Patent Application
20200339949
Substantial hopes and efforts are drawn into stem cell and somatic cell reprogramming to model human diseases and find urgently needed therapies. The recent Nobel prize in Medicine and Physiology awarded to Dr. Yamanaka only 5 years after publishing a revolutionary method to reprogram human somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells confirm how much hope is invested in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (IPSC) technology (Takahashi et al., 2007). Shortly after, it was shown that IPSC derived from skin cells of patients could be turned into neurons in vitro (Dimos et al., 2008). Neuroscientists rushed on this unprecedented opportunity to obtain culture of live neurons in vitro from patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders and demonstrated that major phenotypes associated with particular disorders could be recapitulated in the dish (Marchetto et al., 2010; Brennand et al., 2011; Marchetto et al., 2011; Nguyen et al., 2011; Seibler et al., 2011; Bellin et al., 2012; Egawa et al., 2012; Israel et al., 2012; Shi et al., 2012).
Yet the basic culture conditions to grow neurons in vitro have never been established with a thorough neurophysiological approach. Currently almost all human neuronal culture are grown in Dulbecco Modified Eagle Media (DMEM) (Cattaneo and McKay, 1990; Okabe et al., 1996; Soldner et al., 2009; Vierbuchen et al., 2010; Brennand et al., 2011; Caiazzo et al., 2011; Eiraku et al., 2011; Marchetto et al., 2011; Nguyen et al., 2011; Pang et al., 2011; Pfisterer et al., 2011; Qiang et al., 2011; Soldner et al., 2011; Son et al., 2011; Boyer et al., 2012; Braz et al., 2012; Giorgetti et al., 2012; Israel et al., 2012; Shao et al., 2012; Vilchez et al., 2012), and occasionally in NEUROBASAL™ media (Hermann et al., 2004; Li et al., 2005; Johnson et al., 2007) or a mixture of both DMEM and NEUROBASAL™ (Koch et al., 2009; Boulting et al., 2011; Kriks et al., 2011; Egawa et al., 2012; Shi et al., 2012). Then a variety of growth factors and supplements are added to the basal media to promote neuronal differentiation and survival. Using patch-clamping and calcium imaging techniques Applicants found that those widely used basal media are extremely unadapted for neurophysiological function. They strongly impair action potential firing as well as excitatory and inhibitory synaptic function, which therefore dramatically reduces spontaneous neural activity. This in turn has detrimental consequences on the functional development and operation of neurons in vitro. Thus, there is a need in the art for media compositions that closely reflect in vivo physiological conditions to provide for uncompromised conditions during in vitro differentiation, expansion or maintenance of, for example, mature neural cells, neural progenitor cells or primary neural cells.
Provided herein are, inter alia, are media compositions useful for culturing neural cells. In particular, the compositions provided herein mimic important physiological conditions in the living brain and sustain neural activity. In some embodiments, the media compositions provided herein improve the efficiency of human neuron differentiation and promote synaptic function in long-term in vitro cultures.
The present application provides for a cell medium that promotes the growth and/or maintenance and/or functional activity of brain cells cultured in the medium. In certain embodiments, the cell medium comprises one or more neuroactive inorganic salt, and/or one or more neuroactive amino acid, and/or one or more vitamin, and/or one or more amino acid, and/or one or more energetic substrate, and/or one or more pH modulating agent.
In certain embodiments, the medium comprises sodium chloride at a concentration of between about 70 and about 150 mM, a neuroactive inorganic salt at a concentration of between about 0.000001 and about 10 mM, Glycine at a concentration of between about 0.0001 and about 0.05 mM, L-alanine at a concentration of between about 00001 and about 0.05 mM, and L-serine at a concentration of between about 0.001 and about 0.03 mM.
In certain embodiments, the medium comprises L-alanine at a concentration below about 0.05 mM, glycine at a concentration below about 0.25 mM, L-serine at a concentration below about 0.25 mM, L-proline at a concentration below about 0.15 mM, L-arginine hydrochloride at a concentration below about 0.60 mM, L-alanyl-L-glutamine at a concentration below about 2.5 mM, magnesium sulfate at a concentration above about 0.41 mM, calcium chloride at a concentration above about 1.05 mM, potassium chloride at a concentration above about 4.16 mM, sodium chloride at a concentration above about 120.7 mM, D-glucose at a concentration below about 17.5 mM or HEPES at a concentration of about 5 mM.
In certain embodiments, the present application provides for a medium comprising one or more neuroactive inorganic salt and one or more neuroactive amino acid. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises one or more pH modulating agent, one or more energetic substrate, one or more amino acid, and/or one or more vitamin, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the ingredients of the medium are present in amounts that promote the growth, maintenance and neural functionality of a neural cell cultured in the medium.
In certain embodiments, the medium does not comprise serum.
In certain embodiments, the medium comprises one or more energy sensitive ingredient, wherein contacting the ingredient with a source of energy, for example light or electricity, increases the activity of a neural cell cultured in the medium. In certain embodiments, continued exposure of the ingredient to the energy source results in excitotoxicity of the neural cell cultured in the medium.
In another aspect, a method of culturing a neuronal cell is provided. The method includes, contacting a neuronal cell with a medium as provided herein including embodiments thereof and allowing the neuronal cell to grow, thereby culturing a neuronal cell.
In another aspect, a mammalian cell cultured in a medium as provided herein including embodiments thereof is provided.
The present disclosure is based, at least in part, on the discovery of a medium that promotes the growth and maintenance, as well as the functional activity, of neural cells cultured in the medium. In particular, the application discloses that such medium can comprise a combination of neuroactive inorganic salts, neuroactive amino acids, pH modulating agents, energetic substrates, amino acids, and vitamins. In certain embodiments, the ingredients of the medium are present in amounts that promote the growth, maintenance and neural functionality of a neural cell cultured in the medium.
Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. See, e.g., Singleton et al., D
The term “amino acid” refers to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, γ-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine. Amino acid analogs refers to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e., an α carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g., norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid. Amino acid mimetics refers to chemical compounds that have a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, but that functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid. The terms “non-naturally occurring amino acid” and “unnatural amino acid” refer to amino acid analogs, synthetic amino acids, and amino acid mimetics which are not found in nature.
Amino acids may be referred to herein by either their commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise, may be referred to by their commonly accepted single-letter codes.
A “cell culture” is an in vitro population of cells residing outside of an organism. The cell culture can be established from primary cells isolated from a cell bank or animal, or secondary cells that are derived from one of these sources and immortalized for long-term in vitro cultures.
The terms “culture,” “culturing,” “grow,” “growing,” “maintain,” “maintaining,” “expand,” “expanding,” etc., when referring to cell culture itself or the process of culturing, can be used interchangeably to mean that a cell is maintained outside the body (e.g., ex vivo) under conditions suitable for survival. Cultured cells are allowed to survive, and culturing can result in cell growth, differentiation, or division. The term does not imply that all cells in the culture survive or grow or divide, as some may naturally senesce, etc. Cells are typically cultured in media, which can be changed during the course of the culture.
The terms “medium,” “media” and “culture solution” refer to the cell culture milieu. Media is typically an isotonic solution, and can be liquid, gelatinous, or semi-solid, e.g., to provide a matrix for cell adhesion or support. Media, as used herein, can include the components for nutritional, chemical, and structural support necessary for culturing a cell.
As used herein, “conditions to allow growth” in culture and the like refers to conditions of temperature (typically at about 37° C. for mammalian cells), humidity, CO2 (typically around 5%), in appropriate media (including salts, buffer, serum), such that the cells are able to undergo cell division or at least maintain viability for at least 24 hours, preferably longer (e.g., for days, weeks or months).
The term “derived from,” when referring to cells or a biological sample, indicates that the cell or sample was obtained from the stated source at some point in time. For example, a cell derived from an individual can represent a primary cell obtained directly from the individual (i.e., unmodified), or can be modified, e.g., by introduction of a recombinant vector, by culturing under particular conditions, or immortalization. In some cases, a cell derived from a given source will undergo cell division and/or differentiation such that the original cell is no longer exists, but the continuing cells will be understood to derive from the same source.
The term “recombinant” when used with reference, e.g., to a cell, or nucleic acid, protein, or vector, indicates that the cell, nucleic acid, protein or vector, has been modified by the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid or protein or the alteration of a native nucleic acid or protein, or that the cell is derived from a cell so modified. Thus, for example, recombinant cells express genes that are not found within the native (non-recombinant) form of the cell or express native genes that are otherwise abnormally expressed, under expressed or not expressed at all. Transgenic cells and animals are those that express a heterologous gene or coding sequence, typically as a result of recombinant methods.
A “somatic cell” is a cell forming the body of an organism. Somatic cells include cells making up organs, skin, blood, bones and connective tissue in an organism, but not germ line cells.
A “stem cell” is a cell characterized by the ability of self-renewal through mitotic cell division and the potential to differentiate into a tissue or an organ. Among mammalian stem cells, embryonic and somatic stem cells can be distinguished. Embryonic stem cells reside in the blastocyst and give rise to embryonic tissues, whereas somatic stem cells reside in adult tissues for the purpose of tissue regeneration and repair.
The term “pluripotent” or “pluripotency” refers to cells with the ability to give rise to progeny that can undergo differentiation, under appropriate conditions, into cell types that collectively exhibit characteristics associated with cell lineages from the three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). Pluripotent stem cells can contribute to tissues of a prenatal, postnatal or adult organism. A standard art-accepted test, such as the ability to form a teratoma in 8-12 week old SCID mice, can be used to establish the pluripotency of a cell population. However, identification of various pluripotent stem cell characteristics can also be used to identify pluripotent cells.
An “induced pluripotent stem cell” or “iPSC” refers to a pluripotent stem cell artificially (e.g. non-naturally, in a laboratory setting) derived from a non-pluripotent cell. A “non-pluripotent cell” can be a cell of lesser potency to self-renew and differentiate than a pluripotent stem cell. Cells of lesser potency can be, but are not limited to adult stem cells, tissue specific progenitor cells, primary or secondary cells. An adult stem cell is an undifferentiated cell found throughout the body after embryonic development. Adult stem cells multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissue. Adult stem cells have the ability to divide and create another like cell and also divide and create a more differentiated cell. Even though adult stem cells are associated with the expression of pluripotency markers such as Rex1, Nanog, Oct4 or Sox2, they do not have the ability of pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into the cell types of all three germ layers. Adult stem cells have a limited potency to self-renew and generate progeny of distinct cell types. Without limitation, an adult stem cell can be a hematopoietic stem cell, a cord blood stem cell, a mesenchymal stem cell, an epithelial stem cell, a skin stem cell or a neural stem cell. A tissue specific progenitor refers to a cell devoid of self-renewal potential that is committed to differentiate into a specific organ or tissue. A primary cell includes any cell of an adult or fetal organism apart from egg cells, sperm cells and stem cells. Examples of useful primary cells include, but are not limited to, skin cells, bone cells, blood cells, cells of internal organs and cells of connective tissue. A secondary cell is derived from a primary cell and has been immortalized for long-lived in vitro cell culture.
The term “reprogramming” refers to the process of dedifferentiating a non-pluripotent cell (e.g., an origin cell) into a cell exhibiting pluripotent stem cell characteristics (e.g., a human induced pluripotent stem cell).
Where appropriate the expanding transfected derived stem cell may be subjected to a process of selection. A process of selection may include a selection marker introduced into a an induced pluripotent stem cell upon transfection. A selection marker may be a gene encoding for a polypeptide with enzymatic activity. The enzymatic activity includes, but is not limited to, the activity of an acetyltransferase and a phosphotransferase. In some embodiments, the enzymatic activity of the selection marker is the activity of a phosphotransferase. The enzymatic activity of a selection marker may confer to a transfected induced pluripotent stem cell the ability to expand in the presence of a toxin. Such a toxin typically inhibits cell expansion and/or causes cell death. Examples of such toxins include, but are not limited to, hygromycin, neomycin, puromycin and gentamycin. In some embodiments, the toxin is hygromycin. Through the enzymatic activity of a selection maker a toxin may be converted to a non-toxin, which no longer inhibits expansion and causes cell death of a transfected induced pluripotent stem cell. Upon exposure to a toxin a cell lacking a selection marker may be eliminated and thereby precluded from expansion.
Identification of the induced pluripotent stem cell may include, but is not limited to the evaluation of the afore mentioned pluripotent stem cell characteristics. Such pluripotent stem cell characteristics include without further limitation, the expression or non-expression of certain combinations of molecular markers. Further, cell morphologies associated with pluripotent stem cells are also pluripotent stem cell characteristics.
The term “hiPSC-derived neural cell” refers to a neural progenitor cell (NPC) or a mature neuron that has been derived (e.g., differentiated) from a hiPSC cell in vitro. The hiPSCs can be differentiated by any appropriate method known in the art (e.g., Marchetto, M. C. et al., Cell Stem Cell, 3, 649-657 (2008); Yeo, G. W. et al., PLoS Comput Biol, 3, 1951-1967 (2007)).
A neural progenitor is a cell that has a tendency to differentiate into a neural cell and does not have the pluripotent potential of a stem cell. A neural progenitor is a cell that is committed to the neural lineage and is characterized by expressing one or more marker genes that are specific for the neural lineage. Examples of neural lineage marker genes are N-CAM, the intermediate-filament protein nestin, SOX2, vimentin, A2B5, and the transcription factor PAX-6 for early stage neural markers (i.e. neural progenitors); NF-M, MAP-2AB, synaptosin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, βIII-tubulin and tyrosine hydroxylase for later stage neural markers (i.e. differentiated neural cells). Neural differentiation may be performed in the absence or presence of co-cultured astrocytes. The terms “neural” and “neuronal” are used according to their common meaning in the art and can be used interchangeably throughout.
The term “DMEM” as used herein refers to Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (commercially made available by Life Technologies™) a nutrient media comprising various components including without limitation inorganic salts, amino acids, vitamins and other protein components.
A “modified DMEM” medium as referred to herein is a nutrient media comprising one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) components present in DMEM. In some embodiments, the components are present at the same concentration as in DMEM. In other embodiments, the components are present at a different concentration compared to DMEM. In some embodiments, the components are present at a higher concentration relative to DMEM. In other embodiments, the components are present at a lower concentration relative to DMEM.
“HEPES” as provided herein refers to 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid and is a zwitterionic organic buffering agent widely used in cell culture. HEPES refers, in the customary sense, to CAS Registry No.7365-45-9.
The term “neuroactive” as used herein refers to an agent, such as, for example, an inorganic salt or amino acid that acutely affects the neural activity of a cell. For example, a neural cell cultured in a medium comprising neuroactive agents will exhibit measurable neural activity (e.g. electrophysiological activity). In certain embodiments, such neural activity is similar to, or the same as, the wild type neural activity exhibited by the cell in its natural in vivo environment.
The term “energetic substrate” as used herein refers to an agent, for example, a sugar, that is a source of energy for a cell for engaging in metabolic processes. In certain embodiments, when a cell is cultured in a medium comprising an energetic substrate, the cell can utilize the energetic substrate for growth and/or maintenance while cultured in the medium.
In one aspect, the present application provides for a medium that promotes the growth and/or maintenance and/or functional activity of a cell. In certain embodiments, the medium comprises one or more neuroactive inorganic salts and one or more neuroactive amino acids. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises one or more pH modulating agent, one or more energetic substrate, one or more amino acid, and/or one or more vitamin, and combinations thereof.
In certain embodiments, the ingredients of the medium are present in amounts that promote the growth, maintenance and neural functionality of a neural cell cultured in the medium.
In certain embodiments, the medium does not comprise Hypoxanthine Na, Organosulfur compound (for example, Lipoic Acid), DNA nucleoside (for example, Thymidine), Essential fatty acid (for example, Linoleic Acid), Organic chemical compounds (for example, Putrescine 2HCl), Biotin (B7), and combinations thereof.
In certain embodiments, the medium does not comprise serum.
In certain embodiments, the medium does not comprise one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of HEPES; Phenol Red; Sodium Pyruvate; BSA, Fatty acid free Fraction V; Catalase; Human recombinant insulin; Human Transferrin; Corticosterone; T3 (triodo-I-thyronine); Linoleic Acid; Linolenic Acid; Ascorbic acid (Vit C); Biotin (B7); DL Alpha Tocopherol Acetate; DL Alpha-Tocopherol; Vitamin A (Retinoic acid); Selenite; D-Galactose; and combinations thereof.
In certain embodiments, the medium comprises a neuroactive inorganic salt selected from the group consisting of Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Potassium Chloride (KCl), Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) (for example, anhydrous CaCl2), Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) (for example, anhydrous MgSO4), Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) (for example, anhydrous MgCl2), Ferric Nitrate (Fe(NO3)3-9H2O), Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4-7H2O), Cupric sulfate (CuSO4-5H2O), Ferric sulfate (FeSO4-7H2O), and combinations thereof.
In certain embodiments, the neuroactive inorganic salt is at a concentration of between abut 0.000001 and about 10 mM, or between about 0.000005 and about 8 mM, or between about 0.00001 and about 6 mM, or between about 0.00005 and about 4 mM, or between about 0.00005 and about 2 mM, or between about 0.0001 and about 1 mM, or between about 0.0005 and about 0.5 mM, or between about 0.001 and about 0.05 mM, or between about 0.01 and about 0.05 mM.
In certain embodiments, the Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is present at a concentration of between about 20 and about 200 mM, or between about 40 and about 180 mM, or between about 60 and about 160 mM, or between about 70 and about 150 mM, or between about 90 and about 130 mM, or between about 110 and about 125 mM. In certain embodiments, the Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is present at a concentration of about 121 mM.
In certain embodiments, the Potassium Chloride (KCl) is present at a concentration of between about 0.001 and about 10 mM, or between about 0.005 and about 9 mM, or between about 0.01 and about 8 mM, or between about 0.05 and about 7 mM, or between about 0.1 and about 6 mM, or between about 1 and about 5 mM, or between about 2 and about 4.5 mM. In certain embodiments, the Potassium Chloride (KCl) is present at a concentration of less than about 5 mM. In certain embodiments, the Potassium Chloride (KCl) is present at a concentration of about 4.2 mM.
In certain embodiments, the Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) (anhydrous) is present at a concentration of between about 0.05 and about 10 mM, or between about 0.1 and about 8 mM, or between about 0.5 and about 6 mM, or between about 0.8 and about 4 mM, or between about 0.8 and about 4 mM, or between about 0.8 and about 2 mM, or between about 0.9 and about 1.5 mM, or between about 0.9 and about 1 mM. In certain embodiments, the Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) (anhydrous) is present at a concentration of about 1.1 mM.
In certain embodiments, the Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) (anhydrous) is present at a concentration of between about 0.001 and about 10 mM, or between about 0.005 and about 9 mM, or between about 0.01 and about 8 mM, or between about 0.05 and about 7 mM, or between about 0.1 and about 6 mM, or between about 0.5 and about 5 mM, or between about 1 and about 4 mM, or between about 1.5 and about 3. In certain embodiments, the Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) is present at a concentration of less than about 2 mM. In certain embodiments, the Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) is present at a concentration of about 1 mM.
In certain embodiments, the Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) (anhydrous) is present at a concentration of between about 0.001 and about 10 mM, or between about 0.005 and about 9 mM, or between about 0.01 and about 8 mM, or between about 0.05 and about 7 mM, or between about 0.1 and about 6 mM, or between about 0.5 and about 5 mM, or between about 1 and about 4 mM, or between about 1.5 and about 3. In certain embodiments, the Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) is present at a concentration of less than about 2 mM. In certain embodiments, the Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) is not present in the medium.
In certain embodiments, the Ferric Nitrate (Fe(NO3)3-9H2O) is present at a concentration of between about 0.00001 and about 0.005 mM, or between about 0.00005 and about 0.001 mM, or between about 0.0001 and about 0.0008 mM, or between about 0.0002 and about 0.0007 mM, or between about 0.0003 and about 0.0006 mM, or between about 0.0004 and about 0.0005 mM. In certain embodiments, the Ferric Nitrate (Fe(NO3)3-9H2O) is present at a concentration of less than about 0.0004 mM. In certain embodiments, the Ferric Nitrate (Fe(NO3)3-9H2O) is present at a concentration of about 0.000124 mM.
In certain embodiments, the Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4-7H2O) is present at a concentration of between about 0.00001 and about 0.05 mM, or between about 0.00005 and about 0.005 mM, or between about 0.0001 and about 0.004 mM, or between about 0.0005 and about 0.003 mM, or between about 0.002 and about 0.003 mM. In certain embodiments, the Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4-7H2O) is present at a concentration of less than about 0.002 mM. In certain embodiments, the Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4-7H2O) is present at a concentration of about 0.0015 mM.
In certain embodiments, the Cupric sulfate (CuSO4-5H2O) is present at a concentration of between about 0.0000001 and about 0.0005 mM, or between about 0.0000005 and about 0.00005 mM, or between about 0.000001 and about 0.00004 mM, or between about 0.000005 and about 0.00003 mM, or between about 0.00001 and about 0.00002 mM. In certain embodiments, the Cupric sulfate (CuSO4-5H2O) is present at a concentration of less than about 0.00001 mM. In certain embodiments, the Cupric sulfate (CuSO4-5H2O) is not present in the medium.
In certain embodiments, the Ferric sulfate (FeSO4-7H2O) is present at a concentration of between about 0.00001 and about 0.05 mM, or between about 0.00005 and about 0.005 mM, or between about 0.0001 and about 0.004 mM, or between about 0.0005 and about 0.003 mM, or between about 0.001 and about 0.004 mM, or between about 0.002 and about 0.003 mM. In certain embodiments, the Ferric sulfate (FeSO4-7H2O) is present at a concentration of less than about 0.0015 mM. In certain embodiments, the Ferric sulfate (FeSO4-7H2O) is not present in the medium.
In certain embodiments, the medium comprises a neuroactive amino acid selected from the group consisting of Glycine, L-Alanine, L-Aspartic acid, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Serine, and combinations thereof.
In certain embodiments, the neuroactive amino acid is present at a concentration of between about 0.0001 and about 1 mM, or between about 0.0005 and about 0.5 mM, or between about 0.001 and about 0.05 mM, or between about 0.005 and about 0.01 mM.
In certain embodiments, the Glycine is present at a concentration of between about 0.0001 and about 1 mM, or between about 0.0005 and about 0.5 mM, or between about 0.001 and about 0.1 mM, or between about 0.005 and about 0.05 mM, or between about 0.01 and about 0.05 mM. In certain embodiments, the Glycine is present at a concentration of less than about 0.05 mM. In certain embodiments, the Glycine is present at a concentration of between about 0.0001 and about 0.05 mM. In certain embodiments, the Glycine is present at a concentration of about 0.002 mM.
In certain embodiments, the L-Alanine is present at a concentration of between about 0.0001 and about 1 mM, or between about 0.0005 and about 0.5 mM, or between about 0.001 and about 0.1 mM, or between about 0.005 and about 0.05 mM, or between about 0.01 and about 0.05 mM. In certain embodiments, the L-Alanine is present at a concentration of less than about 0.05 mM. In certain embodiments, the L-Alanine is present at a concentration of between about 00001 and about 0.05 mM. In certain embodiments, the L-Alanine is present at a concentration of about 0.002 mM.
In certain embodiments, the L-Aspartic acid is present at a concentration of between about 0.00001 and about 0.05 mM, or between about 0.00005 and about 0.005 mM, or between about 0.0001 and about 0.004 mM, or between about 0.0005 and about 0.003 mM, or between about 0.002 and about 0.003 mM. In certain embodiments, the L-Aspartic acid is present at a concentration of less than about 0.003 mM. In certain embodiments, the L-Aspartic acid is present at a concentration of between about 0.00001 and about 0.003 mM. In certain embodiments, the L-Aspartic acid is not present in the medium.
In certain embodiments, the L-Glutamic Acid is present at a concentration of between about 0.0001 and about 0.5 mM, or between about 0.0005 and about 0.1 mM, or between about 0.001 and about 0.05 mM, or between about 0.005 and about 0.04 mM. or between about 0.005 and about 0.02 mM. In certain embodiments, the L-Glutamic Acid is present at a concentration of less than about 0.02 mM. In certain embodiments, the L-Glutamic Acid is present at a concentration of between about 0.00001 and about 0.02 mM. In certain embodiments, the L-Glutamic Acid is not present in the medium.
In certain embodiments, the L-Serine is present at a concentration of between about 0.0001 and about 0.5 mM, or between about 0.0005 and about 0.1 mM, or between about 0.001 and about 0.05 mM, or between about 0.005 and about 0.04 mM, or between about 0.01 and about 0.03 mM. In certain embodiments, the L-Serine is present at a concentration of less than about 0.03 mM. In certain embodiments, the L-Serine is present at a concentration of between about 0.001 and about 0.03 mM. In certain embodiments, the L-Serine is present at a concentration of about 0.02 mM.
In certain embodiments, the medium comprises a pH modulating agent selected from the group consisting of inorganic salt, pH buffer, pH indicator, or combination thereof.
In certain embodiments wherein the pH modulating agent comprises an inorganic salt, the inorganic salt is selected from the group consisting of Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3), Sodium Phosphate dibasic (Na2HPO4) anhydrous, Sodium Phosphate monobasic (NaH2PO4—H2O), and combinations thereof.
In certain embodiments each inorganic salt is present at a concentration of between about 0.001 and about 10 mM, or between about 0.005 and about 8 mM, or between about 0.01 and about 6 mM, or between about 0.05 and about 4 mM, or between about 0.1 and about 2 mM, or between about 0.5 and about 1 mM, or between about 0.001 and about 1 mM.
In certain embodiments each inorganic salt is present at a concentration of between about 1 and about 60 mM, or between about 5 and about 40 mM, or between about 10 and about 25 mM, or between about 15 and about 20 mM, or between about 1 and about 35 mM.
In certain embodiments, the inorganic salt is present at a concentration of less than about 35 mM. In certain embodiments, the inorganic salt is present at a concentration of less than about 1 mM.
In certain embodiments, the pH modulating agent comprises Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) at a concentration of about 29 mM, Sodium Phosphate dibasic (Na2HPO4) anhydrous at a concentration of about 0.5 mM, and/or Sodium Phosphate monobasic (NaH2PO4—H2O) at a concentration of about 0.5 mM.
In certain embodiments, the cell medium comprises HEPES at a concentration of between about 0.1 and about 30 mM, or between about 0.5 and about 25 mM, or between about 1 and about 20 mM, or between about 5 and about 15 mM. In certain embodiments, the HEPES is present at a concentration of less than about 10 mM. In certain embodiments, the HEPES is present at a concentration of about 5 mM.
In certain embodiments, the cell medium comprises phenol red at a concentration of between about 0.0001 and about 1 mM, or between about 0.0005 and about 0.5 mM, or between about 0.001 and about 0.1 mM, or between about 0.005 and about 0.08, or between about 0.01 and about 0.07 mM. In certain embodiments, the phenol red is present at a concentration of less than about 0.07 mM. In certain embodiments, the phenol red is present at a concentration of about 0.0215 mM.
In certain embodiments, the pH of the medium is between about 7 and about 8, or between about 7.1 and about 7.8, or between about 7.2 and about 7.6, or between about 7.3 and about 7.5. In certain embodiments, the pH of the medium is about 7.4.
In certain embodiments, the medium comprises an energetic substrate selected from the group consisting of a sugar (for example, D-glucose (dextrose)), Sodium Pyruvate, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the energy substrate is present at a concentration of between about 0.001 and about 10 mM, or between about 0.005 and about 9 mM, or between about 0.01 and about 8 mM, or between about 0.05 and about 7 mM, or between about 0.1 and about 6 mM, or between about 1 and about 5 mM, or between about 2 and about 4.5 mM. In certain embodiments, the energy substrate is present at a concentration of less than about 5 mM, or less than about 1 mM. In certain embodiments, the energy substrate is present at a concentration of between 0.1 and about 5 mM. In certain embodiments, the energy substrate is present at a concentration of about 2.5 mM or about 0.5 mM.
In certain embodiments, the medium comprises one or more amino acids. In certain embodiments, the one or more amino acids is selected from the group consisting of L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine, L-Arginine hydrochloride, L-Asparagine-H2O, L-Cysteine hydrochloride-H2O, L-Cystine 2HCl, L-Histidine hydrochloride-H2O, L-Isoleucine, L-Leucine, L-Lysine hydrochloride, L-Methionine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Proline, L-Threonine, L-Tryptophan, L-Tyrosine disodium salt dihydrate, L-Valine, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, each amino acid is present at a concentration of between about 0.001 and about 5 mM, or between about 0.005 and about 3 mM, or between about 0.01 and about 1 mM, or between about 0.05 and about 0.8 mM, or between about 0.1 and about 0.5 mM, or between about 0.001 and about 1 mM.
In certain embodiments, the one or more amino acids is selected from the group consisting of L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine at a concentration of about 0.5 mM, L-Arginine hydrochloride at a concentration of about 0.5 mM, L-Asparagine-H2O at a concentration of about 0.05 mM, L-Cysteine hydrochloride-H2O at a concentration of about 0.15 mM, L-Histidine hydrochloride-H2O at a concentration of about 0.2 mM, L-Isoleucine at a concentration of about 0.8 mM, L-Leucine at a concentration of about 0.8 mM, L-Lysine hydrochloride at a concentration of about 0.8 mM, L-Methionine at a concentration of about 0.2 mM, L-Phenylalanine at a concentration of about 0.4 mM, L-Proline at a concentration of about 0.1 mM, L-Threonine at a concentration of about 0.7 mM, L-Tryptophan at a concentration of about 0.07 mM, L-Tyrosine disodium salt dihydrate at a concentration of about 0.4 mM, L-Valine at a concentration of about 0.7 mM, and combinations thereof.
In certain embodiments, the medium does not comprise L-Cystine 2HCl.
In certain embodiments, the medium comprises one or more vitamins. In certain embodiments, the one or more vitamins is selected from the group consisting of Choline chloride, D-Calcium pantothenate (B5), Folic Acid (B9), i-Inositol, Niacinamide (B3), Pyridoxine hydrochloride, Thiamine hydrochloride, Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), Riboflavin (B2), and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, each vitamin is present at a concentration of between about 0.00001 and about 1 mM, or between about 0.00005 and about 0.5 mM, or between about 0.0001 and about 0.9 mM, or between about 0.0005 and about 0.8 mM, or between about 0.001 and about 0.7 mM, or between about 0.005 and about 0.6 mM, or between about 0.01 and about 0.5 mM, or between about 0.05 and about 0.1 mM.
In certain embodiments, the one or more vitamins is selected from the group consisting of Choline chloride at a concentration of about 0.07 mM, D-Calcium pantothenate (B5) at a concentration of about 0.006 mM, Folic Acid (B9) at a concentration of about 0.006 mM, i-Inositol at a concentration of about 0.07 mM, Niacinamide (B3) at a concentration of about 0.02 mM, Pyridoxine hydrochloride at a concentration of about 0.010 mM, Thiamine hydrochloride at a concentration of about 0.007 mM, Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) at a concentration of about 0.0006 mM, Riboflavin (B2) at a concentration of about 0.0006 mM, and combinations thereof.
In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises on or more supplemental agents selected from the group consisting of protein (for example, Laminin; BSA, Fatty acid free Fraction V; Catalase; insulin; Human recombinant insulin; Insulin Recombinant Full Chain; Transferrin; Human Transferrin; Human Transferrin (Holo); Superoxide Dismutase), neurotrophic factor (for example, Human Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF); Glia neurotrophic factor (GDNF)), hormone, steroid (for example, Corticosterone, Progesterone), hormone thyroid (for example, T3 (triodo-I-thyronine)), fatty acid, essential fatty acid (for example, Linoleic Acid, Linolenic Acid), lipid (for example, Cholesterol), Vitamin (for example, Ascorbic acid (Vit C), Biotin (B7), DL Alpha Tocopherol Acetate, DL Alpha-Tocopherol, Vitamin A (Retinoic acid)), Sulfate mineral (for example, selenite), Organic chemical compound (for example, Putrescine 2HCl), Monosacharide (for example, D-Galactose), Nucleotide (for example, Dibutyril cAMP sodium salt), and combinations thereof.
In certain embodiments each supplemental agent is present in the medium at a concentration of between about 0.01 and about 50 μg/mL, or between about 1 and about 40 μg/mL, or between about 5 and about 30 μg/mL, or between about 10 and about 20 μg/mL.
In certain embodiments each supplemental agent is present in the medium at a concentration of between about 0.01 and about 50 mg/mL, or between about 1 and about 40 mg/mL, or between about 5 and about 30 mg/mL, or between about 10 and about 20 mg/mL.
In other embodiments, each supplemental agent is present in the medium at a concentration of between about 0.000001 and about 1 mM, or between about 0.00001 and about 0.5 mM, or between about 0.0001 and about 0.1 mM, or between abut 0.001 and about 0.01 mM.
In certain embodiments, the medium comprises L-alanine at a concentration below about 0.05 mM, glycine at a concentration below about 0.25 mM, L-serine at a concentration below about 0.25 mM, L-proline at a concentration below about 0.15 mM, L-arginine hydrochloride at a concentration below about 0.60 mM, L-alanyl-L-glutamine at a concentration below about 2.5 mM, magnesium sulfate at a concentration above about 0.41 mM, calcium chloride at a concentration above about 1.05 mM, potassium chloride at a concentration above about 4.16 mM, sodium chloride at a concentration above about 120.7 mM, D-glucose at a concentration below about 17.5 mM or HEPES at a concentration of about 5 mM. In some embodiments, the medium does not include L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-cystine 2HCl, CuSO4-5H2O, FeSO4-7H2O, anhydrous magnesium chloride, linoleic acid, putrescine 2HCl, lipoic acid, thymidine, hypoxanthine Na, or biotin.
In some embodiments, the L-alanine is present between about 0.001 mM and about 0.05 mM. In other embodiments, the L-alanine is present at about 0.002 mM. In some embodiments, the glycine is present between about 0.001 mM and about 0.005 mM. In other embodiments, the glycine is present at about 0.002 mM. In some embodiments, the L-serine is present between about 0.001 mM and about 0.005 mM. In some embodiments, the L-serine is present at about 0.002 mM. In other embodiments, the L-proline is present between about 0.01 mM and about 0.1 mM. In some embodiments, the L-proline is present at about 0.06 mM. In other embodiments, the L-arginine hydrochloride is present between about 0.01 mM and about 0.5 mM. In some embodiments, the L-arginine hydrochloride is present at about 0.3 mM. In some embodiments, the L-alanyl-L-glutamine is present between about 0.1 mM and about 1 mM. In other embodiments, the L-alanyl-L-glutamine is present at about 0.5 mM.
In some embodiments, the magnesium sulfate is present between about 0.5 mM and about 5 mM. In other embodiments, the magnesium sulfate is present at about 1 mM. In some embodiments, the calcium chloride is present between about 1.1 mM and about 2 mM. In some embodiments, the calcium chloride is present at about 1.1 mM. In other embodiments, the potassium chloride is present between about 4.18 mM and about 4.5 mM. In some embodiments, the potassium chloride is present at about 4.2 mM. In some embodiments, the sodium chloride is present between about 121 mM and about 125 mM. In other embodiments, the sodium chloride is present at about 121 mM. In some embodiments, the D-glucose is present between about 1 mM and about 10 mM. In other embodiments, the D-glucose is present at about 2.5 mM.
In some embodiments, the medium includes L-alanine at a concentration of about 0.002 mM, glycine at a concentration of about 0.002 mM, L-serine at a concentration of about 0.002 mM, L-proline at a concentration of about 0.06 mM, L-arginine hydrochloride at a concentration of about 0.3 mM and L-alanyl-L-glutamine at a concentration of about 0.5 mM.
In some embodiments, the medium includes magnesium sulfate at a concentration of about 1 mM, calcium chloride at a concentration of about 1.1 mM, potassium chloride at a concentration of about 4.2 mM and sodium chloride at a concentration of about 121 mM.
In some embodiments, the medium includes L-alanine at a concentration below about 0.05 mM, glycine at a concentration below about 0.25 mM, L-serine at a concentration below about 0.25 mM, L-proline at a concentration below about 0.15 mM, L-arginine hydrochloride at a concentration below about 0.60 mM, L-alanyl-L-glutamine at a concentration below about 2.5 mM, magnesium sulfate at a concentration above about 0.41 mM, calcium chloride at a concentration above about 1.05 mM, potassium chloride at a concentration above about 4.16 mM, sodium chloride at a concentration above about 120.7 mM, D-glucose at a concentration below about 17.5 mM and HEPES at a concentration of about 5 mM.
In some embodiments, the medium has an osmolarity below about 315 mOsmol/L. In other embodiments, the osmolarity is between about 200 and about 400 mOsmol/L, or between about 220 and about 380 mOsmol/L, or between about 240 and about 360 mOsmol/L, or between about 260 and about 340 mOsmol/L, or between about 280 and about 330 mOsmol/L, or between about 300 and about 320 mOsmol/L. In certain embodiments, the osmolarity is between about 300 mOsmol/L and about 310 mOsmol/L. In some embodiments, the osmolarity is about 310 mOsmol/L.
In another aspect, a method of culturing a neuronal cell is provided. The method includes, contacting a neuronal cell with a medium as provided herein including embodiments thereof and allowing the neuronal cell to grow, thereby culturing a neuronal cell. In some embodiments, the neuronal cell is a primary neuronal cell. In other embodiments, the neuronal cell is an iPSC-derived neuronal cell.
In another aspect, a mammalian cell cultured in a medium as provided herein including embodiments thereof is provided. In some embodiments, the mammalian cell is a neuronal cell.
In certain embodiments, the medium comprises one or more ingredient that is sensitive to energetic sources, such as, for example, light and/or electricity. In certain embodiments, contacting the ingredient with energy, such as light or electricity, results in an increase in activity of a cell cultured in the medium, for example, a neural cell. In certain embodiments, continued application of the energy to the medium may produce an excitotoxic effect in the cell cultured in the medium. In certain embodiments, the ingredient that is sensitive to energy is selected from the group consisting of Riboflavin (B2), HEPES, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the agent is present at a concentration of between about 0.0000001 and about 1 mM, or between about 0.0000005 and about 0.5 mM, or between about 0.000001 and about 0.05 mM, or between about 0.000005 and about 0.01 mM, or between about 0.00001 and about 0.005 mM, or between about 0.00005 and about 0.001 mM, or between about 0.0001 and about 0.0006 mM. In certain embodiments, the agent is present at a concentration of less than about 0.00006 mM. In certain embodiments the agent is present at a concentration of between about 0.01 and about 50 mM, or between about 0.05 and about 25 mM, or between about 0.1 and about 20 mM, or between about 0.5 and about 15 mM, or between about 1 and about 10 mM, or between abut 2 and about 8 mM. In certain embodiments, the agent is present at a concentration of less than about 10 mM.
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies offer access to live human neurons derived from patients and a new alternative to model neurological and psychiatric disorders in vitro. Effective models of neuronal circuits require physiological conditions that sustain neuronal functions. Therefore, Applicant specifically examined the neuronal activity in different media currently used to culture neurons. Neurons from rodents and humans are routinely grown in vitro in basal media with a variety of supplements. It was found that standard basal media (e.g. DMEM, NEUROBASAL™) and serum strongly impair fundamental neuronal functions, including action potential firing and synaptic communication. To overcome these limitations and better reproduce in vitro the physiological conditions of the human brain, a new basal medium (BrainPhys) was designed, and it was combined with chemically-defined supplements and thoroughly tested it on a variety of human neuronal cultures. This new medium optimally supports the type of electrophysiological activity typically observed in vivo, but in addition it also sustains long-term survival in vitro. BrainPhys was essentially designed to culture functional and mature human neurons obtained from patients or healthy subjects but can also be used on rodent neurons. Overall, it provides more realistic and functional in vitro conditions to model human neurological diseases.
The present example describes the following:
To assess the neural network activity of neurons in culture, human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were used that were derived from iPSCs or embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The human NPCs were differentiated into neurons on glass cover slips with various basal media that were supplemented with N2, B27, BDNF, GDNF, Ascorbic acid, cAMP and Laminin for two to eight weeks. The coverslips were transferred with the neurons in a perfusion chamber to acutely examine the spontaneous calcium activity or electrophysiological properties of the cells in various extracellular solutions.
The calcium activity of human neurons was first imaged in the DMEM-based media, in which they were cultured for several weeks. Very few active human neurons were found, but when the same fields of view were imaged in ACSF, many more cells became spontaneously active. The composition of ACSF solution may slightly vary between laboratories—for example, calcium concentration is often higher than physiological levels to artificially increase synaptic release—which can potentially increase network activity. To clarify this issue, The inorganic salt concentration, the pH, and osmolarity of our ACSF was matched to those in DMEM and those calcium-imaging experiments were repeated. Despite those precautions, it was confirmed that the number of active cells was significantly lower in DMEM than in ACSF (
Patch-clamping methods were then used to determine how DMEM reduced the overall spontaneous activity of human neurons in vitro. It was found that DMEM consistently depolarized the resting potential of neurons (n=22/22 cells, by 23±3 mV). Spontaneously active neurons in ACSF were then examined, and it was found that, on rare occasions, depolarizations induced by DMEM increased the firing frequency without saturation (n=2/14,
To investigate the influence of DMEM on synaptic function, voltage clamp experiments were performed at the reversal potential of Cl− (−70 mV) or Na+ (0 mV), and it was found that both spontaneous AMPA and GABA synaptic events, which could be recorded in ACSF, completely disappeared in DMEM (
At the same time, it was also observed that perfusion of DMEM consistently induced large depolarizing Na+ and Cl− influx into the cells (e.g.,
DMEM has been previously modified to optimize the survival of rat primary neurons in culture (Brewer et al., 1993). In this modified version, called NEUROBASAL™ medium, the developers essentially removed some excitatory amino acids and ferrous sulphate, and reduced the osmolarity; they found that NEUROBASAL™ improved rat neurons survival in vitro in comparison to DMEM (Brewer et al., 1993). Although cell survival is a critical parameter of cell culture, fundamental electrophysiological properties were not tested in NEUROBASAL™ Therefore, human iPSC- and ESC-derived neurons (two to eight weeks in neural maturation media) were used to examine the effects of NEUROBASAL™ on neuronal functions. Unlike DMEM, NEUROBASAL™ did not depolarize the resting membrane potential and occasionally at least some excitatory synaptic events could be observed. Nevertheless, NEUROBASAL™ strongly reduced or abolished the spontaneous excitatory synaptic activity observed in ACSF (n=5/5 mature neurons, ACSF control: 21.3±12.5 Hz, NEUROBASAL™-A: 0.44±0.17 Hz, ACSF recovery: 15.1±10.5 Hz;
Neuronal function is fundamentally based on the generation and propagation of action potentials. Voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) and potassium (Kv) channels are crucial to achieving high firing rates of action potentials. Action potentials are reflecting the sequential activation Nav and Kv channels that trigger large outflux of sodium and influx of potassium currents largely depending on the ionic gradients. The first improvement of BrainPhys was therefore to adjust the concentrations of inorganic salts close to neurophysiological levels (e.g. Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca2+). Tests in voltage-clamp showed that the amplitude of Nav and Kv currents in ACSF and BrainPhys were not different (
In addition, it was shown that optogenes such as Chanel Rhodopsin (ChR2) or Cheta can be efficiently expressed in human neurons and allowed us to remotely control the firing activity of the neurons with brief flashes of light in BrainPhys (
Integrated neural network activity and ultimately brain functions are achieved by synaptic communication between neurons. Therefore, we designed BrainPhys to sustain both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic function. The summation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic neurotransmitters determines the probability of neurons to fire action potentials. Thus simply by supporting optimal action potential firing, BrainPhys indirectly acts to promote synaptic activity. In addition, specific ions such as Calcium play critical roles in the synapse to trigger fast vesicular release. Aiming to set in vitro conditions as realistic as possible, we adjusted calcium levels in BrainPhys close to those reported in the human cerebrospinal fluid in vivo (Ca2+ ˜1.1 mM). However, based on voltage clamp experiments showing strong Na+ and/or Cl− currents upon perfusion of DMEM or NEUROBASAL™, we strongly suspected that synaptic function was also impaired by the presence of neuroactive components.
The main excitatory synaptic connections in the brain are mediated by glutamate while most synaptic inhibition is mediated by GABA. Therefore, the neuroactive elements in classic media that could directly influence glutamatergic and gabaergic synaptic activity were excluded or reduced. To control that those modifications improved synaptic functions, the levels of spontaneous glutamatergic and gabaergic synaptic activity, mediated by AMPA or GABAa receptors were tested in voltage-clamp (as shown by reversible blockades with their respective antagonists NBQX or SR95531). Although spontaneous activity may be variable between cells, a paired analysis clearly showed that the levels of spontaneous AMPA synaptic activity in BrainPhys were not significantly different to those in ACSF (n=5 cells, ACSF: 11.0±10 Hz, BrainPhys: 12.8±10 Hz), and therefore largely improved compared to DMEM or even NEUROBASAL™ (
It was systematically found that both NEUROBASAL™ and DMEM completely blocked synaptic inhibitory phasic activity (n=4/4 cells in NEUROBASAL™;
Following this hypothesis, it was demonstrated that reducing the concentration of specific neuroactive components acting of chloride channels dramatically improved GABAergic synaptic activity. As a result of those modifications spontaneous GABA synaptic activity was proven functional in BrainPhys (n=7 cells;
In summary, these results show that unphysiological concentration of neuroactive components present in DMEM and NEUROBASAL™ strongly impaired excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity. This critical caveat was therefore fixed through the formulation of BrainPhys and it was shown that synaptic communication is active and functional in BrainPhys. Taken all together, the improvements made in BrainPhys to support physiological resting membrane potential, action potential firing and synaptic function were also reflected by the presence of healthy calcium network activity comparable to ACSF.
The primary objective was to design a medium that better supports neuronal functions and activity in vitro. But it was also an objective to design a medium that would better mimic the basic conditions in the human brain. Those improvements are not only important for studies directly focusing on neuronal activity but are also potentially critical for disease modelling studies, as more realistic experimental models will increase translational success for patients.
To reach that goal, it has been reported to be essential to provide similar energetic levels that are normally rigorously maintained in the healthy human brain (Zilberter et al., 2010). This is particularly important since several neurological disorders have been related to mitochondria dysfunctions (Knott et al., 2008; Cooper et al., 2012; Itoh et al., 2012). Surprisingly though, the glucose levels in DMEM and NEUROBASAL™ are at least two to five times higher than those in the brain of hyperglycemic patients (Gruetter et al., 1992). The energetic components in BrainPhys were therefore balanced to provide glycemic levels similar to those reported for the brains of healthy patients (˜2.5 mM).
Furthermore, while adjusting the concentration of inorganic salts to physiological levels, and avoiding the saturation of neuroactive components, the osmolarity was also set to be close to that of typical human cerebrospinal fluid (˜305 mOsmol/L). In contrast, the osmolarity of NEUROBASAL™ is ˜30% lower than neurophysiological levels (˜220 or 250 mOsmol/L for NEUROBASAL™-A).
Although it has been shown that those modifications accounted for better neuronal function and were closer to neurophysiological conditions, it was crucial to make those improvements while maintaining conditions that can also sustain brain cell survival for several weeks or perhaps months in an artificial in vitro setting. The influence of maturing human neurons in BrainPhys were thus tested.
Characterisation of Healthy Active Neural Network which Matured for Several Weeks in BrainPhys-Based Serum-Free Media without Feeder Layer
Different types of neurons can be used to study human neurons in vitro (e.g. cortical, dopaminergic), and the methodological variations to obtain those neurons are countless. However, after a specific type of neuronal progenitor is obtained, usually, the cells are matured in a basal medium with supplements. Typically, DMEM, NEUROBASAL™ or a mixture of both is picked as basal medium. The supplements added to the basal media can be tailored depending on the need or preference of the experimenter. We first tested that acutely adding a complete set of commonly used supplements (N2, B27, Retinoic acid, BDNF, GDNF, ascorbic acid, cAMP, laminin, and cholesterol) to BrainPhys basal medium did not affect the firing rate or excitatory/inhibitory synaptic activity (n=6 cells,
It was tested that BrainPhys-based neuronal media could be proficient to use with a large variety of neurons, including for example human ES and IPS cells-derived neurons, iNs directly reprogrammed from human fibroblast, primary neurons and even ex-vivo brain slices. To test the cell physiological properties with patch-clamping, calcium imaging and confocal IHC after maturing for several weeks in BrainPhys-based medium with supplements (N2, B27, Retinoic acid, BDNF, GDNF, ascorbic acid, cAMP, Laminin), almost all the neurons were cultured on transferable coated glass coverslips, but BrainPhys can also be used to feed neurons plated on plastic, which may improve cell attachment. Adding a feeder layer of glia may also improve the long-term attachment of the neurons and provide other benefits, but it was opted to omit feeder layers in most of the tests since it was noticed that the glial progenitors often turn into neurons in neural maturation media. This may be a concern for some disease modelling studies as it may contaminate the neuronal samples with cells from another patient or even another species if rodent astrocytes are used.
It was tested extensively that BrainPhys (with supplements) could be used to differentiate human iPSC- and ESC-derived NPCs into neuronal networks on glass coverslips. It was found that human NPCs plated in BrainPhys differentiated effectively into mature and synaptically active neurons within 3 to 5 weeks (
Patch-clamp recordings in BrainPhys (with supplements) revealed that iPSC or ESC-derived neurons maturing in BrainPhys (with supplements) for several weeks were firing healthy trains of action potentials (
BrainPhys Improved the Functional Maturation of Human iPSC- and ESC-Derived NPCs
DMEM and NEUROBASAL™ medium were specifically optimized to promote the survival of cells in vitro. To test the viability of the cells in different basal media, DMEM, NEUROBASAL™ and BrainPhys (all with the same set of serum free supplements), matched experiments were performed using the same cell lines plated at similar densities at the same time, but fed for several weeks with different basal media. It was found that after 1 month in either medium the proportion of apoptotic cells (active caspase 3), the overall cell density (DAPI) or the concentration of LDH released in the supernatant by dying cells did not change significantly between the three groups (
Since BrainPhys did not appear to affect the survival or the fate of the cells, it was then asked whether growing cells for 2 to 6 weeks in active BrainPhys-based medium may improve the functional maturity of the neurons. To assess the degree of functional maturity, a homogeneous sample of 65 synapsin-GFP-positive neurons were first randomly patched in cultures growing side by side in DMEM or BrainPhys (with supplements) (
Despite the lack of obvious increase in the number of synaptic puncta measured by IHC, it was found that the number of functionally active synapses was largely increased in neurons differentiated in BrainPhys. Indeed, the numbers of neurons receiving active excitatory AMPA synaptic inputs were about three times higher in the BrainPhys cultures (67% vs 23% of Type 3-5 neurons,
It was then shown that BrainPhys-based medium can also be used with human neurons directly reprogrammed from fibroblasts (hiNs) (
To further characterize the influence of different media on human neuronal cultures, a multi-electrode array (MEA) system comprising 16 electrodes per well of a 48 well plate (Axion) was used. This approach allowed examination of the influence of BrainPhys on neuronal function of the same neurons over several weeks, in comparison to several other conditions used by the research community to culture neurons in vitro.
For these experiments pure and thoroughly characterised human iPSC neurons commercially available (ICELL® neurons from Cellular Dynamics International) were used. Since the frozen stock of these neurons are already presumed to be mature neurons, the cells can be thawed directly on the MEA plate and recorded only few days later.
It was first noted that regardless the basal media used (e.g. BrainPhys, NB-A, DMEM/F12, mixture of DMEM/F12 and NB-A) adding serum will dramatically impair the neuronal activity. This could be improved by using serum-free supplement (knockout serum or the supplement cocktails tested with patch-clamping). However, it was noted that when tested with serum-free supplements and NEUROBASAL™-A or a mixture of NB and DMEM/f12 the neuronal activity was relatively low and deteriorated within about a week while the activity in DMEM highly fluctuated in synchrony with the feeding cycles. In contrast, BrainPhys without serum significantly improved the neurophysiological activity of human neurons within a few days, but most importantly, the neuronal function was maintained stable over several weeks. Finally, in most cases the poor neuronal performance in the classic media could be remarkably rescued within a few days when replaced with BrainPhys-based medium (
In summary, it has been shown that the newly designed basal medium is closer to conditions of a live brain and therefore allows neurons to be neurophysiologically active in vitro. It has been shown that those changes are not detrimental for neuronal differentiation and survival in vitro. To the contrary, it has been found that the neural and synaptic activity seen under the more physiological conditions of BrainPhys can promote the maturation and function of human neurons in vitro over time and maintain it.
To assess if BrainPhys might change the overall cell density in culture after several weeks, 36 coverslips containing neurons growing side by side in either medium for on average 35 days (range 21-54 days) were fixed and stained. The same density of DAPI nuclei were found in both groups (DMEM=1657±239/mm2, BrainPhys=1745±252/mm2, Mann Whitney P-value=0.75). To ask whether BrainPhys might change the proportion of dopaminergic neurons, the number of cells staining positively for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) on 12 cover slips were quantified, but significant differences were not found (DMEM=8.7±2.7%, BrainPhys 12±2.5% of TH+/DAPI, P=0.26).
Although BrainPhys was developed to culture human neurons, it was also demonstrated that it could be utilized for electrophysiological recordings in acute mouse brain slices and rat primary neuron cultures. Mouse hippocampal granule cells patched in BrainPhys were fully functional (
In this Example, basal media were fully tested for their influence on fundamental neuronal functions. It was found that many crucial neurophysiological properties were significantly altered in the widely used DMEM and NEUROBASAL™ media (Table 1). A new basal medium was therefore designed that was tested on human and rodent neurons. BrainPhys overcame the problems that were identified in DMEM and NEUROBASAL™. With the appropriate supplements, BrainPhys may be used to differentiate NPCs into neurons and provides conditions for mature neurons to actively operate in vitro. BrainPhys can also be used acutely with or without supplements to assess electrophysiologically the functional properties of human and rodent neurons in in vitro culture or in ex vivo brain slices.
Most of the components in BrainPhys are essential for basic cell functioning. BrainPhys is a mixture of 9 inorganic salts, 18 amino acids, 9 vitamins and 5 extra components that include dextrose, sodium pyruvate, Hepes, cholesterol and phenol red (Table 2). To allow the neurons to function in vitro, as they would in a live brain, the concentrations of many components present in either DMEM or NEUROBASAL™ were adapted. For instance, 20 components in DMEM and 39 in NEUROBASAL™ were removed, added, or changed by more than 10% in BrainPhys. The concentrations of inorganic salts in BrainPhys resemble the concentrations reported in cerebrospinal fluid. NEUROBASAL™ osmolarity is ˜30% lower than neurophysiological levels (˜220 or 250 mOsmol/L for NEUROBASAL™-A). In contrast, the osmolarity of BrainPhys was set to match the osmolarity of physiological cerebrospinal fluid (˜305 mOsmol/L). Several extra components present in DMEM or NEUROBASAL™ that were reported as potentially toxic to neurons were reduced or completely removed (e.g, Lipoic acid which may induce oxidative stress, hypoxantine which may reduce Na+K+ atpase and induce oxidative stress, HEPES, riboflavin which may be phototoxic, L-cysteine hydrochloride which may be neurotoxic and interact with NMDA receptors, folic acid and homocysteine deficiency which may impair DNA repair in neurons and sensitize them to amyloids, Copper which can block extra synaptic GABAa receptors, and ferric sulfate). The concentrations of several amino acids and vitamins were changed to improve neurophysiological functions. The pH of BrainPhys was adjusted to physiological pH (˜7.3-7.5) without perturbing important inorganic salt concentrations. The pH is steadily maintained with pH buffers sensitive to CO2 levels and low concentrations of Hepes.
In DMEM and NEUROBASAL™, the glucose levels are at least two to five times higher than those in the brain of hyperglycemic patients (Gruetter et al., 1992). To realistically model neurological disorders in a dish, it has been reported to be important to attempt to mimic typical physiological energetic activity in the brain (Zilberter et al., 2010). This is particularly important since several neurological disorders have been related to mitochondria dysfunction (Knott et al., 2008; Cooper et al., 2012; Itoh et al., 2012). In BrainPhys, the energetic components are balanced to provide glycemic levels similar to those reported for the brains of healthy patients. It was also noted that the abnormal levels of ionic currents (Ca2+, Na+, K+, and Cl−) in both DMEM and NEUROBASAL™. Ligand-activated (e.g., AMPA or GABA) or voltage-dependent (e.g., Nav, Kv, Cav) ionotropic channels usually work in tandem with ionic pumps to re-establish resting concentrations of intracellular ions. Ionic pumps use energy (ATP) to work against the osmotic gradients. If a large number of synaptic and extra-synaptic passive ionotropic channels are chronically open, as reported here for DMEM and NEUROBASAL™, the pumps will fight against the gradients in vain, which is likely to waste a considerable amount of cellular energy.
The present example shows that BrainPhys significantly improved the differentiation of cells into functional neurons by combining neurophysiological improvements at various levels, including synaptic function, action potential generation and energetic maintenance.
The pH of BrainPhys was adjusted to physiological pH (˜7.3-7.4) without perturbing important inorganic salt concentrations. The pH is steadily maintained with pH buffers sensitive to ambient CO2 levels (bicarbonate salts) and low concentrations of Hepes.
Several extra components present in DMEM or NEUROBASAL™ that were reported as potentially toxic to neurons were reduced or completely removed (e.g lipoic acid, hypoxantine, HEPES, Roboflavin, L-cysteine hydrochloride, Ferric sulfate, cupric sulfate). The concentrations of several amino acids and vitamins were changed to improve neurophysiological functions.
The present example also shows the abnormal levels of ionic currents (Ca2+, Na+, K+, and Cl−) in both DMEM and NEUROBASAL™. Ligand-activated (e.g., AMPA or GABA) or voltage-dependent (e.g., Nav, Kv, Cav) ionotropic channels that usually work in tandem with ionic pumps to re-establish resting concentrations of intracellular ions. Ionic pumps use energy (ATP) to work against the osmotic gradients. If a large number of synaptic and extra-synaptic passive ionotropic channels are chronically open, as reported here for DMEM and NEUROBASAL™ the pumps will fight against the gradients in vain, which is likely to waste a considerable amount of cellular energy.
Most of the components in BrainPhys are essential for basic cell functioning. BrainPhys is a mixture of 9 inorganic salts, 18 amino acids, 9 vitamins and 5 extra components that include dextrose, sodium pyruvate, cholesterol, Hepes, and phenol red (Table 2). To allow the neurons to function in vitro, as they would in a live brain, the concentrations of many components present in either DMEM or NEUROBASAL™ were adapted. For instance, 20 components in DMEM and 39 in NEUROBASAL™ were removed, added, or changed by more than 10% in BrainPhys. It has been shown that BrainPhys significantly improved the differentiation of cells into functional neurons by combining neurophysiological improvements at various levels, including synaptic function, action potential generation and energetic maintenance.
BrainPhys was extensively and successfully tested on different lines of human neurons, including iPSC- and ESC-derived neurons obtained by using different protocols. It was also shown that BrainPhys is adapted for electrophysiological recordings of mouse hippocampal slices and to culture rat primary hippocampal neurons. BrainPhys should also support neurons from a diversity of brain regions and from other species.
Modelling Neurological Disorders in a Dish: Previous Work without BrainPhys and Future Experiments
The present example describes that available basal media, which are used to differentiate human neurons, are very different from conditions in the living brain and, therefore, sub-optimal for the electrical activity of neuronal cultures. One important aspect of optimizing both growth and sustainability of neurons in vitro, as with BrainPhys, is that the probability of finding mature and functional neurons is relatively low in current conditions. In addition, most neurological disorders are chronic and progressive and are very closely related to neuronal activity and synaptic function; thus when modelling human neurological and psychiatric disorders in vitro, the lack of physiological conditions and activity might introduce artefacts or mask the real mechanisms of the pathologies. Although relevant phenotypes were found between patient and control iPSC-derived neuronal cultures differentiated in current media (Marchetto et al., 2010; Brennand et al., 2011; Nguyen et al., 2011; Seibler et al., 2011; Bellin et al., 2012; Egawa et al., 2012; Israel et al., 2012; Shi et al., 2012), new phenotypes might be revealed from studying neurons in conditions promoting their electrophysiological activity. Neural models closely mimicking the living brain will be more likely to recapitulate the dysfunctions occurring in patients' brains and, in turn, lead to the discovery of more effective treatments against neurological and psychiatric disorders. BrainPhys is advantageous for such use by sustaining physiological neural activity in vitro.
Human neurons: Human dermal fibroblasts were reprogrammed into pluripotent cells with the four Yamanaka factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and cMyc) either in a retroviral vector or a non-integrating Sendai viral vector. Human iPSC and ESC were differentiated into neural progenitors (NPCs) as previously described (Brennand et al., 2011; Boyer et al., 2012). For neural maturation, NPCs were plated on glass coverslips (Fisher Scientific 12-545-80) coated with poly-ornithine (Sigma P3655) and laminin (Invitrogen 23017-015) and cultured in neuronal maturation media (NM see below “Media and extracellular solution”) in 24-well plates. Half of the media was gently replaced two to three times a week. The plates were kept in the incubator at 37 degC with 5% CO2.
Direct Conversion of Human Dermal Fibroblasts into Induced Neurons (iN):
Primary human dermal fibroblasts HDFs were established from skin biopsies from healthy donors and cultured in DMEM medium containing 15% FBS and 0.1% NEAA (all Gibco). Fibroblast cell line #1 was obtained from ATCC (BJ-CRL-2522™ foreskin fibroblasts); #2 and #3 were obtained from the Coriell Institute (catalog IDs GM22159 and AG08498).
Direct conversion was performed on a Ngn2/Asc11-based protocol similar to previously described by Ladewig et al. with slight modifications (Ladewig et al. 2012). Coding sequences for human Asc11 and Ngn2 were linked by a 2A peptide sequence and cloned into pLVX-Tight-Puro construct (Clontech) resulting in the pLVXTP-N2A. Lentiviral particles for pLVX-EtO and pLVXTP-N2A were produced in HEK-293FT cells and enriched by centrifugation. 48 h following transduction, transgenic iN-competent fibroblasts were further passaged in the presence of G418 (200 μg/ml Gibco) and puromycin (1 μg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich) in tetracycline-free FBS-containing media.
To generate induced neurons the media was changed to induced neuron conversion (iNC) media based on either DMEM:F12/NEUROBASAL™ (DN; 1:1 v/v) or BrainPhys® (BP) for 3 weeks. NC contains the following supplements: N2 supplement and B27 supplement (both 1×; Gibco), doxycycline (2 μg/ml, Sigma-Aldrich), Laminin (1 μg/ml, life technologies), dibutyryl cyclic-AMP (500 μg/ml, Sigma-Aldrich), human recombinant noggin (150 ng/ml; Preprotech), LDN-193189 (5 μM; Cayman Chemical Co) and A83-1 (5 μM; Stemgent), CHIR99021 (3 μM, LC Laboratories), Forskolin (5 μM, LC Laboratories) and SB-431542 (10 μM; Cayman Chemical Co). This results two iNC media DN-iNC and BP-iNC which were changed every 3 days.
To test whether direct iN conversion can be performed in BrainPhys®-based media, iN cultures that converted for 3 weeks in either DN-iNC or BP-iNC were fixed with 4% PFA and stained for the neuronal markers beta-III-tubulin (rabbit, 1:3000, Millipore), hTau (PHF1, mouse, 1:500, kind gift from Peter Davies), NeuN (mouse, 1:100, Millipore) and Map2ab (chicken, 1:300, Abcam).
For full functional maturation, iN cells were gently dislodged from their conversion plate using TrypLE and relocated on top of a monolayer culture of mouse astrocytes (see Mertens et al. AJP 2013) and further cultured in induced neuron maturation (iNM) media containing the supplements GDNF, BDNF (both 20 ng/ml, R&D), dibutyryl cyclic-AMP (500 μg/ml, Sigma-Aldrich), doxycycline (2 μg/ml, Sigma-Aldrich) and laminin (1 μg/ml, life technologies). NM-containing media were again either based on DMEM:F12/NEUROBASAL™ (DN; 1:1 v/v) or BrainPhys® (BP), resulting in DN-iNM or BP-iNM which were changed every 3 days. Following 3 weeks of maturation (6 weeks of conversion in total), cultures were fixed with 4% PFA and stained for hTau and ARC (rabbit, 1:200, xyz).
Rodent neurons: Rat hippocampal dissociated cultures were prepared at embryonic day 18. Hippocampal dissection were briefly treated with Papain, then gently dissociated and plated in NEUROBASAL™+Neurocult sm1 neuronal supplement (Cat #07511, Stem Cell Technologies, USA) on glass coverslips coated with Poly-L-Lysine. To test BrainPhys directly on the brain ex vivo rather than in artificial cultures, we prepared 300-μm thick slices of the mouse hippocampus (C57B16).
Media and extracellular solutions: Neural Maturation media (NM) consisted of basal media and serum-free supplements. We used the following basal media: BrainPhys (BP, custom-made), DMEM/F12 (DMEM, Gibco, Cat No. 10565-018), NEUROBASAL™-A (NB, Gibco, Cat #10888-022) or a mixture of DMEM/F12 and NEUROBASAL™-A (DM, 50:50). Most of the DMEM used in these experiments was obtained from Life Technologies; a few batches were custom-made in house. NEUROBASAL™ was always obtained from Life Technologies. ACSF and BrainPhys were custom-made in house.
Maturation of neurons was performed in the basal media with the following supplements were added: 1× N2 (Gibco, Cat No. 17502-048), 1× B27 (Gibco, Cat No. 17504-044), Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF, 20 ng/ml; Peprotech, Cat No. 450-02), Glia-derived Neurotrophic Factors (GDNF, 20 ng/ml; Peprotech, Cat No. 450-10), ascorbic acid (AA, 200 nM; Sigma, Cat No. A0278), dibutyryl cyclic AMP (cAMP, 1mM Sigma, Cat No. D0627) and laminin (1 μg/ml; Invitrogen, Cat No 23017-015). Acute experiments to measure functional activity were performed in ACSF or in basal media with or without supplements.
Patch-clamping: For whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, individual coverslips were transferred into a heated recording chamber and continuously perfused (1 ml min−1) with either basal media or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) bubbled with a mixture of CO2 (5%) and O2 (95%) and maintained at 25° C. The composition of ACSF was adjusted to match the inorganic salt concentration and osmolarity of the DMEM and BrainPhys when acutely compared. ACSF contained (in mM) 121 NaCl, 4.2 KCl, 1.1 CaCl2, 1 MgSO4 (or 0.4 MgSO4 and 0.3 MgCl), 29 NaHCO3, 0.45 NaH2PO4—H2O, 0.5 Na2HPO4 and 20 glucose (all chemicals from Sigma).
For targeted whole-cell recordings, we used a 40× water-immersion objective, differential interference contrast filters (all OLYMPUS®), an infrared digital camera (ROLERA-XR™, from QImaging), a digidata 1440A/Multiclamp 700B and Clampex 10.3 (Molecular devices). The resistance of the patch electrodes was between 3 and 5 MOhm. Patch electrodes were filled with internal solutions containing 130 mM K-gluconate, 6 mM KCl, 4 mM NaCl, 10mM Na-HEPES, 0.2 mM K-EGTA; 0.3mM GTP, 2mM Mg-ATP, 0.2 mM cAMP, 10mM D-glucose, 0.15% biocytin and 0.06% rhodamine. The pH and osmolarity of the internal solution were close to physiological conditions (pH 7.3, 290-300 mOsmol/L). Data were all corrected for liquid junction potentials (10 mV). Electrode capacitances were compensated on-line in cell-attached mode (˜7 pF). Recordings were low-pass filtered at 2 kHz, digitized, and sampled at intervals of 50 ms (20 kHz). To control the quality and the stability of the recordings throughout the experiments, access resistance, capacitance and membrane resistance were continuously monitored on-line and recorded. The resistance of the glass pipettes we used was ˜5 MOhm. The access resistance of the cells in our sample was ˜40 MOhm. Patch-clamping results of every tested solution were confirmed by recovery to level comparable to the control. Spontaneous synaptic AMPA events were recorded at the reversal potential of Cl− and could be reversibly blocked by AMPA receptor antagonist (10 uM NBQX, Sigma Ref #N183). Spontaneous synaptic GABA events were recorded at the reversal potential of Na+ and could be reversibly blocked with GABAa receptor antagonist (10 uM SR95531, Sigma Ref #S106). Across all experiments, 292 neurons were patched and analyzed.
Multi-well MEA plates: Microelectrode array (MEA) plates were composed of 48 wells with each well containing an array of 16 individual embedded nano-textured gold microelectrodes (˜40-50 μm diameter; 350 μm center-to-center spacing) with 4 integrated ground electrodes, for a total of 768 channels (Axion Biosystems). Prior to culture, each well was coated with 200 μl of a filter-sterilized 0.1% solution of polyethylenimine (Sigma Aldrich) in borate buffer (3.10 g of boric acid (Fisher Scientific) and 4.75 g of sodium tetraborate (Sigma Aldrich) in 1 l of distilled water) at room temperature. The solution was removed after 1 h, and the wells were washed 4 times with sterile water and air-dried overnight in a sterile biological safety cabinet.
Cell culture on MEAs: One vial of cryopreserved human iPSC-derived ICELL® neurons (Cellular Dynamics International) was thawed and pelleted by centrifugation according to the manufacturer's protocol, and resuspended at a concentration of 28,000 viable neurons/μl in ICELL® Neuron Maintenance Medium with 10 μg/ml laminin (Sigma Aldrich). A 5 μl droplet of the cell suspension (140,000 neurons) was added to the center of each well in the MEA, directly over the electrode area. Sterile water was added to the area around the wells to reduce evaporation, and the MEA was incubated with the seeded neurons in a cell culture incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO2 for 1 hour. 300 μl of ICELL® Neuron Maintenance Medium was then gently added to each well, and the water surrounding the wells was removed. 2 days after the cell plating (day in vitro (DIV 2)) the medium was replaced with one of 8 different media: NEUROBASAL™-A (Life Technologies) with 10% defined fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone); BrainPhys with 10% FBS; DMEM/F12 (Life Technologies) with 10% FBS; NEUROBASAL™-A supplemented with N2 (Gibco), B27 (Gibco), BDNF (20 ng/ml; Peprotech), GDNF (20 ng/ml; Peprotech), ascorbic acid (200 nM; Sigma), cAMP (1 mM; Sigma), and laminin (1 ug/ml; Life Technologies); BrainPhys with the aforementioned supplements; DMEM/F12 (Life Technologies) with the aforementioned supplements; a 1:1 mixture of NEUROBASAL™-A/DMEM with the aforementioned supplements; or fresh ICELL® Neuron Maintenance Medium (6 wells each medium). At DIV 6, 9, and 13, 50% of the medium in each well was exchanged with fresh medium. On DIV 16, all medium was replaced with supplemented BrainPhys.
MEA recording and data analysis: Between DIV 2 and 21, spontaneous activity was recorded for 10 min each day at 37° C. using the Maestro MEA system (Axion Biosystems) and the associated Axion Integrated Studio (AxIS 1.8.1.5). The 768 channels of the MEA were sampled simultaneously with a gain of 1200× and a sampling rate of 12.5 kHz/channel. For all recordings, a Butterworth band-pass filter (200 Hz-3 kHz) was applied along with an adaptive threshold spike detector set at 6× standard deviation. Data from the recordings were saved to 3 different file types simultaneously; a raw data file (*.raw file) that included all data, a spike counts file (*.csv file) that included the spikes per electrode with a 1 s bin time, and an alpha map (*.map file) that included spike timing and profile information. The frequency reported in the analysis represent the average frequency of 96 to 192 electrodes (6 to 12 wells) for each tested condition. The percentage of active electrode represent the number of electrode with a spike frequency >0.005 Hz.
Analysis and statistics: Statistical analysis of electrophysiology data and calcium imaging was assisted with Clampfit 10.3, MATLAB® 2011b, Igor Pro 6, PRISM® 5, MiniAnalyis and MICROSOFT® Excel. Standard errors of the mean were reported. Statistical significance was assessed with two-tailed non-parametric paired (Wilcoxon) or unpaired (Mann Whitney) tests.
Functional types classification: “Type 0 cells” did not express voltage-dependent sodium currents and were excluded from analysis. “Type 1 neurons” expressed small Nav currents but were not able to fire action potentials above −10 mV. The arbitrary limit of −10 mV was chosen as it is close to the reversal potential of Na+ (0 mV). Healthy action potentials usually reach or overshoot the reversal potential of Na+. “Type 2 neurons” fired one action potential above −10 mV, which was followed by a plateau. “Type 3 neurons” also fired one action potential above −10 mV and one or few aborted spikes below −10 mV. “Type 4 neurons” fired more than one action potential above −10 mV but at a frequency below 10 Hz. “Type 5 neurons” fired action potentials above −10 mV at 10 Hz or more. Our categorization of functional types of neurons followed a continuum that might relate to the stage of maturity of the neurons. While Type 1 neurons would be considered immature, Type 5 neurons might be considered more mature and functional. Interestingly, we found every functional type of cell at most differentiation time points we looked at (range of two to six weeks old). This finding suggests a high degree of variability in the functional maturity of neurons even within cultures of the same age. Remarkably, in our samples, the large majority of cells receiving active excitatory synapses were Type 5 neurons and we found no spontaneously active AMPA and GABA synaptic inputs in Type 1-2 neurons.
Calcium imaging: Neurons attached on glass coverslips were incubated for ˜20 min (37° C., 5% CO2, and 95% humidity) with 4 uM calcium-sensitive dye Fluo-4 AM (Invitrogen, Cat No. F14201) in neural differentiating media. Fluo-4 was washed and coverslips were transferred into a heated recording chamber and continuously perfused (1 ml/min) with either basal media or ACSF bubbled with a mixture of CO2 (5%) and O2 (95%) and maintained in the chamber at 35° C. We waited at least 15 min after the coverslip transfer before starting any recording. Calcium imaging movies were acquired with a laser-scanning microscope at 471 nm (OLYMPUS®, FLUOVIEW® FV1000MPE) and a 25× objective (OLYMPUS®, XLPLN NA 1.05). At least two consecutive movies of 5 min were recorded in each condition (control, tested medium, recovery). In many cases the extracellular medium defined as control and recovery medium was ACSF but similar results were obtained when the order of media perfusion was changed (e.g, control=BrainPhys, tested=ACSF, Recovery=BrainPhys). When necessary, gain sensitivity and focus were adjusted between movies. Laser power was not changed (˜2%). After changing each perfusate, we also waited at least 5 mins to make sure the entire bath solution was replaced before recordings. We analyzed no more than 3 fields of view per coverslip.
Regions of interest (ROIs) were categorized as spontaneously active when at least one clear neuronal calcium event was detected on a soma. Neuronal calcium events were defined as a sharp transient increase in fluorescence intensity (Fluo-4 AM, dF/F >5%, fast rise, slower decay). The time series for each ROI were calculated with the OLYMPUS® FLUOVIEWO FV1000 software.
Immunohistochemistry: Immunohistochemistry experiments were performed on neurons plated on glass coverslips in 24-well plates. Comparison between media conditions were made on the same cell line, growing side by side in the same plate with the same original cell density. Standard immunohistochemistry protocols were used. Coverslips were stained with DAPI and a combination of the following antibodies: mouse-Map2(2a+2b) (1:500, Sigma), mouse-TUJ1 (1:1000, Covance), Rabbit-Synapsin1 (1:500, Calbiochem), Rabbit-TH (1:500, Pel-Freez), Rabbit-GFAP (1:200, Dako), rabbit-GABA (1:500, Sigma), Goat-DCX (1:500, Santa Cruz).
o Reduced in BrainPhys Opto
a Excluded in BrainPhys without Hepes
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/783,633, filed on Oct. 9, 2015, which is a U.S. National Stage Patent Application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2014/034565, filed on Apr. 17, 2014, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Application No. 61/813,034 filed Apr. 17, 2013, the content of each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, and priority to each of which is claimed.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61813034 | Apr 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14783633 | Oct 2015 | US |
| Child | 16874275 | US |
