Patent Application
20140105305
The present invention relates to encoding used in devices such as video encoders/codecs.
Video encoding has become an important issue for modern video processing devices. Robust encoding algorithms allow video signals to be transmitted with reduced bandwidth and stored in less memory. However, the accuracy of these encoding methods face the scrutiny of users that are becoming accustomed to greater resolution and higher picture quality. Standards have been promulgated for many encoding methods including the H.264 standard that is also referred to as MPEG-4, part 10 or Advanced Video Coding, (AVC). While this standard sets forth many powerful techniques, further improvements are possible to improve the performance and speed of implementation of such methods.
Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art through comparison of such systems with the present invention.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the received signal 98 is a broadcast video signal, such as a television signal, high definition televisions signal, enhanced high definition television signal or other broadcast video signal that has been transmitted over a wireless medium, either directly or through one or more satellites or other relay stations or through a cable network, optical network or other transmission network. In addition, received signal 98 can be generated from a stored video file, played back from a recording medium such as a magnetic tape, magnetic disk or optical disk, and can include a streaming video signal that is transmitted over a public or private network such as a local area network, wide area network, metropolitan area network or the Internet.
Video signal 110 can include an analog video signal that is formatted in any of a number of video formats including National Television Systems Committee (NTSC), Phase Alternating Line (PAL) or Sequentiel Couleur Avec Memoire (SECAM). Processed video signal includes 112 a digital video codec standard such as H.264, MPEG-4 Part 10 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) or other digital format such as a Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) format (such as MPEG1, MPEG2 or MPEG4), Quicktime format, Real Media format, or Windows Media Video (WMV) or another digital video format, either standard or proprietary.
Video display devices 104 can include a television, monitor, computer, handheld device or other video display device that creates an optical image stream either directly or indirectly, such as by projection, based on decoding the processed video signal 112 either as a streaming video signal or by playback of a stored digital video file.
Video encoder 102 includes a motion compensation module 150 that operates in accordance with the present invention and, in particular, includes many optional functions and features described in conjunction with
The video encoder 102 includes a processing module 200 that can be implemented using a single processing device or a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, co-processors, a micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on operational instructions that are stored in a memory, such as memory module 202. Memory module 202 may be a single memory device or a plurality of memory devices. Such a memory device can include a hard disk drive or other disk drive, read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. Note that when the processing module implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry.
Processing module 200, and memory module 202 are coupled, via bus 220, to the signal interface 198 and a plurality of other modules, such as motion search module 204, motion refinement module 206, direct mode module 208, intra-prediction module 210, mode decision module 212, reconstruction module 214, entropy coding module 216, neighbor management module 218, forward transform and quantization module 220 and deblocking filter module 222. The modules of video encoder 102 can be implemented in software, firmware or hardware, depending on the particular implementation of processing module 200. It should also be noted that the software implementations of the present invention can be stored on a tangible storage medium such as a magnetic or optical disk, read-only memory or random access memory and also be produced as an article of manufacture. While a particular bus architecture is shown, alternative architectures using direct connectivity between one or more modules and/or additional busses can likewise be implemented in accordance with the present invention.
Motion compensation module 150 includes a motion search module 204 that processes pictures from the video input signal 110 based on a segmentation into macroblocks of pixel values, such as of 16 pixels by 16 pixels size, from the columns and rows of a frame and/or field of the video input signal 110. In an embodiment of the present invention, the motion search module determines, for each macroblock or macroblock pair of a field and/or frame of the video signal one or more motion vectors (depending on the partitioning of the macroblock into subblocks as described further in conjunction with
In an embodiment of the present invention, a cost formulation is based on the Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) between the reference macroblock and candidate macroblock pixel values and a weighted term that represents the number of bits required to be spent on coding the difference between the candidate motion vector and either a predicted motion vector (PMV) that is based on the neighboring macroblock to the left of the current macroblock and on motion vectors from neighboring current macroblocks of a prior row of the video input signal or an estimated predicted motion vector that is determined based on motion vectors from neighboring current macroblocks of a prior row of the video input signal. In addition, the cost calculation avoids the use of neighboring subblocks within the current macroblock. In this fashion, motion search module 204 is able to operate on a macroblock to contemporaneously determine the motion search motion vector for each subblock of the macroblock.
A motion refinement module 206 generates a refined motion vector for each macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks, based on the motion search motion vector. In an embodiment of the present invention, the motion refinement module determines, for each macroblock or macroblock pair of a field and/or frame of the video input signal 110, a refined motion vector that represents the displacement of the macroblock from a reference frame or reference field of the video signal to a current frame or field. In operation, the motion refinement module refines the location of the macroblock in the current frame or field to a greater pixel level accuracy such as to a resolution of ¼-pixel. Candidate locations are also evaluated based on a cost formulation to determine the location and refined motion vector that have a most favorable (such as lowest) cost. As in the case with the motion search module, a cost formulation is based on the a sum of the Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) between the reference macroblock and candidate macroblock pixel values and a weighted rate term that represents the number of bits required to be spent on coding the difference between the candidate motion vector and either a predicted motion vector (PMV) that is based on the neighboring macroblock to the left of the current macroblock and on motion vectors from neighboring current macroblocks of a prior row of the video input signal or an estimated predicted motion vector that is determined based on motion vectors from neighboring current macroblocks of a prior row of the video input signal. In addition, the cost calculation avoids the use of neighboring subblocks within the current macroblock. In this fashion, motion refinement module 206 is able to operate on a macroblock to contemporaneously determine the motion search motion vector for each subblock of the macroblock.
Considering the example shown, each of the macroblocks are 16 pixels by 16 pixels in size. Motion search is performed in full pixel resolution, or other resolution, either coarser or finer, by comparing a candidate frame macroblock pair of a current frame that includes top frame macroblock 250 and bottom frame macroblock 252 to the macroblock pair of a reference frame. In addition, lines of a first parity (such as odd lines) from the candidate frame macroblock pair are grouped to form top field macroblock 254. Similarly, lines of a second parity (such as even lines) from the candidate frame macroblock pair are grouped to form bottom field macroblock 256. Motion search module 204 calculates a cost associated a plurality of lines, and generates a cost associated with the top frame macroblock 250 based on a cost accumulated for a plurality of top lines of the plurality of lines, generates a cost associated with the bottom frame macroblock 252 based on a cost accumulated for a plurality of bottom lines of the plurality of lines, generates a cost associated with the top field macroblock 254 based on a cost accumulated for a plurality of first-parity lines of the plurality of lines compared with either a top or bottom field reference, and generates a cost associated with the bottom field macroblock 256 based on a cost accumulated for a plurality of second-parity lines of the plurality of lines, also based on either a top or bottom field reference. In this fashion, six costs can be generated contemporaneously for the macroblock pair: top frame compared with top frame of the reference; bottom frame compared with the bottom frame of the reference; top field compared with top field of the reference; bottom field compared with the bottom field of the reference; top field compared with bottom field of the reference; and bottom field compared with the top field of the reference.
Each of these costs can be generated based on the sum of the absolute differences (SAD) of the pixel values of the current frame or field with the reference frame or field. The SADs can be calculated contemporaneously, in a single pass, based on the accumulation for each line. The overall SAD for a particular macroblock (top or bottom, frame or field) can be determined by totaling the SADs for the lines that make up that particular macroblock. Alternatively, the SADs can be calculated in a single pass, based on the smaller segments such as 4×1 segments that can be accumulated into subblocks, that in turn can be accumulated into overall macroblock totals. This alternative arrangement particularly lends itself to motion search modules that operate based on the partitioning of macroblocks into smaller subblocks, as will be discussed further in conjunction with
The motion search module 204 is particularly well adapted to operation in conjunction with macroblock adaptive frame and field processing. Frame mode costs for the current macroblock pair can be generated as discussed above. In addition, motion search module 204 optionally generates a field decision based on accumulated differences, such as SAD, between the current bottom field macroblock and a bottom field macroblock reference, the current bottom field macroblock and a top field macroblock reference, the current top field macroblock and the bottom field macroblock reference, and the current top field macroblock and the top field macroblock reference. The field decision includes determining which combination (top/top, bottom/bottom) or (top/bottom, bottom/top) yields a lower cost. Similarly, motion search module 204 can optionally choose either frame mode or field mode for a particular macroblock pair, based on whether the frame mode cost compares more favorably (e.g. are lower) or less favorably (e.g. higher) to the field mode cost, based on the field mode decision. In addition, other modules of motion compensation module 150 that operate on both frames and field can operate can similarly operate.
In particular, the neighbor management module 218 generates neighbor data for retrieval by a neighboring macroblock in a row below the at least one macroblock when processing in frame mode or in field mode. In this fashion, the motion search module and other modules of motion compensation module 150 that operate using neighbor data and that can operate in either a frame or field mode can directly access either the frame mode neighbor data for frame mode neighbors above the macroblock of interest, the field mode neighbor data for field mode neighbors above the macroblock of interest, the frame mode neighbor data for the frame mode neighbor to the left of the macroblock of interest and/or the field mode neighbor data for the field mode neighbor to the left of the macroblock of interest. This information is stored in the processing of the prior macroblocks, whether the macroblocks themselves were processed in frame or in field mode, and can be accessed in the processing of the macroblock of interest by retrieval directly from memory and without a look-up table or further processing.
Macroblock 30, 302304 and 306 represent examples of partitioning into subblocks in accordance with the H.264 standard. In particular, macroblock 300 is a 16×16 macroblock that is partitioned into two 8×16 subblocks. Macroblock 302 is a 16×16 macroblock that is partitioned into three 8×8 subblocks and four 4×4 subblocks. Macroblock 304 is a 16×16 macroblock that is partitioned into four 8×8 subblocks. Macroblock 306 is a 16×16 macroblock that is partitioned into an 8×8 subblock, two 4×8 subblocks, two 8×4 subblocks, and four 4×4 subblocks. The partitioning of the macroblocks into smaller subblocks increases the complexity of the motion compensation by requiring various compensation methods, such as the motion search to determine, not only the motion search motion vectors for each subblock, but the best motion vectors over the set of all possible partitions of a particular macroblock. The result however can yield more accurate motion compensation and reduced compression artifacts in the decoded video image.
Consider for example, that video encoder 102 is operating on macroblock MB(n, i). Consider further, that the motion refinement module 206, motion search module 204, direct mode module 208, the intra-prediction module 210 and coding module 216 may need the final motion vectors determined for 4×4 subblock D0 from MB(n−1, i−1), subblock B0 from MB(n, i−1), subblock C0 from MB(n+1, i−1), along with subblock A0 from MB(n−1, i). When MB(n−1, i−1) is processed, the motion vector for D0 is stored in a data structure associated with MB(n, i), along with the other neighbor data for other neighbors such as MB(n, i−1), MB(n−2, i) and MB(n−1, i). When MB(n, i−1) is processed, the motion vector for B0 is stored in a data structure associated with MB(n, i) along with the other neighbor data for other neighbors. When MB(n+1, i−1) is processed, the motion vector for C0 is stored in a data structure associated with MB(n, i) along with the other neighbor data for other neighbors. And when MB(n−1, i) is processed, the motion vector for D0 is stored in a data structure associated with MB(n, i) along with the other neighbor data for other neighbors. In this fashion, when MB (n, i) is processed, any of the necessary neighbor data can be easily retrieved from the data structure.
While the above discussion relates to the processing in either frame of field mode, as discussed in conjunction with
For example, the capabilities these compression modes can include:
Further, motion refinement engine 175 can operate in two basic modes of operation (1) where the operations of motion refinement module 206 are triggered by and/or directed by software/firmware algorithms included in memory module 202 and executed by processing module 200; and (2) where operations of motion refinement module 206 are triggered by the motion search module 204, with little or no software/firmware intervention. The first mode operates in accordance with one or more standards, possibly modified as described herein. The second mode of operation can be dynamically controlled and executed more quickly, in an automated fashion and without a loss of quality.
Shared memory 205 can be individually, independently and contemporaneously accessed by motion search module 204 and motion refinement module 206 to facilitate either the first or second mode of operation. In particular, shared memory 205 includes a portion of memory, such as a cost table that stores results (such as motion vectors and costs) that result from the computations performed by motion search module 204. This cost table can include a plurality of fixed locations in shared memory where these computations are stored for later retrieval by motion refinement module 206, particularly for use in the second mode of operation. In addition, to the cost table, the shared memory 205 can also store additional information, such as a hint table, that tells the motion refinement module 206 and the firmware of the decisions it makes for use in either mode, again based on the computations performed by motion search module 204. Examples include: identifying which partitions are good, others that are not as good and/or can be discarded; identifying either frame mode or field mode as being better and by how much; and identifying which direction, amongst forward, backward and blended is good and by how much, etc.
The motion search module may terminate its computations early based on the results it obtains. In any case, motion search can trigger the beginning of motion refinement directly by a trigger signal sent from the motion search module 204 to the motion refinement module 206. Motion refinement module 206 can, based on the data stored in the hint table and/or the cost table, have the option to refine only particular partitions, a particular mode (frame or field), and/or a particular direction (forward, backward or blended) that either the motion search module 204 or the motion refinement module 206 determines to be good based on a cost threshold or other performance criteria. In the alternative, the motion refinement module can proceed directly based on software/firmware algorithms in a more uniform approach. In this fashion, motion refinement engine 175 can dynamically and selectively operate so as to complete the motion search and motion refinement, pipelined and in parallel, such that the refinement is performed for selected partitions, all the subblocks for a single partition, group of partitions or an entire MB/MB pair on both a frame and field basis, on only frame or field mode basis, and for forward, backward and blended directions of for only a particular direction, based on the computations performed by the motion search module 204.
In operation, motion search module 204 contemporaneously generates a motion search motion vector for a plurality of subblocks for a plurality of partitionings of a macroblock of a plurality of MB/MB pairs. Motion refinement module 206, when enabled, contemporaneously generates a refined motion vector for the plurality of subblocks for the plurality of partitionings of the MB/MB pairs of the plurality of macroblocks, based on the motion search motion vector for each of the plurality of subblocks of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks. Mode decision module selects a selected partitioning of the plurality of partitionings, based on costs associated with the refined motion vector for each of the plurality of subblocks of the plurality of partitionings, of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks, and determines a final motion vector for each of the plurality of subblocks corresponding to the selected partitioning of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks. Reconstruction module 214 generates residual pixel values, for chroma and/or luma, corresponding to a final motion vector for the plurality of subblocks of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks.
Further, the motion search module 204 and the motion refinement module 206 can operate in a plurality of other selected modes including a mode corresponding to a first compression standard, a mode corresponding to a second compression standard and/or a mode corresponding to a third compression standard, etc. and wherein the plurality of partitionings can be based on the selected mode. For instance, in one mode, the motion search module 204 and the motion refinement module 206 are capable of operating with macroblock adaptive frame and field (MBAFF) enabled when a MBAFF signal is asserted and with MBAFF disabled when the MBAFF enable signal is deasserted, and wherein the plurality of partitionings are based on the MBAFF enable signal. In an embodiment, when the MBAFF signal is asserted, the plurality of partitionings of the macroblock partition the macroblock into subblocks having a first minimum dimension of sizes 16 pixels by 16 pixels, 16 pixels by 8 pixels, 8 pixels by 16 pixels, and 8 pixels by 8 pixels—having a minimum dimension of 8 pixels. Further, when the MBAFF signal is deasserted, the plurality of partitionings of the macroblock partition the macroblock into subblocks having a second minimum dimension of sizes 16 pixels by 16 pixels, 16 pixels by 8 pixels, 8 pixels by 16 pixels, 8 pixels by 8 pixels, 4 pixels by 8 pixels, 8 pixels by 4 pixels, and 4 pixels by 4 pixels—having a minimum dimension of 4 pixels. In other modes of operation, the plurality of partitionings of the macroblock partition the macroblock into subblocks of sizes 16 pixels by 16 pixels, and 8 pixels by 8 pixels. While particular macroblock dimensions are described above, other dimensions are likewise possible with the broader scope of the present invention.
In addition, to the partitionings of the MB/MB pairs being based on the particular compression standard employed, motion search module 204 can generate a motion search motion vector for a plurality of subblocks for a plurality of partitionings of a macroblock of a plurality of macroblocks and generate a selected group of the plurality of partitionings based on a group selection signal. Further, motion refinement module 206 can generate the refined motion vector for the plurality of subblocks for the selected group of the plurality of partitionings of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks, based on the motion search motion vector for each of the plurality of subblocks of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks. In this embodiment, the group selection signal can be used by the motion search module 204 to selectively apply one or more thresholds to narrow down the number of partitions considered by motion refinement module 206 in order to speed up the algorithm.
For example, when the group selection signal has a first value, the motion search module 204 determines the selected group of the plurality of partitionings by comparing, for the plurality of partitionings of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks, the costs associated with the motion search motion vector for each of the plurality of subblocks with a first threshold, and assigning the selected group to be a partitioning with the accumulated cost that compares favorably to the first threshold. In this mode, if a particular partitioning is found that generates a very good cost, the motion search module 204 can terminate early for the particular macroblock and motion refinement module 206 can operate, not on the entire set of partitionings, but on the particular partitioning that generates a cost that compares favorably to the first threshold.
Further, when the group selection signal has a second value, the motion search module 204 determines the selected group of the plurality of partitionings by comparing, for the plurality of partitionings of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks, the accumulated the costs associated with the motion search motion vector for each of the plurality of subblocks and assigning the selected group to be the selected partitioning with the most favorable accumulated cost. Again, motion refinement module 206 can operate, not on the entire set of partitionings, but on the particular partitioning that generates the most favorable cost from the motion search.
In addition, when the group selection signal has a third value, the motion search module 204 determines the selected group of the plurality of partitionings by comparing, for the plurality of partitionings of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks, the costs associated with the motion search motion vector for each of the plurality of subblocks with a second threshold, and assigning the selected group to be each of partitionings of the plurality of partitionings with accumulated cost that compares favorably to the second threshold. In this mode, motion refinement module 206 can operate, not on the entire set of partitionings, but only on those partitionings that generate a cost that compares favorably to the second threshold.
As discussed above, the motion search module 204 and motion refinement module 206 can be pipelined and operate to contemporaneously generate the motion search motion vector for the plurality of subblocks for a plurality of partitionings of a macroblock of a plurality of macroblocks, in parallel. In addition, shared memory 205 can be closely coupled to both motion search module 204 and motion refinement module 206 to efficiently store the results for selected group of partitionings from the motion search module 204 for use by the motion refinement module 206. In particular, motion search module 204 stores the selected group of partitionings and the corresponding motion search motion vectors in the shared memory and other results in the cost and hint tables. Motion refinement module 206 retrieves the selected group of partitionings and the corresponding motion search motion vectors from the shared memory. In a particular embodiment, the motion search module 204 can generate a trigger signal in response to the storage of the selected group of partitionings of the macroblock and the corresponding motion search motion vectors and/or other results in the shared memory, and the motion refinement module 206 can commence the retrieval of the selected group of partitionings and the corresponding motion search motion vectors and/or other results from the shared memory in response to the trigger signal.
As discussed above, the motion refinement for a particular macroblock can be turned off by selectively disabling the motion refinement module for a particular application, compression standard, or for a particular macroblock, such as when, in a skip mode where the cost associated with the stationary motion vector compares favorably to a skip mode cost threshold or if the total cost associated with a particular partitioning compares favorably to a skip refinement cost threshold, wherein the motion search motion vector can be used in place of the refined motion vector. In yet another optional feature, the motion search module 204 generates a motion search motion vector for a plurality of subblocks for a plurality of partitionings of a macroblock of a plurality of macroblocks based one or several costs calculations such as on a sum of accumulated differences (SAD) cost, as previously discussed. However, motion refinement module 206, when enabled, generates a refined motion vector for the plurality of subblocks for the plurality of partitionings of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks, based on the motion search motion vector for each of the plurality of subblocks of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks based on a sum of accumulated transform differences (SATD) cost. In this case, the mode decision module 212 must operate on either SAD costs from the motion search module 204 or based on SATD costs from the motion refinement module 206.
In particular, mode decision module 212 is coupled to the motion refinement module 206 and the motion search module 204. When the motion refinement module 206 is enabled for the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks, the mode decision module 212 selects a selected partitioning of the plurality of partitionings, based on SATD costs associated with the refined motion vector for each of the plurality of subblocks of the plurality of partitionings of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks. In addition, when the motion refinement module 206 is disabled for the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks, mode decision module 212 selects a selected partitioning of the plurality of partitionings, based on SAD costs associated with the motion search motion vector for each of the plurality of subblocks of the plurality of partitionings of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks, and that determines a final motion vector for each of the plurality of subblocks corresponding to the selected partitioning of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks.
Since the motion refinement engine 175 can operate in both a frame or field mode, mode decision module 212 selects one of a frame mode and a field mode for the macroblock, based on SATD costs associated with the refined motion vector for each of the plurality of subblocks of the plurality of partitionings of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks, or based on SAD costs associated with the motion search motion vector for each of the plurality of subblocks of the plurality of partitionings of the macroblock of the plurality of macroblocks.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the motion refinement engine 175 is designed to work through a command FIFO located in the shared memory 205. The functional flexibilities of the engine are made possible with a highly flexible design of the command FIFO. The command FIFO has four 32-bit registers, of which one of them is the trigger for the motion refinement engine 175. It could be programmed so as to complete the motion refinement/compensation for a single partition, group of partitions or an entire MB/MB pair, with or without MBAFF, for forward, backward and blended directions with equal ease. It should be noted that several bits are reserved to support future features of the present invention.
In a particular embodiment, the structure of the command FIFO is as summarized in the table below.
In addition to the Command FIFO, there are also some slice level registers in the shared memory that the motion refinement engine 175 uses. These include common video information like codec used, picture width, picture height, slice type, MBAFF Flag, SATD/SAD flag and the like. By appropriately programming the above bits, the following flexibilities/scenarios could be addressed:
The command FIFO also has early termination strategies, which could be efficiently used to speed up the motion refinement intelligently. These could be used directly in conjunction with the motion search module 204 or with the intervention of the processor 200 to suit the algorithmic needs. These are as follows:
In operation, the cache 207 stores a portion of an image of the sequence of images, the portion having a horizontal dimension corresponding to a width of the image of the sequence of images and having a vertical dimension corresponding to a height of a search range. The motion search module 204 and motion refinement module can each access frame or field data for determining motion vectors and refined motion vectors from the frame or field data for the plurality of macroblocks of the frame or field. In one mode of operation, the motion search module 204 and the motion refinement module 206 are clocked by a common clock signal generated by video encoder 102 and the motion search module 204 and the motion refinement module 206 can each access one of the sequence of images stored in the cache 207 of the shared memory 205. This provides a single memory structure that allows both the motion search module 204 and the motion refinement module 206 to access the same data, if needed contemporaneously, for simultaneous or near simultaneous operation of these two modules.
Further details including several optional functions and features will be described in conjunction with
In operation, the cache 207 loads the search ranges for an entire row of macroblocks or macroblock pairs of image 320. This minimizes the number of read/write operations for the cache 207 when compared with loading each search range for a particular row—saving power, memory bandwidth and allowing the memory 205 to be implemented with slower and less costly hardware. Further, this caching of image data from image 320 allows motion search and/or motion refinement to be performed in parallel for an entire row of macroblock or macroblock pairs of image 320. As motion search progresses to the next row of macroblock or macroblock pairs in image 320, the portion 322 can be updated to drop the line or lines of data of image 320 that are no longer required and to store the additional line or lines of image 320 for the new row of macroblocks or macroblock pairs.
While cache 207 has been primarily described in conjunction with an encoding of a sequence of images that include image 320, cache 207 can be employed by a motion compensation module used in a similar fashion in a decoding of an encoded video signal or transcoding of an encoded video signal from one format, resolution, frame rate, and/or scale, to another.
In an embodiment, the cache includes a read only cache. The method can be used in conjunction with a processing of a video signal by encoding, decoding or transcoding. The search range can be selected to adapt based on at least one coding parameter of the motion search.
As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately” provides an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding term and/or relativity between items. Such an industry-accepted tolerance ranges from less than one percent to fifty percent and corresponds to, but is not limited to, component values, integrated circuit process variations, temperature variations, rise and fall times, and/or thermal noise. Such relativity between items ranges from a difference of a few percent to magnitude differences. As may also be used herein, the term(s) “operably coupled to”, “coupled to”, and/or “coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/or indirect coupling between items via an intervening item (e.g., an item includes, but is not limited to, a component, an element, a circuit, and/or a module) where, for indirect coupling, the intervening item does not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage level, and/or power level. As may further be used herein, inferred coupling (i.e., where one element is coupled to another element by inference) includes direct and indirect coupling between two items in the same manner as “coupled to”. As may even further be used herein, the term “operable to” or “operably coupled to” indicates that an item includes one or more of power connections, input(s), output(s), etc., to perform, when activated, one or more its corresponding functions and may further include inferred coupling to one or more other items. As may still further be used herein, the term “associated with”, includes direct and/or indirect coupling of separate items and/or one item being embedded within another item. As may be used herein, the term “compares favorably”, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., provides a desired relationship. For example, when the desired relationship is that signal 1 has a greater magnitude than signal 2, a favorable comparison may be achieved when the magnitude of signal 1 is greater than that of signal 2 or when the magnitude of signal 2 is less than that of signal 1.
As may also be used herein, the terms “processing module”, “processing circuit”, and/or “processing unit” may be a single processing device or a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on hard coding of the circuitry and/or operational instructions. The processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit may be, or further include, memory and/or an integrated memory element, which may be a single memory device, a plurality of memory devices, and/or embedded circuitry of another processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. Note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit includes more than one processing device, the processing devices may be centrally located (e.g., directly coupled together via a wired and/or wireless bus structure) or may be distributedly located (e.g., cloud computing via indirect coupling via a local area network and/or a wide area network). Further note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory and/or memory element storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Still further note that, the memory element may store, and the processing module, module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit executes, hard coded and/or operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated in one or more of the Figures. Such a memory device or memory element can be included in an article of manufacture.
The present invention has been described above with the aid of method steps illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries and sequence of these functional building blocks and method steps have been arbitrarily defined herein for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries or sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention. Further, the boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries could be defined as long as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed. Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significant functionality. To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certain significant functionality. Such alternate definitions of both functional building blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention. One of average skill in the art will also recognize that the functional building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof.
The present invention may have also been described, at least in part, in terms of one or more embodiments. An embodiment of the present invention is used herein to illustrate the present invention, an aspect thereof, a feature thereof, a concept thereof, and/or an example thereof. A physical embodiment of an apparatus, an article of manufacture, a machine, and/or of a process that embodies the present invention may include one or more of the aspects, features, concepts, examples, etc. described with reference to one or more of the embodiments discussed herein. Further, from figure to figure, the embodiments may incorporate the same or similarly named functions, steps, modules, etc. that may use the same or different reference numbers and, as such, the functions, steps, modules, etc. may be the same or similar functions, steps, modules, etc. or different ones.
Unless specifically stated to the contra, signals to, from, and/or between elements in a figure of any of the figures presented herein may be analog or digital, continuous time or discrete time, and single-ended or differential. For instance, if a signal path is shown as a single-ended path, it also represents a differential signal path. Similarly, if a signal path is shown as a differential path, it also represents a single-ended signal path. While one or more particular architectures are described herein, other architectures can likewise be implemented that use one or more data buses not expressly shown, direct connectivity between elements, and/or indirect coupling between other elements as recognized by one of average skill in the art.
The term “module” is used in the description of the various embodiments of the present invention. A module includes a processing module, a functional block, hardware, and/or software stored on memory for execution by a processing device that performs one or more functions as may be described herein. Note that, if the module is implemented via hardware, the hardware may operate independently and/or in conjunction software and/or firmware. As used herein, a module may contain one or more sub-modules, each of which may be one or more modules.
While particular combinations of various functions and features of the present invention have been expressly described herein, other combinations of these features and functions are likewise possible. The present invention is not limited by the particular examples disclosed herein and expressly incorporates these other combinations.
