Patent Application
20130264251
The present disclosure relates to filtration systems having one or more membrane modules comprising hollow fiber permeable membranes mounted therein, and more particularly, to the protection of said membranes and enhancement of module and system performance.
During membrane filtration processes, a feed liquid containing undesirable contaminants is forced through the pores of a membrane. The contaminants contained in the feed liquid do not pass through the pores of the membrane and accumulate on the outside of the membranes in the membrane module. Those particles cause membrane fouling and can clog membrane modules, making them less efficient. Liquid backwash, air scouring and chemical cleaning are common means to remove foulants from the module. However, the membranes in the modules still often suffer from packing by fibrous materials or damage by sharp objects contained within the feed liquid. Fibrous materials or trash may contact the membranes and may become caught around bundles or groups of membranes. In particular, when membranes are used for the pretreatment seawater, sharp shells from sea water often contact the membranes and cause damage to them.
Different methods have been proposed to protect the membrane modules from damage by materials and objects contained within a feed liquid. Pre-screening feed liquid is a common method employed to protect membrane modules from damage by materials in the feed liquid having a size greater than the pores of the membrane fibers. For example, in membrane bioreactors, a pre-treatment screen with perforated mesh is sometimes inserted between the biological tank and the membrane tank to protect the membranes and modules. In this arrangement however, a large pre-treatment screen has to be used and special aerators need to be installed to clean the pre-treatment screen. The large size of the screen and special aerators required to clean the screen present obstacles to efficiently operating such a bioreactor system.
Another method of protecting membranes includes holding a bundle of capillaries together with an open sleeve or casing. Coarse materials that may be contained in a feed liquid, such as hair, are filtered by the sleeve so that these materials can not intrude into the inner section of the membrane bundle. However, the method neglects to remove particles that are smaller than the sleeve opening. Small particles can pass through the open sleeve, move towards the membrane surface and inner fiber bundles, and agglomerate around and inside the membrane fiber bundles. It is difficult for these materials to be removed out of the open sleeve. Gradually these materials accumulate inside the membrane bundle and on the inner surface of the sleeve and the bundles eventually become packed with these materials. The accumulation of these materials can also cause membrane damage. The inability to effectively remove these materials when using an open sleeve configuration presents an obstacle to efficient filtration.
In accordance with aspects and embodiments, a filtration system is provided comprising a membrane module comprising an upper header, a lower header, a plurality of hollow fiber membranes having an upper end potted in the upper header and a lower end potted in the lower header, a cage at least partially surrounding the plurality of hollow fiber membranes, and a screen in contact with and surrounding the cage, the filtration system further comprising an aeration cap coupled to the lower header of the membrane module.
In accordance with aspects and embodiments, a method of retrofitting a filtration system comprising at least one membrane module having hollow fiber membranes and a cage surrounding the hollow fiber membranes is provided, the method comprising positioning a screen around the cage of the membrane module.
In accordance with aspects and embodiments, a method of facilitating retrofitting a filtration system comprising at least one membrane module having hollow fiber membranes and a cage surrounding the hollow fiber membranes is provided, the method comprising providing a screen, and providing instructions to position the screen around the cage of the membrane module.
Various aspects of at least one embodiment are discussed below with reference to the accompanying figures, which are not intended to be drawn to scale. The figures are included to provide illustration and a further understanding of the various aspects and embodiments, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, but are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention. Where technical features in the figures, detailed description or any claim are followed by references signs, the reference signs have been included for the sole purpose of increasing the intelligibility of the figures and description. In the figures, each identical or nearly identical component that is illustrated in various figures is represented by a like numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every figure. In the figures:
In accordance with aspects and embodiments of the present disclosure, a filtration system having an improved membrane module is disclosed. The modules of the present disclosure may advantageously protect membranes contained within a membrane module from coarse contaminants in a feed. The modules disclosed may thus improve the integrity of membranes and enhance the usable lifespan of a module. Aspects and embodiments of the present invention may improve the efficiency with which a filtration system having the improved modules of the present disclosure operates. This enhanced efficiency may reduce the cost of operating a filtration system.
A filtration system may comprise a plurality of membrane modules. Each module may have an upper header and a lower header, also referred to herein as an upper potting head or lower potting head, and a plurality of membranes positioned therebetween. The membranes may be porous membranes, and more specifically, may be hollow fiber membranes. The membranes may be potted in at least one of the upper header and the lower header. The membranes may be surrounded by a cage connect to, or disposed between, the headers that may maintain or assist in maintaining the membranes in close proximity to one another and the cage may also prevent excessive movement during filtration. The cage may be secured to the module at the upper potting head and the lower potting head. The cage may have an upper end potted in the upper potting head and a lower end potted in the lower potting head. The membranes, for example the hollow fiber membranes, may be closed at one end, or may, in the alternative, be open at both ends. The membrane modules may be disposed in one or more vessels. Liquid to be filtered, for example feed liquid containing or comprising contaminants, may be fed to the vessels. The feed liquid may comprise contaminants such as trash, foreign objects, and undesirable particles that are unsuitable for the filtrate's intended use. The contaminants may comprise coarse particles or sharp objects. A transmembrane pressure may be applied to the membrane module, causing the feed liquid to pass through the pores of hollow fiber membranes. A filtrate is collected from inside the membrane lumens. Contaminants larger than the membrane pore sizes do not pass through the membranes. These contaminants may become lodged in the membrane pores or accumulate on or around the membranes.
Contaminants in the feed liquid, such as coarse particles or sharp objects, may damage the hollow fiber membranes, reduce membrane integrity, and may reduce the usable lifespan of the membrane module. Aspects and embodiments of the present invention may protect the hollow fiber membranes disposed within a membrane module from coarse contaminants in the feed and may preserve and maintain membrane integrity for a period longer than experienced by an unprotected module.
The modules of the present disclosure may comprise a fine screen, referred to herein simply as a screen. The screen may protect the membranes in the module. The screen may be close-fitting around the module, and the modules of the present disclosure may be referred to as wrapped modules, or screen-wrapped modules.
For example and referring to
Screen 8 can be formed of any material suitable to wrap module 4, provide enhanced protection of membranes 5 of module 4, and improve a filtration system efficiency. The screen may be a self-supporting, rigid, hard material, or, the screen may be a flexible material. In accordance with some embodiments, the screen may be comprised of a fine mesh or fabric, such as cotton or nylon. In accordance with other embodiments, the screen may be comprised of polymeric materials, and may, for example, be polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE). The screen may be fabricated to fit the membrane module, and in some embodiments, may be in close proximity to, or in contact with, at least one of cage 14 and membranes 5. For example, screen 8 may comprise a flexible material fabricated to slide over and around a membrane module. The screen may have a seam that runs vertically along the module. Screen 8 may be formed to have similar characteristics of a sock and may be fabricated to fit module 4 tightly.
Screen 8 may have a cross-sectional area that is nearly identical to that of module 4. Screen 8 may be shaped similarly to module 4 and may have at least one open end, and may be installed by sliding an open end of screen 8 over and around module 4. A guide may be used to assist in placing screen 8 on module 4. Referring to
Screen 8 may mate with module 4. As used herein, the term “mate” or “mating” may describe any manner of connecting or joining two or more components together. The term “mate” or “mating” may describe any mechanical, thermal, or chemical process that connects or joins two or more components together. In the examples disclosed herein, the term “mate” or “mating” may mean welding, soldering, molding, adhering, snapping, interlocking, fastening or otherwise connecting two components. In certain examples, screen 8 and module 4 may be mated by being fastened together with the assistance of another component, thereby forming a connection. Module 4 may, for example, comprise protrusions, grooves, or other structural features that facilitate mating, fitting, and securing screen 8 to module 4. Screen 8 may mate with and be secured to module 4 by fasteners, such as cable ties.
Referring to
Screen 8 has apertures that are sized to reject debris and contaminants that are present in a feed liquid entering the membrane module. Screen 8 may comprise apertures having any geometry, including apertures that are square, rectangular, circular, oblong, and polygonal. The apertures of screen 8 may be formed in a piece of woven material, or the apertures of screen apertures 8 may be the void space between the threads of a woven material, itself. Though aperture size within a screen may vary, screen 8 may have an average aperture size, where average aperture size is defined by the average diameter or width of apertures, in the range of from about 1 μm to about 100 μm, from about 10 μm to about 350 μm, and most preferably, in a range of from about 30 μm to about 150 μm.
Contaminants having an aperture size greater than the aperture size of screen 8 will be rejected by screen 8. Particles having an aperture size equal to screen 8 may lodge in the apertures of the screen. Larger contaminant particles may also accumulate on the outer surface of the screen and block apertures.
Contaminants that have a size less than the aperture size of screen 8 will pass through screen 8 during filtration and contact the hollow fiber membranes. Contaminants having a size greater than the pores of fibers 9 will then be rejected by the hollow fiber membranes. Contaminants that pass through screen 8 and are rejected by membrane fibers 9 may build up on the membrane fibers and accumulate in the space between screen 8 and membranes 5. Contaminant accumulation on screen 8, accumulation on membrane fibers 9, and contaminant build up in the space between screen 8 and membranes 5 may need to be removed to maintain module efficiency.
The build-up of contaminants on screen 8 and membranes 5 may present an obstacle to efficient filtration. Screen 8 and membranes 5 may require cleaning to remove contaminant build up. In accordance with aspects and embodiments, cleaning membranes 5 may also efficiently, effectively, and simultaneously clean screen 8.
To remove contaminants from screen 8 and membranes 5, a gas, typically air, may be introduced into the bottom of membrane module 4 to produce gas bubbles. The bubbles may scrub the solids accumulated on the membrane surfaces and also may result in the vibration and scouring of screen 8. Cleaning chemicals such as chlorine may be added to the gas providing the bubbles to further assist in the cleaning process. This process, which may be referred to as a gas bubble aeration cleaning process, may be used in conjunction with backwashing regimes, including liquid backwashing, pressurized gas backwashing, and combinations of both, as well as with chemical cleaning and dosing arrangements.
Referring back to
The gas bubble cleaning process may be used in conjunction with a backwash, and may be used continually during filtration to clean the modules. Membrane modules may be continuously aerated during filtration, and aeration may continuously dislodge contaminants from the membranes. Continuously aerating module 4 may thus reduce the build-up of contaminants on screen 8 and membranes 5 and enhance filtration efficiency.
Continuous aeration of the module may however increase operating costs. In continuously aerated non-wrapped modules, for example, in modules without screen 8, aeration contributes substantially to operating cost. In a wrapped module however, there is a pressure drop across screen 8 in addition to the pressure drop experienced across membranes 5. Screen 8 thus may increase the transmembrane pressure in module 4. Aeration flow rates in a screen-wrapped module may be reduced by up to about 40% at a constant transmembrane pressure as compared to comparable non-wrapped modules. The transmembrane pressure increase in module 4 may allow the aeration flow rate to module 4 to be reduced without reducing the filtration efficiency of the module. Using screen-wrapped modules may enable reduced aeration flow rates, which may result in substantial cost savings as compared to filtration systems using traditional, unwrapped, modules.
Solids removed in the cleaning process may be intermittently or continuously removed. Solids may be removed by a drain-down of the module or may be removed during filtration. Removing solids during filtration, however, requires an egress in the module or filtration system to allow the free-flow of contaminants accumulated between screen 8 and membranes 5 out of the system. A modified aeration cap or opening in screen 8 may be used to facilitate the egress of contaminants from the module.
For example and referring to
Opening 50 of plenum chamber 17 may be an orifice in a modified aeration cap and may have a variety of configurations to allow accumulated contaminants to flow out of the module. Opening 50 may have any shape, and may be circular, rectangular, or comprise a plurality of orifices. The orifices that comprise an opening may have any shape. An aeration cap may, for example, be modified to have a single opening, or may, for example, have an opening comprising a plurality of orifices. Referring to
When using a modified aeration cap, feed liquid in the filtration system may enter the membrane module through the aeration cap opening. Flow that enters through the modified aeration cap may be referred to as bypass flow because it bypasses the screen surrounding the module. The percentage of bypass flow is generally dependent on the size of the aeration cap opening and the material and aperture size of the screen. Larger openings allow for more feed liquid to enter the module than smaller openings. Certain materials, such as cotton, cause a higher percentage of feed to bypass the screen, whereas other materials, such as a screen comprising nylon with a similar aperture size to that of a screen comprising cotton, cause less bypass flow. Further, when screens having larger average aperture sizes are used in conjunction with a modified aeration cap, the module experiences less bypass flow.
Modifications may be made to a feed entry port, such as an opening in the aeration cap or plenum chamber, to reduce any decreases in effectiveness that may result from bypass flow through the feed entry port. Bypass flow, in general, may decreases the effectiveness of wrapping module 4 with screen 8 due to the ingress of coarse contaminant matter through opening 50. Any loss in efficiency as a result of bypass flow, however, may generally be balanced by advantages stemming from the free flow of concentrate and waste, including coarse contaminant matter capable of damaging membranes 5, outwardly through opening 50. Modifications to a feed entry port may further mitigate possible negative effects of bypass flow.
For example, referring to
In the alternative and referring to
In other embodiments, the bottom of module 4 may be sealed and the screen surrounding the module may be positioned or modified to allow the egress of accumulated contaminants out of the module. For example and referring to
In the alternative, an opening may be formed between the top of a screen and the bottom of an upper potting head to provide a path for contaminants to escape. For example and referring to
Existing water treatment systems may be retrofitted by providing and implementing the modifications discussed herein in accordance with one or more embodiments. For example, an existing filtration system comprising membrane modules may be retrofitted with one or more of the enhancements and modifications discussed herein. The modifications and enhancements may be used individually, or in combination. For example, one or more modules of an existing filtration system may be retrofitted with a modified aeration cap in accordance with aspects and embodiments, may be retrofitting with screen according to aspects and embodiments, or may be retrofitted with both.
Improved and modified filtration systems of the present disclosure may be able to produce a filtrate at a lower energy than traditional filtration systems by providing and implanting the modifications discussed herein in accordance with one or more embodiments, for example, by enabling lower aeration rates to be provided to the system while maintaining a constant transmembrane pressure. In addition, aspects and embodiments disclosed may improve the usable lifespan of membrane modules and maintain module integrity, reducing the overall capital cost of operating and maintaining a filtration system employing membrane modules.
The function and advantages of these and other embodiments can be further understood from the examples below, which illustrate the benefits and/or advantages of the one or more systems, methods, and techniques but do not exemplify the full scope of the invention.
As shown in
In order to investigate the increase in transmembrane pressure caused by wrapping module 4 with screen 8, pressure transducers were installed on the aeration discharge of the modules so that the back pressure during backwash sequences could be measured and recorded. Trials were conducted using sealed and modified aeration caps. The modified aeration caps tested are shown in
In order to quantify the amount of flow bypassing screens 8 through the openings 50 of modified aeration caps 17, screen-wrapped S10V modules were used to filter feed liquid in a tank that provided enough room for a submerged magnetic flow meter to be mounted underneath the modified aeration caps. Referring to
Bypass flow was measured for in a filtration system comprising a screen-wrapped module equipped with a modified aeration cap having two 8 mm orifices (See
The data indicates that the amount of bypass flow decreases with an increase in the average screen aperture size for the same material. The data further reveals that the use of a cotton screen is disadvantageous with regard to bypass flow as the 50 μm cotton screen produces a much higher bypass flow percentage compared to the 48 μm nylon screen. This difference may be attributable to the difference in the way the threads are woven in the different screen materials.
The impact of average screen aperture size on hydraulic performance was analyzed by measuring the permeability, flux, and fouling rate of the module. Modules were run at a flux of between 50 and 60 liters per square meter per hour (LMH) and a filtration interval of 20 minutes. Data was first collected on an S10 module wrapped with a 64 μm nylon screen. The wrapped module was run for a period of 55 days. Permeability was measured at 20° C. as a function of LMH/Bar, flux was measured in terms of LMH, and the fouling rate was measured as a function of the feed fouling index (FFI).
FFI characterizes the fouling nature of feed liquid and monitors the performance of a filtration unit. The FFI of a stream measures the fouling rate of the feed normalized to 20° C. and the calculation is an estimate of the rate of increase in resistance when a given volume of feed is filtered per unit area of membrane. The standard engineering units defined for FFI are m−2. However, in practice, the resulting value is a large number. FFI is therefore generally divided by 1012, which typically gives values in the range of approximately 1-100.
The formula used by to calculate FFI is:
Where:
After collecting data, the screen was replaced with a 48 μm screen and data was collected for an additional 35 days. Permeability, which was observed as stable at about 160 LMH/Bar for the seven days before 64 μm screen was replaced with the 48 μm screen.
After the 64 μm screen was replaced with the screen having smaller aperture sizes, the permeability decreased from 160 LMH/Bar to about 105 LMH/Bar over the next 7 days, whereas turbidity in the feed liquid remained stable. Over the first seven days after the switch, the FFI also more than doubled. Hydraulic performance deteriorated and the fouling rate increased with the use of the smaller, 48 μm screen, evidencing the impact of average aperture size on module performance. This testing demonstrates that utilizing a screen with a larger average aperture size may enhance module performance as compared to using screens with smaller average aperture sizes.
An S10 screen-wrapped module wrapped with a nylon screen having an average pore size of about 90 μm was run with a sealed aeration cap and an unsealed aeration cap. The unsealed aeration cap had an orifice of about three inches. Filtration data was collected using both the sealed and unsealed cap at various aeration flow rates.
Data was collected on the turbidity of the feed liquid in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), and data was also collected on the module flux and the feed fouling index (FFI) at a variety of aeration flow rates using both a sealed and unsealed cap. This data is presented in
Referring to
Referring now to
An S10 screen-wrapped module wrapped with a nylon screen having an average pore size of about 64 μm was tested to assess the impact of using an unsealed aeration cap with a three inch orifice as compared to using a modified aeration cap having two 8 mm orifices. The data collected indicated that replacing the unsealed cap with the modified cap improved hydraulic performance. The modified cap caused a higher back pressure during backwash aeration. The enhanced performance of the modified cap may be attributable, in part, to less aeration air circumventing the module though the smaller bypass orifice area. The higher back pressure during backwash aeration provided for a more effective backwash and thus more effective solids removal. In addition, the higher back pressure may have been more effective at removing solids accumulation on the outer surface of the screen. Further, the enhanced performance may also be attributable to a lower bypass flow through the modified aeration cap. It was found that the smaller bypass area reduced bypass flow and provided for less solids entering the module through the aeration cap and bypassing the screen.
A module wrapped with a 38 μm PTFE screen was used to investigate the effectiveness of regular maintenance washes on mitigating bypass flow through modified aeration cap orifices. The trial was run for 45 days and bypass flow was measured as a percentage of total flux. Feed liquid turbidity and module permeability data was also collected. Maintenance washes were performed at varied frequencies to assess their efficacy in reducing bypass flow.
At the start of the trial, the bypass flow of was 9%. The module was run for six days without undergoing a maintenance wash. On day 6, the bypass flow rate was measured and determined to have increased to 57%. Between day 6 and day 20, four maintenance washes were performed along with two shutdown periods. Maintenance washes were performed with 300 ppm of chlorine and were carried out on days 6, 9, 15 and 18. On day 20, the amount of bypass flow was 16%. This data is shown in
Still referring to
Maintenance washes were then performed on day 26 and day 30. The data from this test is shown in
Referring to
The impact of screen-wrapping on module integrity was evaluated by wrapping a module with a nylon screen and running the wrapped module and an unwrapped control module simultaneously. Pressure decay tests were performed every 12 hours at a pressure of 100 kPa for both the control and the screen wrapped module for about 45 days. The data from this trial is presented in
Through testing, it was determined that wrapping module 4 with screen 8 increased the module resistance and transmembrane pressure. Screen 8 also prevented aeration air from escaping through the screen and into the membrane tank as it normally would in an unwrapped module. The inability of aeration air to escape increased the air flow per cross-sectional module area in comparison to an unwrapped module and consequently, pressure within the screen-wrapped area between screen 8 and membranes 5 increased. The increase enabled the aeration flow rate to be reduced without reducing filtration performance.
Using aeration caps with orifices for solid-ladden backwash to escape from the module increased hydraulic performance. Using modified aeration caps with lesser sized orifices further improved module performance. It was observed that when using a modified aeration cap in place of an unsealed aeration cap, the back pressure in the system increased, which indicated that system operating costs could be reduced when using screen-wrapped modules because aeration flow rate, and thus the cost of providing aeration to the module, could while maintaining a constant transmembrane pressure.
The presence of bypass flow through modified aeration caps, however, necessarily decreased the overall efficacy of wrapping the membrane module because fiber damaging particles, meant to be rejected by the screen, could enter the module and contact the membranes. Thus it may be advantageous to install a non-return valve below modified aeration caps to prevent feed liquid from entering the module area between the screen and the membranes.
It is to be appreciated that embodiments of the systems, apparatuses and methods discussed herein are not limited in application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the apparatus components and system operations as set forth in the above description or illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The apparatuses, systems and methods are capable of implementation in other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Examples of specific implementations are provided herein for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to be limiting. In particular, systems, apparatuses and features discussed in connection with any one or more embodiments are not intended to be excluded from a similar role in any other embodiment.
Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. Any references to embodiments or elements or acts of the apparatus and methods herein referred to in the singular may also embrace embodiments including a plurality of these elements, and any references in plural to any embodiment or element or act herein may also embrace embodiments including only a single element. The use herein of “including,” “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Any references to positional or spatial orientation are intended for convenience of description, not to limit the present apparatus and methods or their components.
Having described above several aspects of at least one embodiment, it is to be appreciated that various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure and are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007901821 | Apr 2007 | AU | national |
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/594,376, filed on Oct. 2, 2009, titled “MEMBRANE MODULE PROTECTION,” which is a national stage application and claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/AU08/00491, filed Apr. 4, 2008, which claims priority to Australian Provisional Patent Application No. 2007901821, filed Apr. 4, 2007, titled “MEMBRANE MODULE PROTECTION,” each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12594376 | Oct 2009 | US |
| Child | 13834568 | US |
