MEMS device quadrature shift cancellation

Abstract

This document provides apparatus and methods for cancelation of quadrature error from a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) device, such as a MEMS gyroscope. In certain examples, a quadrature correction apparatus can include a drive charge-to-voltage (C2V) converter configured to provide drive information of a proof mass of a MEMS gyroscope, a sense C2V converter configured to provide sense information of the proof mass, a phase-shift module configured to provide phase shift information of the drive information, a drive demodulator configured to receive the drive information and the phase shift information and to provide demodulated drive information, a sense demodulator configured to receive the sense information and the phase shift information and to provide demodulated sense information, and wherein the quadrature correction apparatus is configured to provide corrected sense information using the demodulated drive information and the demodulated sense information.

Description

OVERVIEW

This document discusses, among other things, apparatus and methods for cancelation of quadrature error from a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) device, such as a MEMS gyroscope. In certain examples, a quadrature correction apparatus can include a drive charge-to-voltage (C2V) converter configured to provide drive information of a proof mass of a MEMS gyroscope, a sense C2V converter configured to provide sense information of the proof mass, a phase-shift module configured to provide phase shift information of the drive information, a drive demodulator configured to receive the drive information and the phase shift information and to provide demodulated drive information, a sense demodulator configured to receive the sense information and the phase shift information and to provide demodulated sense information, and wherein the quadrature correction apparatus is configured to provide corrected sense information using the demodulated drive information and the demodulated sense information.

This overview is intended to provide a general overview of subject matter of the present patent application. It is not intended to provide an exclusive or exhaustive explanation of the invention. The detailed description is included to provide further information about the present patent application.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views. Like numerals having different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components. The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the present document.

FIG. 1 illustrates an existing circuit 100 for canceling quadrature shift of a MEMS device.

FIG. 2 illustrates generally an example sensor circuit for canceling quadrature error appearing on a MEMS gyroscope sensor signal.

FIG. 3 illustrates generally an example quadrature cancellation circuit for a MEMS device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

MEMS devices, such as MEMS gyroscopes, can include a suspended proof mass that is excited by a drive to oscillate at a resonant frequency. The oscillating proof mass can include suspended proof mass sections that deflect when subjected to rotational motion. Coriolis effects can be used to explain the deflection of the proof mass sections. Capacitive sensors associated with the suspended proof mass sections can provide sensor signals indicative of the rotational motion and resulting Coriolis forces that can influence the suspended proof mass sections. In certain examples, a proof mass can often be a layer or series of layers of semiconductor material. In some examples, the proof mass can be fabricated using integrated circuit technologies and various mechanical features can be fabricated using various layer creation and etching technologies. In general, the proof mass can include irregularities that, although small, are within the normal variations of the fabrication methods used to fabricate the MEMS device.

FIG. 1 illustrates an existing circuit 100 for canceling quadrature shift, or quadrature error, of a MEMS device. The circuit can include a first input for coupling to drive sense electrodes (gdp, gdn) of a MEMS device such as a MEMS gyroscope 101, a second input for coupling to sensor electrodes (gcxp, gcxn) of the MEMS gyroscope 101, a drive charge-to-voltage (C2V) converter 102, a sense C2V converter 103, an analog correction amplifier 104, a 90 degree phase-shift module 105, a demodulator 106 and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 107.

The drive C2V converter 102 can convert charge associated with a capacitive drive electrode or set of capacitive drive electrodes (gdp, gdn) to voltage. In certain examples, a capacitive drive electrode (gdp, gdn) can be used to sense drive information including the oscillatory motion of a proof mass induce by the drive of the MEMS gyroscope 101. In some examples, the drive information received from the capacitive drive electrodes (gdp, gdn) can be used to control the oscillation of the MEMS gyroscope 101 proof mass such the proof mass oscillates at a stable frequency with a stable amplitude.

The sense C2V converter 103 can convert charge associated with capacitive sense electrodes (gcxp, gcxn) of the MEMS gyroscope 101 to voltage to provide sense information associated with the MEMS gyroscope. In certain examples, the sense information can include information associated with Coriolis effect motion of a proof mass of the MEMS gyroscope. In certain examples, a sense electrode (gcxp, gcxn) can provide a charge signal indicative of deflection of a suspended proof mass section. Deflection of a suspended proof mass section can be indicative of motion of the MEMS gyroscope 101 in a particular direction. In certain examples, a MEMS gyroscope 101 can include several sense electrodes or set of sense electrodes (gcxp, gcxn) to sense motion of the gyroscope in one or more directions. Because of irregularities associated with the fabrication of the MEMS gyroscope 101, such as irregularities associated with the proof mass, a proof mass section can deflect in a direction of sensing interest due to the oscillation of the proof mass, thus, the sense signal received from the sense electrodes (gcxp, gcxn) can include proof mass oscillation information as well as information associated with the motion of the MEMS gyroscope 101. The proof mass oscillation information received in the sense signal is what can be called quadrature shift or quadrature error.

The analog correction amplifier 104 can receive the drive sense signal from the drive C2V converter 102 and can sum an amplified version of the drive sense signal to the sense signal to substantially cancel the quadrature error in the sense signal and provide a corrected sense signal or corrected sense information.

The sense C2V converter 103 can receive the capacitive sense signal from the sense electrodes (gcxp, gcxn) having the quadrature error substantially cancelled therefrom and can convert the signal to a voltage indicative of a rate of motion of the MEMS gyroscope 101, such as a rate of rotation of the MEMS gyroscope 101. A phase-shift module 105 can be used with a demodulator 106 to demodulate the voltage signal of the sense C2V converter 103 to provide a rate output signal. In the example circuit, the ADC 107 can convert the rate output signal to a digital representation of the rate output signal for further processing.

The present inventors have recognized that quadrature cancellation circuits such as the circuit shown in FIG. 1 can be effective at reducing the quadrature error in a MEMS gyroscope sense signal, but can also introduce noise and drift in to the sense signal that can deteriorate the accuracy and performance of the motion information available from the MEMS gyroscope 101. For example, the inventors have recognized that a digital sense and quadrature cancellation circuit can reduce noise and phase drift that can be introduce from analog components of a quadrature cancellation circuit, such as noise and drift that can be introduced by the analog correction amplifier 104 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 illustrates generally an example quadrature cancellation circuit 200 including a drive sense C2V converter 202, a sense C2V converter 203, a phase-shift module 205, drive and sense demodulators 210, 211, and a correction amplifier 204. The drive sense C2V converter 202 can convert the charge on drive sense electrodes (gdp, gdn) of the proof mass of a MEMS gyroscope 201 to provide a voltage signal indicative of the in-plane oscillation motion of the proof mass. The sense C2V converter 203 can convert the charge on the sense electrodes (gcxp, gcxn) of a suspended proof mass section of the proof mass to a voltage signal indicative of a rate of motion of the MEMS gyroscope 201. The phase-shift module 205 and the drive demodulator 210 can demodulate the drive sense signal and can provide a demodulated signal representative of the proof mass oscillation. The phase-shift module 205 and the sense demodulator 211 can demodulate the sense signal to provide a demodulated sense signal indicative of a rate of motion of the MEMS gyroscope 201. However, the demodulated sense signal can include components associated with the oscillation of the proof mass because irregularities in the fabrication of the MEMS gyroscope 201, such as irregularities in the fabrication of the semiconductor proof mass, can cause out-of-plane oscillation motion (e.g. quadrature error) that can be sensed by the sense electrodes (gcxp, gcxn) of the MEMS gyroscope 201. The correction amplifier 204 can adjust the level of the demodulated drive signal to provide amplified demodulated drive information, or a correction signal, to cancel the quadrature error in the demodulated sense signal. A summing node 212 can combine the correction signal with the demodulated sense signal to cancel the quadrature error of the demodulated sense signal. In certain examples, the demodulated and quadrature error-free sense signal can be converted to a digital representation for further processing using a ADC 207. In certain examples, the quadrature cancellation circuit 200 can reduce the opportunity for drift to be introduced into the circuit by demodulating the drive sense signal and the sense signal using nearly identical components that in certain examples can be fabricated within the same integrated circuit. Consequently, any drift introduced in one circuit path is most likely compensated by drift introduce, by the same mechanism, in the other circuit path.

FIG. 3 illustrates generally an example quadrature cancellation circuit 300 including a drive sense C2V converter 302, a sense C2V converter 303, a phase-shift circuit 305, drive and sense demodulators 310, 311, drive and sense ADCs 320, 321, and a digital correction amplifier 314. The drive sense C2V converter 302 can convert the charge on drive sense electrodes (gdp, gdn) of the proof mass of a MEMS gyroscope 301 to provide a voltage signal indicative of the in-plane oscillation motion of the proof mass. The sense C2V converter 303 can convert the charge on the sense electrodes (gcxp, gcxn) of a suspended proof mass section of the proof mass to a voltage signal indicative of a rate of motion of the MEMS gyroscope 301. The phase-shift circuit 305 and the drive demodulator 310 can demodulate the drive sense signal and can provide a demodulated signal representative of the proof mass oscillation. The phase-shift circuit 305 and the sense demodulator 311 can demodulate the sense signal to provide a demodulated sense signal indicative of a rate of motion of the MEMS gyroscope 301. The demodulated drive sense signal and the demodulated sense signal can be digitized using the drive and sense ADCs 320, 321 respectively. Converting the demodulated signals to digital representation of the demodulated signals can reduce the opportunities for noise to be introduced to the signals, for example, 1/f noise that can be common to analog signal processing components.

The digital representations of the demodulated sense signal can include components associated with the oscillation of the proof mass because irregularities in the fabrication of the MEMS gyroscope 301, such as irregularities in the fabrication of the semiconductor proof mass of the MEMS gyroscope, can cause out-of-plane oscillation motion (e.g. quadrature error) that can be sensed by the sense electrodes (gcxp, gcxn) of the MEMS gyroscope 301. In certain examples, the digital correction amplifier 314 can adjust the level of the digital representations of the demodulated drive signal to provide a digital correction signal to cancel the quadrature error in the digitized, demodulated sense signal. A digital summing node 317 can digitally combine the digital correction signal with the digital representations of the demodulated sense signal to cancel the quadrature error of the digital representations of the demodulated sense signal. In certain examples, the quadrature cancellation circuit 300 can reduce the opportunity for drift to be introduced in to the circuit by demodulating the drive sense signal and the sense signal using nearly identical components that in certain examples can be fabricated within the same integrated circuit. Consequently, any drift introduced in one circuit path is most likely compensated by drift introduced by the same mechanism, for example, in the other circuit path.

Additional Notes

In Example 1, a quadrature correction apparatus can include a drive charge-to-voltage (C2V) converter configured to provide drive information of a proof mass of a MEMS gyroscope, a sense C2V converter configured to provide sense information of the proof mass, a phase-shift module configured to provide phase shift information of the drive information, a drive demodulator configured to receive the drive information and the phase shift information and to provide demodulated drive information, a sense demodulator configured to receive the sense information and the phase shift information and to provide demodulated sense information; and wherein the quadrature correction apparatus is configured to provide corrected sense information using the demodulated drive information and the demodulated sense information.

In Example 2, the apparatus of Example 1 optionally includes a summing node configured to provide the corrected sense information using the demodulated drive information and the demodulated sense information.

In Example 3, the apparatus of any one or more of Examples 1-2 optionally includes a correction amplifier configured to receive the demodulated drive information and to provide amplified demodulated drive information, and wherein the quadrature correction apparatus is configured to provide the corrected sense information using the amplified demodulated drive information and the demodulated sense information.

In Example 4, the apparatus of any one or more of Examples 1-3 optionally includes a summing node configured to provide the corrected sense information using the amplified demodulated drive information and the demodulated sense information.

In Example 5, the apparatus of any one or more of Examples 1-3 optionally includes an analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the corrected sense signal and to provide a digital representation of the corrected sense signal.

In Example 6, the drive demodulator of any one or more of Examples 1-5 optionally includes a first analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the demodulated drive signal and to provide a digital representation of the demodulated drive signal.

In Example 7, the drive demodulator of any one or more of Examples 1-6 optionally includes a correction amplifier configured to adjust a level of the digital representation of the demodulated drive signal to provide a correction signal to cancel the quadrature error of the sensed information.

In Example 8, the sense demodulator of any one or more of Examples 1-7 optionally includes a second analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the demodulated sense signal and to provide a digital representation of the demodulated sense signal.

In example 9, the summing node of any one or more of Examples 1-8 optionally includes a digital summing node configured to combine the digital representation of the demodulated drive signal and the digital representation of the demodulated sense signal to cancel quadrature error of the demodulated sense signal, and to provide a digital, corrected sense signal.

In Example 10, a method can include providing drive information of a proof mass of a MEMS gyroscope using a drive charge-to-voltage (C2V) converter, providing sense information of the proof mass using a sense C2V converter, providing phase shift information of the drive information using the drive information and a phase-shift module, demodulating the drive information using a drive demodulator and the phase shift information to provide demodulated drive information, demodulating the sense information using a sense demodulator and the phase shift information to provide demodulated sense information, and canceling quadrature error of the sense information to provide a corrected sense signal using the demodulated drive information and the demodulated sense information.

In Example 11, the method of any one or more of Examples 1-10 optionally includes adjusting a level of the demodulated drive information using a correction amplifier

In Example 12, the method of any one or more of Examples 1-11 optionally includes converting the corrected sense signal using an analog-to-digital converter to provide a digital representation of the corrected sense signal.

In Example 13, the method of any one or more of Examples 1-12 optionally includes providing a digital representation of the demodulated drive signal using the demodulated drive information and a first analog-to-digital converter.

In Example 14, the method of any one or more of Examples 1-13 optionally includes adjusting a level of the digital representation of the demodulated drive information using a correction amplifier.

In Example 15, the method of any one or more of Examples 1-14 optionally includes providing a digital representation of the demodulated sense signal using the demodulated sense information and a second analog-to-digital converter.

In Example 16, the canceling quadrature error of any one or more of Examples 1-3 optionally includes digitally summing the digital representation of the demodulated drive signal and the digital representation of the demodulated sense signal to provide a digital, corrected sense signal.

In Example 17, a system can include a MEMS device including a proof mass, and a control circuit configured to provide sense information of the proof mass. The control circuit can include a drive charge-to voltage (C2V) converter configured to couple to the proof mass and to provide drive information of the proof mass, a sense C2V converter configured to receive a sense signal from the proof mass and to provide sense information of the proof mass, a phase-shift module configured provide phase shift information using the drive information, a drive demodulator configured to receive phase shift information and an the drive information to provide a demodulated drive signal, a sense demodulator configured to the phase shift information and the sense information to provide a demodulated sense signal, and a summing node configured to cancel quadrature error of the sense information and to provide a corrected sense signal using a sum of the demodulated drive signal and the demodulated sense signal.

In Example 18, the drive demodulator of any one or more of Examples 1-17 optionally includes a correction amplifier configured to adjust a level of the demodulated drive signal to provide a correction signal to cancel the quadrature error of the sense information, and an analog to digital converter configured to receive the corrected sense signal and to provide a digital representation of the corrected sense signal.

In Example 19, the drive demodulator of any one or more of Examples 1-18 optionally includes a first analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the demodulated drive signal and to provide a digital representation of the demodulated drive signal, and wherein the drive demodulator includes a digital correction amplifier configured to adjust a level of the digital representation of the demodulated drive signal to provide a digital correction signal to cancel the quadrature error of the sensed information.

In Example 20, the sense demodulator of any one or more of Examples 1-19 optionally includes a second analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the demodulated sense signal and to provide a digital representation of the demodulated sense signal.

In Example 21, the summing node of any one or more of Examples 1-20 optionally includes a digital summing node configured to combine the digital representation of the demodulated drive signal and the digital representation of the demodulated sense signal to cancel quadrature error of the demodulated sense signal, and to provide a digital, corrected sense signal.

Example 22 can include, or can optionally be combined with any portion or combination of any portions of any one or more of Examples 1 through 21 to include, subject matter that can include means for performing any one or more of the functions of Examples 1 through 21, or a machine-readable medium including instructions that, when performed by a machine, cause the machine to perform any one or more of the functions of Examples 1 through 21.

The above detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention can be practiced. These embodiments are also referred to herein as “examples.” Such examples can include elements in addition to those shown or described. However, the present inventors also contemplate examples in which only those elements shown or described are provided. Moreover, the present inventors also contemplate examples using any combination or permutation of those elements shown or described (or one or more aspects thereof), either with respect to a particular example (or one or more aspects thereof), or with respect to other examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or described herein.

All publications, patents, and patent documents referred to in this document are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, as though individually incorporated by reference. In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and those documents so incorporated by reference, the usage in the incorporated reference(s) should be considered supplementary to that of this document; for irreconcilable inconsistencies, the usage in this document controls.

In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one, independent of any other instances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated. In this document, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device, article, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.

Method examples described herein can be machine or computer-implemented at least in part. Some examples can include a computer-readable medium or machine-readable medium encoded with instructions operable to configure an electronic device to perform methods as described in the above examples. An implementation of such methods can include code, such as microcode, assembly language code, a higher-level language code, or the like. Such code can include computer readable instructions for performing various methods. The code may form portions of computer program products. Further, in an example, the code can be tangibly stored on one or more volatile, non-transitory, or non-volatile tangible computer-readable media, such as during execution or at other times. Examples of these tangible computer-readable media can include, but are not limited to, hard disks, removable magnetic disks, removable optical disks (e.g., compact disks and digital video disks), magnetic cassettes, memory cards or sticks, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), and the like.

The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or more aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Other embodiments can be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b), to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure. This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosed feature is essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that such embodiments can be combined with each other in various combinations or permutations. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

Claims

1. A quadrature correction apparatus comprising: a drive charge-to-voltage (C2V) converter configured to provide drive information of a proof mass of a MEMS gyroscope;a sense C2V converter configured to provide sense information of the proof mass;a phase-shift circuit configured to provide phase shift information of the drive information;a drive demodulator configured to receive the drive information and the phase shift information and to provide demodulated drive information;a sense demodulator configured to receive the sense information and the phase shift information and to provide demodulated sense information;a summing node configured to receive the demodulated sense information from the sense demodulator; anda correction amplifier configured to receive the demodulated drive information from the drive demodulator and provide amplified demodulated drive information to the summing node,wherein the quadrature correction apparatus is configured to provide corrected sense information using the demodulated drive information and the demodulated sense information.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the summing node is configured to provide the corrected sense information using the demodulated drive information from the sense demodulator and the demodulated sense information from the correction amplifier.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the quadrature correction apparatus is configured to provide the corrected sense information using the amplified demodulated drive information and the demodulated sense information.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, including an analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the corrected sense information and to provide a digital representation of the corrected sense information.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the drive demodulator includes a first analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the demodulated drive information and to provide a digital representation of the demodulated drive information.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the drive demodulator includes a correction amplifier configured to adjust a level of the digital representation of the demodulated drive information to provide a correction signal to cancel the quadrature error of the sensed information.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the sense demodulator includes a second analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the demodulated sense information and to provide a digital representation of the demodulated sense information.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the summing node is configured to provide the corrected sense information using the demodulated drive information and the demodulated sense information, the summing node includes a digital summing node configured to combine the digital representation of the demodulated drive information and the digital representation of the demodulated sense information to cancel quadrature error of the demodulated sense information, and to provide a digital, corrected sense information.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sense information represents a rate of motion of the MEMS gyroscope.

10. A method comprising: providing drive information of a proof mass of a MEMS gyroscope using a drive charge-to-voltage (C2V) converter;providing sense information of the proof mass using a sense C2V converter;providing phase shift information of the drive information using the drive information and a phase-shift module;demodulating the drive information using a drive demodulator and the phase shift information to provide demodulated drive information;demodulating the sense information using a sense demodulator and the phase shift information to provide demodulated sense information;canceling quadrature error of the sense information to provide a corrected sense signal using the demodulated drive information and the demodulated sense information; andadjusting a level of the demodulated drive information using s correction amplifier.

11. The method of claim 10, including converting the corrected sense signal using an analog-to-digital converter to provide a digital representation of the corrected sense signal.

12. The method of claim 10, including providing a digital representation of the demodulated drive information using the demodulated drive information and a first analog-to-digital converter.

13. The method of claim 12, including adjusting a level of the digital representation of the demodulated drive information using a correction amplifier.

14. The method of claim 13, including providing a digital representation of the demodulated sense information using the demodulated sense information and a second analog-to-digital converter.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the canceling quadrature error includes digitally summing the digital representation of the demodulated drive information and the digital representation of the demodulated sense information to provide a digital, corrected sense information.

16. A system comprising: a MEMS device including a proof mass; anda control circuit configured to provide sense information of the proof mass, the control circuit including: a drive charge-to voltage (C2V) converter configured to couple to the proof mass and to provide drive information of the proof mass;a sense C2V converter configured to receive a sense signal from the proof mass and to provide sense information of the proof mass;a phase-shift circuit configured to provide phase shift information using the drive information;a drive demodulator configured to receive phase shift information and the drive information and to provide a demodulated drive signal;a sense demodulator configured to the phase shift information and the sense information to provide a demodulated sense signal;a summing node configured to cancel quadrature error of the sense information and to provide a corrected sense signal using a sum of the demodulated drive signal and the demodulated sense signal; anda correction amplifier configured to adjust a level of the demodulated drive signal to provide a correction signal to cancel quadrature error of the sense information.

17. The system of claim 16, further comprising: an analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the corrected sense signal and to provide a digital representation of the corrected sense signal.

18. The system of claim 16, wherein: the drive demodulator includes a analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the demodulated drive signal and to provide a digital representation of the demodulated drive signal; andthe correction amplifier includes a digital correction amplifier configured to adjust a level of the digital representation of the demodulated drive signal to provide a digital correction signal to cancel the quadrature error of the sensed information.

19. The system of claim 16, wherein the drive demodulator includes a first analog-to-digital converter, the sense demodulator includes a second analog-to-digital converter configured to receive the demodulated sense signal and to provide a digital representation of the demodulated sense signal.

20. The system of claim 19, wherein the summing node includes a digital summing node configured to combine the digital representation of the demodulated drive signal and the digital representation of the demodulated sense signal to cancel quadrature error of the demodulated sense signal, and to provide a digital, corrected sense signal.