The present invention generally relates to the field of non-volatile memory (“NVM”) cells. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and a system for using a programming register for the programming of multi-level memory cells (“MLC”).
Non-volatile memory (“NVM”) cells may come in a large variety of structures, including but not limited to Poly-silicon floating gate and Nitride Read Only Memory (“NROM”). NVM cells are generally operated (e.g. programmed, read, and erased) using one or more reference cells. Each of the one or more reference cells may be compared against a memory cell being operated in order to determine a condition or state of the memory cell being operated. As is well known, an NVM cell's state may be defined and determined by its threshold voltage, the gate to source voltage at which the cell begins to significantly conduct current. Different threshold voltage ranges are associated with different states, and a NVM cell's threshold voltage level is correlated to the amount of charge stored in a charge storage region of the cell.
Generally, in order to determine whether an NVM cell is at a specific state, for example erased, programmed, or programmed at one of multiple possible program states within a multi-level cell (“MLC”), the cell's threshold level is compared to that of a reference cell whose threshold level is preset at a voltage level associated with the specific state being tested for. Comparing the threshold voltage of an NVM cell to that of a reference cell is often accomplished using a sense amplifier Various techniques for comparing an NVM's threshold voltage against those of one or more reference cells, in order to determine the state(s) of the NVM's cells, are well known.
When programming an NVM cell to a desired state, after each programming pulse, the NVM cell's threshold voltage may be compared against a reference cell having a reference threshold voltage set at a voltage level defined as the “program verify” level for the given program state. The reference cell with a threshold voltage set at a voltage level defined as a “program verify” level for the given state may be compared to the threshold voltage of the cell being programmed (also referred to as being charged) in order to determine whether a charge storage area or region of the cell being programmed has been sufficiently charged so as to be considered “programmed” at the desired state.
If after a programming pulse has been applied to a cell, it has been determined that a cell has not been sufficiently charged in order for its threshold voltage to be at or above a “program verify” level (i.e. the threshold voltage of the relevant reference cell) associated with the target program state, the cell is typically hit with another programming pulse to try to inject more charge into its charge storage region. Once a cell's threshold value reaches or exceeds the “program verify” level to which it is being programmed, no further programming pulse should be applied to the cell.
Typically, a group of cells in an MLC array are programmed at the same time. Sometimes all the cells of a set being programmed are being programmed to the same program state, in other cases, a portion of the set being programmed is programmed to one program state while another portion of the set is programmed to a second state.
Since not all cells have the same susceptibility to being programmed, cells may not program at the same rate. Some cells reach a target program state before other cells in the same set of cells that are being programmed together. As a cell reaches a target program state, the cell may be masked and may not receive any more programming pulses. Thus, in subsequent programming cycles, only cells which have not reached their target programming state, may continue to receive programming pulses until each cell has reached its respective target program state. Algorithms for programming MLC cells are known. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/354,050, filed on Jan. 30, 2003, assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, teaches several programming algorithms for MLC memory arrays. The specification of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/354,050, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into the present application. Any programming algorithm, presently known or to be devised in the future, is applicable to the present invention.
There is a need in the field of semiconductors for improved systems, circuits and methods for the programming of NVM cells and more particularly for programming MLC's.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, a multi-level cell (“MLC”) memory array may be programmed using a programming circuit having a binary input register to store binary data to be input into the MLC array and a register to store a programming vector, where each element in the programming vector corresponds to an MLC in the array. A controller may map pairs of bits from the input register to elements in the programming vector, such that mapping a pair of bits to an element of the programming vector may set the vector element to a “program” value if the pair of bits corresponds to a specific program state or set of program states associated with the programming vector.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, a programming vector may be associated with only one program level or state, while in other embodiments of the present invention, a programming vector may be associated with two or more program levels or states.
As part of some embodiments of the present invention, the controller may map pairs of bits to a second programming vector associated with a second program state. Furthermore, a separate programming vector may be mapped for each program state of the MLC.
According to some further embodiments of the present invention, the controller may apply programming pulses to each MLC in the array corresponding to vector elements whose values are set at a “program” value. The controller may reset each element of a vector to a “do-not-program” value once the MLC corresponding to the vector element has been fully programmed to the program state with which the given programming vector is associated.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, each MLC may include multiple charge storage regions (e.g. dual bit NROM cell). In cases where an MLC array is comprised of cells having multiple charge storage regions, each charge storage region may be treated as a single MLC.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the controller only maps one programming vector at a time. In other embodiments of the present invention, the controller may map multiple programming vectors, where each vector is associated with a specific program state. However, in further embodiments of the present invention, a programming vector may be associated with more than one program state. In one embodiment of the present invention, a programming vector may be associated with a first programming state and may be further associated with one or more higher programming states corresponding to higher programming levels (or threshold voltages).
In some embodiments of the present invention, the controller may apply programming pulses to the MLC array using only one programming vector at a time. In other embodiments of the present invention, the controller may apply programming pulses to the MLC array using multiple programming vectors at the same time, where each vector is associated with a different program level or different set of program levels. In some embodiments of the present invention, when an MLC reaches a target program state during programming, the MLC's corresponding programming vector element may be reset to a “do-not-program” value.
The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. The invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with objects, features and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following non limiting detailed description when read with the accompanied drawings in which:
It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of these non-limiting illustrations, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements.
In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods and procedures have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the present invention.
In the field of Multi Level Cells (MLCs), the “11” state of an MLC is sometimes used to described the erased state of the MLC. However, for the purposes of illustration, with reference to some embodiments of the present invention, throughout the specification and the claims of the present invention, the “11” state of an MLC and similar terms may be used to describe a program state of an MLC. It should be noted, that the use of the term “11”, to describe a program state of an MLC is for illustration purposes only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present application, nor to surrender or limit any subject matter whatsoever.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, a multi-level cell (“MLC”) memory array may be programmed using a programming circuit having a binary input register to store binary data to be input into the MLC array and a register to store a programming vector, where each element in the programming vector corresponds to an MLC in the array. A controller may map pairs of bits from the input register to elements in the programming vector, such that mapping a pair of bits to an element of the programming vector may set the vector element to a “program” value if the pair of bits corresponds to a specific program state associated with the programming vector.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, a programming vector may be associated with only one program level or state, while in other embodiments of the present invention, a programming vector may be associated with two or more program levels or states.
As part of some embodiments of the present invention, the controller may map pairs of bits to a second programming vector associated with a second program state. A separate programming vector may be mapped for each program state of the MLC. However, in further embodiments of the present invention, a programming vector may be associated with more than one program state. In one embodiments of the present invention a programming vector may be associated with a first programming state and may be further associated with one or more higher programming states corresponding to higher programming levels (or threshold voltages).
According to some further embodiments of the present invention, the controller may apply programming pulses to each MLC in the array corresponding to vector elements whose values are set at a “program” value. The controller may reset each element of a vector to a “do-not-program” value once the MLC corresponding to the vector element has been fully programmed to the program state with which the given programming vector is associated.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the controller only maps one programming vector at a time. In other embodiments of the present invention, the controller may map multiple programming vectors, where each vector is associated with a specific program state.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, each MLC may include multiple charge storage regions (e.g. dual bit NROM cell). In cases where an MLC array is comprised of cells having multiple charge storage regions, each charge storage region may be treated as a single MLC.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the controller may apply programming pulses to the MLC array using only one programming vector at a time. In other embodiments of the present invention, the controller may apply programming pulses to the MLC array using multiple programming vectors, at the same time where each vector is associated with a different program level. In some embodiments of the present invention, when an MLC reaches a target program state during programming, the MLC's corresponding programming vector element may be reset to a “do-no-program” value.
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In some embodiments of the present invention, the input register 110 may include volatile memory of a static random access memory (SRAM) or a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) architecture. In some embodiments of the present invention, the second register 120 may include volatile memory of an SRAM or DRAM architecture. Memory registers for programming NVM are well known, and any registers known today or to be devised in the future are applicable to the present invention.
Various on-chip, external and internal, data bus architectures are known. Any such architectures, known today or to be devised in the future are applicable to the present invention.
As part of some embodiments of the present invention, data (e.g. pairs of bits) from the input register 110, to be stored on the MLC 130, may be first mapped onto one or more programming vectors 122, where each programming vector 122 is associated with a specific program state. Mapping of bits (e.g. pairs, three at a time, four at a time, etc . . . ) from the input register 110 to the programming vectors 122 may be performed according to various patterns, including those exemplified in
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As further exemplified by the rightmost bit in the input register 110 of
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Although some embodiments of the present invention may be directed towards programming circuits utilizing programming vectors associated with a specific program state, it should be noted that the present invention is not limited in this respect, and rather, a variety of additional programming vectors may be used, in accordance with further embodiments of the present invention. For example, according to some embodiments of the present invention a programming vector may be associated with two or more program states.
According to some embodiments of the present invention a programming vector may be associated with a first program state and with a second program state. A variety of programming algorithms may be devised for utilizing such programming vectors. For instance, according to one exemplary programming algorithm, initially, cells of an MLC array to be programmed to the first program state and cells to be programmed to the second program state may receive programming pulses concurrently. After all the cells associated with each of the vector elements have been programmed to at least the first program state and all the vector elements are marked with a “Program” value, a second program vector may be generated, where elements correlated to cells to be programmed to the second, and possibly to a third program state are marked with a “Program” value. The cells associated with these elements may then be pulsed with programming pulses until each has been programmed to the second program state or level. It should be understood by one skilled in the art, that a program vector according to some embodiments of the present invention may be associated with any number of program states. A variety of additional programming algorithms utilizing programming vectors associated with two or more programming states may be devised by those of ordinary skill in the art.
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According to stage 1000, pairs of bits from an input register may be mapped to programming vectors 122. The mapping may be done in the manner described above or according to any other pattern. As seen in
Based on the elements of the programming vector 122, the controller may instruct a cell select and masking circuit 160 to provide a charge pump 150 with access to the MLCs corresponding to the elements of the vector 122 (stage 3000) whose values are set at a “program” value (e.g. “0”). In the example of
Once the select circuit 160 provides access to the MLC cells corresponding to the vector elements whose values are set at a “program” state, the controller 140 may trigger the charge pump 150 (stage 4000) to produce a charging or programming pulse which may raise the threshold voltage of the selected cells to the threshold voltage associated with the programming vector “01”. After the programming pulse, the controller 140 may use a program verify circuit 170 to check the program state of each of the cells which received a programming pulse (stage 5000) and may reset the value of any vector element from “program” to “do-not-program” for those elements associated with a cell that has reached the program state associated with the vector 122 (stage 6000).
Vector elements associated with cells that have not reached the target program state may be left at a “program” value, and the controller 140 may return to stage 3000 where it may instruct the cell select and mask circuit 160 to provide access to the cells needing additional charging pulses and to mask those cells which have been fully programmed. Stages 3000 to 7000 may be repeated in a loop until all the cells requiring charging have been charged to the target state and all the elements of the programming vector have been reset to a “do-not-program” value.
When the controller 140 determines at some point that all the elements in the programming vector 122 have been reset to a “do-not-program” value (stage 7000), as is exemplified in
According to some embodiments of the present invention, blocks of data may be programmed onto an MLC array in data segments corresponding to a set of programming vectors, where each programming vector is associated with a specific program state. For each data segment, a set of programming vectors may be generated, and each programming vector may be used to program a corresponding set of MLCs, such that the programming vector's elements may be reset to a “do-not-program” value as corresponding MLCs complete charging. According to some embodiments of the present invention, an input register 110 used to generate the set of programming vectors may remain uncorrupted or unchanged as the MLCs are programmed. While certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents will now occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 10653388 | Sep 2003 | US |
Child | 11704908 | Feb 2007 | US |