the entire gene expression/microarray data can be found in the last level.

FIGS. 9A through 9L provide an example of the wire frames used to develop the web-based sound frequency pattern generation and recognition algorithm (SFPGRA). Tables A through K in Example 1 further describe the numbered elements and type as well as additional notations for the wireframes depicted in FIGS. 9A-9L.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION AND EMBODIMENTS

Musical algorithms are used widely to compose tunes for entertainment purposes. Usage in medical musical therapy applications has been quite limited.

Since conventional machine learning algorithms cannot achieve the prediction accuracy required in a clinical setting for classifying patients suffering from a disease as responders or non-responders to a selected treatment, in the present invention a mathematical musical orchestral algorithm, referred to herein as MMOA, was integrated into the machine learning process. The MMOA is capable of handling complete gene expression data obtained from whole human genome microarray comprised of ˜30,000 human genes. It can be used to analyze more than one clinical parameter such as stage, age, gender and smoking history etc. for class/sub-class predication purposes. It can be also used to predict responses such as, but not limited to, chemotherapy or radiology or targeted therapy response in patients suffering from late stage cancers.

The MMOA can be used for sub-class identification as well. For example, in the first step it can be used to discriminate non-responder from responder after, for example, a surgical treatment. The same algorithm can be used to prediction adjuvant chemotherapy response or radiotherapy or targeted therapy response in non-responder patients who are eligible for adjuvant chemotherapy or radio or targeted therapy.

As shown herein, the combination of mathematical machine learning and MMOA can greatly improve the prediction accuracy of the treatment response in patients suffering from cancer.

In the method of the present invention, a patient suffering from a disease is classified as a responder or a non-responder to a selected treatment for the disease by analyzing a sample from the patient using an RNA, DNA or protein microarray. In one embodiment, if the patient is suffering from cancer, the tumor or a portion thereof is excised from the patient for analysis. Core needle biopsy samples, fine needle aspirations as well as fresh, frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues samples may also be used.

The data set generated from the microarray is then filtered. An audio tune and/or sound frequency pattern capturing the filtered data from the microarray is then assigned to the patient and the patient is classified as a responder or a non-responder to a selected treatment for the disease based upon the assigned audio tune and/or sound frequency pattern.

The method of the present invention was tested using a Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) model. At present most of the Stage Ia NSCLC patients are not treated with adjuvant chemotherapy (Qi-Zhu et al. J Clin Onco 2010; 28: 4417-4424). Early identification of stage Ia patients likely to recur following surgery will allow the physician to target adjuvant chemotherapy to those patients for whom it is necessary. In stage Ib diseases, most of the patients are treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. However, a subgroup of patients do not recur and hence might not require adjuvant chemotherapy. In stage Ib patients, physician can avoid adjuvant chemotherapy to those who do not require it. Conventional detection and follow-up methods based on the clinical staging and clinic-pathological findings are insufficient to predict recurrence (Sriram et al. Respirology 2011; 16: 257-263).

In the present invention, the MMOA was used to convert mRNA signal intensities into musical notes/sound frequencies and class specific tunes/SFPs were composed/generated with the harmonized musical notes/SFPs. By listening and observing the class specific tunes/SFPs, one can discriminate the responders from non-responders of surgical treatment in these NSCLC patients.

While tests were performed on lung cancer patients, as will be understood by the skilled artisan upon reading this disclosure, the method of the present invention provides a simple, sensitive and cost-effective method which can be routinely used in any kind of human disease.

It is important to note that present gene expression data analysis methods considered mRNAs as the inert molecules and use their concentration information (signal intensity) to predict treatment response. In contrast, the present invention considers mRNAs as the vibrating molecules, and uses their macromolecular vibrations/SFPs extracted (from their signal intensity values) for class prediction.

Accordingly, the method of the present invention utilizes what is believed to be the first gene expression algorithm that involves two human senses (i.e. visual and listening) to predict treatment response in human disease. This is believed to also be the first medical laboratory test that uses two human senses for diagnostics applications.

Since the MMOA predictions are based on the tunes/SFPs, it can be effectively used to predict mRNA extracted from Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) samples. Even in the absence of some biomarkers, the tunes/SFPs obtained from the remaining expressed genes can be used to identify the clinical outcome of the patient.

The preferred methods and materials are described below in examples which are meant to illustrate, not limit, the invention. Skilled artisans will recognize methods and materials that are similar or equivalent to those described herein, and that can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Experiments

Conventional gene expression data analysis program uses the concentration/signal intensity information of mRNA to identify the differentially expressed genes for class prediction (Wong et al. Bioinformatics 2007; 23:998-1005). In the present invention, an algorithm referred to herein as MMOA was used to convert the signal intensities (numbers) into macromolecular vibrations/sound frequency patterns (SFPs). Class specific tunes/SFPs were composed/generated using coherent music/SFPs. The class specific tune/SFP was used to predict the clinical outcome of unknown patients. The principle of MMOA is shown in FIG. 1. The MMOA was tested and validated using samples obtained from NSCLC patients and showed that this application is central to personalized onco-medicine. The functionality specifications of the class prediction model are shown in FIG. 2.

Comparison with Conventional Microarray Data Analysis

Initially, a conventional microarray data analysis method was used to find out its prediction accuracy. The prediction accuracy of the conventional microarray data analysis was then compared with the MMOA.

Based on the clinical information, patients were classified as a Responder (R) if no recurrence was detected within 5 years after surgery. Otherwise, the patient was considered a Non-responder (NR). Twenty three non-responders and 13 responders were used to build and test the model, and 8 samples were treated as the “unknowns”. Total RNA was amplified and hybridized onto human whole genome microarrays (Affymetrix HGU-133 Plus 2.0). The microarray data was normalized using Robust Multi-array Average (RMA) procedure on Affymetrix GeneChip Operating Software (GCOS). For further analysis, the data was filtered and the probes that do not change were removed from the analysis.

Standard clustering procedures (e.g. hierarchical or sammon map) did not group the samples according to their status of responders or non-responders. Also, according to the limma analysis there were no differentially expressed genes between responders and non-responders group. This indicated that the differences between the two groups is more subtle and has to be addressed using more sophisticated and sensitive analysis. Analysis was performed in R statistical language using standard Bioconductor packages and custom-written code (see http: with the extension //bioconductor.org/ of the world wide web).

The classification model was learned on filtered data from responders (R) and non-responders (NR) using penalized regression procedure. The resulting classifier has a leave one out cross-validation accuracy of 0.89. In other words, the error of misclassification in training data is 0.11 implying that 9 out of 10 patients/samples are predicted correctly.

A confusion matrix of the classifier is given by the following:

	True
	Object	NR	R
	NR	22	3
	R	1	10

One out of 23 non-responders (NR) 1 was incorrectly predicted, and 3 out of 13 responders (R) were incorrectly classified in a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure.

Classifier built on the training dataset was applied to predict the clinical outcome of the 8 unknown patients.

Mathematical Musical Orchestral Algorithm (MMOA)

A conversion rule was formulated to decipher the numbers (gene expression data/signal intensities) into musical notes/sound frequencies (see Table 1). After converting the numbers into pitches with rhythms, the notes were looked as a whole group. A pattern generation algorithm was created to generate sound frequency patterns (SFPs) ex: a string of eight notes from G to E or recurring notes ex: a lot of G or F. A key/tonal center i.e. G major and F minor respectively were selected to compose the music/generate SFPs. A coherent piece of music/SFP was composed/generated by observing and listening to the music. A reference/theme/framework tune or reference SFP was composed/generated using the NR and R mean values (see FIG. 3A). Known NR and R tunes/SFPs were composed/generated to fine tune the reference SFPs to train the model (FIGS. 3B and 3C). The tunes/SFPs were finalized by listening and observing to the composition/patterns, and fine tuned to match with the reference SFP/theme music by adjusting the location of the note or tempo etc. Microarray data from 8 patients were considered as the “unknown” test data set. A double blind test was performed to identify clinical outcome of 8 unknowns after fine tuned the model (FIGS. 3D-F). Steps involved in sound frequency pattern generation and recognition are shown with sample data set obtained from two unknown patients (unknown 1/responder patient 8 and unknown 2/non-responder patient 5) (see FIGS. 4A-4G). The tunes/SFPs are readily converted back to signal intensity and gene symbol/ID using a deconvolution program and can be linked to other public data bases (FIG. 5). A data base was created with reference and known SFPs and were compared with unknown SFPs for class prediction (see FIG. 6). The MMOA is a very versatile program and can handle more than one clinical parameter to classify a patient (see FIG. 7A). The application of MMOA to discriminate sub-classes for personalized medicine is shown in FIG. 7B. In addition MMOA can be used to integrate data obtained from two or more technologies. An example of an integration approach for radiogenomic application is shown in FIG. 7C. Final data structure obtained from MMOA is shown in FIG. 8. Clinical decision (responder or non-responder) can be obtained from the first level. Gene list, signal intensity and pathway information can be obtained from the second level. The details about SFPs are available in the third level. The raw data obtained from all the genes can be found in the last level. The manually operated MMOA program was converted into cloud/web based computer program which was named Sound Frequency Pattern Generation and Recognition Algorithm (SFPGRA). The wire frames used for the SFPGRA are shown in FIGS. 9A-9L. Tables A through K below further describe the numbered elements and type as well as additional notations for the wireframes depicted in FIGS. 9A-9L.

TABLE A
Corresponds to the Wireframe of FIG. 9A
	Title	Home
	Version	1.0
	Note:
	No.	Element	Type		Description
	1	Forgot?	Link		Redirect the user to
					forgot username page
	2	Forgot?	Link		Redirect the user to
					forgot password page
	3	Login	Button		Authenticate the user's
					credentials

TABLE B
Corresponds to the Wireframe of FIG. 9B
Title	Home
Version	1.0
Note:
No.	Element	Type	Description
1	Username	Text	From database
2	Secret	Text	From database
	question
3	Secret	Input box	User will enter the secret
	answer		answer to their question.
			Secret question will be
			asked only when user logs
			in and the cookie dropped
			during the last visit is
			not found.

TABLE C
Corresponds to the Wireframe of FIG. 9C
Title	Compose home page
Version	1.0
Note: This page is available to users with composer role.
No.	Element	Type	Description
1	Welcome	Text	Compose username will have
	username		an option of dropdown list
2	Dropdown	Dropdown	From Settings user can
	list	list	change username, password
			and email address
3	Link	Link	This is landing page for
			composer
4	Dropdown	Dropdown	On the rollover of My
	list	list	Tunes options list will
			come.
5	Data grid	Data grid	List of Reference tunes.
6	Select	Dropdown	This will list the version
	Data	list	of data set uploaded
	version		A data set is a collection
			3 files uploaded by the
			admin or site user. These
			three files are “mean NR
			and R”, known NR and R”
			and “Unknowns”
			Changing the value from
			the list will load the
			data from selected data
			set.

TABLE D
Corresponds to the Wireframe of FIG. 9D
Title	Composer Reference
	Non-Responder
	OncoTune
Version	1.0
Note: Composer will compose the Reference Non-Responder
OncoTune. The Reference Non-Responder OncoTune will be
used in class prediction.
No.	Element	Type	Description
1	Last	Text/	Date on which this version
	updated	Date time	was last updated. This
			value gets updated when
			composer clicks Save this
			version button.
2	Comments	Text	Comments about tune
3	Mean NR	Staff	Notes generated from the
	notes		Mean NR data uploaded.
			Using these notes composer
			will create reference NR
			tune.
4	Player	Music player	Play the notes from Mean
			NR notes
5	Reference	Staff	On this staff composer
	NR		will create new music by
	OncoTune		Double clicking to copy
			the note.
			Deleting notes from
			Tunes.
6	Copy all	Button	Copy all notes from Mean
	Notes from		NR to Ref NR OncoTune.
	Mean NR to
	NR Tune
7	Clear NR	Button	Clear Ref NR OncoTune
	Tune		staff
8	Bin	Image	Select a note and click
			bin delete it.
9	Save	Button	Saves the Reference NR
	Changes		Tune

TABLE E
Corresponds to the Wireframe of FIG. 9E
Title	Composer Reference
	Non-Responder
	OncoTune
Version	1.0
Note:
No.	Element	Type	Description
10	Plays	Player	Plays all the tunes on the
	Together		page
11	Check to	Checkbox	When checked the
	apply		composition rules will be
	composition		applied and notes will be
	rules		highlighted. When
			unchecked composition
			rules will be removed and
			notes will come in
			normal/default colors.
12	Check to	Checkbox	When checked and composer
	track the		rollovers mouse cursor on
	gene		a notes it will show a
			popup at the mouse
			position with Gene
			information. When
			unchecked this feature
			will be turned off.

TABLE F
Corresponds to the Wireframe of FIG. 9F
Title	Composer Reference
	Responder OncoTune
Version	1.0
Note: Composer will compose the Reference Responder
OncoTune. The Reference Responder OncoTune will be used in
class prediction.
No.	Element	Type	Description
1	Last	Text/	Date on which this version
	updated	Date time	was last updated. This
			value gets updated when
			composer clicks Save this
			version button.
2	Comments	Text	Comments about tune
3	Mean R	Staff	Notes generated from the
	notes		Mean R data uploaded.
			Using these notes composer
			will create reference R
			tune.
4	Player	Music player	Play the notes from Mean R
			notes
5	Reference	Staff	On this staff composer
	R OncoTune		will create new music by
			Double clicking to copy
			the note.
			Deleting notes from
			Tunes.
6	Copy all	Button	Copy all notes from Mean R
	Notes from		to Ref R OncoTune.
	Mean R to
	R Tune
7	Clear R	Button	Clear Ref R OncoTune staff
	Tune
8	Save	Button	Saves the Reference R Tune
	Changes

TABLE G
Corresponds to the Wireframe of FIG. 9G
Title	Compose Known NR tune
	from NR Reference tune
Version	1.0
Note:
On this page composer will compose known NR tunes from
Reference Non-Responder OncoTune
Composer can change either of the four tunes on this
page.
Composer can select known NR from the dropdown list 1
No.	Element	Type	Description
1	Known NR	Dropdown	List of all known NR. By
	list	list	default first items will
			be selected
2	Ref NR	Staff	Ref NR notes. This is read
	notes		only.
3	Known NR	Staff	Known NR notes. These are
			for the known NR selected
			from the dropdown list 1
4	Compose	Staff	Initially this will be
	Known NR		blank. Composer will
			create a new tune from
			known NR here.
5	Save	Button	Save changes
	Changes
6	Show All	Button	Open or Pop up a new
	Known Non-		screen that will list all
	Responders		the Known Non-Responders

TABLE H
Corresponds to the Wireframe of FIG. 9H
Title	Known NR or R list
Version	1.0
Note:
No.	Element	Type	Description
1	Close	Button	This will take the user
			back to the previous
			screen, which are Know
			Non-Responder or Known
			Responder
2	Pagination	Pagination	Pagination will come only
			where there are more than
			10 Known Non-Responders

TABLE I
Corresponds to the Wireframe of FIG. 9I
Title	Compose Known R tune from
	R Reference tune
Version	1.0
Note:
On this page composer will compose known R tunes from
Reference Responder OncoTune
Composer can compose one known R tune at a time.
Composer can select known R from the dropdown list 1
No.	Element	Type	Description
1	Known R	Dropdown	List of all known R. By
	list	list	default first items will
			be selected
2	Ref R	Staff	Ref R notes. This is read
	notes		only.
3	Known R	Staff	Known R notes. These are
			for the known R selected
			from the dropdown list 1
4	Compose	Staff	Initially this will be
	Known R		blank. Composer will
			create a new tune from
			known R here.
5	Save	Button	Save changes
	Changes

TABLE J
Corresponds to the Wireframes of FIG. 9J and 9K
Title	Class prediction of
	Unknown patients
Version	1.0
Note:
On this page composer will predict the unknown patients
based on Reference tunes.
No.	Element	Type	Description
1	Unknowns	Dropdown	List of all Unknown
		list	biomarkers
			Change the value will load
			that biomarkers in 5
2	Result	Radio	This will a three values
		buttons	Not know yet
			Non-Responder
			Responder
3	Reference	Staff	Reference Non-Responder
	Non-		tune
	Responder
4	Reference	Staff	Reference Responder tune
	Responder
5	Unknown	Staff	Unknown notes that
			composer will compose to
			match either with
			Reference Non-Responder or
			Reference -Responder tunes
6	Save	Button	Save changes
	Changes

TABLE K
Corresponds to the Wireframe of FIG. 9L
Title	Tracking
Version	1.0
Note: This page will track the changes made to the
uploaded data
No.	Element	Type	Description
1	Tracking	Data grid	List the original
			biomarkers and changes
			made to them to create a
			tune
2	Select	Dropdown	List of all the unknowns
	Unknown	list	and All option to list all
			the unknowns

Example 2: Methods

In step 1, a conversion rule was formulated to decipher the numbers (gene expression data) into musical notes/sound frequencies (see Table 1 below).

TABLE 1
The conversion rule used for the transfer of gene expression data
(log 2 signal intensity) in to sound frequencies/musical notes.
Intensity value		Intensity value
(whole number)	Note	(Decimal)	Rhythm
1	Tonic	0	Sixteenth
2	Supertonic	1	Sixteenth
3	Mediant	2	Sixteenth
4	Subdominant	3	Eight
5	Dominant	4	Eight
6	Sudmediant	5	Quarter
7	Leading Tone	6	Quarter
8	Tonic{acute over ( )}	7	Half
9	Supertonic{acute over ( )}	8	Half
10	Mediant{acute over ( )}	9	Whole
11	Subdominant{acute over ( )}
12	Dominant{acute over ( )}
Other: Sharps (#) and Flats (b) as well as rests may be at Composer's discretion

In step 2, after converting the numbers into pitches with rhythms, the notes were looked at as a whole group.

In step 3, a composition/pattern generation algorithm was created to generate SFPs with the notes/sound frequencies and the rules for composition as follows:

• • a) Conversion vertical data into horizontal format.
  • b) Search a set of data for any patterns (ex: 5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 6.4) that are apparent without changing the order of the set.
  • c) Search for any outliers and mark them to not be used in composition.
  • d) Figure out which number(s) occur most often and use that number/note as a tonic or a reciting tone.
  • e) With the tonic note in mind, use any patterns discovered in #2 to create small sets of pitch orders (4-12 notes) with which to work with
  • f) Use the pitch orders to create a motif or theme that can be used or repeated throughout the composing process
  • g) Add rhythms and rests into the motif to make a more musical (sing-able) melody.
  • h) If a common chord progress (IV-V-I) becomes apparent or is useful as a basis for the melody, it is a good option to use this when available.
  • i) Always attempt to end a melody on a tonic or dominant
  • j) Repeat steps a-i for each data set, being sure to relate all of the melodies to the main theme composed from the average data set.A coherent piece of music/SFP was composed/generated by observing the SFPs and listening to the music.

In step 4, a reference/theme/framework music/SFP specific to each group (NR reference and R reference) was composed/generated using non-responders and responders mean values (see FIG. 3A), respectively.

In step 5, the theme/framework tune/SFP was used as the reference music/SFP to compose/generate the training sets (i.e. known non-responder and responder tunes/SFPs) to train the model (see FIGS. 3B and 3C).

In step 6, the tunes/SFPs were finalized by listening to the composition and observing the SFPs, and further refined to match with the reference/theme music/SFP by adjusting the location of the note or tempo, etc.

In step 7, data from 8 patients were considered as the test data set (i.e. unknowns). A double blind test was performed to identify clinical outcome of the unknowns after composing/generating the tune/SFP (see FIGS. 3D-3F). The clinical outcome was predicted correctly by observing the SFPs and listening to the musical notes. 100% prediction accuracy was achieved using the current model of the present invention.

In step 8, initially the entire gene expression data were converted into musical notes using excel program and with the help of a music composer. Manual MMOA took a longer time for class prediction. The manually operated MMOA program was converted into cloud/web based software (SFPGRA). The program can be operated using any of the following programs. The wire frames used for the SFPGRA are listed in FIGS. 9A through 9L and their numbered elements and type as well as additional notations for the wireframes depicted in FIGS. 9A-9L are provide in Tables A through K above.

Microsoft Internet Explorer 7.x+
Mozilla Firefox             9.x+
Google Chrome               16.x+
Apple Safari                5.x+

Audio Files

The tunes/SFPs can be listened to by playing any musical instrument mode using any musical software. For these tests, the audios (midi files) were recorded in violin and piano playing mode. Two tunes/SFPs (NR reference and R ref) were composed as the reference/theme tunes/SFPs. Three NR tunes/SFPs and three R tunes/SFPs were composed/generated as the training set. Eight tunes (4NR and 4R) were composed/generated to test and validate the model.

Deconvolution of Musical Notes/Sound Frequencies to Signal Intensity and Gene Symbol/ID

The tunes/SFPs are readily converted back to signal intensity and gene symbol/ID using a deconvolution program. It can be linked to pathway analysis tools and public data bases. The schematic detail of the deconvolution program is shown in FIG. 5.

Example 3: Results

Conventional Microarray Data Analysis

The microarray data was normalized using Robust Multi-array Average (RMA) procedure on Affymetrix GeneChip Operating Software (GCOS). For further analysis, the data was filtered and the probes that do not change were removed from the analysis. The data was further analyzed in R statistical language using standard Bioconductor packages and custom written codes. The top 50 biomarkers and their signal intensities used for class prediction are shown in Table 2.

Classifier built on the training dataset was applied to predict the clinical outcome of the 8 unknown patients (unknown test data set). The results are show in Table 3. To determine prediction accuracy, sample and data permutations were performed. Each sample was removed, and about 80% percent of genes were randomly sampled 1000 times from the filtered data-set. Each time the classifier learning procedure was repeated and then applied to unknown patients to predict the outcome. Prediction accuracies for 7 unknown patients are very high, around or higher than 95% (with about 2-3% confidence interval). The sample unknown 4 predicted as non-respondent with confidence accuracy within 61%-72%. The prediction accuracy was later compared with the original clinical outcome of the patients (Table 3). The prediction accuracy was found to be 62.5%. Three samples (marked *) out 8 samples were predicted incorrectly.

TABLE 2
Top 50 biomarkers differentially expressed in responders and non-responders of
surgical treatment. NR mean: Non-responders mean (n = 23); R mean: Responders mean
(n = 13); NR and R means were used to composed/generate reference tunes/reference SFPs.
KNR1, KNR2 and KNR4: Known non-responders testing set. KR3, KR6 and KR7: Known
responders testing set. UN1/R8: Unknown 1/Responder 8; UN2/NR5: Unknown 2/Non-
responder 5. Data for other 6 unknowns (3 NR and 3 R) samples are not shown.
Affy_Probe	NR	R
ID	Mean	Mean	KNR1	KNR2	KNR4	KR3	KR6	KR7	UN1/R8	UN2/NR5
201830_s_at	10.07	9.69	7.78	8.83	9.97	8.95	6.83	7.78	9.12	10.33
215078_at	3.91	4.25	5.14	3.80	3.99	8.05	8.10	8.74	6.98	4.17
241272_at	4.13	4.36	4.33	4.00	4.19	4.06	7.14	8.04	6.91	5.39
200656_s_at	10.91	10.70	10.97	11.14	10.01	10.95	8.77	8.68	8.56	8.83
213915_at	6.41	6.61	6.12	7.01	7.02	8.63	10.86	7.45	5.77	7.59
243256_at	6.50	6.70	6.72	6.87	7.18	7.28	9.25	8.60	8.45	8.09
243819_at	3.78	3.98	3.75	4.00	4.51	4.07	6.62	5.10	4.53	5.45
240265_at	3.43	3.62	3.51	3.63	4.26	3.08	6.38	5.62	4.72	5.62
232311_at	5.48	5.67	5.90	5.62	6.05	6.17	10.18	9.52	8.77	9.49
236725_at	5.61	5.80	5.48	5.51	5.56	6.59	9.00	7.77	7.62	7.29
211794_at	5.82	6.00	6.40	6.20	6.03	6.58	8.99	8.33	6.81	7.43
244777_at	5.25	5.43	5.22	5.37	5.90	5.58	7.72	6.44	5.11	5.49
238575_at	4.16	4.35	3.75	4.08	4.10	3.68	8.81	4.67	3.92	5.14
204103_at	7.83	7.99	7.25	7.93	8.62	9.82	11.78	9.70	8.43	8.69
242946_at	5.35	5.51	5.53	5.55	6.56	5.75	8.60	7.71	6.63	7.19
224582_s_at	9.04	8.88	8.66	8.61	8.88	8.94	5.57	5.60	6.17	6.77
230110_at	5.50	5.66	5.29	5.93	6.31	5.94	8.73	6.91	6.47	6.55
238063_at	5.82	5.97	6.31	6.04	5.95	6.01	8.42	7.91	6.82	6.64
236495_at	3.87	4.02	4.58	3.73	3.68	4.80	7.88	8.82	6.90	5.64
230006_s_at	7.87	7.73	7.40	7.82	7.58	8.38	5.23	5.68	7.70	7.40
227182_at	5.48	5.62	5.10	5.50	5.87	5.23	7.59	5.59	5.05	5.42
240260_at	4.86	5.00	4.62	5.22	5.38	4.73	7.12	7.19	5.79	5.65
201417_at	11.61	11.48	11.26	11.40	11.78	11.25	8.22	10.48	11.57	10.75
240652_at	3.97	4.10	3.76	4.05	4.30	4.21	6.17	6.07	5.35	4.83
1559037_a_at	4.05	4.18	4.27	4.19	4.52	3.73	6.11	6.37	4.48	5.76
206296_x_at	5.52	5.65	5.39	5.86	5.73	5.44	7.68	6.63	7.17	6.40
239205_s_at	4.37	4.50	5.10	5.26	4.32	5.76	9.04	6.82	4.72	4.93
233204_at	4.74	4.87	5.02	4.69	4.50	4.74	6.89	6.54	6.11	5.98
210549_s_at	4.49	4.62	4.67	4.45	5.45	4.71	8.77	5.25	4.36	5.79
1569369_at	4.02	4.14	3.83	4.43	3.64	6.06	7.20	5.60	4.67	5.83
1557797_a_at	4.05	4.17	3.78	4.61	5.11	3.88	6.56	5.78	5.30	5.64
1557578_at	2.92	3.05	2.80	2.56	3.40	3.12	6.31	6.04	3.69	3.33
213958_at	7.14	7.26	7.07	7.41	7.57	7.25	8.45	7.51	7.34	7.54
244357_at	4.28	4.40	4.31	4.43	4.37	4.10	7.37	6.75	6.43	6.31
227677_at	6.80	6.91	6.56	7.07	7.08	6.98	9.26	8.32	7.63	7.68
214369_s_at	4.25	4.37	4.79	4.68	4.69	4.04	6.03	5.50	4.52	4.98
204485_s_at	9.27	9.16	9.77	9.36	8.57	9.44	6.60	7.03	8.62	8.64
234640_x_at	3.43	3.54	4.09	3.45	3.69	3.84	4.80	6.02	3.62	3.57
236301_at	5.19	5.31	4.67	5.39	5.73	5.73	8.06	5.88	5.17	6.21
241505_at	4.53	4.64	4.19	4.61	5.26	4.53	6.38	6.25	6.26	5.31
1556472_s_at	4.11	4.22	3.84	4.26	4.25	4.02	6.58	4.66	4.47	4.73
1560706_at	4.70	4.81	4.70	4.49	5.32	5.25	6.84	5.56	5.81	5.53
235040_at	6.38	6.27	6.62	6.30	5.75	6.19	5.03	5.60	6.13	5.94
201428_at	8.83	8.72	6.94	8.50	8.99	6.81	4.74	7.06	8.48	9.67
224676_at	9.53	9.42	9.86	9.13	9.48	8.87	7.96	7.91	8.59	8.54
214219_x_at	5.51	5.61	5.37	5.74	5.91	5.35	7.45	6.55	6.78	6.33
1555259_at	4.13	4.23	4.03	3.98	3.83	5.29	8.39	4.95	4.77	4.97
210988_s_at	7.29	7.18	7.22	7.40	6.58	7.48	4.74	5.25	6.52	5.51
210225_x_at	7.74	7.84	7.87	7.89	8.03	8.33	9.00	8.80	7.98	7.72
206804_at	5.45	5.55	5.48	5.61	5.68	5.88	9.80	6.93	6.50	7.20

TABLE 3
Prediction accuracy of conventional data analysis
method was calculated by comparing the predicted
outcomes with the original clinical outcome.
S. No	Status	Clinical outcome	Predicted with Bio-Conductor
1	Unknown 1	Responder	Non-Responder*
2	Unknown 2	Non-Responder	Non-Responder
3	Unknown 3	Non-Responder	Non-Responder
4	Unknown 4	Responder	Non-Responder*
5	Unknown 5	Responder	Responder
6	Unknown 6	Responder	Responder
7	Unknown 7	Non-Responder	Responder*
8	Unknown 8	Non-Responder	Non-Responder
*Three samples out 8 were predicted incorrectly

Prediction accuracy of MMOA is shown in Table 4. Eight tunes/SFPs were composed to validate the algorithm and they were predicted with 100% accuracy in double blind studies.

TABLE 4
Comparison of prediction accuracy of conventional
microarray analysis method with MMOA.
		Clinical	Predicted with	Predicted with
S. No	Status	outcome	Bio-Conductor	MMOA
1	Unknown 1	Responder	Non-Responder	Responder
2	Unknown 2	Non-Responder	Non-Responder	Non-Responder
3	Unknown 3	Non-Responder	Non-Responder	Non-Responder
4	Unknown 4	Responder	Non-Responder	Responder
5	Unknown 5	Responder	Responder	Responder
6	Unknown 6	Responder	Responder	Responder
7	Unknown 7	Non-Responder	Responder	Non-Responder
8	Unknown 8	Non-Responder	Non-Responder	Non-Responder

Claims

1. A method of classifying a patient suffering from a disease as a responder or a non-responder to a selected treatment for the disease, said method comprising analyzing a sample from the patient for signal intensities of RNA, DNA or protein in the sample using an RNA, DNA or protein microarray;filtering a data set of the signal intensities generated from the microarray and converting the signal intensities to musical notes, sound frequencies, class specific tunes and/or sound frequency patterns;assigning an audio tune and/or sound frequency pattern capturing the filtered data to the patient by listening and/or observing the class specific tunes and/or sound frequency patterns; andclassifying the patient as a responder or a non-responder by comparing their audio tune and/or sound frequency pattern to an audio tune and/or sound frequency pattern previously identified for known responders or known non-responders.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the patient is suffering from cancer.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the patient is suffering from lung cancer.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the audio tune capturing the filtered data from the microarray is assigned manually using a mathematical musical orchestral algorithm.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the sound frequency pattern capturing the filtered data from the microarray is assigned using a web based sound frequency pattern generation and recognition algorithm.

6. The method of claim 1 further comprising obtaining a tissue sample from the patient for analysis.