Patent Grant
9056961
This application is a national stage application (under 35 U.S.C. §371) of PCT/EP2010/067556, filed Nov. 16, 2010, which claims benefit of European Application 09176634.5, filed Nov. 20, 2009.
The present invention relates to an open-cell foam comprising hollow microbeads with a flexible external layer, for sound absorption, where the D50 value of the hollow microbeads is at least 70 μm and at most 250 μm, and to a process for producing the same, and to its use for sound absorption and/or thermal insulation.
Modern society places stringent requirements on materials for sound absorption and sound-deadening. Sound-absorbent and sound-deadening materials are used to improve stereophonic effect, for example to reduce the extent of undesired reverberations. Plastics are often used for this purpose, these being suitable materials because they have excellent viscoelasticity, are easy to process, and are available commercially. The form in which these plastics are used is often that of porous foams.
A feature of porous materials is that they exhibit good sound absorption at high frequencies, but have low absorption capability at lower frequencies. The sound absorption of plastics foams at lower frequencies can by way of example be improved by using thin films and layers (vibration) or by using resonators. However, these measures have limited effect, because the frequency ranges are restricted, and also because of structural limitations, such as width and weight.
Another possibility for improving the sound-deadening and sound-absorbing properties of plastics consists in introducing various fillers into the plastics.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,733 describes polyurethane compositions for attenuating sound, which comprise a two-component polyurethane binder, a particulate filler with density above 5, and, as second filler, hollow polymer microbeads of density below 0.5. The hollow microbeads are introduced via dispersion in the polyol component prior to reaction of the components to give polyurethane.
WO 2004/022298 A1 relates to an acoustically insulating material which is produced via extrusion of thermoplastic rubber particles and PU plastics particles, with addition of expandable hollow bodies as blowing agent.
WO 98/52997 A1 discloses a foam made of a mixture of epoxy resin and thermoplastic. Blowing agents that can be used are inter alia thermally expandable hollow microbeads. The foams described in WO 98/52997 can be used inter alia as sound-deadening elements in automobiles.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,001 relates to open-cell, flexible polyurethane foams which, in order to improve elasticity and shock-absorbent properties, comprise hollow microbeads with an average diameter of from 35 to 60 μm.
Despite the modified foams disclosed hitherto, there is a need for foams with improved sound-absorbent and sound-deadening properties in the relatively low-frequency range.
The invention achieves this object via a
In the frequency range from about 300 to 1600 Hz, the foam of the invention has higher sound-absorption coefficients than the same foam comprising no, or lower, content of hollow microbeads. Surprisingly, the effect of the hollow microbeads comprised in the foam depends on their size. The hollow microbeads have to have a minimum size in order to bring about an advantageous effect, i.e. the desired improvement in sound-absorption properties. Hollow microbeads having a D50 value from about 35 to 55 μm have no effect on the sound absorption of the foam, but in contrast if the foams comprise larger hollow microbeads having a D50 value 70 μm, they exhibit higher sound absorption coefficients and higher flow resistances, likewise correlated with improved sound deadening. Surprisingly, the presence of the hollow microbeads has no, or only very slight, adverse effect on the mechanical properties of the foams of the invention, although comparatively large hollow microbeads have to be used.
The invention is explained in detail below.
The foam of the invention comprises from 40 to 85% by weight, preferably from 50 to 80% by weight, of open-cell polymer foam, based on the total weight of open-cell polymer foam and hollow microbeads.
Open-cell foams are those in which the foam structure consists essentially of a large number of interconnected, three-dimensionally branched cell walls. The smaller the areas of the open-cell polymer foam sealed by polymer membranes, the more elastic the foam.
It is preferable to use open-cell polymer foams of the invention which comprise a large number of interconnected, three-dimensionally branched cell walls, where the average length:thickness ratio of the walls is greater than 10:1, preferably greater than 12:1, and in particular greater than 15:1, and where the density of the walls is greater than 1.1 g/cm3, preferably greater than 1.2 g/cm3, and in particular greater than 1.3 g/cm3.
The average length:thickness ratio is determined microscopically, and the length and thickness of the wall here are determined by a statistical evaluation method. The length of the wall here is defined as the distance between the centers of two junctions, and the thickness of the wall here is defined as the thickness at the narrowest point of the wall, in each case measured on the micrograph. To determine the density of the walls in the foam, the foam is placed in a suitable liquid with which it becomes completely saturated by virtue of its open-cell nature, an example being isopropanol. Archimedes' principle is then used to determine the density of the cell walls.
In the invention, it is preferable that the open-cell polymer foam is elastic.
Elastic foams have high resilience after deformation. The foams termed elastic foams are in particular those which, when subjected to compressive deformation to DIN 53580 extending to 50% of their thickness, exhibit no residual deformation of more than 2% of their initial volume (Römpp Chemie-Lexikon [Römpp's Chemical Encyclopedia], 9th edition 1995, page 4016).
In principle, the polymer foam can be produced from any of the polymers known to the person skilled in the art to be suitable for producing open-cell polymer foams. It is preferable that the polymer foam is selected from thermoset foams, particularly preferably from the group consisting of phenol-formaldehyde-resin foam, urea-formaldehyde-resin foam, and melamine-formaldehyde-resin foam, and particular preference is given here to melamine-formaldehyde-resin foam.
The production of suitable melamine-formaldehyde-resin foams has been described by way of example in EP 0 017 671 B1, and suitable urea-formaldehyde-resin foams are known by way of example from EP 0 031 513 B1. The production of thermoset foams such as phenol-formaldehyde-resin foams which can be used in the invention has been described by way of example in EP 0 049 768 B1.
It is very particularly preferable in the invention to use melamine-formaldehyde-resin foams such as those described by way of example in EP 0 017 672 B1 and available commercially with trademark Basotect®.
The envelope density of the open-cell foam is generally in the range from 5 to 100 g/l, preferably in the range from 8 to 20 g/l. Tensile strength is preferably in the range from 100 to 150 kPa, with tensile strength at break in the range from 8 to 20%.
The foam of the invention comprises from 15 to 60% by weight, preferably from 20 to 50% by weight, of hollow microbeads with a flexible external layer, where the D50 value of the hollow microbeads is at least 70 μm and at most 250 μm.
The hollow microbeads have a flexible external layer, and this means that the hollow microbeads are readily compressible, and they have sufficient elasticity to withstand a plurality of load cycles or pressure cycles without rupture of their shell. It is preferable to use hollow micorbeads which have an external layer formed from one or more homopolymers and/or from one or more copolymers, where the glass transition temperature of these is below the service temperature of the foam. It is particularly preferable that the external layer of the hollow microbeads is formed from one or more thermoplastic homopolymers and/or copolymers.
It is very preferable that the hollow microbeads comprised in the foam of the invention are expanded hollow microbeads that have been obtained via expansion of expandable hollow microbeads. Hollow microbeads of this type consist essentially of a gas-tight, polymeric external layer and of a liquid or gaseous blowing agent enclosed therein. The external layer of the expandable and, respectively, expanded hollow micorbeads usually behaves like a thermoplastic, in order to permit softening and expansion of the expandable hollow microbeads when the blowing agent expands as a result of heating. The homopolymers and/or copolymers used in the external layer can be linear, branched, or crosslinked polymers. The external layer often uses polymers and copolymers which comprise acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, styrene, vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, and the like, or else a mixture thereof. The blowing agents used usually comprise lower hydrocarbons, such as propane, n-butane, isobutane, isopentane, n-pentane, neopentane, hexane, heptane, and petroleum ether, and halogenated hydrocarbons, such as methyl chloride, methylene chloride, trichlorofluoromethane, and dichlorodifluoromethane. The expandable hollow microbeads can be produced by known processes, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,972. The average diameter of the expandable hollow microbeads usually increases by a factor of from 4 to 6 on expansion.
Suitable hollow microbeads in expandable and expanded form are also available commercially, for example with trademark “EXPANCEL®” from Akzo Nobel.
In the invention, the D50 value of the hollow microbeads comprised in the foam is at least 70 μm, preferably at least 90 μm, and very particularly preferably at least 100 μm. The D50 value states the particle diameter for which the diameter of 50% of the particles is smaller and that of 50% of the particles is greater. The D50 value can, for example, be determined by means of light scattering. An example of a method for determining the D50 value is described in Technical Bulletins No. 3B from Akzo Nobel.
In the invention, it is preferable that the D50 value of the hollow microbeads comprised in the foam is at most 250 μm. The hollow microbeads are intended to fill the volume of the foam pores, but not to block the pores and channels of the foam.
In the invention, it is preferable that the location of the hollow microbeads is within the pores of the open-cell polymer foam.
The present invention further provides a process for producing a foam comprising hollow microbeads, in particular for producing the foam comprising hollow microbeads described above, comprising the following steps:
In step I), an open-cell polymer foam is impregnated with a liquid dispersion comprising expandable hollow microbeads. The impregnation can take place via spray-application, or immersion and saturation with the dispersion comprising the expandable hollow microbeads, for example by the incipient-wetness method, in which the porous volume of the polymer foam is filled by an approximately identical volume of impregnation solution and the carrier is dried. It is also possible to operate with an excess of solution, where the volume of said solution is greater than the porous volume of the polymer foam. Here, the polymer foam is mixed with the impregnation solution and agitated for a sufficient time.
The mixture used for the impregnation process comprises from 0.01 to 50% by weight, preferably from 1 to 10% by weight, of expandable hollow microbeads, and from 50 to 99.99% by weight, preferably from 90 to 99% by weight, of liquid dispersion medium, based on the total weight of the liquid dispersion. The concentration and amount of the mixture used for the impregnation process is adjusted by the person skilled in the art to be appropriate for the polymer foam to be impregnated and for the desired constitution of the foam comprising hollow microbeads. By way of example, impregnation mixtures with low concentration of hollow microbeads are used for polymer foams of low density.
The D50 value of the expandable hollow microbeads used for the impregnation process if preferably >16 μm, with preference >20 μm, and with particular preference >25 μm. In order to ensure homogeneous incorporation of the hollow microbeads into the pore space without blocking of the pores and channels, it is preferable to use hollow microbeads having D50 value ≦100 μm and particularly preferably ≦50 μm, in each case based on the size prior to the expansion process.
The dispersion medium used preferably comprises water and/or C1-C4 alcohols, and this applies particularly to the case where the polymer foam has been selected from polar polymers, and very particularly where the polymer foam has been selected from melamine-formaldehyde-resin foam, urea-formaldehyde-resin foam, and phenol-formaldehyde-resin foam.
The mixture used for the impregnation process can comprise further constituents, examples being
If appropriate, the impregnated polymer foam is pressed or compressed and dried in step II), and this preferably takes place at temperatures below the expansion temperature of the expandable hollow microbeads.
The pressing process can by way of example be carried out as described in EP 0 451 535 A, by passing the foam through a defined gap between two contrarotating parallel rolls.
Another possibility, alongside passage of the foam through a gap between two contrarotating rolls, is to exert the necessary pressure by transporting the impregnated foam on a conveyor belt and pressing, onto the foam, a roll which rotates at a peripheral velocity the same as that with which the foam is moved. In another method for exerting the pressure on the foam, the foam is by way of example placed in a press in which a ram presses the foam. However, continuous pressing is not possible in this case.
In step III) of the process of the invention, the impregnated polymer foam is heat-treated at a temperature above the expansion temperature of the expandable hollow microbeads and below the decomposition temperature of the hollow microbeads, so that the hollow microbeads expand. The precise heat-treatment temperature depends on the expandable hollow microbeads used, and also on the heat-treatment time.
An advantage of the production process described above for the foam of the invention comprising hollow microbeads is that it ensures that the structure of the open-cell polymer foam used is retained. The hollow microbeads, which prior to the expansion process are comparatively small, become uniformly distributed in the pores of the polymer foam during the impregnation step, and expand within the pores. Since the invention uses hollow microbeads with a flexible external layer, it is also possible for the hollow microbeads to fill the respective pore completely, after the expansion process, without disruption of the structure of the polymer foam, since the microbeads can adapt themselves to the respective pore.
The present invention also provides the use of the foam described above, comprising hollow microbeads, for sound absorption, for sound deadening, and for thermal insulation, in particular in motor vehicle construction, rail vehicle construction, shipbuilding, and aircraft construction, and in aerospace. The present invention also provides sound-absorption and thermal-insulation elements which comprise the foam described above, examples being wall panels and ceiling panels.
Examples are used below to illustrate the present invention.
A melamine-formaldehyde-resin foam (Basotect® G, density 7.3 g/l, BASF SE) was saturated with aqueous dispersions of expandable hollow microbeads. The hollow microbeads were EXPANCEL® 091DU140, Akzo Nobel. The external layer of the beads is composed of a copolymer of acrylate, vinylidene chloride and acrylonitrile. The hollow microbeads comprise an enclosed blowing agent (isobutane or isopentane).
According to information from the producer, the D50 value of the expandable particles was from 35 to 45 μm. The impregnated polymer foam was dried at 100° C. in an oven and then subjected to 130° C. for 1 hour, whereupon the EXPANCEL® hollow microbeads expanded to a size of about 100 to 150 μm.
The procedure was as in Example 1, except that the expandable hollow microbeads used comprised EXPANCEL® 820SL40, having D50 value of from 10 to 16 μm, and having D50 value of about 35 to 55 μm after the expansion process.
Sound absorption was determined to ISO 10534-2 for the polymer foams from Examples 1 and 2, impregnated with hollow microbeads. Table 1 gives the results for Example 1 and Table 2 gives the results for Example 2.
With EXPANCEL® 091DU140, a marked improvement in absorption at lower to moderate frequency (from 250-1500 Hz) was achieved at loadings >10%, whereas with EXPANCEL® 820SL40 a deterioration is found in said frequency range when comparison is made with the untreated foam.
Flow resistance to ISO 9053 was determined for the polymer foams from Examples 1 and 2 comprising hollow microbeads. Tables 3 and 4 show the results.
At 30% loading, flow resistance was almost doubled in comparison with the standard.
Saturation of Basotect with the smaller Expancel SL40 microbeads did not improve absorption or flow resistance. The size of the beads therefore has a significant effect on acoustic properties.
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