Patent Grant
12106106
The field of invention relates generally to computer architecture, and, more specifically, to allocating shared resources.
Processor cores in multicore processors may use shared system resources such as caches (e.g., a last level cache or LLC), system memory, input/output (I/O) devices, and interconnects. The quality of service provided to applications may be degraded and/or unpredictable due to contention for these or other shared resources.
Some processors include resource monitoring and/or allocation technologies, such as Resource Director Technology (RDT) from Intel® Corporation, that enable visibility into and/or control over how shared resources such as LLC and memory bandwidth are being used by different applications executing on the processor. For example, such technologies may provide for system software to monitor resource usage, allocate different amounts of a resource to different applications, and/or and limit or otherwise control access to a resource.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which:
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits, structures, and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the understanding of this description.
References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to effect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
As used in this specification and the claims and unless otherwise specified, the use of the ordinal adjectives “first,” “second,” “third,” etc. to describe an element merely indicates that a particular instance of an element or different instances of like elements are being referred to, and is not intended to imply that the elements so described must be in a particular sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner. Also, as used in descriptions of embodiments, a “/” character between terms may mean that what is described may include or be implemented using, with, and/or according to the first term and/or the second term (and/or any other additional terms).
Also, the terms “bit,” “flag,” “field,” “entry,” “indicator,” etc., may be used to describe any type or content of a storage location in a register, table, database, or other data structure, whether implemented in hardware or software, but are not meant to limit embodiments to any particular type of storage location or number of bits or other elements within any particular storage location. For example, the term “bit” may be used to refer to a bit position within a register and/or data stored or to be stored in that bit position. The term “clear” may be used to indicate storing or otherwise causing the logical value of zero to be stored in a storage location, and the term “set” may be used to indicate storing or otherwise causing the logical value of one, all ones, or some other specified value to be stored in a storage location; however, these terms are not meant to limit embodiments to any particular logical convention, as any logical convention may be used within embodiments.
In this specification and its drawings, the term “thread” and/or a block labeled “thread” may mean and/or represent an application, software thread, process, virtual machine, container, etc. that may be executed, run, processed, created, created, assigned, etc. on, by, and/or to a core.
The term “core” may mean any processor or execution core, as described and/or illustrated in this specification and its drawings and/or as known in the art, and the terms “processor core,” “execution core,” and “core” are meant to be synonymous. The term “uncore” may mean any circuitry, logic, sub-systems, etc. (e.g., an integrated memory controller (iMC), power management unit, performance monitoring unit, system and/or I/O controllers, etc.) in/on a processor or system-on-chip (SoC) but not within a core, as described and/or illustrated in this specification and its drawings and/or as known in the art (e.g., by the name uncore, system agent, etc.). However, use of the terms core and uncore in in the description and figures does not limit the location of any circuitry, hardware, structure, etc., as the location of circuitry, hardware, structure, etc. may vary in various embodiments.
For example, the term “MSR” may be used as an acronym for model or machine specific register, but may be used more generally to refer to and/or represent one or more registers or storage locations, one or more of which may be in a core, one or more of which may be in an uncore, etc. MSRs included in embodiments, as described below, may correspond to any one or more model specific registers, machine specific registers, etc. to control and report on processor performance, handle system related functions, etc. Accordingly, descriptions of embodiments including MSRs may not be limited to the use of MSRs as described; embodiments may in addition or instead use any other storage for control, configuration, state, etc. information. In various embodiments, MSRs (or any set or subset of MSRs) may or may not be accessible to application and/or user-level software. In various embodiments, MSRs (or any set or subset of MSRs) may be within and/or accessible by a core (core-scoped) or within an uncore and/or accessible by more than one core (package-scoped).
The term “quality of service” (or QoS) may be used to mean or include any measure of quality of service mentioned in this specification and/or known in the art, to an individual thread, group of threads (including all threads), type of thread(s), including measures of and/or related to performance, predictability, etc. The term “memory bandwidth monitoring” (or MBM) may be used to refer to a technique or the use of a technique to monitor memory bandwidth use (MBM may also be used to refer to a memory bandwidth monitor, hardware/firmware/software to perform memory bandwidth monitoring, as described below. The term “memory bandwidth allocation” (or MBA) may be used to refer to a technique or the use of a technique to allocate memory bandwidth and/or a quantity of memory bandwidth allocated, provided available, etc. or to be allocated, etc.
In embodiments, for example in embodiments in which cores are connected through a mesh interconnect on which messaging may be managed or controlled using a crediting scheme, the crediting scheme may be used to limit the rate at which cores are able to pass messages such as memory access requests toward a memory controller. In these and/or other embodiments, as may be true of any circuitry included in embodiments, circuitry that performs rate limiting may be integrated into or with other circuitry of a processor, such as circuitry in or at an interface between a core and a mesh that connects to an integrated memory controller (e.g., indirectly through such interfaces associated with other cores) but be conceptually represented as a separate block in a drawing.
In these and/in other embodiments, throttling granularity as described above may be provided for configuration purposes and may be applied using a control mechanism that approximates the granularity, based on time, number of credits, etc. In embodiments, rate limit settings (e.g., throttling levels, delay values) may be applied to threads or cores through configuration or MSRs that may be configured by system software to map threads or cores to a CLOS and a CLOS to a rate limit setting. For example, throttling may be applied through a first MSR (e.g., IA32 PQR_ASSOC) that maps a thread to a CLOS and through a second MSR (e.g., IA32_L2_QoS_Ext_Thrtl_n) that maps a CLOS to a delay value.
In embodiments, a rate limiter may be set and/or provided with a setting (e.g., of a rate limit, throttling level, or delay value) by a rate selector 160. As is the case for rate limiters, embodiments may include any number of rate selectors. In embodiments, rate selectors may include circuitry and/or other hardware which may be configured by, programmed by, and/or used with and/or instead of software/and or firmware.
In embodiments, a rate selector may include hardware, firmware, and/or software providing a monitoring capability (further described below) to determine whether its associated core/thread is overutilizing memory bandwidth and hardware and/or software providing a rate setting capability to set and adjust rate limits for cores/threads that are overusing bandwidth or consuming less than they are allocated. For example, if a measurement from the monitoring capability indicates that memory bandwidth demand is higher than a prescribed memory bandwidth demand, a first MBA rate setting may be selected, where the first MBA rate setting is limited and slower than a second MBA rate setting (e.g., unlimited, unthrottled), that may be otherwise selected and/or used.
In embodiments, settings (e.g., delay values) may be determinable and/or selectable per thread and/or per core (e.g., depending on the placement of the rate limiter). Embodiments may provide for determining and/or selecting settings per thread and per core and may provide programmability for software to choose from a number of ways to select a per core setting based on determined/desired per thread settings. For example, the per core setting may be the maximum determined/desired per thread setting for any in the core (e.g., max(delayValue(CLOS[thread0]),delayValue(CLOS[thread1]))), the minimum determined/desired per thread setting for any in the core (e.g., max(delayValue(CLOS[thread0]),delayValue(CLOS[thread1]))), etc. Such embodiments may provide a default (e.g., the maximum).
In embodiments, a rate selector may be part of a feedback loop that includes input to the rate selector from a point downstream of (i.e., further from the source than) the rate limiter. For example, a rate selector may receive input from and/or related to an interface between an LLC and memory, as shown in
In
An MBM and its use are described above as an example; however, MBMs and their use according to embodiments is not limited to the above description.
In embodiments, a memory bandwidth monitor and/or memory bandwidth monitor may include and/or use one or more MBM counters to be used in measuring or estimating memory bandwidth demand and/or use. For example, one or more MBM counters may be used to count LLC misses (e.g., demand and prefetch), where each LLC miss may be an indication that a memory access (e.g., to backing dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), double data rate (DDR) memory, or three-dimensional cross-point (3DXP) memory) has occurred and/or is and/or will be occurring). One or more MBM counters may count one or more categories of LLC misses, such as total (e.g., all misses satisfied/completed or to be satisfied/completed by/from the next higher (e.g., further from the requester) level in a memory hierarchy), local (e.g., misses satisfied/completed or to be satisfied/completed\by/from a local memory in a non-uniform memory architecture), etc. In an embodiment, software may read an MBM counter value from an MSR (e.g., IA32_QM_CTR).
The number of events (LLC misses) counted per time period may be used to represent memory bandwidth demand/use (directly or indirectly, e.g., bandwidth to off-package memory may be represented by the count of total misses minus the count of local misses). However, the number of events counted or desired to be counted may exceed the maximum possible count of a counter of fixed size. Therefore, embodiments provide for an extensible counter (e.g., of a variable size that may be detected by software, as described below), which may be more desirable than an approach with a fixed counter size (e.g., 24 bits) that requires polling/sampling (e.g., at 1 Hz frequency) the counter to try to retrieve/capture the count after no more than one rollover/overflow of the counter (e.g., based on maximum theoretical bandwidth). Embodiments may also provide for the counter to indicate if rollover/overflow has occurred. Thus, embodiments may elegantly handle increasing memory bandwidth capabilities in future systems.
The availability of embodiments and/or features of embodiments, including capabilities and platform/system dependent specifics in a processor may be enumerated, detected, and/or discovered using a processor identification instruction, as detailed for example in
As shown in
Further details of support for embodiments may be also be detected/enumerated with an instruction (e.g., a CPUID instruction executed with EAX=OFH and ECX=00H) that returns a supported resource bit vector (e.g., in EDX bits 31:0) and a maximum RMID value (e.g., in EBX bit 31:0). The supported resource bit vector indicates what resources are supported. For example, a value of 1 in EDX bit 1 indicates that LLC (e.g., level 3 or L3 cache) monitoring is supported. The maximum RMID value indicates the maximum number of RMIDs available per socket.
Further details of support for and details of embodiments may be also be detected/enumerated with an instruction (e.g., a CPUID instruction executed with EAX=OFH and ECX=01H, where the value of 01H in ECX may be defined as the resource identifier for the LLC monitoring feature, corresponding to the bit position for LLC monitoring in the supported resource bit vector as described above) that returns a highest RMID value (e.g., in ECX bits 31:0), an event type bitmask (e.g., in EDX bits 31:0), a conversion factor (e.g., in EBX bits 31:0), and extensible MBM counter information (e.g., in EAX). The highest RMID value indicates the zero-based range of RMIDs supported (e.g., a value of 191 is returned for 24 cores with 8 RMIDs per core). The event type bitmask indicates what events are supported for this resource. For example, a value of 1 in EDX bit 0 indicates that LLC occupancy monitoring is supported, a value of 1 in EDX bit 1 indicates that LLC total bandwidth monitoring is supported, and a value of 1 in EDX bit 2 indicates that LLC local bandwidth monitoring is supported. The conversion (or upscaling) factor indicates a value that may be used to multiply monitored data (e.g., a count) from an MBM counter (e.g., IA32_QM_CTR) to convert it to an MBM metric, in bytes (e.g., upscale to total memory traffic=total cache sets*cache line size).
In embodiments, for example as shown in
Embodiments may include MBM counter opt-in saturation, support for which may be enumerated using an instruction (e.g., CPUID). If supported, software may opt-in (e.g., by programming an MBM counter saturation enable bit in an MSR) to configure an MBM counter to saturate (i.e., fill to its maximum value) instead of rolling over.
Core 320 may include microcode 322, level 2 cache 324, a register 326, and an MSR 328. Register 326 may represent a register (e.g., EAX) through which details of an MBM extensible counter feature (including a counter width and an overflow (OF) support indicator) according to embodiments may returned (e.g., in response to a CPUID instruction) to software 310. MSR 328 may represent an MSR (e.g., IA32_QM_CTR) through which software 310 may retrieve the count/data of an MBM counter for a specified RMID, an overflow (OF) indicator, an unavailable (U) indicator, and/or an error (E) indicator. The OF indicator may indicate that the counter has overflowed, the U indicator may indicate that the monitored data (count) for the specified RMID is not available, and the E indicator may indicate an error (e.g., software has configured an unsupported RMID or event type).
CHA 330 may include LLC 332 (e.g., an L3 cache) and hardware/firmware 334 to perform resource allocation (e.g., with CLOS) and/or monitoring (e.g., cache monitoring technology (CMT) and/or MBM).
In 354, a second value corresponding to a number of bits available to represent the count is provided from a second register in the first core. For example, the MBM counter width and whether an overflow indicator is provided are detected (e.g., by software using CPUID).
In 356, RMIDs (and CLOS values, if desired) may be programmed (e.g., by software writing to one or more PQRs, each at a core-scoped MSR C8FH).
In 358, an MBM counter sampling/polling frequency may be determined, based on the counter width, such that the count may be retrieved before the counter overflows or rolls over (or, if desired, before the counter overflows or rolls over a second time).
In 360, the memory bandwidth monitor may be programmed to provide for the count to saturate instead of roll over response to reaching the maximum value.
In 362, a first identifier of a first thread of a plurality of threads to be executed by a first core of a plurality of processor cores and a second identifier of an event to be monitored by bandwidth monitoring hardware during execution of the first thread on the first core, wherein a first value of the second identifier corresponds to a miss to a cache shared by the plurality of processor cores, is stored in a first register in the first core. For example, an RMID (e.g., for a thread being monitored) and an event ID (e.g., 02H for LLC total bandwidth, 03H for LLC local bandwidth) are programmed (e.g., by an OS writing to an IA32_QM EVTSEL MSR).
In 364, a count of occurrences of the event and an indicator to indicate whether the count reached a maximum count representable by the number of bits is provided from a third register in the first core. Other information may be included. For example, the corresponding counter data, an indicator to indicate whether an overflow occurred, an indicator to indicate whether the data is available, and/or an indicator to indicate whether an error occurred is provided (e.g., to the OS in an IA32_QM_CTR MSR, by monitoring hardware).
In embodiments, software may repeat the actions represented to iterate through RMIDs and event IDs to retrieve data for different RMIDs representing many different running threads, as frequently/often as desired (e.g., based on the counter width). The data retrieved may be converted (e.g., using the conversion/upscaling factor), used to implement MBA, and/or used in any way desired.
Additional Description
Described below are mechanisms, including instruction sets, to support systems, processors, and emulation. For example, what is described below details aspects of instruction execution including various pipeline stages such as fetch, decode, schedule, execute, retire, etc. that may be used in a core according to embodiments.
Different figures may show corresponding aspects of embodiments. For example, any and/or of the blocks in
Instruction Sets
An instruction set may include one or more instruction formats. A given instruction format may define various fields (e.g., number of bits, location of bits) to specify, among other things, the operation to be performed (e.g., opcode) and the operand(s) on which that operation is to be performed and/or other data field(s) (e.g., mask). Some instruction formats are further broken down though the definition of instruction templates (or subformats). For example, the instruction templates of a given instruction format may be defined to have different subsets of the instruction format's fields (the included fields are typically in the same order, but at least some have different bit positions because there are less fields included) and/or defined to have a given field interpreted differently. Thus, each instruction of an ISA is expressed using a given instruction format (and, if defined, in a given one of the instruction templates of that instruction format) and includes fields for specifying the operation and the operands. For example, an exemplary ADD instruction has a specific opcode and an instruction format that includes an opcode field to specify that opcode and operand fields to select operands (source1/destination and source2); and an occurrence of this ADD instruction in an instruction stream may have specific contents in the operand fields that select specific operands. A set of single instruction multiple data (SIMD) extensions referred to as the Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) (AVX1 and AVX2) and using the Vector Extensions (VEX) coding scheme has been released and/or published (e.g., see Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual, September 2014; and see Intel® Advanced Vector Extensions Programming Reference, October 2014).
Exemplary Instruction Formats
Embodiments of the instruction(s) described herein may be embodied in different formats. Additionally, exemplary systems, architectures, and pipelines are detailed below. Embodiments of the instruction(s) may be executed on such systems, architectures, and pipelines, but are not limited to those detailed.
Generic Vector Friendly Instruction Format
A vector friendly instruction format is an instruction format that is suited for vector instructions (e.g., there are certain fields specific to vector operations). While embodiments are described in which both vector and scalar operations are supported through the vector friendly instruction format, alternative embodiments use only vector operations with the vector friendly instruction format.
While embodiments will be described in which the vector friendly instruction format supports the following: a 64 byte vector operand length (or size) with 32 bit (4 byte) or 64 bit (8 byte) data element widths (or sizes) (and thus, a 64 byte vector consists of either 16 doubleword-size elements or alternatively, 8 quadword-size elements); a 64 byte vector operand length (or size) with 16 bit (2 byte) or 8 bit (1 byte) data element widths (or sizes); a 32 byte vector operand length (or size) with 32 bit (4 byte), 64 bit (8 byte), 16 bit (2 byte), or 8 bit (1 byte) data element widths (or sizes); and a 16 byte vector operand length (or size) with 32 bit (4 byte), 64 bit (8 byte), 16 bit (2 byte), or 8 bit (1 byte) data element widths (or sizes); alternative embodiments may support more, less and/or different vector operand sizes (e.g., 256 byte vector operands) with more, less, or different data element widths (e.g., 128 bit (16 byte) data element widths).
The class A instruction templates in
The generic vector friendly instruction format 1100 includes the following fields listed below in the order illustrated in
Format field 1140—a specific value (an instruction format identifier value) in this field uniquely identifies the vector friendly instruction format, and thus occurrences of instructions in the vector friendly instruction format in instruction streams. As such, this field is optional in the sense that it is not needed for an instruction set that has only the generic vector friendly instruction format.
Base operation field 1142—its content distinguishes different base operations.
Register index field 1144—its content, directly or through address generation, specifies the locations of the source and destination operands, be they in registers or in memory. These include a sufficient number of bits to select N registers from a P×Q (e.g., 32×512, 16×128, 32×1024, 64×1024) register file. While in one embodiment N may be up to three sources and one destination register, alternative embodiments may support more or less sources and destination registers (e.g., may support up to two sources where one of these sources also acts as the destination, may support up to three sources where one of these sources also acts as the destination, may support up to two sources and one destination).
Modifier field 1146—its content distinguishes occurrences of instructions in the generic vector instruction format that specify memory access from those that do not; that is, between no memory access 1105 instruction templates and memory access 1120 instruction templates. Memory access operations read from and/or write to the memory hierarchy (in some cases specifying the source and/or destination addresses using values in registers), while non-memory access operations do not (e.g., the source and destinations are registers). While in one embodiment this field also selects between three different ways to perform memory address calculations, alternative embodiments may support more, less, or different ways to perform memory address calculations.
Augmentation operation field 1150—its content distinguishes which one of a variety of different operations to be performed in addition to the base operation. This field is context specific. In one embodiment, this field is divided into a class field 1168, an alpha field 1152, and a beta field 1154. The augmentation operation field 1150 allows common groups of operations to be performed in a single instruction rather than 2, 3, or 4 instructions.
Scale field 1160—its content allows for the scaling of the index field's content for memory address generation (e.g., for address generation that uses 2scale*index+base).
Displacement Field 1162A—its content is used as part of memory address generation (e.g., for address generation that uses 2scale*index+base+displacement).
Displacement Factor Field 1162B (note that the juxtaposition of displacement field 1162A directly over displacement factor field 1162B indicates one or the other is used)—its content is used as part of address generation; it specifies a displacement factor that is to be scaled by the size of a memory access (N)—where N is the number of bytes in the memory access (e.g., for address generation that uses 2scale*index+base+scaled displacement). Redundant low-order bits are ignored and hence, the displacement factor field's content is multiplied by the memory operands total size (N) in order to generate the final displacement to be used in calculating an effective address. The value of N is determined by the processor hardware at runtime based on the full opcode field 1174 (described later herein) and the data manipulation field 1154C. The displacement field 1162A and the displacement factor field 1162B are optional in the sense that they are not used for the no memory access 1105 instruction templates and/or different embodiments may implement only one or none of the two.
Data element width field 1164—its content distinguishes which one of a number of data element widths is to be used (in some embodiments for all instructions; in other embodiments for only some of the instructions). This field is optional in the sense that it is not needed if only one data element width is supported and/or data element widths are supported using some aspect of the opcodes.
Write mask field 1170—its content controls, on a per data element position basis, whether that data element position in the destination vector operand reflects the result of the base operation and augmentation operation. Class A instruction templates support merging-write-masking, while class B instruction templates support both merging- and zeroing-write-masking. When merging, vector masks allow any set of elements in the destination to be protected from updates during the execution of any operation (specified by the base operation and the augmentation operation); in one embodiment, preserving the old value of each element of the destination where the corresponding mask bit has a 0. In contrast, when zeroing vector masks allow any set of elements in the destination to be zeroed during the execution of any operation (specified by the base operation and the augmentation operation); in one embodiment, an element of the destination is set to 0 when the corresponding mask bit has a 0 value. A subset of this functionality is the ability to control the vector length of the operation being performed (that is, the span of elements being modified, from the first to the last one); however, it is not necessary that the elements that are modified be consecutive. Thus, the write mask field 1170 allows for partial vector operations, including loads, stores, arithmetic, logical, etc. While embodiments are described in which the write mask field's 1170 content selects one of a number of write mask registers that contains the write mask to be used (and thus the write mask field's 1170 content indirectly identifies that masking to be performed), alternative embodiments instead or additional allow the mask write field's 1170 content to directly specify the masking to be performed.
Immediate field 1172—its content allows for the specification of an immediate. This field is optional in the sense that it is not present in an implementation of the generic vector friendly format that does not support immediate and it is not present in instructions that do not use an immediate.
Class field 1168—its content distinguishes between different classes of instructions. With reference to
Instruction Templates of Class A
In the case of the non-memory access 1105 instruction templates of class A, the alpha field 1152 is interpreted as an RS field 1152A, whose content distinguishes which one of the different augmentation operation types are to be performed (e.g., round 1152A.1 and data transform 1152A.2 are respectively specified for the no memory access, round type operation 1110 and the no memory access, data transform type operation 1115 instruction templates), while the beta field 1154 distinguishes which of the operations of the specified type is to be performed. In the no memory access 1105 instruction templates, the scale field 1160, the displacement field 1162A, and the displacement scale filed 1162B are not present.
No-Memory Access Instruction Templates—Full Round Control Type Operation
In the no memory access full round control type operation 1110 instruction template, the beta field 1154 is interpreted as a round control field 1154A, whose content(s) provide static rounding. While in the described embodiments the round control field 1154A includes a suppress all floating-point exceptions (SAE) field 1156 and a round operation control field 1158, alternative embodiments may support (e.g., may encode) both these concepts into the same field or only have one or the other of these concepts/fields (e.g., may have only the round operation control field 1158).
SAE field 1156—its content distinguishes whether or not to disable the exception event reporting; when the SAE field's 1156 content indicates suppression is enabled, a given instruction does not report any kind of floating-point exception flag and does not raise any floating-point exception handler.
Round operation control field 1158—its content distinguishes which one of a group of rounding operations to perform (e.g., Round-up, Round-down, Round-towards-zero and Round-to-nearest). Thus, the round operation control field 1158 allows for the changing of the rounding mode on a per instruction basis. In one embodiment where a processor includes a control register for specifying rounding modes, the round operation control field's 1158 content overrides that register value.
No Memory Access Instruction Templates—Data Transform Type Operation
In the no memory access data transform type operation 1115 instruction template, the beta field 1154 is interpreted as a data transform field 1154B, whose content distinguishes which one of a number of data transforms is to be performed (e.g., no data transform, swizzle, broadcast).
In the case of a memory access 1120 instruction template of class A, the alpha field 1152 is interpreted as an eviction hint field 1152B, whose content distinguishes which one of the eviction hints is to be used (in
Vector memory instructions perform vector loads from and vector stores to memory, with conversion support. As with regular vector instructions, vector memory instructions transfer data from/to memory in a data element-wise fashion, with the elements that are actually transferred dictated by the contents of the vector mask that is selected as the write mask.
Memory Access Instruction Templates—Temporal
Temporal data is data likely to be reused soon enough to benefit from caching. This is, however, a hint, and different processors may implement it in different ways, including ignoring the hint entirely.
Memory Access Instruction Templates—Non-Temporal
Non-temporal data is data unlikely to be reused soon enough to benefit from caching in the 1st-level cache and should be given priority for eviction. This is, however, a hint, and different processors may implement it in different ways, including ignoring the hint entirely.
Instruction Templates of Class B
In the case of the instruction templates of class B, the alpha field 1152 is interpreted as a write mask control (Z) field 1152C, whose content distinguishes whether the write masking controlled by the write mask field 1170 should be a merging or a zeroing.
In the case of the non-memory access 1105 instruction templates of class B, part of the beta field 1154 is interpreted as an RL field 1157A, whose content distinguishes which one of the different augmentation operation types are to be performed (e.g., round 1157A.1 and vector length (VSIZE) 1157A.2 are respectively specified for the no memory access, write mask control, partial round control type operation 1112 instruction template and the no memory access, write mask control, VSIZE type operation 1117 instruction template), while the rest of the beta field 1154 distinguishes which of the operations of the specified type is to be performed. In the no memory access 1105 instruction templates, the scale field 1160, the displacement field 1162A, and the displacement scale filed 1162B are not present.
In the no memory access, write mask control, partial round control type operation 1112 instruction template, the rest of the beta field 1154 is interpreted as a round operation field 1159A and exception event reporting is disabled (a given instruction does not report any kind of floating-point exception flag and does not raise any floating-point exception handler).
Round operation control field 1159A—just as round operation control field 1158, its content distinguishes which one of a group of rounding operations to perform (e.g., Round-up, Round-down, Round-towards-zero and Round-to-nearest). Thus, the round operation control field 1159A allows for the changing of the rounding mode on a per instruction basis. In one embodiment where a processor includes a control register for specifying rounding modes, the round operation control field's 1159A content overrides that register value.
In the no memory access, write mask control, VSIZE type operation 1117 instruction template, the rest of the beta field 1154 is interpreted as a vector length field 1159B, whose content distinguishes which one of a number of data vector lengths is to be performed on (e.g., 128, 256, or 512 byte).
In the case of a memory access 1120 instruction template of class B, part of the beta field 1154 is interpreted as a broadcast field 1157B, whose content distinguishes whether or not the broadcast type data manipulation operation is to be performed, while the rest of the beta field 1154 is interpreted as the vector length field 1159B. The memory access 1120 instruction templates include the scale field 1160, and optionally the displacement field 1162A or the displacement scale field 1162B.
With regard to the generic vector friendly instruction format 1100, a full opcode field 1174 is shown including the format field 1140, the base operation field 1142, and the data element width field 1164. While one embodiment is shown where the full opcode field 1174 includes all of these fields, the full opcode field 1174 includes less than all of these fields in embodiments that do not support all of them. The full opcode field 1174 provides the operation code (opcode).
The augmentation operation field 1150, the data element width field 1164, and the write mask field 1170 allow these features to be specified on a per instruction basis in the generic vector friendly instruction format.
The combination of write mask field and data element width field creates typed instructions in that they allow the mask to be applied based on different data element widths.
The various instruction templates found within class A and class B are beneficial in different situations. In some embodiments, different processors or different cores within a processor may support only class A, only class B, or both classes. For instance, a high-performance general purpose out-of-order core intended for general-purpose computing may support only class B, a core intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput) computing may support only class A, and a core intended for both may support both (of course, a core that has some mix of templates and instructions from both classes but not all templates and instructions from both classes is within the purview of the invention). Also, a single processor may include multiple cores, all of which support the same class or in which different cores support different class. For instance, in a processor with separate graphics and general-purpose cores, one of the graphics cores intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific computing may support only class A, while one or more of the general-purpose cores may be high-performance general-purpose cores with out of order execution and register renaming intended for general-purpose computing that support only class B. Another processor that does not have a separate graphics core, may include one more general purpose in-order or out-of-order cores that support both class A and class B. Of course, features from one class may also be implement in the other class in different embodiments. Programs written in a high level language would be put (e.g., JIT compiled or statically compiled) into an variety of different executable forms, including: 1) a form having only instructions of the class(es) supported by the target processor for execution; or 2) a form having alternative routines written using different combinations of the instructions of all classes and having control flow code that selects the routines to execute based on the instructions supported by the processor which is currently executing the code.
Exemplary Specific Vector Friendly Instruction Format
It should be understood that, although embodiments are described with reference to the specific vector friendly instruction format 1200 in the context of the generic vector friendly instruction format 1100 for illustrative purposes, the invention is not limited to the specific vector friendly instruction format 1200 except where claimed. For example, the generic vector friendly instruction format 1100 contemplates a variety of possible sizes for the various fields, while the specific vector friendly instruction format 1200 is shown as having fields of specific sizes. By way of specific example, while the data element width field 1164 is illustrated as a one-bit field in the specific vector friendly instruction format 1200, the invention is not so limited (that is, the generic vector friendly instruction format 1100 contemplates other sizes of the data element width field 1164).
The specific vector friendly instruction format 1200 includes the following fields listed below in the order illustrated in
EVEX Prefix 1202 (Bytes 0-3)—is encoded in a four-byte form.
Format Field 1140 (EVEX Byte 0, bits [7:0])—the first byte (EVEX Byte 0) is the format field 1140 and it contains 0x62 (the unique value used for distinguishing the vector friendly instruction format) in one embodiment.
The second-fourth bytes (EVEX Bytes 1-3) include a number of bit fields providing specific capability.
REX field 1205 (EVEX Byte 1, bits [7-5])—consists of an EVEX.R bit field (EVEX Byte 1, bit [7]—R), EVEX.X bit field (EVEX byte 1, bit [6]—X), and EVEX.B bit field EVEX byte 1, bit [5]—B). The EVEX.R, EVEX.X, and EVEX.B bit fields provide the same functionality as the corresponding VEX bit fields, and are encoded using 1s complement form, i.e., ZMM0 is encoded as 1111B, ZMM15 is encoded as 0000B. Other fields of the instructions encode the lower three bits of the register indexes as is known in the art (rrr, xxx, and bbb), so that Rrrr, Xxxx, and Bbbb may be formed by adding EVEX.R, EVEX.X, and EVEX.B.
REX′ field 1210—this is the first part of the REX′ field 1210 and is the EVEX.R′ bit field (EVEX Byte 1, bit [4]—R′) that is used to encode either the upper 16 or lower 16 of the extended 32 register set. In one embodiment, this bit, along with others as indicated below, is stored in bit inverted format to distinguish (in the well-known x86 32-bit mode) from the BOUND instruction, whose real opcode byte is 62, but does not accept in the MOD R/M field (described below) the value of 11 in the MOD field; alternative embodiments do not store this and the other indicated bits below in the inverted format. A value of 1 is used to encode the lower 16 registers. In other words, R′Rrrr is formed by combining EVEX.R′, EVEX.R, and the other RRR from other fields.
Opcode map field 1215 (EVEX byte 1, bits [3:0]—mmmm)—its content encodes an implied leading opcode byte (0F, 0F 38, or 0F 3).
Data element width field 1164 (EVEX byte 2, bit [7]—W)—is represented by the notation EVEX.W. EVEX.W is used to define the granularity (size) of the datatype (either 32-bit data elements or 64-bit data elements).
EVEX.vvvv 1220 (EVEX Byte 2, bits [6:3]—vvvv)—the role of EVEX.vvvv may include the following: 1) EVEX.vvvv encodes the first source register operand, specified in inverted (1 s complement) form and is valid for instructions with 2 or more source operands; 2) EVEX.vvvv encodes the destination register operand, specified in is complement form for certain vector shifts; or 3) EVEX.vvvv does not encode any operand, the field is reserved and should contain 1111b. Thus, EVEX.vvvv field 1220 encodes the 4 low-order bits of the first source register specifier stored in inverted (1 s complement) form. Depending on the instruction, an extra different EVEX bit field is used to extend the specifier size to 32 registers.
EVEX.U 1168 Class field (EVEX byte 2, bit [2]—U)—If EVEX.U=0, it indicates class A or EVEX.U0; if EVEX.U=1, it indicates class B or EVEX.U1.
Prefix encoding field 1225 (EVEX byte 2, bits [1:0]—pp)—provides additional bits for the base operation field. In addition to providing support for the legacy SSE instructions in the EVEX prefix format, this also has the benefit of compacting the SIMD prefix (rather than requiring a byte to express the SIMD prefix, the EVEX prefix requires only 2 bits). In one embodiment, to support legacy SSE instructions that use a SIMD prefix (66H, F2H, F3H) in both the legacy format and in the EVEX prefix format, these legacy SIMD prefixes are encoded into the SIMD prefix encoding field; and at runtime are expanded into the legacy SIMD prefix prior to being provided to the decoder's programmable logic array (PLA), so the PLA may execute both the legacy and EVEX format of these legacy instructions without modification. Although newer instructions could use the EVEX prefix encoding field's content directly as an opcode extension, certain embodiments expand in a similar fashion for consistency but allow for different meanings to be specified by these legacy SIMD prefixes. An alternative embodiment may redesign the PLA to support the 2-bit SIMD prefix encodings, and thus not require the expansion.
Alpha field 1152 (EVEX byte 3, bit [7]—EH; also known as EVEX.EH, EVEX.rs, EVEX.RL, EVEX.write mask control, and EVEX.N; also illustrated with α)—as previously described, this field is context specific.
Beta field 1154 (EVEX byte 3, bits [6:4]—SSS, also known as EVEX.s2-0, EVEX.r2-0, EVEX.rr1, EVEX.LL0, EVEX.LLB; also illustrated with βββ)—as previously described, this field is context specific.
REX′ field 1210—this is the remainder of the REX′ field and is the EVEX.V′ bit field (EVEX Byte 3, bit [3]—V′) that may be used to encode either the upper 16 or lower 16 of the extended 32 register set. This bit is stored in bit inverted format. A value of 1 is used to encode the lower 16 registers. In other words, V′VVVV is formed by combining EVEX.V′, EVEX.vvvv.
Write mask field 1170 (EVEX byte 3, bits [2:0]—kkk)—its content specifies the index of a register in the write mask registers as previously described. In one embodiment, the specific value EVEX.kkk=000 has a special behavior implying no write mask is used for the particular instruction (this may be implemented in a variety of ways including the use of a write mask hardwired to all ones or hardware that bypasses the masking hardware).
Real Opcode Field 1230 (Byte 4) is also known as the opcode byte. Part of the opcode is specified in this field.
MOD R/M Field 1240 (Byte 5) includes MOD field 1242, Reg field 1244, and R/M field 1246. As previously described, the MOD field's 1242 content distinguishes between memory access and non-memory access operations. The role of Reg field 1244 may be summarized to two situations: encoding either the destination register operand or a source register operand or be treated as an opcode extension and not used to encode any instruction operand. The role of R/M field 1246 may include the following: encoding the instruction operand that references a memory address or encoding either the destination register operand or a source register operand.
Scale, Index, Base (SIB) Byte (Byte 6)—As previously described, the content of SIB 1250 is used for memory address generation. SIB.xxx 1254 and SIB.bbb 1256—the contents of these fields have been previously referred to with regard to the register indexes Xxxx and Bbbb.
Displacement field 1162A (Bytes 7-10)—when MOD field 1242 contains 10, bytes 7-10 are the displacement field 1162A, and it works the same as the legacy 32-bit displacement (disp32) and works at byte granularity.
Displacement factor field 1162B (Byte 7)—when MOD field 2642 contains 01, byte 7 is the displacement factor field 1162B. The location of this field is the same as that of the legacy x86 instruction set 8-bit displacement (disp8), which works at byte granularity. Since disp8 is sign extended, it may only address between −128 and 127 bytes offsets; in terms of 64-byte cache lines, disp8 uses 8 bits that may be set to only four really useful values −128, −64, 0, and 64; since a greater range is often needed, disp32 is used; however, disp32 requires 4 bytes. In contrast to disp8 and disp32, the displacement factor field 1162B is a reinterpretation of disp8; when using displacement factor field 1162B, the actual displacement is determined by the content of the displacement factor field multiplied by the size of the memory operand access (N). This type of displacement is referred to as disp8*N. This reduces the average instruction length (a single byte used for the displacement but with a much greater range). Such compressed displacement assumes that the effective displacement is multiple of the granularity of the memory access, and hence, the redundant low-order bits of the address offset do not need to be encoded. In other words, the displacement factor field 1162B substitutes the legacy x86 instruction set 8-bit displacement. Thus, the displacement factor field 1162B is encoded the same way as an x86 instruction set 8-bit displacement (so no changes in the ModRM/SIB encoding rules) with the only exception that disp8 is overloaded to disp8*N. In other words, there are no changes in the encoding rules or encoding lengths but only in the interpretation of the displacement value by hardware (which needs to scale the displacement by the size of the memory operand to obtain a byte-wise address offset). Immediate field 1172 operates as previously described.
Full Opcode Field
Register Index Field
Augmentation Operation Field
When U=1, the alpha field 1152 (EVEX byte 3, bit [7]—EH) is interpreted as the write mask control (Z) field 1152C. When U=1 and the MOD field 1242 contains 11 (signifying a no memory access operation), part of the beta field 1154 (EVEX byte 3, bit [4]—S0) is interpreted as the RL field 1157A; when it contains a 1 (round 1157A.1) the rest of the beta field 1154 (EVEX byte 3, bit [6-5]—S2-1) is interpreted as the round operation field 1159A, while when the RL field 1157A contains a 0 (VSIZE 1157A.2) the rest of the beta field 1154 (EVEX byte 3, bit [6-5]—S2-1) is interpreted as the vector length field 1159B (EVEX byte 3, bit [6-5]—L1-0). When U=1 and the MOD field 1242 contains 00, 01, or 10 (signifying a memory access operation), the beta field 1154 (EVEX byte 3, bits [6:4]—SSS) is interpreted as the vector length field 1159B (EVEX byte 3, bit [6-5]—L1-0) and the broadcast field 1157B (EVEX byte 3, bit [4]—B).
Exemplary Register Architecture
In other words, the vector length field 1159B selects between a maximum length and one or more other shorter lengths, where each such shorter length is half the length of the preceding length; and instruction templates without the vector length field 1159B operate on the maximum vector length. Further, in one embodiment, the class B instruction templates of the specific vector friendly instruction format 1200 operate on packed or scalar single/double-precision floating point data and packed or scalar integer data. Scalar operations are operations performed on the lowest order data element position in a zmm/ymm/xmm register; the higher order data element positions are either left the same as they were prior to the instruction or zeroed depending on the embodiment.
Write mask registers 1315—in the embodiment illustrated, there are 8 write mask registers (k0 through k7), each 64 bits in size. In an alternate embodiment, the write mask registers 1315 are 16 bits in size. As previously described, in one embodiment, the vector mask register k0 may not be used as a write mask; when the encoding that would normally indicate k0 is used for a write mask, it selects a hardwired write mask of 0xFFFF, effectively disabling write masking for that instruction.
General-purpose registers 1325—in the embodiment illustrated, there are sixteen 64-bit general-purpose registers that are used along with the existing x86 addressing modes to address memory operands. These registers are referenced by the names RAX, RBX, RCX, RDX, RBP, RSI, RDI, RSP, and R8 through R15.
Scalar floating point stack register file (x87 stack) 1345, on which is aliased the MMX packed integer flat register file 1350—in the embodiment illustrated, the x87 stack is an eight-element stack used to perform scalar floating-point operations on 32/64/80-bit floating point data using the x87 instruction set extension; while the MMX registers are used to perform operations on 64-bit packed integer data, as well as to hold operands for some operations performed between the MMX and XMM registers.
Alternative embodiments may use wider or narrower registers. Additionally, alternative embodiments may use more, less, or different register files and registers.
Exemplary Core Architectures, Processors, and Computer Architectures
Processor cores may be implemented in different ways, for different purposes, and in different processors. For instance, implementations of such cores may include: 1) a general purpose in-order core intended for general-purpose computing; 2) a high-performance general purpose out-of-order core intended for general-purpose computing; 3) a special purpose core intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput) computing. Implementations of different processors may include: 1) a CPU including one or more general purpose in-order cores intended for general-purpose computing and/or one or more general purpose out-of-order cores intended for general-purpose computing; and 2) a coprocessor including one or more special purpose cores intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput). Such different processors lead to different computer system architectures, which may include: 1) the coprocessor on a separate chip from the CPU; 2) the coprocessor on a separate die in the same package as a CPU; 3) the coprocessor on the same die as a CPU (in which case, such a coprocessor is sometimes referred to as special purpose logic, such as integrated graphics and/or scientific (throughput) logic, or as special purpose cores); and 4) a system on a chip that may include on the same die the described CPU (sometimes referred to as the application core(s) or application processor(s)), the above described coprocessor, and additional functionality. Exemplary core architectures are described next, followed by descriptions of exemplary processors and computer architectures.
Exemplary Core Architectures
In-Order and Out-of-Order Core Block Diagram
In
The front-end unit 1430 includes a branch prediction unit 1432 coupled to an instruction cache unit 1434, which is coupled to an instruction translation lookaside buffer (TLB) unit 1436, which is coupled to an instruction fetch unit 1438, which is coupled to a decode unit 1440. The decode unit 1440 (or decoder) may decode instructions, and generate as an output one or more micro-operations, micro-code entry points, microinstructions, other instructions, or other control signals, which are decoded from, or which otherwise reflect, or are derived from, the original instructions. The decode unit 1440 may be implemented using various different mechanisms. Examples of suitable mechanisms include, but are not limited to, look-up tables, hardware implementations, PLAs, microcode read only memories (ROMs), etc. In one embodiment, the core 1490 includes a microcode ROM or other medium that stores microcode for certain macroinstructions (e.g., in decode unit 1440 or otherwise within the front-end unit 1430). The decode unit 1440 is coupled to a rename/allocator unit 1452 in the execution engine unit 1450.
The execution engine unit 1450 includes the rename/allocator unit 1452 coupled to a retirement unit 1454 and a set of one or more scheduler unit(s) 1456. The scheduler unit(s) 1456 represents any number of different schedulers, including reservations stations, central instruction window, etc. The scheduler unit(s) 1456 is coupled to the physical register file(s) unit(s) 1458. Each of the physical register file(s) units 1458 represents one or more physical register files, different ones of which store one or more different data types, such as scalar integer, scalar floating point, packed integer, packed floating point, vector integer, vector floating point, status (e.g., an instruction pointer that is the address of the next instruction to be executed), etc. In one embodiment, the physical register file(s) unit 1458 comprises a vector registers unit, a write mask registers unit, and a scalar registers unit. These register units may provide architectural vector registers, vector mask registers, and general-purpose registers. The physical register file(s) unit(s) 1458 is overlapped by the retirement unit 1454 to illustrate various ways in which register renaming and out-of-order execution may be implemented (e.g., using a reorder buffer(s) and a retirement register file(s); using a future file(s), a history buffer(s), and a retirement register file(s); using a register maps and a pool of registers; etc.). The retirement unit 1454 and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 1458 are coupled to the execution cluster(s) 1460. The execution cluster(s) 1460 includes a set of one or more execution units 1462 and a set of one or more memory access units 1464. The execution units 1462 may perform various operations (e.g., shifts, addition, subtraction, multiplication) and on various types of data (e.g., scalar floating point, packed integer, packed floating point, vector integer, vector floating point). While some embodiments may include a number of execution units dedicated to specific functions or sets of functions, other embodiments may include only one execution unit or multiple execution units that all perform all functions. The scheduler unit(s) 1456, physical register file(s) unit(s) 1458, and execution cluster(s) 1460 are shown as being possibly plural because certain embodiments create separate pipelines for certain types of data/operations (e.g., a scalar integer pipeline, a scalar floating point/packed integer/packed floating point/vector integer/vector floating point pipeline, and/or a memory access pipeline that each have their own scheduler unit, physical register file(s) unit, and/or execution cluster—and in the case of a separate memory access pipeline, certain embodiments are implemented in which only the execution cluster of this pipeline has the memory access unit(s) 1464). It should also be understood that where separate pipelines are used, one or more of these pipelines may be out-of-order issue/execution and the rest in-order.
The set of memory access units 1464 is coupled to the memory unit 1470, which includes a data TLB unit 1472 coupled to a data cache unit 1474 coupled to a level 2 (L2) cache unit 1476. In one exemplary embodiment, the memory access units 1464 may include a load unit, a store address unit, and a store data unit, each of which is coupled to the data TLB unit 1472 in the memory unit 1470. The instruction cache unit 1434 is further coupled to a level 2 (L2) cache unit 1476 in the memory unit 1470. The L2 cache unit 1476 is coupled to one or more other levels of cache and eventually to a main memory.
By way of example, the exemplary register renaming, out-of-order issue/execution core architecture may implement the pipeline 1400 as follows: 1) the instruction fetch 1438 performs the fetch and length decoding stages 1402 and 1404; 2) the decode unit 1440 performs the decode stage 1406; 3) the rename/allocator unit 1452 performs the allocation stage 1408 and renaming stage 1410; 4) the scheduler unit(s) 1456 performs the schedule stage 1412; 5) the physical register file(s) unit(s) 1458 and the memory unit 1470 perform the register read/memory read stage 1414; the execution cluster 1460 perform the execute stage 1416; 6) the memory unit 1470 and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 1458 perform the write back/memory write stage 1418; 7) various units may be involved in the exception handling stage 1422; and 8) the retirement unit 1454 and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 1458 perform the commit stage 1424.
The core 1490 may support one or more instructions sets (e.g., the x86 instruction set (with some extensions that have been added with newer versions); the MIPS instruction set of MIPS Technologies of Sunnyvale, CA; the ARM instruction set (with optional additional extensions such as NEON) of ARM Holdings of Sunnyvale, CA), including the instruction(s) described herein. In one embodiment, the core 1490 includes logic to support a packed data instruction set extension (e.g., AVX1, AVX2), thereby allowing the operations used by many multimedia applications to be performed using packed data.
It should be understood that the core may support multithreading (executing two or more parallel sets of operations or threads), and may do so in a variety of ways including time sliced multithreading, simultaneous multithreading (where a single physical core provides a logical core for each of the threads that physical core is simultaneously multithreading), or a combination thereof (e.g., time sliced fetching and decoding and simultaneous multithreading thereafter such as in the Intel® Hyperthreading technology).
While register renaming is described in the context of out-of-order execution, it should be understood that register renaming may be used in an in-order architecture. While the illustrated embodiment of the processor also includes separate instruction and data cache units 1434/1474 and a shared L2 cache unit 1476, alternative embodiments may have a single internal cache for both instructions and data, such as, for example, a Level 1 (L1) internal cache, or multiple levels of internal cache. In some embodiments, the system may include a combination of an internal cache and an external cache that is external to the core and/or the processor. Alternatively, all of the cache may be external to the core and/or the processor.
Specific Exemplary In-Order Core Architecture
The local subset of the L2 cache 1504 is part of a global L2 cache that is divided into separate local subsets, one per processor core. Each processor core has a direct access path to its own local subset of the L2 cache 1504. Data read by a processor core is stored in its L2 cache subset 1504 and may be accessed quickly, in parallel with other processor cores accessing their own local L2 cache subsets. Data written by a processor core is stored in its own L2 cache subset 1504 and is flushed from other subsets, if necessary. The ring network ensures coherency for shared data. The ring network is bi-directional to allow agents such as processor cores, L2 caches and other logic blocks to communicate with each other within the chip. Each ring data-path is 1012-bits wide per direction.
Thus, different implementations of the processor 1600 may include: 1) a CPU with the special purpose logic 1608 being integrated graphics and/or scientific (throughput) logic (which may include one or more cores), and the cores 1602A-N being one or more general purpose cores (e.g., general purpose in-order cores, general purpose out-of-order cores, a combination of the two); 2) a coprocessor with the cores 1602A-N being a large number of special purpose cores intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput); and 3) a coprocessor with the cores 1602A-N being a large number of general purpose in-order cores. Thus, the processor 1600 may be a general-purpose processor, coprocessor, or special-purpose processor, such as, for example, a network or communication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU (general purpose graphics processing unit), a high-throughput many integrated core (MIC) coprocessor (including 30 or more cores), embedded processor, or the like. The processor may be implemented on one or more chips. The processor 1600 may be a part of and/or may be implemented on one or more substrates using any of a number of process technologies, such as, for example, BiCMOS, CMOS, or NMOS.
The memory hierarchy includes one or more levels of cache within the cores, a set or one or more shared cache units 1606, and external memory (not shown) coupled to the set of integrated memory controller units 1614. The set of shared cache units 1606 may include one or more mid-level caches, such as level 2 (L2), level 3 (L3), level 4 (L4), or other levels of cache, a last level cache (LLC), and/or combinations thereof. While in one embodiment a ring-based interconnect unit 1612 interconnects the special purpose logic 1608 (integrated graphics logic is an example of and is also referred to herein as special purpose logic), the set of shared cache units 1606, and the system agent unit 1610/integrated memory controller unit(s) 1614, alternative embodiments may use any number of well-known techniques for interconnecting such units. In one embodiment, coherency is maintained between one or more cache units 1606 and cores 1602A-N.
In some embodiments, one or more of the cores 1602A-N are capable of multithreading. The system agent 1610 includes those components coordinating and operating cores 1602A-N. The system agent unit 1610 may include for example a power control unit (PCU) and a display unit. The PCU may be or include logic and components needed for regulating the power state of the cores 1602A-N and the special purpose logic 1608. The display unit is for driving one or more externally connected displays.
The cores 1602A-N may be homogenous or heterogeneous in terms of architecture instruction set; that is, two or more of the cores 1602A-N may be capable of execution the same instruction set, while others may be capable of executing only a subset of that instruction set or a different instruction set.
Exemplary Computer Architectures
Referring now to
The optional nature of additional processors 1715 is denoted in
The memory 1740 may be, for example, dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), phase change memory (PCM), or a combination of the two. For at least one embodiment, the controller hub 1720 communicates with the processor(s) 1710, 1715 via a multi-drop bus, such as a frontside bus (FSB), point-to-point interface such as QuickPath Interconnect (QPI), or similar connection 1795.
In one embodiment, the coprocessor 1745 is a special-purpose processor, such as, for example, a high-throughput MIC processor, a network or communication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU, embedded processor, or the like. In one embodiment, controller hub 1720 may include an integrated graphics accelerator.
There may be a variety of differences between the physical resources 1710, 1715 in terms of a spectrum of metrics of merit including architectural, microarchitectural, thermal, power consumption characteristics, and the like.
In one embodiment, the processor 1710 executes instructions that control data processing operations of a general type. Embedded within the instructions may be coprocessor instructions. The processor 1710 recognizes these coprocessor instructions as being of a type that should be executed by the attached coprocessor 1745. Accordingly, the processor 1710 issues these coprocessor instructions (or control signals representing coprocessor instructions) on a coprocessor bus or other interconnect, to coprocessor 1745. Coprocessor(s) 1745 accept and execute the received coprocessor instructions.
Referring now to
Processors 1870 and 1880 are shown including integrated memory controller (IMC) units 1872 and 1882, respectively. Processor 1870 also includes as part of its bus controller unit's point-to-point (P-P) interfaces 1876 and 1878; similarly, second processor 1880 includes P-P interfaces 1886 and 1888. Processors 1870, 1880 may exchange information via a point-to-point (P-P) interface 1850 using P-P interface circuits 1878, 1888. As shown in
Processors 1870, 1880 may each exchange information with a chipset 1890 via individual P-P interfaces 1852, 1854 using point to point interface circuits 1876, 1894, 1886, 1898. Chipset 1890 may optionally exchange information with the coprocessor 1838 via a high-performance interface 1892. In one embodiment, the coprocessor 1838 is a special-purpose processor, such as, for example, a high-throughput MIC processor, a network or communication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU, embedded processor, or the like.
A shared cache (not shown) may be included in either processor or outside of both processors yet connected with the processors via P-P interconnect, such that either or both processors' local cache information may be stored in the shared cache if a processor is placed into a low power mode.
Chipset 1890 may be coupled to a first bus 1816 via an interface 1896. In one embodiment, first bus 1816 may be a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, or a bus such as a PCI Express bus or another third generation I/O interconnect bus, although the scope of the present invention is not so limited.
As shown in
Referring now to
Referring now to
Embodiments of the mechanisms disclosed herein may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination of such implementation approaches. Embodiments may be implemented as computer programs or program code executing on programmable systems comprising at least one processor, a storage system (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device.
Program code, such as code 1830 illustrated in
The program code may be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language to communicate with a processing system. The program code may also be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In fact, the mechanisms described herein are not limited in scope to any particular programming language. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language.
One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented by representative instructions stored on a machine-readable medium which represents various logic within the processor, which when read by a machine causes the machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniques described herein. Such representations, known as “IP cores,” may be stored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to various customers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabrication machines that actually make the logic or processor.
Such machine-readable storage media may include, without limitation, non-transitory, tangible arrangements of articles manufactured or formed by a machine or device, including storage media such as hard disks, any other type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, compact disk read-only memories (CD-ROMs), compact disk rewritables (CD-RWs), and magneto-optical disks, semiconductor devices such as read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs) such as dynamic random access memories (DRAMs), static random access memories (SRAMs), erasable programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), flash memories, electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), phase change memory (PCM), magnetic or optical cards, or any other type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions.
Accordingly, embodiments also include non-transitory, tangible machine-readable media containing instructions or containing design data, such as Hardware Description Language (HDL), which defines structures, circuits, apparatuses, processors and/or system features described herein. Such embodiments may also be referred to as program products.
Emulation (Including Binary Translation, Code Morphing, Etc.)
In some cases, an instruction converter may be used to convert an instruction from a source instruction set to a target instruction set. For example, the instruction converter may translate (e.g., using static binary translation, dynamic binary translation including dynamic compilation), morph, emulate, or otherwise convert an instruction to one or more other instructions to be processed by the core. The instruction converter may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof. The instruction converter may be on processor, off processor, or part on and part off processor.
In embodiments, an apparatus includes memory bandwidth monitoring hardware to monitor an event, a shared cache to be shared by multiple cores. At least one of the cores is to execute multiple threads and includes at least three registers. The first register is programmable by software to store a thread identifier of one of threads and an event identifier of the event during execution of the thread. At least one value of the event identifier corresponds to a shared cache miss. The second register is to provide to the software a second value corresponding to a number of bits available to represent the count. The third register is to provide to the software a count of occurrences of the event and an indicator to indicate whether the count reached a maximum count representable by the number of bits.
Any such embodiments may include any of the following aspects. The third register is to provide the count in response to a write to the first register. The second register is to provide the second value in response to a processor identification instruction. The apparatus includes a fourth register to provide to the software a conversion factor to convert the count to a memory bandwidth. The fourth register is to provide the conversion factor in response to a processor identification instruction. The second value is to represent an offset from a counter of a fixed size. The fixed size is twenty-four bits. The count is to roll over in response to reaching the maximum value. The memory bandwidth monitoring hardware is programmable to provide for the count to saturate instead of rolling over in response to reaching the maximum value.
In embodiments, a method includes storing, in a first register in a first core of a plurality of processor cores, a first identifier of a first thread of a plurality of threads to be executed by the first core and a second identifier of an event to be monitored by bandwidth monitoring hardware during execution of the first thread on the first core, wherein a first value of the second identifier corresponds to a miss to a cache shared by the plurality of processor cores; providing, from a second register in the first core, a second value corresponding to a number of bits available to represent the count; and providing, from a third register in the first core, a count of occurrences of the event and an indicator to indicate whether the count reached a maximum count representable by the number of bits.
Any such embodiments may include any of the following aspects. The providing from the third register is in response to the storing in the first register. The providing from the second register is in response to a processor identification instruction. The method includes providing, from a fourth register in the first core, a conversion factor to convert the count to a memory bandwidth. The providing from the fourth register is in response to a processor identification instruction. The second value represents an offset from a counter of a fixed size. The fixed size is twenty-four bits. The count is to roll over in response to reaching the maximum value. The method includes programming the memory bandwidth monitor to provide for the count to saturate instead of roll over response to reaching the maximum value.
In embodiments, an apparatus includes a memory controller to couple a plurality of processor cores to a system memory; memory bandwidth monitoring hardware to monitor an event; a shared cache to be shared by the plurality of cores, including a first core; and the first core to execute a plurality of threads, the first core including a first register programmable by software to store a first identifier of a first thread of the plurality of threads and a second identifier of the event during execution of the first thread, wherein a first value of the second identifier corresponds to a shared cache miss as a measure related to bandwidth to the system memory; a second register to provide, to the software, a second value corresponding to a number of bits available to represent the count; and a third register to provide, to the software, a count of occurrences of the event and an indicator to indicate whether the count reached a maximum count representable by the number of bits.
Any such embodiments may include any of the following aspects. The apparatus is a processor or a system-on-a-chip. The third register is to provide the count in response to a write to the first register. The second register is to provide the second value in response to a processor identification instruction. The apparatus includes a fourth register to provide to the software a conversion factor to convert the count to a memory bandwidth. The fourth register is to provide the conversion factor in response to a processor identification instruction. The second value is to represent an offset from a counter of a fixed size. The fixed size is twenty-four bits. The count is to roll over in response to reaching the maximum value. The memory bandwidth monitoring hardware is programmable to provide for the count to saturate instead of rolling over in response to reaching the maximum value.
In embodiments, an apparatus may include means for performing any function disclosed herein. In embodiments, an apparatus may include a data storage device that stores code that when executed by a hardware processor causes the hardware processor to perform any method disclosed herein. An apparatus may be as described in the detailed description. A method may be as described in the detailed description. In embodiments, a non-transitory machine-readable medium may store code that when executed by a machine causes the machine to perform a method including any method disclosed herein.
Method embodiments may include any details, features, etc. or combinations of details, features, etc. described in this specification.
While the invention has been described in terms of several embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is not limited to the embodiments described and may be practiced with modification and alteration within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. The description is thus to be regarded as illustrative instead of limiting.
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