Patent Application
20150064273
The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to the production and use of culture medium from mesenchymal stem cell culture.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic cells that are capable of differentiating into specific types of mesenchymal or connective tissues including adipose, osseous, cartilaginous, elastic, neuronal, hepatic, pancreatic, muscular, and fibrous connective tissues. The specific differentiation pathway which these cells enter depends upon various influences from mechanical influences and/or endogenous bioactive factors, such as growth factors, cytokines, and/or local microenvironmental conditions established by host tissues.
MSCs reside in a diverse host of tissues throughout the adult organism and possess the ability to ‘regenerate’ cell types specific for these tissues. Examples of these tissues include adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood, periosteum, synovial membrane, muscle, dermis, pericytes, blood, bone marrow and trabecular bone.
Even though MSCs multiply relatively easily in vitro, their proliferative potential and their stem cell characteristics are continuously decreased during prolonged culture. For example, it has been shown that expansion in culture leads to premature senescence (the process of aging characterized by continuous morphological and functional changes). Cells became much larger with irregular and flat shape and the cytoplasm became more granular. These senescence-associated effects are continuously acquired from the onset of in vitro culture (PLoS ONE, May 2008|Volume 3|Issue 5|e2213). As a result, the successful manufacturing for commercialization of large batches from one donor of homogenous MSCs that preserve their characteristics following expansion in culture remains a challenge.
MSC are considered immune privileged, and useful for transplantation, thus culture and expansion of large numbers of mesenchymal stem cells has been undertaken.
When transplanted, MSCs exert their effect on other cells through multiple secreted bioactive factors such as cytokines, growth factors and angiogenic factors (see Wang et al, J Hemat Oncol. 2012, 5:19). Cultured mesenchymal and mesenchymal stem cells secrete these factors into the culture medium, endowing the medium with potentially useful properties as a supplement to cell culture, as a therapeutic composition or source thereof, and as a potentially economical adjunct or alternative to use of MSC themselves.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,642,048 to Xu et al discloses a cell free conditioned medium from MSC cell culture for feeder-layer free culture of pluripotent stem cells, but requires the transfection of hESCs. US Patent Application No. 2012/0251489 to Herrera Sanchez et al teaches the preparation and use of a cell-free conditioned medium from liver stem cells for inhibition of proliferation of tumor cells. US Patent Application No. 20110262392 to Habib et al teach the production and use of a cell free conditioned medium from a particular population of cultured adherent bone marrow cells for modulation of apoptosis in cancer cells. US Patent Application No. 20100323027 to Lim et al teaches the production of a cell-free conditioned medium from cultures of mesenchymal stem cells grown with added FGF 2 (FGF basic), for a variety of therapeutic uses. Conditioned medium from cultured transgenic differentiating hESCs (Xu et al., 2004) and from coculture of the mesenchymal stem cells with mouse OP9 cell line (Barberi et al., 2005) has been suggested, but introduced unacceptable risks of tumorigenicity or infection of xenozootic infectious agents.
Additional studies have indicated, for example, the potential of mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium for inhibiting lung fibrosis in pulmonary disease (Cargnoni et al, Cytotherapy 2012;14: 153-61), enhancing kidney repair in kidney disease (van Koppen et al, PLoS one 2012;7:1-12), stimulating angiogenesis and fracture repair in diabetic rats (Wang et al, JTissue Eng Regen Med 2012;6:559-69), promotion of wound healing (Yew et al Cell Transplantation, 2011;20:693-706) and reduction of infarct size in MI (Gnecchi et al, Meth Mol Biol 2009;482:281-94).
Methods for increasing proliferation and survival in MSCs have been widely studied over the past few years and many factors have been proposed for increasing the expansion efficiency of these cells. Different culture conditions produce cells which can condition the medium in different ways.
For example, many protocols relating to the expansion of MSCs include culturing in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) (Vet Res Commun. 2009 December; 33(8):811-21). It has been shown that b-FGF not only maintains MSC proliferation potential, it also retains osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potentials through the early mitogenic cycles.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has also been shown to increase MSC proliferation [Pons et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008, 376:419-422].
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to affect proliferation, migration and differentiation (Furge et al., Oncogene 2000, 19:5582-5589].
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) shown to be a potent mitogen of MSCs [Kang et al., J Cell Biochem 2005, 95:1135-1145].
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and heparin-binding EGF have both been shown to promote ex vivo expansion of MSCs without triggering differentiation into any specific lineage [Tamama et al., Stem Cells 2006, 24:686-695; Krampera et al., Blood 2005, 106:59-66]. In addition to its mitogenic effect on MSCs, EGF also increases the number of colony-forming units by 25% [Tamama et al., J Biomed Biotechnol 2010, 795385].
Addition of Wnt3a by activating the canonical Wnt pathway increased both proliferation and survival while preventing differentiation into the osteoblastic lineage in MSCs [Boland et al., J Cell Biochem 2004, 93:1210-1230].
Other growth factors that can be found in conditioned medium are known to cause mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into specific lineages. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), for example, is known to influence cells from the chondrogenic lineage in vivo, promoting initial stages of mesenchymal condensation, prechondrocyte proliferation, production of extracellular matrix and cartilage-specific molecule deposition, while inhibiting terminal differentiation [Bonewald et a., J Cell Biochem 1994, 55:350-357; Longobardi L, J Bone Miner Res 2006, 21:626-636].
BMP-3, another member of the transforming growth factor beta family, known to enhance bone differentiation was shown to increase MSC proliferation threefold [Stewart A et al., Cell Physiol 2010, 223:658-666].
Nicotinamide (NA), the amide form of niacin (vitamin B3), is a base-exchange substrate and a potent inhibitor of NAD(+)-dependent enzymes having mono- and poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase activities. ADP-ribosylation is implicated in the modification of a diverse array of biological processes (Corda D, Di Girolamo M. 2003;22(9):1953-1958; Rankin P W, et al., J Biol Chem. 1989;264:4312-4317; Banasik M. et al., J Biol Chem. 1992;267:1569-1575; Ueda K, Hayaishi 0, Annu Rev Biochem. 1985;54:73-100; Smith S. Trends Biochem Sci. 2001;26:174-179; Virag L, Szabo C. Pharm. Reviews. 2002;54:375-429).
WO 07/063545 discloses the use of nicotinamide for the expansion of hematopoietic stem and/or progenitor cell populations.
WO 03/062369 discloses the use of nicotinamide, and other inhibitors of CD38, for the inhibition of differentiation in ex-vivo expanding stem and progenitor cells. However, WO 03/062369 does not teach administration of nicotinamide for particular time intervals or the production or use of conditioned medium.
U.S. Patent Application No. 20050260748 teaches isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stem cells with nicotinamide in the presence of a low calcium concentration.
Additional background art includes Farre et al., Growth Factors, 2007 April;25(2):71-6.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of preparing a conditioned cell culture medium, the method comprising (a) culturing a population of the mesenchymal stem cells in a medium comprising nicotinamide, and (b) collecting the conditioned cell culture medium.
According to some embodiments of the present invention culturing the population of mesenchymal stem cells is effected in a medium comprising nicotinamide and fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4).
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of preparing a conditioned cell culture medium, the method comprising (a) culturing a population of mesenchymal stem cells in a medium comprising nicotinamide and fibroblast growth factor 4(FGF4) and (b) collecting the conditioned cell culture medium.
According to some embodiments of the present invention culturing is effected in a medium comprising DMEM.
According to some embodiments of the present invention culturing is effected in a medium comprising serum or platelet lysate.
According to some embodiments of the present invention the mesenchymal stem cells are derived from a tissue selected from the group consisting of bone marrow, adipose tissue, placenta and umbilical cord blood.
According to some embodiments of the present invention nicotinamide is selected from the group consisting of nicotinamide, a nicotinamide analog, a nicotinamide metabolite, a nicotinamide analog metabolite and derivatives thereof.
According to some embodiments of the present invention culturing is effected on a plastic surface and the mesenchymal stem cells are plastic-adherent cells.
According to some embodiments of the present invention the population of MSCs is comprised of a heterogeneous population of cells.
According to some embodiments of the present invention at least 70% of the heterogeneous population of cells are MSCs.
According to some embodiments of the present invention a calcium concentration of the medium is greater than 1.8 mM.
According to some embodiments of the present invention culturing is effected for at least 1 week, or at least 3 passages.
According to some embodiments of the present invention a concentration of the nicotinamide is 1-20 mM.
According to some embodiments of the present invention a concentration of the FGF4 is 10-100 ng/ml.
According to some embodiments of the present invention the culturing is effected in a medium devoid of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) or fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) or both.
According to some embodiments of the present invention culturing the population of mesenchymal stem cells comprises culturing the population of mesenchymal stem cells for a first period of time in a medium devoid of nicotinamide; and then culturing the population for a second period of time in a medium comprising nicotinamide and FGF4.
According to some embodiments of the present invention the culturing is effected under conditions that do not induce differentiation of the mesenchymal stem cells.
According to some embodiments of the present invention the medium devoid of nicotinamide is devoid of FGF4.
According to some embodiments of the present invention the medium devoid of nicotinamide comprises FGF4.
According to some embodiments of the present invention the culturing in the medium devoid of nicotinamide is effected for at least one day.
According to some embodiments of the present invention the culturing in the medium devoid of nicotinamide is effected for at least one week.
According to some embodiments of the present invention the method further comprises concentrating the conditioned medium.
According to some embodiments of the present invention the mesenchymal stem cells are cultured for a first period of time in a culture medium comprising serum followed by a second period of time in a serum-free culture, and wherein the conditioned medium is collected from the culture of the second period of time.
According to some embodiments of the present invention the second period of time is 24 to 48 hours.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium produced by the methods of the invention.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium comprising 1-20 mM nicotinamide, reduced levels of IL-6 and wherein said conditioned medium has anti-inflammatory and mitogenic activity.
According to some embodiments of the present invention the conditioned medium is characterized by an increased level of at least one biologically active factor selected from the group consisting of HGF, KGF and TGFβ, compared to levels of the at least one factor in conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cells cultured without added nicotinamide.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising the conditioned medium of the present invention, or a biologically active fraction thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a cosmeceutical composition comprising the conditioned medium of the present invention, or a biologically active fraction thereof and a cosmetically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.
According to some embodiments of the present invention the conditioned medium of the present invention for use in treating an inflammatory disease in a subject in need thereof.
According to some embodiments of the present invention the inflammatory disease is delayed type hypersensitivity.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of culturing cells, the method comprising culturing the cells in a culture medium comprising the conditioned medium of the present invention.
According to some embodiments of the present invention the cells are keratinocytes.
According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a cell culture comprising cells and a culture medium, the medium comprising the conditioned medium of the present invention.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
Some embodiments of the invention are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings and images. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the invention. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced.
In the drawings:
The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to compositions comprising cell culture medium conditioned by culture of mesenchymal stem cells, methods of producing the conditioned medium and uses thereof. In particular, the invention, in some embodiments, relates to conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cells cultured with nicotinamide or nicotinamide and fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4).
Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in its application to the details set forth in the following description or exemplified by the Examples. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways.
The multipotent character of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) make these cells an attractive therapeutic tool and candidate for transplantation, capable of playing a role in a wide range of clinical applications in the context of both cell and gene therapy strategies.
In addition, MSCs are attractive for clinical therapy in regenerative medicine and inflammatory conditions due to their ability to differentiate, provide trophic support, and modulate the innate immune response. The therapeutic potential of MSC is being tested in multiple clinical trials for indications such as bone and cartilage repair, cardiac regeneration, critical limb ischemia, acute ischemic conditions, diabetes, Crohn's disease and graft vs. host disease. Efficient mesenchymal stem cell expansion protocols that do not have deleterious effects on the differentiation potential and target tissue engraftment potential of the cells are crucial to the success of any of these strategies.
Whilst studying the effect of growth factors on MSC expansion, the present inventors found that while growth factors such as basic FGF (bFGF), HB-EGF or platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) have a non-reproducible or even negative effect when cultured in the presence of nicotinamide on mesenchymal stem cell proliferation (
In addition, the present inventors demonstrated an unexpected effect of nicotinamide on cell size of mesenchymal stem cells cultured with FGF4, on seeding efficacy as evidenced by marker phenotype of the cells (
MSC cultures utilized by some embodiments of the invention preferably include three groups of cells which are defined by their morphological features: small and agranular cells (referred to as RS-1, hereinbelow), small and granular cells (referred to as RS-2, hereinbelow) and large and moderately granular cells (referred to as mature MSCs, hereinbelow). The presence and concentration of such cells in culture can be assayed by identifying a presence or absence of various cell surface markers, by using, for example, immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, and activity assays.
When MSCs are cultured under the culturing conditions of some embodiments of the invention they exhibit negative staining for the hematopoietic stem cell markers CD34, CD11B, CD43 and CD45. A small fraction of cells (less than 10%) may be dimly positive for CD31 and/or CD38 markers. In addition, mature MSCs may be dimly positive for the hematopoietic stem cell marker, CD117 (c-Kit), moderately positive for the osteogenic MSCs marker, Stro-1 [Simmons, P. J. & Torok-Storb, B. (1991). Blood 78, 5562] and positive for the thymocytes and peripheral T lymphocytes marker, CD90 (Thy-1). On the other hand, the RS-1 cells are negative for the CD117 and Strol markers and are dimly positive for the CD90 marker, and the RS-2 cells are negative for all of these markers.
Mesenchymal cells cultured with nicotinamide can secrete biologically active factors into the medium. The present inventors have observed that medium collected from mesenchymal cells cultured with nicotinamide comprises elevated levels of growth factors and cytokines (e.g. hepatocyte growth factor, keratinocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor beta) and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory factors (e.g. IL6) (see Example 8 and
Thus, according to some aspects of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a method of preparing a conditioned culture medium, the method comprising (a) culturing a population of mesenchymal stem cells in a medium comprising nicotinamide, and (b) collecting the conditioned cell culture medium.
According to one embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the population of mesenchymal stem cells is cultured in a medium comprising nicotinamide and FGF4.
Thus, according to other aspects of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a method of preparing a conditioned cell culture medium, comprising (a) culturing a population of mesenchymal cells in a medium comprising nicotinamide and fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) and (b) collecting the conditioned cell culture medium.
According to one embodiment of this aspect of the present invention, the mesenchymal stem cells are human.
According to another embodiment of this aspect of the present invention, the mesenchymal stem cells are isolated from newborn humans.
Mesenchymal stem cells may be isolated from various tissues including but not limited to bone marrow, peripheral blood, blood, placenta (e.g. fetal side of the placenta), cord blood, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, placenta and from adipose tissue. As used herein, the term “derived from” indicates the tissue of origin of the mesenchymal stem cells.
A method of isolating mesenchymal stem cells from peripheral blood is described by Kassis et al [Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006 May; 37(10):967-76]. A method of isolating mesenchymal stem cells from placental tissue is described by Zhang et al [Chinese Medical Journal, 2004, 117 (6):882-887]. Methods of isolating and culturing adipose tissue, placental and cord blood mesenchymal stem cells are described by Kern et al [Stem Cells, 2006; 24:1294-1301].
Bone marrow can be isolated from the iliac crest of an individual by aspiration. Low-density BM mononuclear cells (BMMNC) may be separated by a FICOL-PAQUE density gradient or by elimination of red blood cells using Hetastarch (hydroxyethyl starch). Preferably, mesenchymal stem cell cultures are generated by diluting BM aspirates (usually 20 ml) with equal volumes of Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS; GIBCO Laboratories, Grand Island, N.Y., USA) and layering the diluted cells over about 10 ml of a Ficoll column (Ficoll-Paque; Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J., USA). Following 30 minutes of centrifugation at 2,500×g, the mononuclear cell layer is removed from the interface and suspended in HBSS. Cells are then centrifuged at 1,500×g for 15 minutes and resuspended in a complete medium (MEM, a medium without deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides; GIBCO); 20% fetal calf serum (FCS) derived from a lot selected for rapid growth of MSCs (Atlanta Biologicals, Norcross, GA); 100 units/ml penicillin (GIBCO), 100 μg/ml streptomycin (GIBCO); and 2 mM L-glutamine (GIBCO).
Adipose tissue-derived MSCs can be obtained from any fat-containing tissue, for example, from subcutaneous fat, by liposuction or syringe suction, and mononuclear cells can be isolated manually by removal of the fat and fat cells, or using the Celution System (Cytori Therapeutics) following the same procedure as described above for preparation of MSCs.
As mentioned, the method comprises culturing (i.e. ex vivo or in vitro) the mesenchymal stem cells in a medium comprising nicotinamide and FGF4.
According to this aspect of the present invention, the cells are cultured under conditions that do not induce differentiation (e.g. in the absence of differentiation factors or in the presence of a non-differentiating amount of differentiating factors).
The present invention contemplates directly culturing mesenchymal stem cells following isolation from their source or culturing populations of cells that have been pre-selected for mesenchymal stem cells. Thus, the present invention contemplates culturing both heterogeneous populations of cells which comprise the MSCs and more homogeneous populations of cells, which have been enriched for MSCs, wherein more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90% or more than 95%, more than 98% thereof are MSCs. Also, contemplated is the enriching for MSCs concomitant with the culturing as further described herein below.
It will be appreciated that the composition of the heterogeneous population of cells will be dependent on the source of the cells. Thus, for example, if the placenta is selected as the cell source, the heterogeneous population of cells will comprise placental cells as well as mesenchymal stem cells. If the bone marrow is selected as the cell source, the heterogeneous population of cells will comprise blood cells.
According to one method, the population of cells are cultured (in vitro or ex vivo) on polystyrene plastic surfaces (e.g. in a flask) so as to enrich for mesenchymal stem cells by removing non-adherent cells (i.e. non-mesenchymal stem cells). This method of enriching for MSCs may be effected prior to the culturing in nicotinamide and FGF4, concomitant with the culturing in nicotinamide and FGF4 and/or following the culturing in nicotinamide and FGF4. Thus, according to some aspects of some embodiments of the invention, the mesenchymal stem cells are “adherent” or “plastic-adherent” cells (e.g. cells remaining adhered to the plastic surface after removal of non-adherent, non-mesenchymal cells).
Other methods of selecting for MSCs are known in the art including for example positive selection against mesenchymal stem cell markers and/or negative selection against hematopoietic stem and progenitor markers such as CD34, CD133, CD8, etc. Methods of determining protein cell-surface expression are well known in the art. Examples include immunological methods, such as, FACS analysis as well as biochemical methods (cell-surface labeling, e.g., radioactive, fluorescence, avidin-biotin).
It will be appreciated that a selecting stage may also be performed following the culturing in nicotinamide and/or FGF4. This may be effected as well as a preselection stage or instead of a preselection stage.
As used herein, the term “growth medium” or “basal medium” refers to a solution of amino acids, vitamins, salts, and nutrients that is effective to support the growth of cells in culture, although normally these compounds will not support cell growth unless supplemented with additional compounds. The nutrients include a carbon source (e.g., a sugar such as glucose) that can be metabolized by the cells, as well as other compounds necessary for the cells' survival. These are compounds that the cells themselves cannot synthesize, due to the absence of one or more of the gene(s) that encode the protein(s) necessary to synthesize the compound (e.g., essential amino acids) or, with respect to compounds which the cells can synthesize, because of their particular developmental state the gene(s) encoding the necessary biosynthetic proteins are not being expressed as sufficient levels. A number of growth media are known in the art of mammalian cell culture, such as Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Media (DMEM), Knockout-DMEM (KO-DMEM), and DMEM/F12, although any base medium that can be supplemented with nicotinamide and/or FGF4 and which supports the growth of primate primordial stem cells in a substantially undifferentiated state can be employed.
As used herein, the term “conditioned medium” refers to a growth medium that is further supplemented with soluble factors (“culture-derived growth factors”) derived from mesenchymal stem cells, preferably human mesenchymal stem cells, cultured in the medium. In some embodiments the conditioned medium is growth media conditioned by the growth of bone marrow or adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, especially human mesenchymal stem cells. Techniques for isolating conditioned medium from a cell culture are known in the art. In some embodiments of the invention, the conditioned medium is essentially cell-free. In this context, “essentially cell-free” refers to a conditioned medium that contains fewer than about 10%, fewer than about 5%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, and 0.0001% than the number of cells per unit volume, as compared to the culture from which it was separated. As used herein, the term “conditioned medium” also encompasses such a medium that has been treated by concentration, filtration, extraction, fractionation or other means for preserving, increasing the potency, improving the stability, removing impurities, etc. Thus, conditioned medium includes extracts and fractions, for example, as defined below.
It will be appreciated that the present inventors have shown that the biological activity of conditioned medium prepared according to the methods of the present invention was preserved following concentrated conditioned medium (see
Yet further, it will be appreciated that the conditioned medium can also include additional components added after isolation and collection of the conditioned medium, such as preservatives, anti-bacterial and antifungal agents, nutrients, biologically active agents such as cytokines and chemokines, drugs, etc. Still further, the conditioned medium can be processed by heating, for example, pasteurization or autoclaving before use or storage. The conditioned medium can be stored as is, refrigerated or frozen. In one embodiment, the conditioned medium is stored frozen, at about −5° to about −80° C. In another embodiment, the conditioned medium is dehydrated (e.g. desiccated, lyophilized, etc) and stored dry, and reconstituted at desired concentration (for example, with water) before use. In yet another embodiment, the dehydrated conditioned medium can be used, applied or administered in its dried form (for example, for topical application or formulation with excipients, carriers, etc).
According to some embodiments, the conditioned medium is collected following removal of growth medium from the mesenchymal stem cell culture and replacement of fresh medium. In some embodiments, the conditioned medium is collected at least about 12 hours following replacement of the medium, about 24 hours, about 36 hours, about 48 hours, about 60 hours or more following replacement of the medium. The present inventors have shown that biological activity of the conditioned medium is significant when collected 24 hours following replacement, and increases with additional time in culture following replacement (see
In some embodiments, the medium used for replacement prior to collection of conditioned medium is not identical to the growth medium used during the previous culture period. In some embodiments, the replacement medium provided prior to collection of conditioned medium (and thus the conditioned medium) is serum free medium. In another embodiment, the replacement medium (and thus the conditioned medium) is devoid of FGF4.
Thus, according to one aspect of one embodiment of the present invention, the mesenchymal stem cells are cultured for a first period of time in a culture medium comprising serum followed by culture for a second period of time in a serum-free culture, and the conditioned medium is collected from the culture of the second period of time. In yet another embodiment, the cells are cultured for the first period of time in a culture medium comprising FGF4 followed by culture for a second period of time in culture medium (and collection of conditioned medium therefrom) in a culture medium devoid of FGF4. In yet another embodiment, the culture medium of the first period comprises both serum and FGF4, and the culture medium of the second period is serum-free and devoid of FGF4.
As used herein “nicotinamide” refers to nicotinamide as well as to products that are derived from nicotinamide, analogs thereof and metabolites of nicotinamide or nicotinamide analogs, such as, for example, NAD, NADH and NADPH.
As used herein, the phrase “nicotinamide analog” refers to any molecule that is known to act similarly to nicotinamide. Representative examples of nicotinamide analogs include, without limitation, benzamide, nicotinethioamide (the thiol analog of nicotinamide), nicotinic acid, α-amino-3-indolepropionic acid, and inhibitors of sirtuin family of histone/protein deacetylases. Examples of nicotinamide analog derivatives include, but are not limited to substituted benzamides, substituted nicotinamides and nicotinethioamides and N-substituted nicotinamides and nicotinthioamides.
In a particular embodiment, the nicotinamide is supplied at a concentration of at least about 1 mM to 20 mM. In other embodiment, the nicotinamide concentration is supplied at a concentration of at least about 1 mM to 10 mM, e.g. about 2.5 mM, about 5 mM, about 7.5 mM.
Fibroblast growth factor 4, the FGF4 (map locus 11q13.3) gene product, FGF-4/HBGF-4/KFGF, is a 176 AA long protein derived by cleavage of the N-terminal 30 AAs of the precursor protein. FGF-4 contains a single N-linked glycosylation site. Unglycosylated FGF-4 is cleaved into two NH2-terminally truncated peptides (13 and 15 kDa) that are more active with higher heparin affinity than wild-type protein.
According to a particular embodiment, the FGF4 is human FGF4.Recombinant FGF4 protein is commercially available (e.g. from Sigma Aldrich, where it is produced in baculovirus and cleaved at the N-terminal to yield a 148 AA protein; or from Invitrogen where it is produced in E. coli).
In a particular embodiment, the FGF4 is supplied to the culture at a concentration of at least about 1-1000 ng/ml. In other embodiment, the FGF4 concentration is supplied at a concentration of at least about 10-200 ng/ml, 10-100 ng/ml, e.g. about 50 ng/ml.
According to a particular embodiment, the culturing medium comprising both nicotinamide and FGF4 is devoid of additional growth factors such as PDGF, HB-EGF or bFGF (FGF2).
It will be appreciated that when referring to a medium being devoid of a particular component, the present invention contemplates that the medium comprises this component, but at a concentration which is below its minimal activity. Thus, for example, certain media may comprise trace amounts of the above described growth factors, however, the methods of the present invention relate to a medium being devoid of exogenously added growth factor beyond what is included in a commercial medium's formula, or that resulting from overall adjustment of medium component concentrations. Thus, according to a particular embodiment, the medium which comprises nicotinamide and FGF4 may comprise any one of the above mentioned additional growth factors but at a concentration less than 1 ng/ml.
A typical cell medium to which the nicotinamide and FGF4 may be added is Dulbecco's modified MEM (DMEM). Alternatively, the cell medium may be Ham's F12. Other contemplated mediums include HEM RPMI, F-12, and the like.
It will be noted that many of the culture media contain nicotinamide as a vitamin supplement for example, MEMα (8.19 μM nicotinamide), RPMI (8.19 μM nicotinamide), DMEM (32.78 μM nicotinamide) and Glascow's medium (16.39 μM nicotinamide), however, the methods of the present invention relate to exogenously added nicotinamide supplementing any nicotinamide and/or nicotinamide moiety included the medium's formula, or that resulting from overall adjustment of medium component concentrations.
In an embodiment of the invention, the cell culture medium has a high calcium concentration of more than about 1.8 mM, more than about 2 mM, or more than about 5 mM. It will be appreciated that the calcium concentration is calculated as the total calcium concentration including that already present in the culture medium.
Thus, for example, if the medium is Dulbecco's modified MEM (DMEM) (which already has a calcium ion concentration of about 1.8 mM), no additional calcium needs to be added. If the cell medium is Ham's F12 which has a calcium ion concentration of about 0.9 mM, additional calcium should be added so the total calcium concentration is above 1.8 mM. In one embodiment, the source of the additional calcium may be serum.
During the culturing, the medium can contain supplements required for cellular metabolism such as glutamine and other amino acids, vitamins, minerals and useful proteins such as transferrin, and the like. The medium may also contain antibiotics to prevent contamination with yeast, bacteria, and fungi, such as penicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, and the like. If cells are to be cultured, conditions should be close to physiological conditions (preferably, a pH of about 6 to about 8, and a temperature of about 30° C. to about 40° C.).
Normoxia or hypoxia conditions are also contemplated.
According to one embodiment, the culture medium is devoid of serum (i.e. serum free medium) and comprises serum replacements including, but not limited to platelet lysate (during seeding and/or expansion).
According to still another embodiment the medium comprises about 10% fetal bovine serum. Human serum is also contemplated.
The present inventors have shown that conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cell cultures, prepared according to the methods of some embodiments of the present invention is enriched with biologically active factors and agents, as compared to conditioned medium from cells cultured without the addition of nicotinamide and/or FGF4. In particular, the conditioned medium of the present invention comprises increased levels of growth factors (HGF, KGF and TGFβ), and reduced levels of the pro-inflammatory factor IL-6 (see Example 6 and
Thus, according to one aspect of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium comprising 1-20 mM nicotinamide reduced levels of IL-6 and having anti-inflammatory and mitogenic activity. According to some embodiments, the conditioned medium is further characterized by an increased level of at least one biologically active factor selected from the group consisting of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), compared to levels of the growth factors in conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cells cultured without added nicotine or nicotine and FGF4. In some embodiments levels of the factors are about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 100, about 150, about 200, about 250 percent greater than those of the growth factors in conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cells cultured without added nicotine or nicotine and FGF4. In some embodiments, the levels of IL-6 (and/or other pro-inflammatory factors) are about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 100, about 150, about 200, about 250 or more percent less than those of the IL-6 in conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cells cultured without added nicotine or nicotine and FGF4.
The culturing according to this aspect of the present invention may be effected for a limited amount of time, such that no expansion takes place (e.g. during the seeding stage only) or may be effected for longer periods of time so as to allow for mesenchymal stem cell expansion (i.e. cell propagation), thereby obtaining increased quantities thereof.
For each round of propagation, adherent cells may be harvested using trypsin/EDTA or by cell scraping, and dissociated by passage through a narrow Pasteur plastic pipette, and preferably replated at a density of about 100 to about 10,000 cells/cm2.
According to this aspect of the present invention, a period of time sufficient for cell expansion may be taken to mean the length of time required for at least one cell to divide.
According to one embodiment, the culturing is effected for at least one day, at least two days, at least three days, at least four days, at least five days, at least six days, at least one week, at least two weeks, at least three weeks, at least four weeks or at least five weeks.
According to another embodiment, the culturing is not effected for more than ten weeks.
According to still another embodiment, the cells are allowed to expand for at least two population doublings, at least four population doublings, at least six population doublings, at least eight population doublings, at least ten population doublings, at least 15 population doublings, at least 20 population doublings, at least 25 population doublings, at least 30 population doublings, at least 35 population doublings, at least 40 population doublings, or at least 45 population doublings.
According to another embodiment, the cells are not allowed to expand for more than 50 population doublings.
The present invention contemplates additional methods of mesenchymal stem cell expansion as well as (or instead of) culturing in nicotinamide and FGF4.
Since the present inventors have found that when at least a portion of the time of the expansion process is effected in the presence of nicotinamide, increased numbers of mesenchymal stem cells are obtained, preferably additional methods of expansion include culturing in the presence of nicotinamide.
Thus, according to another aspect of the present invention the conditioned medium is produced by culturing a seeded population of mesenchymal stem cells for a period of time sufficient for cell expansion, wherein for at least a portion of the period of time the culturing is effected in a medium devoid of nicotinamide; and for at least a second portion of the period of time, the culturing is effected in a medium comprising nicotinamide and FGF4, and collecting the conditioned medium from the expanded cell culture.
The term “expanding” as used herein refers to increasing the number of cells in the cell population due to cell replication.
According to this aspect of the present invention, the cells are expanded under conditions that do not induce differentiation (e.g. in the absence of differentiation factors).
The seeded population of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells may be a heterogeneous population of cells or a purified population of mesenchymal stem cells, as further described herein above.
As mentioned, a medium being devoid of nicotinamide refers to a medium comprising less than the minimal effective amount of nicotinamide (e.g. less than 0.5 mM, or more preferably less than 0.05 mM). Thus mediums comprising trace amounts of nicotinamide (as described herein above) may be used for this aspect of the present invention. Thus, according to a particular embodiment, the medium without exogenously added nicotinamide may comprise, before the addition of exogenous nicotinamide as a supplement, nicotinamide at a concentration less than 0.5 mM or more preferably less than 0.05 mM. According to one embodiment, the MSCs are at least 50% purified, at least 75% purified or at least 90% purified.
The population of mesenchymal stem cells may be seeded (and also cultured) in any medium including those described herein above or those disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 20050260748, incorporated herein by reference.
The time ratio of culturing in the presence of nicotinamide and FGF4: culturing in the absence of nicotinamide may vary and may include all ratios from 1:99; 2:98; 3:97; 4:96, 5:95; 6:94; 7:93; 8:92; 9:91; 10:90; 11:89; 12:88; 13:87; 14:86; 15:85; 16:84; 17:83; 18:82; 19:81; 20:80; 21:79; 22:78; 23:77; 24:76; 25:75; 26:74 27:73; 28:72; 29:71; 30:70; 31:69; 32:68; 33:67; 34:66; 35:65; 36:64; 37:63; 38:62; 39:61; 40:60; 41:59; 42:58; 43:57; 44:56; 45:55; 46:54; 47:53; 48:52; 49:51; 50:50; 51:49; 52:48; 53:47; 54:46; 55:45; 56:44; 57:43; 58:42; 59:41; 60:40; 61:39; 62:38; 63:37; 64:36; 65:35; 66:34; 67:33; 68:32; 69:31; 70:30; 71:29; 72:28; 73:27; 74:26; 75:25; 76:24; 77:23; 78:22; 79:21; 80:29; 81:19; 82:18; 83:17; 84:16; 85:15; 86:14; 87:13; 88:12; 89:11; 90:10; 91:9; 92:8; 93:7; 94:6; 95:5; 96:4; 97:3; 98:2; 99:1.
According to one embodiment, at least one full round of propagation is effected in the presence of nicotinamide.
It will be appreciated that the culturing in the medium comprising nicotinamide may be effected prior or following the culturing in the medium devoid of nicotinamide.
According to embodiments of the present invention, the medium which is devoid of nicotinamide comprises FGF4 (either at the same or a different concentration as the medium which comprises nicotinamide).
According to other embodiments of the present invention, the medium which is devoid of nicotinamide is further devoid of FGF4.
Further, the present inventors contemplate more than one culturing stage in the presence of nicotinamide and FGF4 interspersed with culturing stages in the absence of the nicotinamide and vice versa.
According to one embodiment, the culturing in the presence of nicotinamide and FGF4 is effected for at least one day, at least two days, at least three days, at least four days, at least five days, at least six days, at least one week, at least two weeks, at least three weeks, at least four weeks or at least five weeks.
According to another embodiment, the culturing in the absence of nicotinamide is effected for at least one day, at least two days, at least three days, at least four days, at least five days, at least six days, at least one week, at least two weeks, at least three weeks, at least four weeks or at least five weeks.
As mentioned, mesenchymal stem cells can be selected based on the expression of a mesenchymal stem cell surface marker. The selection or sorting may comprise selecting mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from the mixed population of cells by means of one or more of such surface markers. The use of a selection or sorting step further enhances the stringency of sorting and selection specificity for MSCs and furthermore potentially reduces possible contamination from the starting material.
Prior to sorting, the mixed cell populations are typically dispersed using cell dispersing agents. Preferably single cell populations are obtained. Examples of agents that may be used to disperse the cells include, but are not limited to collagenase, dispase, accutase, trypsin (e.g. trypsin-EDTA), papain. Alternatively, or additionally trituration may also be performed to increase the dispersal of the cells.
According to a specific embodiment, the selecting is effected by selecting cells which express VCAM-1/CD106 (NP—001069.1) above a predetermined level.
According to another embodiment, the selecting is effected by selecting cells which express at least one of CD105 (SH2), CD73 (SH3/4), CD44, CD90 (Thy-1), CD71, STRO-1, CD29, CD166, CD146, CD106 and CD271 above a predetermined level. According to a particular embodiment, the surface marker is stromal precursor antigen-1 (STRO-1), CD105 or VCAM (CD106).
According to still another embodiment, the selecting is effected by selecting cells which express at least one of CD34, CD11B, CD43 and CD45 below a predetermined level.
A number of methods are known for selection or sorting based on antigen expression, and any of these may be used in the selection or sorting step described here. In particularly preferred embodiments, the analysis is achieved using a flow cytometer and the cells are subsequently sorted based upon the specific light scattering and fluorescent characteristics of each cell. Thus, the selection or sorting may be achieved by means of fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Exemplary Flow Cytometers that may be used in this aspect of the present invention are manufactured by companies such as Becton Dickinson (USA), Backman Coulter (USA), Partec (Germany).
The above described cell populations are typically enriched for cells that do not express CD45. Thus, according to another embodiment, less than 10% of the mesenchymal cells express CD45 as measured by FACS. According to still another embodiment, more than 90% of the mesenchymal cells express CD90, as measured by FACS. According to still another embodiment, more than 95% of the mesenchymal cells express CD90, as measured by FACS. According to still another embodiment, more than 90% of the mesenchymal cells express CD44, as measured by FACS. According to still another embodiment, more than 95% of the cells in the above described cell populations express CD44, as measured by FACS.
As mentioned, additional steps of culturing the mesenchymal stem cells are contemplated by the present inventors prior to, during or following the protocol described herein. Such additional steps may involve culturing on a plastic surface, as described herein above and/or additional expansion steps, for example, as described herein above re culturing in nicotinamide.
In some embodiments, the cells are selected according to cell size, for example, by a cell counter based on Trypan Blue exclusion and graphical analysis. Suitable cell counters include, but are not limited to Cedex counters (Roche Innovatis). The number of cells that may be cultured according to any of the methods of the present invention may be any number including small batches—e.g. 100×104 cells to larger batches—e.g. 100×1012 or 100×1013 cells. When large batches are required, the cells are typically cultured in a bioreactor (or in multi-level industrial flasks), the size of which is selected according to the number of cells being cultured.
Examples of flasks and plates that may be used for growing MSCs in commercial quantities include for example Corning HYPERFlask™ Cell Culture Vessel, Corning CellSTACK™ Chambers, Corning HYPERStack™ Cell Culture Vessel, 40 stack chambers and NUNC Automatic Cell Factory Manipulator.
As used herein, the term “bioreactor” refers to any device in which biological and/or biochemical processes develop under monitored and controlled environmental and operating conditions, for example, pH, temperature, pressure, nutrient supply and waste removal. According to one embodiment of the invention, the basic classes of bioreactors suitable for use with the present invention include static bioreactors, stirred flask bioreactors, rotating wall bioreactors, hollow fiber bioreactors and direct perfusion bioreactors, as further described in WO 2005/007799, the contents of which are incorporated by reference.
As shown in Example 8 (see
The present inventors have shown that the conditioned medium of some embodiments of the present invention comprises biological activity, in particular, anti-inflammatory and mitogenic activity (see Examples 7 and 8 herein). Thus, the conditioned medium of the present invention or generated by the methods of the present invention may be used for a variety of purposes including research, for therapeutic uses, for cosmetic uses, for nutritional uses, for production of any of the components of the condition medium and the like. Thus, according to some aspects of some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the conditioned medium the present invention. It will be noted that mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium, comprising any agents secreted by the mesenchymal stem cells, can also be suited for use in place of, or as an adjunct to therapy with the mesenchymal stem cells themselves.
The term “treating” refers to inhibiting, preventing or arresting the development of a pathology (disease, disorder or condition) and/or causing the reduction, remission, or regression of a pathology. Those of skill in the art will understand that various methodologies and assays can be used to assess the development of a pathology, and similarly, various methodologies and assays may be used to assess the reduction, remission or regression of a pathology.
As used herein, the term “preventing” refers to keeping a disease, disorder or condition from occurring in a subject who may be at risk for the disease, but has not yet been diagnosed as having the disease.
According to one embodiment, the disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of a bone or cartilage disease, a neurodegenerative disease, a cardiac disease, a hepatic disease, cancer, nerve damage, wound healing, autoimmune disease, graft versus host disease, spinal cord injury and tissue regeneration.
Bone defects suitable for treatment using the cells of the present invention include, but are not limited to osteogenesis imperfecta, fracture, congenital bone defects, and the like.
The conditioned medium of the present invention can be used to treat CNS diseases. Representative examples of CNS diseases or disorders that can be beneficially treated with the cells described herein include, but are not limited to, a pain disorder, a motion disorder, a dissociative disorder, a mood disorder, an affective disorder, a neurodegenerative disease or disorder and a convulsive disorder. More specific examples of such conditions include, but are not limited to, Parkinson's, ALS, Multiple Sclerosis, Huntingdon's disease, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, diabetic neuropathy, glaucomatous neuropathy, macular degeneration, action tremors and tardive dyskinesia, panic, anxiety, depression, alcoholism, insomnia, manic behavior, Alzheimer's and epilepsy. The conditioned medium of the present invention may be suitable for the treatment of joint conditions including, but not limited to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory arthritis, chondromalacia, avascular necrosis, traumatic arthritis and the like.
Mesenchymal cell culture conditioned medium can be used to augment engraftment of transplanted hematopoietic or other stem cells and prevent graft-versus-host disease, for example, in bone marrow transplantation or cell transplantation for tissue repair as in implantation for myocardial infarct.
Tissue regeneration: Mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium of the present invention can be used for the promotion of tissue regeneration. Administration of conditioned medium has great promise for benefits in regenerative medicine, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory conditions, acute and chronic ischemic conditions reconstructive surgery, tissue engineering, regenerating new tissues and naturally healing diseased or injured organs.
Mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium of the present invention can be used to treat an inflammatory disease or condition in a subject. Inflammatory diseases include, but are not limited to, chronic inflammatory diseases and acute inflammatory diseases.
In some embodiments the inflammatory disease or condition is associated with hypersensitivity.
Inflammatory Diseases Associated with Hypersensitivity
Examples of hypersensitivity include, but are not limited to, Type I hypersensitivity, Type II hypersensitivity, Type III hypersensitivity, Type IV hypersensitivity, immediate hypersensitivity, antibody mediated hypersensitivity, immune complex mediated hypersensitivity, T lymphocyte mediated hypersensitivity and DTH.
Type I or immediate hypersensitivity, such as asthma.
Type II hypersensitivity include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid diseases, rheumatoid autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, spondylitis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic diseases, systemic autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, glandular diseases, glandular autoimmune diseases, pancreatic autoimmune diseases, diabetes, Type I diabetes, thyroid diseases, autoimmune thyroid diseases, Graves' disease, thyroiditis, spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, myxedema, idiopathic myxedema; autoimmune reproductive diseases, ovarian diseases, ovarian autoimmunity, autoimmune anti-sperm infertility, repeated fetal loss, neurodegenerative diseases, neurological diseases, neurological autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, myasthenia gravis, motor neuropathies, Guillain-Barre syndrome, neuropathies and autoimmune neuropathies, myasthenic diseases, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, paraneoplastic neurological diseases, cerebellar atrophy, paraneoplastic cerebellar atrophy, non-paraneoplastic stiff man syndrome, cerebellar atrophies, progressive cerebellar atrophies, encephalitis, Rasmussen's encephalitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Sydeham chorea, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, polyendocrinopathies, autoimmune polyendocrinopathies; neuropathies, dysimmune neuropathies; neuromyotonia, acquired neuromyotonia, arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, cardiovascular diseases, cardiovascular autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction thrombosis, granulomatosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, arteritis, Takayasu's arteritis and Kawasaki syndrome; anti-factor VIII autoimmune disease; vasculitises, necrotizing small vessel vasculitises, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg and Strauss syndrome, glomerulonephritis, pauci-immune focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis, crescentic glomerulonephritis; antiphospholipid syndrome; heart failure, agonist-like β-adrenoceptor antibodies in heart failure, thrombocytopenic purpura; hemolytic anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, gastrointestinal diseases, autoimmune diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, intestinal diseases, chronic inflammatory intestinal disease, celiac disease (, autoimmune diseases of the musculature, myositis, autoimmune myositis, Sjogren's syndrome; smooth muscle autoimmune disease, hepatic diseases, hepatic autoimmune diseases, autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis.
Type IV or T cell mediated hypersensitivity, include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic diseases, systemic autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, glandular diseases, glandular autoimmune diseases, pancreatic diseases, pancreatic autoimmune diseases, Type 1 diabetes; thyroid diseases, autoimmune thyroid diseases, Graves' disease; ovarian diseases, prostatitis, autoimmune prostatitis, polyglandular syndrome, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Type I autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, neurological diseases, autoimmune neurological diseases, multiple sclerosis, neuritis, optic neuritis, myasthenia gravis, stiff-man syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, cardiac autoimmunity in Chagas' disease, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, anti-helper T lymphocyte autoimmunity, hemolytic anemia, hepatic diseases, hepatic autoimmune diseases, hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, biliary cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, nephric diseases, nephric autoimmune diseases, nephritis, interstitial nephritis, connective tissue diseases, ear diseases, autoimmune connective tissue diseases, autoimmune ear disease , disease of the inner ear, skin diseases, cutaneous diseases, dermal diseases, bullous skin diseases, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus foliaceus.
Examples of delayed type hypersensitivity include, but are not limited to, contact dermatitis and drug eruption.
Examples of types of T lymphocyte mediating hypersensitivity include, but are not limited to, helper T lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Examples of helper T lymphocyte-mediated hypersensitivity include, but are not limited to, Th1 lymphocyte mediated hypersensitivity and Th2 lymphocyte mediated hypersensitivity.
The conditioned medium of the present invention may be used for treating autoimmune diseases.
Autoimmune diseases include, but are not limited to, autoimmune cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid diseases, autoimmune glandular diseases, autoimmune gastrointestinal diseases, autoimmune cutaneous diseases, autoimmune hepatic diseases, autoimmune neurological diseases, autoimmune muscular diseases, autoimmune nephric diseases, autoimmune diseases related to reproduction, autoimmune connective tissue diseases and autoimmune systemic diseases.
Examples of autoimmune cardiovascular diseases include, but are not limited to atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, thrombosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, Takayasu's arteritis, Kawasaki syndrome , anti-factor VIII autoimmune disease, necrotizing small vessel vasculitis, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg and Strauss syndrome, pauci-immune focal necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis, antiphospholipid syndrome, antibody-induced heart failure, thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, cardiac autoimmunity in Chagas' disease and anti-helper T lymphocyte autoimmunity.
Examples of autoimmune rheumatoid diseases include, but are not limited to rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.
Examples of autoimmune glandular diseases include, but are not limited to, pancreatic disease, Type I diabetes, thyroid disease, Graves' disease, thyroiditis, spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, idiopathic myxedema, ovarian autoimmunity, autoimmune anti-sperm infertility, autoimmune prostatitis and Type I autoimmune polyglandular syndrome. diseases include, but are not limited to autoimmune diseases of the pancreas, Type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroid diseases, Graves' disease, spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, idiopathic myxedema, ovarian autoimmunity, autoimmune anti-sperm infertility, autoimmune prostatitis and Type I autoimmune polyglandular syndrome.
Examples of autoimmune gastrointestinal diseases include, but are not limited to, chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases, celiac disease, colitis, ileitis and Crohn's disease.
Examples of autoimmune cutaneous diseases include, but are not limited to, autoimmune bullous skin diseases, such as, but are not limited to, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus foliaceus.
Examples of autoimmune hepatic diseases include, but are not limited to, hepatitis, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis (and autoimmune hepatitis.
Examples of autoimmune neurological diseases include, but are not limited to, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, myasthenia gravis, neuropathies, motor neuropathies; Guillain-Barre syndrome and autoimmune neuropathies, myasthenia, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome; paraneoplastic neurological diseases, cerebellar atrophy, paraneoplastic cerebellar atrophy and stiff-man syndrome; non-paraneoplastic stiff man syndrome, progressive cerebellar atrophies, encephalitis, Rasmussen's encephalitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Sydeham chorea, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and autoimmune polyendocrinopathies; dysimmune neuropathies; acquired neuromyotonia, arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, neuritis, optic neuritis and neurodegenerative diseases.
Examples of autoimmune muscular diseases include, but are not limited to, myositis, autoimmune myositis and primary Sjogren's syndrome and smooth muscle autoimmune disease.
Examples of autoimmune nephric diseases include, but are not limited to, nephritis and autoimmune interstitial nephritis.
Examples of autoimmune diseases related to reproduction include, but are not limited to, repeated fetal loss.
Examples of autoimmune connective tissue diseases include, but are not limited to, ear diseases, autoimmune ear diseases and autoimmune diseases of the inner ear.
Examples of autoimmune systemic diseases include, but are not limited to, systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis.
The conditioned medium can be used for treating infectious diseases.
Examples of infectious diseases include, but are not limited to, chronic infectious diseases, subacute infectious diseases, acute infectious diseases, viral diseases, bacterial diseases, protozoan diseases, parasitic diseases, fungal diseases, mycoplasma diseases and prion diseases.
The conditioned medium can be used for treating graft rejection. Examples of diseases associated with transplantation of a graft include, but are not limited to, graft rejection, chronic graft rejection, subacute graft rejection, hyperacute graft rejection, acute graft rejection and graft versus host disease.
The conditioned medium can be used for treating allergic conditions or diseases. Examples of allergic diseases include, but are not limited to, asthma, hives, urticaria, pollen allergy, dust mite allergy, venom allergy, cosmetics allergy, latex allergy, chemical allergy, drug allergy, insect bite allergy, animal dander allergy, stinging plant allergy, poison ivy allergy and food allergy.
The conditioned medium can be used for treating cancerous diseases. Examples of cancer include but are not limited to carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia. Particular examples of cancerous diseases but are not limited to: Myeloid leukemia such as Chronic myelogenous leukemia. Acute myelogenous leukemia with maturation. Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with increased basophils, Acute monocytic leukemia. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia with eosinophilia; Malignant lymphoma, such as Birkitt's Non-Hodgkin's; Lymphoctyic leukemia, such as Acute lumphoblastic leukemia. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia; Myeloproliferative diseases, such as Solid tumors Benign Meningioma, Mixed tumors of salivary gland, Colonic adenomas; Adenocarcinomas, such as Small cell lung cancer, Kidney, Uterus, Prostate, Bladder, Ovary, Colon, Sarcomas, Liposarcoma, myxoid, Synovial sarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma (alveolar), Extraskeletel myxoid chonodrosarcoma, Ewing's tumor; other include Testicular and ovarian dysgerminoma, Retinoblastoma, Wilms' tumor, Neuroblastoma, Malignant melanoma, Mesothelioma, breast, skin, prostate, and ovarian.
Filtering and Concentrating Conditioned Media: The conditioned media can be pre-filtered to remove large particulates, such as cell debris, for example, using a liquid filter bag with a 2.5 micron rating to produce “filtered media”. For certain applications the filtered media can be concentrated, for example, by ultrafiltration (suitable cross flow hollow fiber ultrafiltration cartridges are available from A/G Technology Corp., Needham, Mass.).
Conditioned media, concentrated conditioned medium, extracts and fractions thereof can be used by formulators for preparing compositions comprising cosmetic, cosmeceutical, or pharmaceutical formulations with cosmetically-acceptable, cosmeceutically-acceptable or pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers. The skilled artisan will appreciate that cosmetically-acceptable carriers, cosmeceutically-acceptable carriers and pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers may be the same or different, depending on the intended application of the composition.
As used herein, the term “cosmeceutical” refers to a formulation or composition comprising at least one biologically active ingredient that has an effect on the user of the product and at least one cosmeceutically-acceptable carrier. Cosmeceuticals may be viewed as cosmetics that, in certain applications and under appropriate conditions, may provide medicinal or drug-like benefits. In certain applications, for example, cosmeceuticals may affect the underlying structure of the skin, decrease wrinkle depth, or reverse or ameliorate the effect of photooxidation or aging on the skin. Cosmeceuticals may be particularly useful as skin care products, hair care products, and sun care products. In certain embodiments, cosmeceutical compositions comprise delivery systems including at least one of liposomes, cyclodextrins, polymer systems, or hyaluronic acid or related compounds. Cosmeceutical compositions comprise cosmeceutically-acceptable carriers. The skilled artisan will understand that a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or formulation that is suitable for topical applications will typically also be a cosmeceutically-acceptable carrier or formulation.
A topical cosmetic or cosmeceutical ointment, lotion, or gel composition typically contains an effective amount of conditioned media or extracts thereof and may comprise other active and inert ingredients as well in a cosmetically- or a cosmeceutically-acceptable carrier, such as a pharmaceutical cream base, an oil-in-water emulsion, a water-in-oil emulsion, a gel, or the like. Various cosmetic and cosmeceutical compositions for topical use include drops, tinctures, lotions, creams, salves, serums, solutions, and ointments containing conditioned media or extracts, and an appropriate carrier. The optimal percentage of the conditioned media or extract in each composition varies according to the composition's formulation and the therapeutic effect desired.
The skilled artisan in the formulation arts will understand that the inventive compositions may comprise any of a number of cosmetically-, cosmeceutically-, or pharmaceutically-acceptable formulations, depending on the type of product, the nature of the composition, the location of composition's use, the desired effect, and the like.
While proprietary formulations are common in the formulation arts, formulators of ordinary skill will be able to determine or readily select appropriate formulations for specific applications without undue experimentation.
Detailed description of cosmetic- and cosmeceutically-acceptable ingredients and formulations may be found in, among other places, FDA Cosmetics Handbook, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Handbook of Cosmetic and Personal Care Additives, Ash and Ash, compilers, 1994, Chemical Publishing, New York, N.Y.; Bennett's Cosmetic Formulary, 1993, Chemical Publishing Co.; Harry's Cosmeticology, 7th ed., Wilkinson & Moore, 1982 and 8th ed., Rieger, 2000, Chemical Publishing; Cosmetic Bench Reference-2001, Allerud Publishing Corp.; CTFA Compendium of Cosmetic Ingredient Composition, Nikitakis and McEwen, eds., 1990, Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association, Washington, D.C., Surfactant Encyclopedia, 2nd revised edition, Rieger, 1996, Allured Publishing; The Chemistry and Manufacture of Cosmetics, 2nd ed., De Navarre, Van Nostrand, Princeton, N.J.; Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, Leung, 1996, John Wiley; A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients, 5th ed., Winter, 1999, Three Rivers Press, New York, N.Y.; Cosmeceuticals: Active Skin Treatment, 1998, Allured Publishing; Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Knowlton and Pearce, 1993, Elsevier Advanced Technology, Oxford, UK; Personal-Care Formulas, 1997, Allured Publishing; Beginning Cosmetic Chemistry, Scheuller and Romanowski, 1999, Allured Publishing; and Skin Permeation: Fundamentals and Application, Zatz, 1993, Allured Publishing. Discussions of pharmaceutically-acceptable ingredients and formulations may be found in, among other places, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Gennaro, ed., 1990, Mack Publishing.
The compositions and methods of the invention have wide applicability to cosmetic conditions. The mode of administration for cosmetic applications is typically topical, but administration and dosage regimens will vary depending on the cosmetic condition whose modulation is sought. The present invention provides methods, compositions, and kits for cosmetic use with individuals. The term “individual” as used herein includes humans as well as other mammals. In some embodiments, the compositions, methods, and/or kits are used to provide a cosmetic treatment to an individual desiring and/or in need of cosmetic treatment (e.g., young children subject to burn or other scarring may not desire treatment but may nonetheless be in need of treatment). The term “treating” or “treatment” as used herein includes achieving a cosmetic benefit. By cosmetic benefit is meant any desired modulation of the cosmetic condition being treated. For example, in an individual with wrinkling, cosmetic benefit includes eradication or lessening of the appearance of wrinkling. Also, a cosmetic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the psychological symptoms associated with the underlying condition such that an improvement is observed in the patient, notwithstanding the fact that the patient may still be affected by the cosmetic condition. For example, conditioned medium provides cosmetic benefit not only when a cosmetic defect is eradicated, but also when an improvement is observed in the individual with respect to the cosmetic defect and its attendant consequences, such as psychological consequences. In some cases, methods and compositions of the invention may be directed at achieving a prophylactic benefit. A “prophylactic,” or “preventive” effect includes prevention of a condition, retarding the progress of a condition (e.g., skin aging), or decreasing the likelihood of occurrence of a condition. As used herein, “treating” or “treatment” includes prophylaxis.
The conditioned medium of the invention, active fractions or extracts thereof can be formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent. The use of such carriers and diluents is well known in the art.
Compositions of the present invention may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device, such as an FDA-approved kit, which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient (e.g., cells). The pack may, for example, comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration. The pack or dispenser device may also be accompanied by a notice in a form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use, or sale of pharmaceuticals, which notice is reflective of approval by the agency of the form of the compositions for human or veterinary administration. Such notice, for example, may include labeling approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for prescription drugs or of an approved product insert. Compositions comprising a preparation of the invention formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may also be prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition, as further detailed above.
The conditioned medium of the present invention or prepared according to the methods of the present invention, or extracts, fractions or portions thereof can be administered to the subject per se, and/or in a pharmaceutical composition where it is mixed with suitable carriers or excipients.
As used herein, a “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a preparation of one or more of the active ingredients described herein with other chemical components such as physiologically suitable carriers and excipients. The purpose of a pharmaceutical composition is to facilitate administration of a compound to an organism.
Hereinafter, the phrases “physiologically acceptable carrier” and “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,” which may be used interchangeably, refer to a carrier or a diluent that does not cause significant irritation to an organism and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the administered compound. An adjuvant is included under these phrases.
Herein, the term “excipient” refers to an inert substance added to a pharmaceutical composition to further facilitate administration of an active ingredient. Examples, without limitation, of excipients include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils, and polyethylene glycols.
Techniques for formulation and administration of drugs may be found in the latest edition of “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., which is herein fully incorporated by reference.
Suitable routes of administration may, for example, include oral, rectal, transmucosal, especially transnasal, intestinal, or parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections.
Alternately, one may administer the pharmaceutical composition in a local rather than systemic manner, for example, via injection of the pharmaceutical composition directly into a tissue region of a patient.
Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the present invention thus may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries, which facilitate processing of the active ingredients into preparations that can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
For injection, the active ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition may be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological salt buffer. For transmucosal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for use in the context of the present invention include compositions wherein the active ingredients are contained in an amount effective to achieve the intended purpose. More specifically, a “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of active ingredients (e.g., a nucleic acid construct) effective to prevent, alleviate, or ameliorate symptoms of a disorder (e.g., ischemia) or prolong the survival of the subject being treated.
Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.
For any preparation used in the methods of the invention, the dosage or the therapeutically effective amount can be estimated initially from in vitro and cell culture assays. For example, a dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a desired concentration or titer. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans.
Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the active ingredients described herein can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in vitro, in cell cultures or experimental animals. The data obtained from these in vitro and cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human. The dosage may vary depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. The exact formulation, route of administration, and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition (See, e.g., Fingl, E. et al. (1975), “The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics,” Ch. 1, p.1.).
Depending on the severity and responsiveness of the condition to be treated, dosing can be of a single or a plurality of administrations, with course of treatment lasting from several days to several weeks, or until cure is effected or diminution of the disease state is achieved.
The amount of a composition to be administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration, the judgment of the prescribing physician, etc. As used herein the term “method” refers to manners, means, techniques and procedures for accomplishing a given task including, but not limited to, those manners, means, techniques and procedures either known to, or readily developed from known manners, means, techniques and procedures by practitioners of the chemical, pharmacological, biological, biochemical and medical arts.
As used herein, the term “treating” includes abrogating, substantially inhibiting, slowing or reversing the progression of a condition, substantially ameliorating clinical or aesthetical symptoms of a condition or substantially preventing the appearance of clinical or aesthetical symptoms of a condition.
Various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below find experimental support in the following examples.
Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the present invention will become apparent to one ordinarily skilled in the art upon examination of the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting. Additionally, each of the various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below finds experimental support in the following examples.
Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions, illustrate the invention in a non limiting fashion.
Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures utilized in the present invention include molecular, biochemical, microbiological and recombinant DNA techniques. Such techniques are thoroughly explained in the literature. See, for example, “Molecular Cloning: A laboratory Manual” Sambrook et al., (1989); “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” Volumes I-III Ausubel, R. M., ed. (1994); Ausubel et al., “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Maryland (1989); Perbal, “A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning”, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1988); Watson et al., “Recombinant DNA”, Scientific American Books, New York; Birren et al. (eds) “Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Series”, Vols. 1-4, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (1998); methodologies as set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,666,828; 4,683,202; 4,801,531; 5,192,659 and 5,272,057; “Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook”, Volumes I-III Cellis, J. E., ed. (1994); “Current Protocols in Immunology” Volumes I-III Coligan J. E., ed. (1994); Stites et al. (eds), “Basic and Clinical Immunology” (8th Edition), Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn. (1994); Mishell and Shiigi (eds), “Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology”, W. H. Freeman and Co., New York (1980); available immunoassays are extensively described in the patent and scientific literature, see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,791,932; 3,839,153; 3,850,752; 3,850,578; 3,853,987; 3,867,517; 3,879,262; 3,901,654; 3,935,074; 3,984,533; 3,996,345; 4,034,074; 4,098,876; 4,879,219; 5,011,771 and 5,281,521; “Oligonucleotide Synthesis” Gait, M. J., ed. (1984); “Nucleic Acid Hybridization” Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J., eds. (1985); “Transcription and Translation” Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J., Eds. (1984); “Animal Cell Culture” Freshney, R. I., ed. (1986); “Immobilized Cells and Enzymes” IRL Press, (1986); “A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning” Perbal, B., (1984) and “Methods in Enzymology” Vol. 1-317, Academic Press; “PCR Protocols: A Guide To Methods And Applications”, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990); Marshak et al., “Strategies for Protein Purification and Characterization—A Laboratory Course Manual” CSHL Press (1996); all of which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. Other general references are provided throughout this document. The procedures therein are believed to be well known in the art and are provided for the convenience of the reader. All the information contained therein is incorporated herein by reference.
Isolation: Bone marrow derived and adipose tissue derived mesenchymal cells were isolated based on their plastic adherence potential in expansion medium containing: High glucose DMEM and 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS, Hyclone, Logan, Utah, USA) supplemented with 0.05 mg/ml Gentamicin (Sigma) and 2 mM L-glutamine (Biological Industries, Israel). Cells were allowed to adhere for 3-4 days and non-adherent cells were washed out with medium changes. The medium was further exchanged with fresh medium every 3-4 days.
Maintenance and expansion: Once adherent cells reached approximately 80-90% confluency, they were detached with 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (Sigma), washed twice in DMEM and 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, with centrifugation, 400 g, 5 minutes, and re-plated at a 1:2 to 1:1000 dilution under the same culture conditions.
Measurement of cell size: Cell size was measured using Cedex Automated Cell Counter (Innovatis). The cells were diluted 1:2 in Trypan Blue (Sigma) and cell size was measured automatically under microscope.
Measurement of granularicity: Following trypsin treatment, the cells were analyzed for granularicity by side scatter FACS.
Measurement of number of cells in culture: Cell number was measured using Cedex Automated Cell Counter (Innovatis). The cells were diluted 1:2 in Trypan Blue (Sigma) and cell number was measured automatically under microscope.
Surface antigen analysis: At different time points the cells were detached with 0.25% trypsin-EDTA. The cells were washed with a PBS solution containing 1% BSA, and stained (at 4° C. for 30 min) with either fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) or phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated antibodies: 105 PE, 105 FITC (Serotec), 45 FITC, 14 FITC, HLA-DR FITC, 106 PE, 31 PE (BD), 34 PE (Dako), 73 PE, HLA class 1 PE, 49b PE (Phamingen), 29 PE, 44 PE, 54 FITC, 59 PE, 90 PE (BioLegend). The cells were then washed in the above buffer and analyzed using a FACScalibur® flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson). The cells were passed at a rate of up to 1000 cells/second, using a 488 nm argon laser beam as the light source for excitation. Emission of 10000 cells was measured using logarithmic amplification, and analyzed using the CellQuest software (Becton Dickinson). Cells stained with FITC- and PE-conjugated isotype control antibodies were used to determine background fluorescence.
CFU-F assay: Cultured MSCs were seeded in 6-well plates at density of 50-100 cells/cm2 and maintained with DMEM and 10% FBS. After 14 days the cells were fixed using 10% cold Formalin (Sigma) and stained with Harris Hematoxylin (Sigma). Clones (cluster of more than 50 cells with evident epicenter) are stained blue-purple and counted using microscope.
Senescence evaluation assay: Cultured MSCs were stained using the Senescence beta-Galactosidase Staining Kit (Cell Signaling). The cells are fixed and stained for detection of beta-Galactosidase activity at pH 6 using X-Gal and incubation overnight in 37° C. in dry incubator.
In-vitro wound healing assay: Wound was performed in MSCs cultures at ˜70% confluence using 200 μl or 1000 μl tip. Four days later the cells were fixated using 10% cold Formalin (Sigma) and stained with Harris Hematoxylin (Sigma). The in-vitro wound healing process was evaluated using microscope.
Treatment of mesenchymal cultures with nicotinamide: Mesenchymal cultures were initiated as described above, and supplemented with nicotinamide 1-15 mM alone, or in combination with growth factors or growth factors alone, incubated at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. At each passage and at each medium exchange, the cultures were supplemented with mesenchymal medium, nicotinamide and growth factors.
In Vitro Migration Assay: RPMI plus 10% FCS (0.6 ml) containing 100 ng/ml CXCL12 (R&D Systems) was placed into the lower chamber of a Costar 24-well “transwell” culture plate (Corning, Inc, Corning, N.Y.). Cells (2×105) in 100-μl medium were introduced into the upper chamber, over a porous membrane (pore size, 5 μm). After 4 hours, cells were collected from both chambers and counted by flow cytometry (FACSsort, Becton Dickinson and Co, San Jose, Calif., USA). Spontaneous migration was performed as a control without CXCL12 in the lower chamber.
In vivo analysis of homing: NOD/SCID mice (8-10 week old) (Harlan Ltd., Israel) were sub-lethally irradiated (at 375cGy at 67cGy/min) and 24 hours later inoculated via the tail vein with either CFSE-labeled mesenchymal stem cells cultured in the presence of nicotinamide or CFSE-labeled mesenchymal stem cells cultured in the absence of nicotinamide. Mice were sacrificed at 24 hours post injection and bone marrow or other tissue samples were obtained. Homing of human cells was detected by flow cytometry via visualization of CFSE-stained cells over a background of unlabeled murine cells. The bright fluorescence of CFSE is sufficient to separate labeled human cells from unlabeled murine cells by at least 1 log. To quantify homing of human progenitor cells, bone marrow cells were stained with APC-conjugated antihuman cell marker monoclonal antibodies and CFSE+/cell marker cells were enumerated. For each sample 100,000 events are recorded and analyzed.
Transplantation of mesenchymal cells into NOD/SCID mice: NOD/SCID mice were bred and maintained in sterile intra-ventilated cages (Techniplast, Bugugiatte, Italy). Eight-week-old mice were sub-lethally irradiated as described above. Mice were inoculated via the tail vein with mesenchymal cells cultured in the presence or absence of nicotinamide. To avoid donor variability, mesenchymal cells from several units were pooled and used for expansion cultures as well as group injection. Mice were sacrificed at week 4, and marrow samples were obtained by flushing their femurs and tibias with IMDM at 4° C. Flow cytometric analysis of NOD/SCID marrow cells was performed as described hereinabove, using monoclonal antibodies against human cell surface differentiation antigens to identify human cell engraftment.
Statistics—The non-parametric Wilcoxon Rank Test was applied for testing differences between the study groups. All the tests applied were two-tailed, and a p value of ≦5% was considered statistically significant. The data were analyzed using SAS software (SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.).
Materials and Methods
Mesenchymal stem cells were selected and cultured in the presence of particular growth factors (basic fibroblast growth factor—bFGF, heparin binding epidermal growth factor—HB-EGF, fibroblast growth factor 4—FGF-4 and platelet derived growth factor, homodimer, subunit B, PDGF-BB) in the presence and absence of nicotinamide for three or four passages and the number and size of the cells was calculated.
Two concentrations (10 and 50 ng/ml) of each one of the following factors were examined.
The experimental groups were as follows:
Group 1: Ctrl
Group 2: 10 ng/ml growth factor
Group 3: 50 ng/ml growth factor
Group 4: 5 mM NAM
Group 5: 5 mM NAM+10 ng/ml growth factor
Group 6: 5 mM NAM+50 ng/ml growth factor
In addition, the influence of the combination: 5 mM NAM+50 ng/ml FGF4+50 ng/ml PDGF-BB was examined in comparison to an individual supplement.
Results
The present inventors showed that nicotinamide increased the seeding efficacy (selection) of bone marrow derived MSCs. Phenotpyic characterization of these cells after one passage in nicotinamide is shown in
Phenotypic characterization of adipose tissue derived MSCs is shown in
Materials and Methods
Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated using plastic adherence method, as described above and cultured for several passages with fetal bovine serum, ±NAM. The cells were selected in the presence of NAM.
At about 80% confluence, adherent cells were collected following trypsin treatment, counted, characterized and re-seeded at a concentration of 1×103 cells/cm2.
Measurement of VCAM1/CD106: Following Trypsin treatment the cells were analyzed for CD106 expression in FACS using anti-human CD106 PE antibodies.
Measurement of CD54: Following Trypsin treatment the cells were analyzed for CD54 expression in FACS using anti-human CD54 antibodies.
Results
Large batches of mesenchymal stem cells cultured with nicotinamide also showed enhanced proliferative capacity, indicating that large commercial batches of MSCs can be manufactured with fewer passages, thus ensuring shorter cultivation time and higher quality of the therapeutic cells due to preservation of stem cells characteristics by nicotinamide. Yet further, number of senescent cells was reduced following culture in nicotinamide. This effect of nicotinamide was not dependent on any particular batch of serum (data are not shown).
Proliferation and cell size distribution in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured with nicotinamide with or without additional FGF4 was assessed in up to 4 passages of the cultures.
The size of mesenchymal stem cells in culture is often used as an indicator of the degree of differentiation of the MSCs, with the undifferentiated state more prevalent in the smaller size cells.
Thus, these results indicate that a combination of nicotinamide and FGF4 synergistically increases the rate of proliferation of adipose derived mesenchymal cells, while effectively maintaining the cells in an undifferentiated state.
Mesenchymal stem cells cultured with nicotinamide and FGF4 have enhanced expansion potential, and maintain an undifferentiated state, compared to mesenchymal stem cells cultured in unsupplemented medium, or mesenchymal stem cells cultured with added nicotinamide alone. In order to assess whether mesenchymal stem cells cultured with nicotinamide or nicotinamide and FGF4 modify the culture medium in a unique manner, secretion of biologically active molecules into the culture medium was measured by ELISA, after depletion of the FGF4 from the medium.
As assayed by ELISA, the conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cells cultured with nicotinamide or nicotinamide and FGF4 exhibited a distinct profile of biologically active factors.
Thus, mesenchymal stem cells cultured with nicotinamide or nicotinamide and FGF4 produce conditioned medium characterized by increased concentration of growth factors and reduced pro-inflammatory factors.
Conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cells cultured with nicotinamide or nicotinamide and FGF4 was assayed for anti-inflammatory activity in both in-vivo and in-vitro assays, after depletion of the FGF4 from the medium.
In vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay: The in-vivo delayed type hypersensitivity assay measures cutaneous inflammatory response to an allergen challenge and involves the rapid recruitment of macrophages, basophils and T-cells. When medium from mesenchymal stem cell cultured with nicotinamide was assayed in the in-vivo delayed hypersensitivity test, reduction in inflammatory response to challenge with the sensitizing allergen (Oxazolone) was clearly observed (see
Biological activity of conditioned medium was found to increase with length on time in contact with the cultured mesenchymal stem cells. When conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cell cultured with nicotinamide and FGF4 was collected 24 or 48 hours following serum depletion and medium replacement and tested in the delayed type hypersensitivity assay, an increase in immune modulatory capacity of the conditioned medium (
In vitro Mixed-Lymphocyte-Like Assay: The in-vitro mixed lymphocyte-like assay measures inflammatory response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (>50% T-cells) to activation (e.g. by PHA), and allows evaluation of the effect of exogenously added factors on inflammatory processes. When the mononuclear cell medium was supplemented with culture medium from mesenchymal stem cells cultured without nicotinamide or FGF4, secretion of TNFa in response to PHA activation was significantly elevated, in a dose-dependent manner (see
When the mononuclear cell medium was repeatedly supplemented with conditioned medium over a 3 day period, even greater elevation of inflammatory response to PHA activation was observed with conditioned medium from mesenchymal cells cultured without nicotinamide or FGF4 (see
Culture of mesenchymal stem cells with nicotinamide or nicotinamide and FGF4 resulted in increased secretion of some growth factors into the medium (see Example 6 above). Conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cell cultured with nicotinamide or nicotinamide and FGF4 was assayed for its effect on keratinocyte proliferation in-vitro.
These results indicate that culture medium conditioned by adherent mesenchymal stem cells cultured with nicotinamide or nicotinamide in combination with FGF4 contains biologically active factors, including factors having anti-inflammatory and proliferation-inducing (mitogenic) activity.
In order to determine the role of adhesion and related molecules in the effects of conditioned medium from nicotinamide- and nicotinamide-FGF4-treated mesenchymal stem cell cultures on homing and engraftment of cells, the effect of conditioned medium on in-vitro migration and the functionality of the adhesion molecules can be tested.
Using a trans-well migration assay, CXCL12-induced migration of cells exposed to conditioned medium (e.g mesenchymal stem cells) is tested, assessing the effects of conditioned medium on integrin and adhesion molecule function. Enhanced stimulation of migration by the conditioned medium from nicotinamide and/or nicotinamide-FGF4 treated cells, compared to conditioned medium from cells cultured without nicotinamide or non-cultured cells suggests that treatment of mesenchymal cells with the conditioned medium from nicotinamide-treated cells can potentially increase the responsiveness of adhesion molecules to their ligands, resulting in enhanced engraftment and homing potential of the conditioned-medium-treated cells.
The functional quality of cell binding to adhesion molecules can also be investigated using shear flow analysis. The strong effect of conditioned medium of nicotinamide- and/or nicotinamide and FGF4-treated cells on adhesion molecule-mediated binding and retention on substrate adhesion molecules can be revealed by a significantly enhanced percentage of initially settled cells resistant to removal by shear stress evident in the cells exposed to conditioned medium from mesenchymal cells treated with nicotinamide or nicotinamide and FGF4.
Conditioned medium from nicotinamide- and nicotinamide-FGF4-treated mesenchymal stem cell cultures is tested for ability to enhance homing and engraftment of transplanted cells by repopulation of NOD/SCID mice. To evaluate repopulating capacity, NOD/SCID mice are transplanted with mesenchymal cells exposed, for different periods of time to conditioned medium from nicotinamide- and nicotinamide-FGF4-treated mesenchymal stem cell cultures, as well as untreated, non-cultured mesenchymal cells and mesenchymal cells cultured in sham conditioned medium (conditioned medium from cells cultured in cytokines only). The cells are transplanted over a range of doses intended to achieve a sub-optimal transplantation, and subsequent non-engraftment in a fraction of mice. Human cell engraftment is evaluated 4-weeks post transplantation. Mice are scored as positively engrafted if 0.5% of the recipient bone marrow cells expressed human CD45 antigen (CD45+). In the event that exposure to conditioned medium from nicotinamide- and nicotinamide-FGF4-treated mesenchymal stem cell cultures results in superior and clear engraftment of mesenchymal cells in the mice at a predetermined dose range, while the untreated cells fail to engraft or engraft poorly, it can be concluded that the conditioned medium is effective in enhancing engraftment and homing of transplanted mesenchymal cells.
To evaluate the effect of conditioned medium from nicotinamide- and nicotinamide-FGF4-treated mesenchymal stem cell cultures on the homing of cultured mesenchymal cells, NOD/SCID mice are transplanted with mesenchymal cells exposed, for different periods of time to conditioned medium from nicotinamide- and nicotinamide-FGF4-treated mesenchymal stem cell cultures, as well as untreated, non-cultured mesenchymal cells and mesenchymal cells cultured in sham conditioned medium (conditioned medium from cells cultured in cytokines only). Prior to transplantation, the cells are labeled with CFSE. Twenty-four hours post transplantation total CFSE-labeled cells and CFSE labeled mesenchymal cells that homed to the mouse bone marrow of the recipient mice are quantified by FACS.
Results indicate an effect of the conditioned medium on tissue homing of mesenchymal cells, if the homing of the conditioned medium-treated mesenchymal cells is significantly higher than the homing of mesenchymal cells not exposed to conditioned medium.
It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination.
Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents and patent applications and GenBank Accession numbers mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application or GenBank Accession number was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IL2013/050137 | 2/13/2013 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61597899 | Feb 2012 | US | |
| 61597909 | Feb 2012 | US |
