Melanin concentrating hormone receptors

Abstract

Isolated polynucleotides encoding monkey Melanin Concentrating Hormone (MCH) Type 1 receptors and chimeric polypeptides are provided. Vectors and cells for recombinant expression of such MCH1R polypeptides, and isolated MCH1R polypeptides are also provided. MCH1R polynucleotides and polypeptides may be used, for example, to identify compounds that specifically interact with MCH receptor. Such compounds find use within therapies for humans and animals afflicted with conditions associated with MCH receptor activation.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates generally to tools useful for the discovery of drugs for the treatment of conditions associated with melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor activation in humans and other animals. The invention is more specifically related to polypeptides comprising monkey MCH type 1 receptor (MCH1R) sequences, including monkey MCH1R and chimeric MCH receptors, and to polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides. Such polypeptides and polynucleotides may be used in the identification of agents that modulate MCH receptor activity.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING

[0003] SEQ ID NO: 1 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R DNA sequence

[0004] SEQ ID NO: 2 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R amino acid sequence

[0005] SEQ ID NO: 3 Amino acid sequence of the HiS6×, epitope

[0006] SEQ ID NO: 4 Amino acid sequence of the FLAG epitope

[0007] SEQ ID NO: 5 Human MCH1R DNA sequence

[0008] SEQ ID NO: 6 Human MCH1R amino acid sequence

[0009] SEQ ID NO: 7 5′ Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R primer

[0010] SEQ ID NO: 8 3′ Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R primer

[0011] SEQ ID NO: 9 Human NPY1 receptor DNA CDS only

[0012] SEQ ID NO: 10 Human NPY1 receptor amino acid sequence

[0013] SEQ ID NO: 11 Human NPY1 receptor BspE forward primer for CT

[0014] SEQ ID NO: 12 Human NPY1 receptor reverse primer for CT

[0015] SEQ ID NO: 13 Human NPY1 receptor BspE—Not I fragment for CT

[0016] SEQ ID NO: 14 Human NPY1 receptor IC3 loop Sense oligo

[0017] SEQ ID NO: 15 Human NPY1 receptor IC3 loop Antisense oligo

[0018] SEQ ID NO: 16 Human MCH1R plus BspE Site added for C-terminal chimeras

[0019] SEQ ID NO: 17 Human MCH1R/NPY1 IC3 loop chimera—DNA CDS only

[0020] SEQ ID NO: 18 Human MCH1R/NPY1 IC3 loop chimera—amino acid sequence

[0021] SEQ ID NO: 19 Human MCH1R/NPY1 C-terminal chimera—DNA CDS only

[0022] SEQ ID NO: 20 Human MCH1R/NPY1 C-terminal chimera—amino acid sequence

[0023] SEQ ID NO: 21 Human MCH1R/NPY1 IC3 loop chimera in pcDNA3.1Plus (pN105)

[0024] SEQ ID NO: 22 Human MCH1R/NPY1 C-terminal chimera in pcDNA3.1Plus (pN107)

[0025] SEQ ID NO: 23 Human beta-2 adrenergic receptor—DNA sequence

[0026] SEQ ID NO: 24 Human beta-2 adrenergic receptor amino acid sequence

[0027] SEQ ID NO: 25 Human beta-2 adrenergic receptor C-terminal forward primer

[0028] SEQ ID NO: 26 Human beta-2 adrenergic receptor C-terminal reverse primer

[0029] SEQ ID NO: 27 Human MCH1R/beta-2 adrenergic receptor C-term. chimera—DNA CDS

[0030] SEQ ID NO: 28 Human MCH1R/beta-2 adrenergic receptor C-term. chimera—amino acid sequence

[0031] SEQ ID NO: 29 Human MCH1R/beta-2 adrenergic receptor C-term. chimera in pcDNA3.1Plus (pN 125)

[0032] SEQ ID NO: 30 Amino acid residues 30-60 of SEQ ID NO: 2

[0033] SEQ ID NO: 31 Human MCH1R forward primer

[0034] SEQ ID NO: 32 Human MCH1R reverse primer

[0035] SEQ ID NO: 33 Cynomolgus macaque MCH2R clone A DNA sequence

[0036] SEQ ID NO: 34 Cynomolgus macaque MCH2R clone A amino acid sequence

[0037] SEQ ID NO: 35 Cynomolgus macaque MCH2R clone B DNA sequence

[0038] SEQ ID NO: 36 Cynomolgus macaque MCH2R clone B amino acid sequence

[0039] SEQ ID NO: 37 Cynomolgus macaque MCH2R DNA sequence

[0040] SEQ ID NO: 38 Canine MCH2R DNA sequence

[0041] SEQ ID NO: 39 Canine MCH2R amino acid sequence

[0042] SEQ ID NO: 40 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R with BspE Site for C-term. chimeras

[0043] SEQ ID NO: 41 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/human NPY1 IC3 loop chimera—DNA sequence

[0044] SEQ ID NO: 42 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/human NPY1 IC3 loop chimera—amino acid sequence

[0045] SEQ ID NO: 43 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/human NPY1 C-term. chimera—DNA sequence

[0046] SEQ ID NO: 44 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/human NPY1 C-term. chimera—amino acid sequence

[0047] SEQ ID NO: 45 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/human beta-2 adrenergic receptor C-terminal chimera—DNA sequence

[0048] SEQ ID NO: 46 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/human beta-2 adrenergic receptor C-terminal chimera—amino acid sequence

[0049] SEQ ID NO: 47 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/MCH2R N-terminal chimera—DNA sequence

[0050] SEQ ID NO: 48 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/MCH2R N-terminal chimera—amino acid sequence

[0051] SEQ ID NO: 49 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/MCH2R IC3 LOOP chimera—DNA sequence

[0052] SEQ ID NO: 50 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/MCH2R IC3 LOOP chimera—amino acid sequence

[0053] SEQ ID NO: 51 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/MCH2R C-terminal chimera—DNA sequence

[0054] SEQ ID NO: 52 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/MCH2R C-terminal chimera—amino acid sequence

[0055] SEQ ID NO: 53 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R 5′ extension—DNA sequence

[0056] SEQ ID NO: 54 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R 5′ extension—amino acid sequence

[0057] SEQ ID NO: 55 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R long form 5′—DNA sequence

[0058] SEQ ID NO: 56 Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R long form 5′—amino acid sequence

[0059] SEQ ID NO: 57 MCH1R outer reverse primer

[0060] SEQ ID NO: 58 MCH1R inner reverse primer

[0061] SEQ ID NO: 59 Alternate cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/MCH2R N-terminal chimera—DNA sequence

[0062] SEQ ID NO: 60 Alternate cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/MCH2R N-terminal chimera—amino acid sequence

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0063] Melanin concentrating hormone, or MCH, is a cyclic 19 amino acid neuropeptide that functions as a regulator of food intake and energy balance. In many vertebrate species, including humans, MCH is produced in the hypothalamus, which is associated with behaviors such as eating, drinking, aggression and sexual behavior. MCH is also produced at various peripheral sites, including the gastrointestinal tract and testis.

[0064] The postulated role of MCH in feeding behavior and body weight is confirmed by the finding that i.c.v. injection of MCH into the lateral ventrical of the hypothalamus increases caloric consumption in rats over similarly treated control animals. Furthermore, rats having the ob/ob genotype exhibit a 50-80% increase in MCH mRNA expression as compared to leaner ob/+ genotype mice. MCH knockout mice are leaner than mice that produce MCH, but are otherwise genetically identical, due to hypophagia and an increased metabolic rate.

[0065] MCH activity is mediated via binding to specific receptors. Like other G protein-coupled receptors (e.g., neuropeptide Y (NPY) and beta-adrenergic receptors), MCH receptors are membrane-spanning proteins that consist of a single contiguous amino acid chain comprising an extracellular N-terminal domain, seven membrane-spanning alpha helical domains (connected by three intracellular loop domains alternating with three extracellular loop domains), and an intracellular C-terminal domain. Signal transduction is initiated by the binding of MCH to the receptor. This elicits conformational changes in the extracellular domains. When the receptor is functioning properly, these conformational changes propagate through the transmembrane domains and result in a coordinated change in the intracellular portions of the receptor. This precise alteration in the intracellular domains acts to trigger the associated G-protein complex to modulate intracellular signaling.

[0066] MCH1R is a 353 amino acid, 7-transmembrane, alpha-helical, G protein-coupled receptor, initially reported as orphan receptor SCL-1 by Kolakowski et al. (1996) FEBS Lett. 398:253-58 and Lakaye et al. (1998) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1401:216-220. Chambers et al. (1999) Nature 400:261-65 and Saito et al. (1999) Nature 400:265-69 subsequently showed that SLC-1 was an MCH receptor. Immunohistochemistry studies of rat brain sections indicate that MCH1R is widely expressed in brain. MCH1R expression is found in olfactory tubercle, cerebral cortex, substantia nigra, basal forebrain CA1, CA2, and CA3 field of the hippocampus, amygdala, and in nuclei of the hypothalamus, thalamus, midbrain and hindbrain. Strong signals are observed in the ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus, two areas of the brain involved in feeding behavior. Upon binding MCH, MCH1R expressed in HEK 293 cells mediates a dose-dependent release of intracellular calcium. Cells expressing MCH1R also exhibit a pertussis toxin sensitive dose-dependent inhibition of forskolin-elevated cyclic AMP, indicating that the receptor couples to a Gi/o G-protein alpha subunit.

[0067] Agents capable of modulating MCH receptor activity are highly desirable for the treatment of obesity, eating disorders (e.g., bulimia and anorexia), sexual disorders (e.g., anorgasmic or psychogenic impotence) and metabolic disorders, such as diabetes. Isolated MCH receptors (e.g., as components of membrane preparations), cells expressing such receptors and cloned MCH receptor genes are needed to facilitate the discovery of such agents.

[0068] Accordingly, there is a need in the art for additional MCH receptor sequences. The present invention fulfills this need, and provides further related advantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0069] Briefly stated, the present invention provides compositions and methods for the identification of therapeutic agents useful for treating conditions associated with MCH receptor activation. In one aspect, the present invention provides isolated MCH1R polypeptides that comprise a monkey MCH1R sequence. Within certain embodiments, such polypeptides comprise at least 30 consecutive amino acids of the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) MCH1R sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 56; preferably, the 30 consecutive amino acids are located within residues 1-130 of SEQ ID NO: 56. Preferably, such polypeptides exhibit MCH1R ligand binding activity. Certain polypeptides comprise at least amino acids 30-60 of the cynomolgus macaque sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 2.

[0070] Within related aspects, the present invention provides MCH1R chimeric polypeptides that comprise a MCH1R sequence, wherein one or more domains are replaced with a corresponding domain of a different G protein-coupled receptor. Preferably, from 1 to 3 domains are replaced; more preferably 1 domain is replaced. For example, the intracellular loop 3, N-terminal domain or C-terminal domain of MCH1R may be replaced with a corresponding domain of MCH2R, NPY1 receptor, beta-2-adrenergic receptor or MCH1R from another species. Representative chimeric polypeptides include those provided in SEQ ID NOs: 18, 20, 28, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 and 60.

[0071] Within further aspects, the present invention provides isolated polynucleotides (e.g., DNA or RNA) that encode a MCH1R polypeptide or chimeric polypeptide as described above. Such polynucleotides may comprise a native sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1 or 55) or may contain changes relative to the native sequence that do not affect the sequence of the encoded polypeptide. Certain such polynucleotides comprise at least 90 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 55.

[0072] The present invention further provides, within related aspects, expression vectors (e.g., plasmids and viral vectors) that comprise a polynucleotide as described above, as well as transgenic host cells (i.e., cells comprising at least one heterologous expression vector) that express a polypeptide as described above (e.g., as a result of being transformed or transfected with at least one such expression vector) and cell membrane preparations isolated from such transgenic cells.

[0073] Methods are further provided, within other aspects, for determining MCH receptor binding activity of a compound, comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a compound with at least one transgenic cell or with a cell membrane preparation as described above; and (b) detecting binding of the compound to the cell(s) or cell membrane preparation. Binding may be detected, for example, by measuring the ability of the compound to compete with detectably labeled MCH for binding to the membrane preparation.

[0074] Within further aspects, the present invention provides methods for detecting MCH receptor modulating activity of a compound, comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a compound with at least one transgenic cell as described above; (b) detecting a cellular property (e.g., a level of Ca2+ in the contacted cell(s)); and (c) comparing the detected cellular property with a property detected in control cells in the absence of compound (e.g., comparing a detected level of Ca2+ with a level of Ca2+ detected in control cells in the absence of compound). Within certain embodiments, before step (a), the transgenic cells are: (i) contacted with an indicator of intracellular Ca2+ concentration to yield indicator-loaded cells; and (ii) washed. The level of Ca2+ may be detected, for example, by quantifying Ca2+-concentration-dependent changes in the properties of the indicator of intracellular Ca2+.

[0075] Methods are further provided, within other aspects, for detecting MCH receptor agonist activity of a compound, comprising the steps of: (a) contacting transgenic cells as described above with an indicator of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, to yield indicator-loaded cells; (b) washing the indicator-loaded cells; (c) contacting a portion of the washed, indicator-loaded cells with a compound to yield test cells; (d) separately detecting a property of the indicator of intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the test cells and in a second portion of the washed and indicator-loaded cells; and (e) comparing the detected property of the test cells with the detected property of the washed indicator-loaded cells.

[0076] The present invention further provides methods for detecting MCH receptor antagonist activity of a compound, comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a compound and an MCH receptor agonist with transgenic cells as described above; (b) detecting a level of Ca2+ in the contacted cells; and (c) comparing the detected level of Ca2+ with a level of Ca2+ detected in control cells in the presence of agonist and in the absence of compound. In certain embodiments, prior to the step of contacting with compound an agonist, the transgenic cells are: (i) contacted with an indicator of intracellular Ca2+ concentration and (ii) washed.

[0077] Methods are further provided for detecting MCH receptor antagonist activity of a compound, comprising the steps of: (a) contacting transgenic cells as described above with an indicator of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, to yield indicator-loaded cells; (b) washing the indicator-loaded cells; (c) contacting a first portion of the washed, indicator-loaded cells with a compound and an MCH receptor agonist to yield test cells; (d) contacting a second portion of the washed, indicator-loaded cells with an MCH receptor agonist to yield control cells; (e) separately detecting a property of the indicator of intracellular Ca2+ in the test cells and in the control cells; and (f) comparing the detected property of the test cells with the detected property of the control cells.

[0078] These and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent upon reference to the following detailed description and attached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0079] FIGS. 1A and 1B depict an alignment of the amino acid sequences of (a) cynomolgus macaque MCH1R long form (SEQ ID NO: 56); (b) cynomolgus macaque MCH1R (SEQ ID NO: 2), (c) the human somatostatin-like protein recited in SEQ ID NO: 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,008,012, (d) human MCH1R and (e) rat MCH1R.

[0080] FIG. 2 depicts an alignment of the amino acid sequences of (a) cynomolgus macaque MCH1R (SEQ ID NO: 2), (b) cynomolgus macaque MCH1R long form (SEQ ID NO: 56); and (c) the human MCH1 recited as SEQ ID NO: 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,195 (encoded by GenBank accession number AR169785).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0081] As noted above, the present invention is generally directed to compounds and methods for identifying therapeutic agents that may be used to treat conditions associated with MCH receptor activation. Compounds provided herein include polypeptides that comprise a monkey MCH1R sequence, as well as polynucleotides that encode such polypeptides. Chimeric polypeptides comprising a MCH1R sequence in which one or more domains are replaced with a corresponding domain of another G protein-coupled receptor are also provided. MCH1R polypeptides and polynucleotides may be used to identify therapeutic agents, as discussed in further detail below.

[0082] MCH Receptor Polynucleotides

[0083] Any polynucleotide that encodes an MCH1R polypeptide or chimera as described herein is encompassed by the present invention. Polynucleotides may be single-stranded (coding or antisense) or double-stranded, and may be DNA (e.g., genomic, cDNA or synthetic) or RNA, such as mRNA molecules. Modified analogues of such polynucleotides are also encompassed (e.g., phosphorthioate derivatives). Additional coding or non-coding sequences may, but need not, be present within a polynucleotide of the present invention, and a polynucleotide may, but need not, be linked to other molecules and/or support materials.

[0084] Certain polynucleotides encode a cynomolgus macaque MCH1R polypeptide. Such polynucleotides generally encode at least 30 consecutive amino acid residues of the MCH1R sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 56. Preferably, at least 30 consecutive amino acids located between residues 1 and 130 are encoded by such polynucleotides, and the encoded polypeptide exhibits MCH1R ligand binding activity (i.e., detectably bind MCH within the assay provided in Example 4). Certain polynucleotides encode at least amino acid residues 30-60 (SEQ ID NO: 30) of a cynomolgus macaque MCH1R protein sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 2. For less than full length MCH1R sequences, deletions at the 3′ end are generally preferred. Certain preferred cynomolgus macaque MCH1R polynucleotides encode at least amino acid residues 2-64 of SEQ ID NO: 2, more preferably at least amino acid residues 2 to 230 of SEQ ID NO: 2 and still more preferably at least amino acid residues 2 to 353 of SEQ ID NO: 2. Certain such polynucleotides comprise at least 90 consecutive nucleotides, preferably at least nucleotides 28-220, of a cynomolgus macaque MCH1R sequence provided herein (SEQ ID NO: 1).

[0085] Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R polynucleotides may, but need not, further encode the 5′ sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 54 (by comprising, for example, the 5′ sequence recited in SEQ ID NO: 53). The 5′ sequence is also shown as residues 1 to 69 of SEQ ID NO: 56 (encoded by nucleotides 1 to 207 of SEQ ID NO: 55). Polynucleotides with this 5′ sequence are referred to herein as MCH1R long form polynucleotides.

[0086] The present invention also provides polynucleotides that encode chimeric MCH1R polypeptides. Such chimeric polypeptides, as discussed in more detail herein, generally comprise a MCH1R sequence (e.g., monkey, as described herein, or human, as in SEQ ID NO: 6) in which one or more domains have been replaced with a corresponding domain of a different G protein-coupled receptor (e.g., MCH1R from a different species; a different MCH receptor such as MCH2R; NPY1 receptor; or beta-2-adrenergic receptor). Certain such chimeric polypeptides are MCH1R intracellular loop 3 chimeras (i.e., MCH1R sequences in which the amino acid sequence of the third intracellular loop has been replaced by the amino acid sequence of the third intracellular loop of another G protein-coupled receptor), C-terminal chimeras or N-terminal chimeras. As noted above, polynucleotides encoding such chimeras may comprise naturally occurring and/or non-naturally occurring sequences.

[0087] Naturally-occurring sequences that may be used to construct chimeric polynucleotides are provided herein and in the literature (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 9 and GenBank Accession Number M88461 for human NPY1 receptor sequence; SEQ ID NO: 23 and Accession Number Y00106 for human beta-2 adrenergic receptor; SEQ ID NO: 33, 35 or 37 for macaque MCH2R; SEQ ID NO: 38 for canine MCH2R). A precise coding sequence suitable for the construction of a chimera is readily determined by those of ordinary skill in the art from the nucleotide and amino acid sequences provided herein, and may be constructed using standard recombinant techniques.

[0088] Polynucleotides complementary to the MCH1R sequences discussed above (or portions thereof) are also encompassed by the present invention. Such polynucleotides include, for example, PCR products and restriction fragments, and may find use as probes or primers. Probes may be labeled with a variety of reporter groups, such as radionuclides and enzymes. Complementary polynucleotides generally hybridize to a MCH1R polynucleotide under stringent conditions. Stringent conditions include, for example, hybridization to filter-bound DNA in 0.5 M NaHPO4, 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 1 mM EDTA at 65° C., and washing in 0.1×SSC/0.1% SDS at 68° C.). For short oligonucleotide probes, washing may be performed in 6×SSC/0.05% sodium pyrophosphate at 37° C. (for 14-base oligos), 48° C. (for 17-base oligos), 55° C. (for 20-base oligos), and 60° C. (for 23-base oligos). Other stringent conditions include overnight hybridization at 42° C. in a solution comprising: 50% formamide, 5×SSC (150 mM NaCl, 15 mM trisodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), 5×Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 μg/mL denatured, sheared salmon sperm DNA, followed by washing the filters in 0×SSC at about 65° C.

[0089] It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that, as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, there are many nucleotide sequences that encode the polypeptides provided herein. Some of these polynucleotides bear minimal homology to the nucleotide sequence of any naturally occurring gene. Nonetheless, polynucleotides that vary due to differences in codon usage are specifically contemplated by the present invention. Additionally, it will be apparent that sequence changes may be made in the non-coding regions of the polynucleotides without altering the amino acid sequence of the protein product.

[0090] The present invention also encompasses polynucleotides that encode amino acid sequences with up to 15 (preferably no more than 10, more preferably no more than 5) amino acid substitutions relative to a naturally occurring monkey MCH1R sequence, provided that any substitutions do not substantially diminish receptor function (e.g., determined using a calcium mobilization assay as described within Example 5 herein) and are non-human (i.e., do not result in a human MCH1R sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6)). In general, as discussed below, conservative substitutions are preferred. MCH1R polynucleotides preferably encode a polypeptide that does not comprise one or more of the following residues: (1) Ala in the position corresponding to position 14 of SEQ ID NO: 2; (2) Thr in the position corresponding to position 33 of SEQ ID NO: 2; (3) Ile in the position corresponding to position 36 of SEQ ID NO: 2; and/or (4) Thr in the position corresponding to position 60 of SEQ ID NO: 2. More preferably, an MCH1R polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having at least one, preferably at least three or four, of the following residues (or conservative substitutions thereof): (1) Thr in the position corresponding to position 14 of SEQ ID NO: 2; (2) Ser in the position corresponding to position 33 of SEQ ID NO: 2; (3) Val in the position corresponding to position 36 of SEQ ID NO: 2; and/or (4) Met in the position corresponding to position 60 of SEQ ID NO: 2. The phrase “in the position corresponding to,” as used herein, refers to the position within the polypeptide that, when aligned with SEQ ID NO: 2 (using, for example, a ClustalW alignment) is matched with the specified residue of SEQ ID NO: 2.

[0091] Polynucleotides provided herein may further comprise additional sequences. For example, an optimized translation initiation sequence (Kozak sequence) may be added to the 5′ terminus. In-frame additions of sequences encoding antibody recognition sites may also, or alternatively, be included. Such sites are well known in the art, and include, but are not limited to the His-6× (hexa-histidine) epitope (SEQ ID NO: 3) which is specifically bound by the Monoclonal Anti-polyhistidine Clone HIS-1 monoclonal antibody (Sigma, St. Louis No.H1029), and the FLAG epitope (SEQ ID NO: 4) which is specifically bound by the FLAG-M2 monoclonal antibody (Sigma, St. Louis No. F3165). Techniques for making such modifications are also well known in the art, and may be readily carried out using routine methods or by using prepared kits, such as the Sigma Mammalian FLAG Expression Kits (Sigma, St. Louis; e.g., Nos. FL-MA and FL-MC). Preferably, fusions are made as in-frame amino- (N-) or carboxy- (C) terminal fusions. C-terminal fusions are generally less prone to interfere with membrane insertion of the fusion protein, and are commonly used when properly membrane-inserted fusion proteins (e.g., proteins retaining receptor signal transduction function) are desired.

[0092] Polynucleotides are preferably “isolated” (i.e., represent at least 10% of total nucleic acid molecules, preferably at least 20% and more preferably at least 50% of total nucleic acid molecules, within a sample or preparation). Unless otherwise specified, a polynucleotide comprising a given sequence may be of any length.

[0093] Polynucleotides may be prepared using any of a variety of well known techniques. For example, polynucleotides (or portions thereof) may be amplified via polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using sequence-specific primers designed based on the sequences provided herein, which may be purchased or synthesized. Portions of a desired polynucleotide obtained using PCR may be assembled into a single contiguous sequence by ligating suitable fragments, using well known techniques. Alternatively, amplified portion may be used to isolate a full length gene from a suitable library (e.g., one or more brain regions such as hypothalamus) using well known hybridization techniques. Within such techniques, a library (cDNA or genomic) is screened using one or more polynucleotide probes or primers corresponding to a portion of the desired sequence. Preferably, a library is size-selected for larger molecules. Random primed libraries may also be preferred for obtaining 5′ regions of genes.

[0094] It will be apparent that primers designed based on the sequences provided herein may be used to obtain polynucleotides encoding MCH1R from other species, and that such polynucleotides are within the scope of the present invention.

[0095] RNA molecules may be generated by in vitro or in vivo transcription of DNA sequences encoding an MCH1R polypeptide, provided that the DNA is incorporated into a vector with a suitable RNA polymerase promoter (such as T7 or SP6). For example, antisense RNA may be generated from suitable cDNA constructs that have been introduced into cells or tissues to facilitate the production of antisense RNA.

[0096] Polynucleotides containing nucleotide substitutions, additions and deletions may generally be prepared by any method known in the art, including chemical synthesis by, for example, solid phase phosphoramidite chemical synthesis. Modifications in a polynucleotide sequence may also be introduced using standard mutagenesis techniques, such as oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis.

[0097] Nucleotide sequences as described herein may be joined to a variety of other nucleotide sequences using established recombinant DNA techniques. For example, a polynucleotide may be cloned into any of a variety of cloning vectors, including plasmids, phagemids, lambda phage derivatives and cosmids. Vectors of particular interest include expression vectors, replication vectors, probe generation vectors and sequencing vectors. In general, a vector will contain an origin of replication functional in at least one organism, convenient restriction endonuclease sites and one or more selectable markers. Other elements will depend upon the desired use, and will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.

[0098] MCH Receptor Polypeptides

[0099] The term “MCH1R polypeptide,” as used herein, refers to monkey MCH1R polypeptides (i.e., polypeptides comprising a naturally-occurring monkey MCH1R sequence or variant thereof containing amino acid insertions, deletions and/or substitutions as described herein), as well as MCH1R chimeric polypeptides comprising an MCH1R sequence from any species in which one or more domains are replaced with corresponding domain(s) from a different G protein-coupled receptor. Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R polypeptides provided herein generally comprise at least 30 consecutive amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: 56, preferably at least 30 consecutive amino acids present between amino acids 1 and 130 of SEQ ID NO: 56. Certain preferred MCH1R polypeptides comprise at least amino acid residues 30-60 (SEQ ID NO: 30), 2-64 or 2 to 230 of SEQ ID NO: 2. Certain such polypeptides comprise at least amino acid residues 2 to 353 of SEQ ID NO: 2. MCH1R long form polypeptides may further comprise the N-terminal sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 54 (and as amino acids 1-69 of SEQ ID NO: 56, which provides the full long form MCH1R sequence). Unless otherwise specified, a polypeptide comprising a given sequence may be of any length.

[0100] MCH1R polypeptides are preferably isolated. A polypeptide is said to be “isolated” if it represents at least 1% of total polypeptide molecules, preferably at least 10% and more preferably at least 20% of total polypeptide molecules, within a sample or preparation).

[0101] Certain MCH1R polypeptides and chimeric polypeptides exhibit MCH binding activity and/or receptor function. In other words, such polypeptides detectably bind MCH within a MCH1R ligand binding assay (i.e., within the assay provided in Example 4) and/or display detectable activity within a calcium mobilization assay as provided in Example 5. References herein to “MCH1R ligand binding activity” refer to binding detected within the assay described in Example 4.

[0102] As noted above, amino acid substitutions may be made within cynomolgus macaque MCH1R sequences at up to 15 amino acid residues, preferably at no more than 10 residues and more preferably at no more than 5 residues. Any substitutions should not substantially diminish MCH1R ligand binding activity and/or MCH receptor function. A substitution does not “substantially diminish” binding activity or receptor function if the activity within a ligand binding assay or calcium mobilization assay is enhanced, unchanged or diminished by no more than 10%, relative to the native MCH1R sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In addition, substitutions should not result in a human MCH1R sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6). Preferably, MCH1R polypeptides retain at least one, preferably all four, of the following amino acid residues: (1) Thr in the position corresponding to position 14 of SEQ ID NO: 2; (2) Ser in the position corresponding to position 33 of SEQ ID NO: 2; (3) Val in the position corresponding to position 36 of SEQ ID NO: 2; and/or (4) Met in the position corresponding to position 60 of SEQ ID NO: 2.

[0103] In general, conservative substitutions are preferred. A “conservative substitution” is one in which an amino acid is substituted for another amino acid that has similar properties, such that one skilled in the art of peptide chemistry would expect the secondary structure and hydropathic nature of the polypeptide to be substantially unchanged. Amino acid substitutions may generally be made on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues. For example, negatively charged amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid; positively charged amino acids include Lys and Arg; and amino acids with uncharged polar head groups having similar hydrophilicity values include Leu, IIe and Val; Gly and Ala; Asn and Gin; and Ser, Thr, Phe and Tyr. Other groups of amino acids that may represent conservative changes include: (1) Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Gin, Asn, Ser, Thr; (2) Cys, Ser, Tyr, Thr; (3) Val, Ile, Leu, Met, Ala, Phe; (4) Lys, Arg, His; and (5) Phe, Tyr, Trp, His.

[0104] Chimeric MCH1R polypeptides are those in which at least one domain is derived from a MCH1R sequence (e.g., monkey, human or rat), with one or more domains replaced with corresponding domain(s) from a different G protein-coupled receptor. As noted above, MCH receptors contain an N-terminal domain, seven transmembrane domains interspersed with three intracellular loop domains alternating with three extracellular loop domains, and an intracellular C-terminal domain. The precise locations of domains may be conveniently calculated by computer analysis of hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity using hydropathy profiles, such as standard Kyte-Doolittle analysis (Kyte and Doolittle, J. Mol. Biol. 157:105-32, 1982). The transition boundaries between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains are typically marked by the presence of charged or polar (hydrophilic) amino acid residues at the beginning or end of a stretch of nonpolar (hydrophobic) residues. The N-terminus extends into the extracellular space and the C-terminus into the cell cytoplasm. Each of the seven hydrophobic domains is about 20-25 amino acids long, assumes a largely alpha helical conformation, and crosses once through the plasma membrane, its entire extent generally embedded in the membrane. The hydrophobic domains are thus also referred to as transmembrane domains or membrane-spanning alpha helical domains, while the hydrophilic domains are referred to as either extracellular or intracellular domains, depending upon their predicted locations in a functional, membrane-bound receptor. The hydrophilic domains interconnecting transmembrane domains form loops within the cytoplasm or extracellular space, and are consequently referred to as cytoplasmic or extracellular loop domains.

[0105] G protein-coupled receptors, including MCH receptors, have been structurally modeled as to secondary and tertiary structural conformation, and the precise locations of the extracellular, transmembrane and intracellular domains within their primary structures (i.e., their amino acid sequences) are well known and generally agreed to in the art. The location of G protein-coupled receptor domains may be determined using the model of Baldwin (EMBO J. 12:1693-703, 1993), in which certain conserved residues are initially located and aligned. For constructing chimeric polypeptides provided herein, locations of domains within the MCH1R polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 are generally as follows: extracellular N-terminal (residues 1 to 40), seven transmembrane domains (approximately residues 41-66, 76-101, 117-142, 158-183, 207-232, 254-279 and 291-316, respectively) interspersed with three intracellular loop domains alternating with three extracellular loop domains, and an intracellular C-terminal domain (residues 317 to end). Intracellular loop 3 consists of residues 233-253. Any of these domains may be replaced with a corresponding domain from MCH1R of a different species, MCH2R, or a non-MCH receptor such as NPY1 or beta-2 adrenergic receptor. It will be apparent that, when replacing one domain with another, the residue numbers provided above may be altered slightly in either direction in order to facilitate cloning. In general, residue numbers may be altered by up to 6, preferably up to 4, amino acid residues in either direction. For example, if intracellular loop 3 (IC3 loop) is to be replaced, the replaced portion may begin at any residue between 227 and 239, and may end at any residue between 247 and 259. Preferred macaque MCH1R IC3 loop chimeras contain residues 1-232 and 254-353 of MCH1R, with residues corresponding to MCH1R 233-253 derived from a different G protein-coupled receptor. Similarly, the C-terminal domain may be replaced beginning at any residue between 311 and 323, preferably beginning at residue 319-320. Corresponding domains of other G protein-coupled receptors may be readily identified, as noted above, by performing an alignment of the receptor sequence with an MCH1R sequence provided herein. By way of example, the N-terminal domain, intracellular loop 3 and the C-terminal domain of macaque MCH2R may be amino acids 1-35, 222-248 and 312-340, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 34 or 36; intracellular loop 3 and the C-terminal domain of human NPY1, may be amino acids 236-260 and 329-384, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 10; and the C-terminal domain of human beta-2 adrenergic receptor may be amino acids 344-413 of SEQ ID NO: 24.

[0106] Preferred chimeric polypeptides are those in which IC3 loop, the C-terminal domain or the N-terminal domain is replaced. The sequences of certain representative chimeras are summarized in Table I and recited in SEQ ID NOs: 18, 20, 28, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 and 60. More specifically, SEQ ID NO: 18 is a human MCH1R/human NPY1 receptor IC3 loop chimera in which the amino acid sequence of the third intracellular loop of MCH1R is replaced by the amino acid sequence of the third intracellular loop of the human NPY1 receptor (polynucleotide sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 17); SEQ ID NO: 20 is a human MCH1R/human NPY1 receptor C-terminal chimera in which the C-terminal domain of MCH1R is replaced by the C-terminal domain of the human NPY1 receptor (polynucleotide sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 19); SEQ ID NO: 28 is a human MCH1R/human beta-2 adrenergic receptor C-terminal chimera in which the C-terminal domain of MCH1R is replaced by the C-terminal domain of the human beta-2 adrenergic receptor (polynucleotide sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 27); SEQ ID NO: 42 is a cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/human NPY, receptor IC3 loop chimera (polynucleotide sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 41); SEQ ID NO: 44 is a cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/human NPY1 C-terminal chimera (polynucleotide sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 43); SEQ ID NO: 46 is a cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/human beta-2 adrenergic receptor C-terminal chimera (polynucleotide sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 45); SEQ ID NOs: 48 and 60 are cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/cynomolgus macaque MCH2R N-terminal chimeras, in which the N-terminal amino acid sequence of MCH1R is replaced by the N-terminal amino acid sequence of MCH2R (polynucleotide sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 47); SEQ ID NO: 50 is a cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/cynomolgus macaque MCH2R IC3 loop chimera (polynucleotide sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 49); and SEQ ID NO: 52 is a cynomolgus macaque MCH1R/cynomolgus macaque MCH2R C-terminal chimera (polynucleotide sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 51). It will be apparent that similar chimeras may be generated using the MCH1R long form shown in SEQ ID NO: 56). As noted above, sequences that may be used to construct such chimeras are provided herein, and in the literature. Additional precise coding sequences suitable for the construction of a chimera may be readily determined by those of ordinary skill in the art from the amino acid sequences provided herein, and may be constructed using standard recombinant techniques.

TABLE I
Representative MCH1R Chimeras
SEQ
ID	MCH1R Residues	Inserted Domain
18	1-232, 251-353 of SEQ ID NO:6	Human NPY1 IC3 loop
		(aa 236-260 of
		SEQ ID NO:10)
20	1-319 of SEQ ID NO:6	Human NPY1 C-terminal
		(aa 329-384 of SEQ ID
		NO:10)
28	1-319 of SEQ ID NO:6	Human beta-2 adrenergic
		receptor C-terminal (aa 344-
		413 of SEQ ID NO:24)
42	1-232, 254-353 of SEQ ID NO:2	Human NPY1 IC3 loop
		(aa 236-260 of
		SEQ ID NO:10)
44	1-319 of SEQ ID NO:2	Human NPY1 C-terminal
		(aa 329-384 of
		SEQ ID NO:10)
46	1-318 of SEQ ID NO:2	Human beta-2 adrenergic
		receptor C-terminal
		(aa 344-413 of
		SEQ ID NO:24)
48	36-353 of SEQ ID NO:2	Macaque MCH2R N-terminal
		(aa 1-34 of SEQ ID
		NO:34 or 36)
50	1-232, 254-353 of SEQ ID NO:2	Macaque MCH2R IC3 loop
		(aa 222-248 of SEQ ID
		NO:34 or 36)
52	1-319 of SEQ ID NO:2	Macaque MCH2R C-terminal
		(aa 315-340 of SEQ ID
		NO:34 or 36)
60	41-353 of SEQ ID NO:2	Macaque MCH2R N-terminal
		(aa 1-34 of SEQ ID
		NO:34 or 36)

[0107] Polypeptides may be prepared using any of a variety of well known techniques from transgenic cells (i.e., cells that have been genetically altered to express a MCH1R polypeptide). Recombinant polypeptides encoded by polynucleotide sequences as described above may be readily prepared from the, polynucleotide sequences using any of a variety of expression vectors known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Expression may be achieved in any appropriate host cell that has been transformed or transfected with at least one expression vector containing a DNA molecule that encodes a recombinant polypeptide. Suitable host cells include prokaryotes, yeast and higher eukaryotic cells, such as insect, mammalian or plant cells. Preferably, the host cells employed are E. coli, yeast, amphibian oocytes or a mammalian cell line such as COS, CHO, BHK, HEK 293, VERO, HeLa, MDCK, WI38 or NIH 3T3 cells. Insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (for example, baculovirus) comprising a MCH1R polynucleotide provided herein may also be employed. Alternatively, a transgenic cell may be isolated from a transgenic animal.

[0108] Within certain embodiments, a MCH1R polypeptide is present within a membrane preparation. Such preparations are generated from transgenic cells that express a MCH1R polypeptide, using any standard procedure. Briefly, transfected host cell pellets are homogenized and centrifuged (e.g., 10 minutes at 48,000×g). The supernatant is discarded and the pellet is resuspended and homogenized again to generate an isolated membrane preparation. A more detailed protocol is provided in Example 3 herein. Preferably, isolated membranes have an MCH binding activity that is at least 2-fold greater, preferably 10-fold greater and more preferably at least 20-fold greater than that exhibited by control membranes isolated from a control cell (e.g., an untransfected cell of the same cell line used to prepare the recombinant cell or a cell transfected with a control vector that does not encode an MCH1R polypeptide). Preferred membrane preparations contain at least 0.1 pmol, 1 pmol or 5 pmol of MCH receptor polypeptide per mg of total membrane protein.

[0109] As noted above, MCH1R polypeptides may comprise additional sequences, such as antibody recognition sequences, that are not naturally present within a G protein-coupled receptor. A tagged fusion protein may be purified using an antibody specific for the tag (e.g., by affinity chromatography). Such purification procedures will typically require detergent extraction, and may result in a decrease in signal transduction activity. Such purified proteins are useful as antigens for the preparation of receptor-specific antibodies, in which case the retention of receptor signal transduction function is typically of little consequence.

[0110] Chimeric proteins may be prepared using standard recombinant methods. Briefly, convenient restriction sites may be incorporated into a MCH1R polynucleotide using site-directed mutagenesis. This allows the removal of polynucleotide encoding a particular domain. The domain to be inserted may be synthesized, and ligated to the digested MCH1R polynucleotide. The resulting polynucleotide encodes the chimeric polypeptide, and may be expressed using standard techniques, and as described herein. A similar process may be used to generate polypeptides that comprise a single MCH1R domain inserted into a different G protein-coupled receptor.

[0111] Expression Systems

[0112] An expression vector is a vector for recombinant expression of a MCH1R polypeptide, comprising a MCH1R polynucleotide operatively linked to the necessary nucleotide sequences for expression (e.g., a suitable promoter and, if necessary, a terminating signal). A promoter is a nucleotide sequence (typically located 5′ to the MCH receptor polynucleotide) that directs the transcription of adjacently linked coding sequences. A terminating signal may be a stop codon to end translation and/or a transcription termination signal. Additional regulatory element(s) (e.g., enhancer elements) may also be present within an expression vector. Such a vector is preferably a plasmid or viral vector. Techniques for incorporating DNA into such vectors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

[0113] Preferably, an expression vector further comprises a selectable marker, which confers resistance to a selection. This allows cells to stably integrate the vector into their chromosomes and grow to form foci, which in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines. A number of selection systems can be used. For example, the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase genes can be employed in hgprt, aprt or tk cells, respectively. Also, anti-metabolite resistance can be used as the basis of selection for genes such as: dhfr, which confers resistance to methotrexate; gpt, which confers resistance to mycophenolic acid; neo, which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside G-418); hygro, which confers resistance to hygromycin; and puro, which confers resistance to puromycin.

[0114] Expression systems that may be used in the practice of certain aspects of the present invention include, but are not limited to, (a) insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus) comprising one or more polynucleotides provided herein and (b) mammalian cell systems (e.g., COS, CHO, BHK, HEK 293, VERO, HeLa, MDCK, WI38 and NIH 3T3 cells) harboring recombinant expression constructs comprising one or more polynucleotides provided herein.

[0115] Mammalian vectors should contain promoters, preferably derived from the genome of mammalian cells (for example, a metallothionein actin or phosphoglycerate kinase promoter) or from mammalian viruses (for example, the adenovirus late promoter, a CMV promoter and the vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter). One suitable mammalian expression vector is the pcDNA3.1 vector (INVITROGEN, Carlsbad, Calif.). In adenoviral expression vectors, the MCH receptor polynucleotide may be ligated to an adenovirus transcription/translation control complex such as the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. Specific initiation signals (e.g., the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences such as ribosome binding sites) may also be required for efficient translation of inserted nucleic acid molecules. The efficiency of expression may be further enhanced by the inclusion of appropriate transcription enhancer elements, transcription terminators, etc. The recombinant gene may then be inserted in the adenovirus genome by in vitro or in vivo recombination. Insertion in a non-essential region of the viral genome (for example, region E1 or E3) will result in a recombinant virus that is viable and capable of expressing an MCH receptor polypeptide in infected.

[0116] Another representative expression system is an amphibian oocyte system in which MCH1R RNA is introduced into an oocyte. Preferably the amphibian is a frog, most preferably the African clawed frog, Xenopus laveis. One suitable expression vector for expression in amphibian oocytes is the pBLUESCRIPT SK vector (STRATAGENE Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif.). Typically such vectors are used to generate MCH receptor polypeptide-encoding RNAs in in vitro transcription systems, which RNAs are then injected into the oocytes to induce expression of the encoded protein.

[0117] An insect system utilizing a baculovirus such as Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) can be used to express the MCH receptor polypeptides provided herein. The virus grows in insect cells such as Spodoptera frugiperda cells. The coding sequence encoding the MCH receptor polypeptide is typically inserted (e.g., ligated) into non-essential regions of the virus (for example into the polyhedrin gene) and placed under control of an AcNPV promoter (for example the polyhedrin promoter). Preferably, the successful introduction of the insert will result in inactivation of a viral gene. For example, when targeted into the polyhedrin gene, the successful incorporation of the insert will inactivate that gene and result in production of non-occluded recombinant virus (i.e., virus lacking the proteinaceous coat coded for by the polyhedrin gene). The resulting recombinant viruses are then used to infect insect cells, preferably Spodoptera frugiperda cells, in which the inserted coding sequence is expressed. A variety of kits for use in the preparation of an insect expression system are commercially available.

[0118] Host cells transformed or transfected with an expression vector comprising an MCH receptor polynucleotide, and capable of expressing an MCH1R polypeptide, are further provided herein. Such cells may be prepared using standard transformation techniques. Stable expression is generally preferred, although transient expression systems may be suitable for certain uses. Following the introduction of the vector (often following incubation in a non-selective medium to allow for recovery from the stress of vector introduction), engineered cells may be grown in a selective medium.

[0119] Assays

[0120] MCH1R polynucleotides and polypeptides may be used within a variety of assays to screen for and characterize compounds that modulate MCH receptor function. Such assays typically involve contacting a test compound with transfected host cells or isolated membranes prepared from such cells, and subsequently detecting (a) binding of the test compound to the cells or membranes (direct binding assays—e.g., via surface plasmon resonance, using a device available from BIAcor AB, Sweden); (b) an effect of the test compound on labeled ligand (e.g., radiolabeled MCH) binding to the cells or membranes (competitive binding assays); or (c) an effect on a cellular receptor response to MCH (functional assays). Test compounds may be any substance, but are preferably small organic, non-peptide molecules. Active compounds identified using such assays are useful, for example, as tools for receptor mapping and as pharmaceutical agents.

[0121] One suitable competitive binding assay is provided within Example 4. In such an assay, a test compound is used as a cold displacer. Briefly, a MCH1R polypeptide-containing membrane preparation (e.g., prepared from transfected HEK293 cells) is contacted (incubated) with labeled (e.g., 125I) MCH and unlabeled test compound. Unbound MCH is then removed (e.g., by washing) and remaining bound label is detected. Incubation with a compound that detectably modulates MCH binding to MCH receptor will result in a decrease or increase in the amount of label bound to the MCH receptor preparation, relative to the amount of label bound in the absence of the compound. Preferably, such a compound will exhibit a Ki at an MCH receptor of less than 1 micromolar, more preferably less than 500 nM, 100 nM, 20 nM or 10 nM, within a ligand binding assay performed as described in Example 4.

[0122] Functional assays use transfected host cells as substrates and measure cellular responses to contact with a test compound. Within such assays, a compound may act as an agonist, mediating a cell-based response when contacted with a cell-surface MCH receptor, or as an antagonist, inhibiting the response of cell-surface MCH receptor to an MCH receptor agonist (e.g., MCH). A representative functional assay in antagonist mode is set forth below as Example 5. Within Ca2+ mobilization assays, MCH receptor modulating activity of a compound is detected by: (a) incubating (i.e., contacting) transgenic (e.g., transformed or transfected) cells with a compound; (b) detecting a level of Ca2+ in the contacted cells; and (c) comparing the detected level of calcium with a level of Ca2+ detected in control cells that are incubated in the absence of test compound. Preferably, within such assays, the transgenic cells are initially contacted with an indicator of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, such as Fluo-3 Calcium Sensitive Dye (Molecular Probes; Eugene, Oreg.) and then washed. The compound is then contacted with the washed cells, and the level of calcium is detected by quantifying Ca2+ concentration-dependant changes in the properties of the indicator of intracellular Ca2+. The level of calcium detected in the presence of test compound is preferably at least 2-fold lower than the level detected in the absence of test compound (i.e., in control cells that are contacted with the indicator of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, but not with the test compound).

[0123] MCH receptor antagonist activity may also be detected using calcium mobilization assays performed in the presence of a known MCH receptor agonist (e.g., MCH). MCH receptor agonist is preferably added to test and control cells just prior to detecting intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Preferably, the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ in the agonist-contacted test cell (i.e., contacted with agonist and test compound) is significantly less (to the p≦0.05 level, as measured using a parametric test of statistical significance) than the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ in the agonist-contacted control cell.

[0124] Compounds identified using such assays may be used for treating diseases and disorders associated with MCH receptor activation, such as eating disorders (e.g., obesity and bulimia nervosa), sexual disorders, diabetes, heart disease and stroke. Patients may include humans, companion animals (such as dogs) and livestock animals.

[0125] The following Examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

[0126] MCH1R Polynucleotide Preparation

[0127] This Example illustrates the isolation of representative MCH1R polynucleotides.

[0128] A. Monkey MCH1R

[0129] RNA was isolated from cynomolgus macaque hypothalamus using Trizol Reagent (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). cDNA was prepared using random primers and Reverse Transcriptase (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0130] Cynomolgus macaque MCH1R cDNA was obtained using PCR, with the following primers:

5′Forward Outer Primer
GAGCAGGCGA CCGGCACTGG CTGG     (SEQ ID NO:7)
3′Reverse Primer
GGAGGTGTGC AGGGTGGCAG GGGAAGTA (SEQ ID NO:8)

[0131] PCR was performed using the Advantage-GC cDNA PCR Kit (Clontech Laboratories Palo Alto, Calif.) in 50 microliter reactions containing: 10 microliters GC Melt, 10 microliters 5× PCR reaction buffer, 1 microliter 50× dNTP Mix (10 mM each), 12.5 pmol foward and reverse primers, 1 microliter Advantage-GC cDNA Polymerase Mix (50×), 1 microliter cynomolgus macaque RT product. Conditions for touchdown PCR were as follows:

[0132] 94° C.—3 minutes

[0133] 20 cycles:

[0134] 94° C.—30 seconds

[0135] 60° C. to 50° C. in 0.5° C. intervals for 20 rounds—30 seconds

[0136] 68° C.—60 seconds

[0137] 20 cycles:

[0138] 94° C.—30 seconds

[0139] 50° C.—30 seconds

[0140] 68° C.—60 seconds

[0141] 4° C.

[0142] The full length PCR product was initially cloned into the vector pGEM-T (PROMEGA, Madison, Wis.). The cDNA was reamplified using a forward primer engineered to include an optimal translation initiation site (Kozak sequence). A cDNA expression cassette fragment encoding the monkey MCH1R was blunt end ligated into the pCR-SCRIPT vector (STRATAGENE, La Jolla, Calif.). The receptor sequence was excised from this vector using EcoRI and Not I and subcloned into the EcoRI/Not I site of pcDNA3.1 (INVITROGEN Corp.; Carlsbad, Calif.).

[0143] A receptor cDNA expression cassette thus cloned from cynomolgus macaque total hypothalamic cDNA (and referred to herein as cynMacMCH1R, SEQ ID NO: 1) was subcloned into the pcDNA3.1 expression vector to create the MCH1 receptor expression vector, CynMacMCH1RDNA. This cynMacMCH1R cDNA expression cassette has been also been cloned into pCR-Script, and pBacPac9 vectors. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of cynomolgus macaque MCH1R are shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and 2, respectively.

[0144] The MCH1R 5′ extension was cloned using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Cynomolgus macaque temporal cortex total RNA was used as a template and RACE was performed using the FirstChoice™ RLM-RACE kit (Ambion, Austin, Tex.) according to the manufacturer's instructions, with the outer reverse primer corresponding to nucleotides 503-478 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (CACAGGAGGCAGATCACCAGGGTGGC; SEQ ID NO: 57) and the inner reverse primer corresponding to nucleotides 393-372 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (GGTGCTGGTGAACTGA CTATTG; SEQ ID NO: 58). PCR conditions were as follows:

[0145] 94° C.—3 minutes

[0146] 35 cycles:

[0147] 94° C.—30 seconds

[0148] 58° C.—30 seconds

[0149] 68° C.—30 seconds

[0150] 68° C.—7 minutes

[0151] 4° C.

[0152] The sequence of the 5′ region is shown in SEQ ID NO: 53, with the encoded amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO: 54. The long form of MCH1R, which includes the 5′ extension, is shown in SEQ ID NO: 55 (DNA sequence) and SEQ ID NO: 56 (amino acid sequence). Alignments of the monkey MCH1R sequences with other MCH1R sequences are shown in FIGS. 1(A and B) and 2.

[0153] B. Human MCH1R/human NPY1 Receptor Intracellular Loop 3 Chimera

[0154] Human MCH1R (SEQ ID NO: 5) was cloned as a PCR product from a Gibco Human Brain library (Life Technologies; Rockville, Md.) as described above using the following primers:

Forward	5′CCACCATGGACCTGGAAGCCTCG	(SEQ ID NO:31)
Reverse	5′AGGGTGGCAGGGGAAGTATC	(SEQ ID NO:32)

[0155] The human MCH1R cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 5) was digested with BamH I (base 689-694) and BstE II (bases 759-765) to remove the IC3 loop domain. This corresponds to amino acids 230-255 in SEQ ID NO: 6. The IC3 loop domain from the human NPY 1 receptor cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 9, bases 706-779 and corresponding to amino acids 236-260 of SEQ ID NO: 10) was constructed from two complementary oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NO: 14 and SEQ ID NO: 15) which contain the BamH I and BstE II sites. The two oligonucleotides were heated to 95° C., allowed to anneal, and are inserted into the digested MCH1R to yield the sequence the human MCH1R/human NPY1 receptor Intracellular Loop 3 chimera (SEQ ID NO: 17). The corresponding amino acid sequence is given as SEQ ID NO: 18. The entire sequence was subcloned into pcDNA 3.1 plus to yield SEQ ID NO: 21.

[0156] C. Human MCH1R/human NPY 1 Receptor C-Terminal Chimera

[0157] To exchange the human NPY1 receptor C-terminal with that of the human MCH1R, a BspE I restriction site was introduced into both receptors. In the human MCH1R (SEQ ID NO: 5) a silent C to G point mutation was made at base 957 to produce SEQ ID NO: 16. For the human NPY1 receptor C-terminal, base 983 was mutated from A to G which results in a Q to R amino acid change at 328 of SEQ ID NO: 10. A PCR fragment (SEQ ID NO: 13) generated with SEQ ID NO: 9 as a template using primers SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12 (SEQ ID NO: 12 is mainly comprised of vector sequence) was amplified. This PCR fragment was subcloned BspE I to Not I into the mutated human MCH1R (SEQ ID NO: 16) to form the human MCH1R/human NPY1 receptor C-terminal chimera (SEQ ID NO: 19). The corresponding amino acid sequence is given as SEQ ID NO: 20. The final sequence in pcDNA 3.1 plus is given as SEQ ID NO: 21.

[0158] D. Human MCH1R/human Beta Adrenergic Receptor C-terminal Chimera

[0159] The C-terminal sequence from the human beta-2 adrenergic receptor (SEQ ID NOs: 23 and 24) was also used form a human MCH1R/beta adrenergic receptor C-terminal chimera. Primers (SEQ ID NOs: 25 and 26) were used to amplify a PCR product from the human beta-2 adrenergic receptor (SEQ ID NO: 23) which includes a BspE I site on the 5′ end and an Xba I site on the 3′ end. This fragment was introduced BspE I to Xba I into the human MCH1R mutated at base 957 as discussed above (SEQ ID NO: 16) to form the Human MCH1R/human beta adrenergic receptor C-terminal chimera (SEQ ID NO: 27). The corresponding amino acid sequence is given as SEQ ID NO: 28. The final sequence in pcDNA 3.1 plus is given as SEQ ID NO: 29.

[0160] It will be apparent that similar cloning procedures can be used to generate the corresponding chimeras based on the monkey MCH1R sequence and/or substituting domains from other G protein-coupled receptors.

Example 2

[0161] Preparation of Host Cells Expressing MCH1R Polypeptides

[0162] This Example illustrates the expression of representative MCH1R polynucleotides in host cells.

[0163] HEK 293 cells were transiently or stably transfected via standard calcium phosphate precipitation procedures with the CynMacDNA monkey MCH1 receptor expression vector described in Example 1.

[0164] For transient transfection, cells were grown to confluency at 37° C., 5% CO2, for approximately 48-72 hours in DMEM high glucose culture medium (catalog #10-017-CV, MEDIATECH, Herndon, Va.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 25 mM HEPES. Cells could then be used directly within assays. For stable expression, cells were grown under the conditions described above (with the addition of 500 μg/ml G418) for 2-3 weeks. Single selected colonies were then chosen to generate a stable cell line.

[0165] CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells were also transfected via standard calcium phosphate precipitation procedures with the MCH1R expression vector. For transient transfection, cells were grown to confluency at 37° C., 5% CO2, approximately 48-72 hours, in Ham's F12 culture medium (catalog #10-080-CV, MEDIATECH, Herndon, Va.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 25 mM HEPES. Cells could then be used directly within assays. For stable expression, cells were grown under the conditions described above (with the addition of 500 μg/ml G418) for 2-3 weeks. Single selected colonies were then chosen to generate a stable cell line.

Example 3

[0166] Preparation of Isolated Membranes

[0167] This Example illustrates the preparation of isolated membranes comprising MCH1R polypeptides, for use within a variety of binding and activity assays.

[0168] Transfected HEK 293 cell pellets stored frozen at −80° C. are thawed by addition of wash buffer (25 mM Hepes with 1.0 mM CaCl2, 5.0 mM MgCl2, 120 mM NaCl, PH 7.4) and homogenized for 30 seconds using a BRINKMAN POLYTRON, setting 5. Cells are centrifuged for 10 minutes at 48,000×g. The supernatant is discarded and the pellet is resuspended in fresh wash buffer, and homogenized again. The protein concentration of the resulting membrane preparation is measured using the Bradford protein assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.). By this measure, a 1-liter culture of cells typically yields 50-75 mg of total membrane protein.

Example 4

[0169] MCH1R Ligand Binding Assays

[0170] This Example illustrates the use of MCH1R-containing membranes within binding assays to monitor the ability of cells expressing MCH receptors to bind MCH or to screen for MCH1R agonists and antagonists.

[0171] Purified membranes from HEK 293 cells expressing MCH1R are prepared as described above. The membrane homogenate is centrifuged as before and resuspended to a protein concentration of 333 μg/ml in binding buffer (Wash buffer+0.1% BSA and 1.0 μM final conc. phosphoramidon) for an assay volume of 50 μg membrane protein/150 μl binding buffer. Phosphoramidon is from SIGMA BIOCHEMICALS, St. Louis, Mo. (cat# R-7385).

[0172] Ligand binding assays are performed at room temperature by combining 150 μl of MCH1R-containing membranes in binding buffer, prepared as described above, 50 μl 125I-Tyr MCH in binding buffer and 50 μl binding buffer. 125I-Tyr MCH (specific activity=2200 Ci/mMol) is purchased from NEN, Boston, Mass. (Cat # NEX 373) and is diluted in binding buffer to provide a final assay concentration of 30 pM.

[0173] Competition binding assays for screening test compounds are performed at room temperature in Falcon 96 well round bottom polypropylene plates. To each assay well is added 150 μl of MCH1R-containing membranes in binding buffer, prepared as described above, 50 μl 125I-Tyr MCH in binding buffer, 50 μl binding buffer and 2 μl test compound in DMSO.

[0174] Non-specific binding is defined as the binding measured in the presence of 1 μM unlabeled MCH. MCH is purchased from BACHEM U.S.A., King of Prussia, Pa. (cat # H-1482). To each assay well used to determine non-specific MCH binding is added: 150 μl of MCH1R-containing membranes in binding buffer, 50 μl 125I-Tyr MCH in binding buffer, unlabeled MCH in 25 μl binding buffer, and 25 μl binding buffer.

[0175] Assay plates are incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. Membranes are harvested onto WALLAC glass fiber filters (PERKIN-ELMER, Gaithersburg, Md.) which are pre-soaked with 1.0% PEI (polyethyleneimine) for 2 hours prior to use. Filters are allowed to dry overnight then counted in a WALLAC 1205 BETA PLATE counter after addition of WALLAC BETA SCINT scintillation fluid.

[0176] For saturation binding the concentration of 125I-Tyr MCH is varied from 7-1,000 pM. Typically 11 concentration points are collected per saturation binding curve. Equilibrium binding parameters are determined by fitting the allosteric Hill equation to the measured values with the aid of the computer program FitP™ (BIOSOFT, Ferguson, Mo.).

Example 5

[0177] MCH1R Calcium Mobilization Assay

[0178] This Example illustrates the use of MCH1R-expressing cells within functional assays to monitor the response of cells expressing MCH receptors to MCH or to screen for MCH1R agonists and antagonists.

[0179] CHO or HEK 293 cells stably transfected with an MCH1R receptor expression vector as described above are grown to a density of 30,000 cells/well in FALCON black-walled, clear-bottomed 96-well plates (#3904, BECTON-DICKINSON, Franklin Lakes, N.J.). Prior to running the assay the culture medium is emptied from the 96 well plates. Fluo-3 calcium sensitive dye (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) is added to each well (dye solution: 1 mg FLUO-3 AM, 440 μl DMSO and 440 μl 20% pluronic acid in DMSO; diluted 8.8 μl/ml with KRH; 50 μl diluted solution added per well). Plates are covered with aluminum foil and incubated at 37° C. for 1-2 hours. After the incubation the dye solution is emptied from the plates, cells are washed once in 100 μl KRH buffer (0.05 mM KCl, 0.115 M NaCl, 9.6 mM NaH2PO4, 0.01 mM MgSO4, 1 mM probenecid (Sigma), 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) to remove excess dye; after washing 80 μl KRH buffer is added to each well.

[0180] In order to measure the ability of a test compound to antagonize the response of cells expressing MCH1R to MCH, the EC50 of MCH is first determined. An additional 20 μl of KRH buffer and 1 μl DMSO is added to each well of cells, prepared as described immediately above. 100 μl human MCH in KRH buffer is automatically transferred by a FLIPR™ plate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.) to each well, and fluorescence response is monitored by excitation at 480 nM and emission at 530 nM. An 8-point concentration response curve, with final MCH concentrations of 1 nM to 3 μM, is used to determine MCH EC50.

[0181] Test compounds are dissolved in DMSO, diluted in 20 μl KRH buffer, and added to cells prepared as described above. The 96 well plates containing prepared cells and test compounds are incubated in the dark, at room temperature for 0.5 to 6 hours. It is important that the incubation not continue beyond 6 hours. Just prior to determining the fluorescence response, 100 μl human MCH diluted in KRH buffer to 2×EC50 is automatically added by the FLIPR instrument to each well of the 96 well plate for a final sample volume of 200 μl and a final MCH concentration of EC50. The final concentration of test compounds in the assay wells is between 1 μM and 5 μM. Typically cells exposed to one EC50 of MCH exhibit a fluorescence response of about 10,000 Relative Fluorescence Units. Antagonists of the MCH receptor exhibit a response that is significantly less than that of the control cells to the p≦0.05 level, as measured using a parametric test of statistical significance. Typically, antagonists of the MCH receptor decrease the fluorescence response relative to control cells by about 20%, preferably by about 50%, and most preferably by at least 80% as compared to matched control.

Claims

1. An MCH1R chimeric polypeptide, comprising a MCH1R sequence in which one or more domains chosen from the third intracellular loop, N-terminal and C-terminal domains is replaced with a corresponding domain of MCH2R, NPY1 receptor or beta-2-adrenergic receptor, and wherein the polypeptide exhibits MCH1R ligand binding activity.

2. An MCH1R chimeric polypeptide according to claim 1, wherein the MCH1R sequence is recited in SEQ ID NO: 2, 6 or 56.

3. An MCH1R chimeric polypeptide according to claim 2, wherein the third intracellular loop is replaced with the corresponding domain of human NPY1.

4. An MCH1R chimeric polypeptide according to claim 2, wherein the third intracellular loop is replaced with the corresponding domain of macaque MCH2R.

5. An MCH1R chimeric polypeptide according to claim 2, wherein the C-terminal domain is replaced with the corresponding domain of human NPY1.

6. An MCH1R chimeric polypeptide according to claim 2, wherein the C-terminal domain is replaced with the corresponding domain of macaque MCH2R.

7. An MCH1R chimeric polypeptide according to claim 2, wherein the N-terminal domain is replaced with the corresponding domain of human NPY1.

8. An MCH1R chimeric polypeptide according to claim 2, wherein the N-terminal domain is replaced with the corresponding domain of macaque MCH2R.

9. An MCH1R chimeric polypeptide according to claim 1, wherein the chimeric polypeptide has a sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18, 20, 28, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 or 60.

10. A polynucleotide encoding an MCH1R chimeric polypeptide according to claim 1.

11. A polynucleotide according to claim 9, wherein the chimeric polypeptide has a sequence recited in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 18, 20, 28, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 or 60.

12. An expression vector comprising a polynucleotide according to claim 10.

13. An expression vector according to claim 12, wherein the vector is a plasmid.

14. An expression vector according to claim 12, wherein the vector is a viral vector.

15. A transgenic cell transformed or transfected with an expression vector according to claim 12.

16. A transgenic cell according to claim 15, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell.

17. A transgenic cell according to claim 15, wherein the cell is an oocyte.

18. A transgenic cell according to claim 15, wherein the cell is an insect cell.

19. A cell membrane preparation isolated from a transgenic cell according to claim 15.

20. A cell membrane preparation according to claim 17, wherein the cell membrane preparation exhibits MCH1R ligand binding activity that is at least 2-fold greater than MCH1R ligand binding activity exhibited by a control membrane preparation isolated from untransformed cells.