Patent Application
20080015174
The invention relates to method to treat conditions such as diabetes and hyperglycemia using the described compounds.
The number of diabetic patients and patients suffering from the complications thereof have been increasing due to improvements in the standard of living and diet changes coupled with insufficient exercise. Diabetes mellitus includes insulin-dependent (type 1) and non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes.
For treating diabetes, in addition to therapeutic exercise and dietary management, insulin injections are used for type 1 diabetes and oral drugs other than insulin are mainly used for type 2 diabetes. Oral drugs known to be useful for treating type 2 diabetes include insulin secretion stimulators such as sulfonyl ureas (SUs), and anaerobic glycolysis promoters.
The primary goal of treating diabetes is to ameliorate, prevent or slow the progression of the development of diabetic complications. It has been reported that the administration of various insulin secretion stimulators may cause severe, prolonged hypoglycemia and the long-term administration thereof may pose an increased burden on the pancreas, causing a transition of the pathological state to type 1 diabetes. It is also reported that the administration of an insulin secretion stimulator may cause chronic hypersecretion of insulin, and that this chronic hypersecretion of insulin, as a result, leads to the development of complications.
Insulin resistance in glucose intolerant subjects has long been recognized. Reaven et al (American Journal of Medicine 1976, 60, 80) used a continuous infusion of glucose and insulin (insulin/glucose clamp technique) and oral glucose tolerance tests to demonstrate that insulin resistance existed in a diverse group of nonobese, nonketotic subjects. These subjects ranged from borderline glucose tolerant to overt, fasting hyperglycemia. The diabetic groups in these studies included both insulin dependent (IDDM) and noninsulin dependent (NIDDM) subjects.
Coincident with sustained insulin resistance is the more easily determined hyperinsulinemia, which can be measured by accurate determination of circulating plasma insulin concentration in the plasma of subjects. Hyperinsulinemia can be present as a result of insulin resistance, such as is in obese and/or diabetic (NIDDM) subjects and/or glucose intolerant subjects, or in IDDM subjects, as a consequence of over injection of insulin compared with normal physiological release of the hormone by the endocrine pancreas.
The association of hyperinsulinemia with obesity and with ischemic diseases of the large blood vessels (e.g. atherosclerosis) has been described by experimental, clinical and epidemiological studies (Stout, Metabolism 1985, 34:7; Pyorala et al, Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews 1987, 3:463). Plasma insulin elevations at 1 and 2 hours after oral glucose load correlate with an increased risk of coronary heart disease.
The independent risk factors obesity and hypertension for atherosclerotic diseases are also associated with insulin resistance. Using a combination of insulin/glucose clamps, tracer glucose infusion and indirect calorimetry, it has been demonstrated that the insulin resistance of essential hypertension is located in peripheral tissues (principally muscle) and correlates directly with the severity of hypertension (DeFronzo and Ferrannini, Diabetes Care 1991, 14:173). In hypertension of the obese, insulin resistance generates hyperinsulinemia, which is recruited as a mechanism to limit further weight gain via thermogenesis, but insulin also increases renal sodium reabsorption and stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in kidneys, heart, and vasculature, creating hypertension.
Several independent risk factors have been associated with cardiovascular disease. These include hypertension, increased fibrinogen levels, high levels of triglycerides, elevated LDL cholesterol, elevated total cholesterol, and low levels of HDL cholesterol. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (“statins”) are useful for treating conditions characterized by high LDL-c levels. It has been shown that lowering LDL-c is not sufficient for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease in some patients, particularly those with normal LDL-c levels. This population pool is identified by the independent risk factor of low HDL-c. The increased risk of cardiovascular disease associated with low HDL-c levels has not yet been successfully addressed by drug therapy (i.e. currently there are no drugs on the market that are useful for raising HDL-c). (Bisgaier, C. L.; M. E. Pape, Curr. Pharm. Des. 4:53-70, 1998).
Metabolic disorders related to diabetes and hyperglycemia conditions can include abnormalities such as hyperinsulemia, obesity or elevated levels of triglycerides, uric acid, fibrinogen, small dense LDL particles and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and decreased levels of HDL-c. Many patients who have insulin resistance but have not yet developed type 2 diabetes are also at a risk of developing metabolic syndrome, also referred to as syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome or plurimetabolic syndrome.
Diabetes is treated with a variety of therapeutic agents including insulin sensitizers, such as PPAR-γ agonists, such as glitazones; biguanides; protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B inhibitors; dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors; insulin; insulin mimetics; sulfonylureas; meglitinides; α-glucoside hydrolase inhibitors; and α-amylase inhibitors.
Increasing the plasma level of insulin by administration of sulfonylureas (e.g. tolbutamide and glipizide) or meglitinides, which stimulate the pancreatic β-cells to secrete more insulin, and/or by injection of insulin when sulfonylureas or meglitinides become ineffective, can result in insulin concentrations high enough to stimulate insulin-resistant tissues. However, dangerously low levels of plasma glucose can result, and increasing insulin resistance due to the even higher plasma insulin levels can occur. The biguanides increase insulin sensitivity resulting in some correction of hyperglycemia. Metformin monotherapy is often used for treating type 2 diabetic patients who are also obese and/or dyslipidemic. Lack of an appropriate response to metformin is often followed by treatment with sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, insulin, or α-glucosidase inhibitors. However, the two biguanides, phenformin and metformin, can also induce lactic acidosis and nausea/diarrhea, respectively. Alpha glucosidase inhibitors, such as acarbose, work by delaying absorption of glucose in the intestine. Alpha-amylase inhibitors inhibit the enzymatic degradation of starch or glycogen into maltose, which also reduces the amounts of bioavailable sugars.
The glitazones, also known as thiazolidinediones (i.e. 5-benzylthiazolidine-2,4-diones), are a class of compounds that can ameliorate many symptoms of type 2 diabetes. These agents substantially increase insulin sensitivity in muscle, liver and adipose tissue in several animal models of type 2 diabetes resulting in partial or complete correction of the elevated plasma levels of glucose without occurrence of hypoglycemia. The glitazones that are currently marketed are agonists of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma subtype. PPAR-γ agonism is generally believed to be responsible for the improved insulin sensitization that is observed with the glitazones. Other PPAR agonists that are being developed for treatment of type 2 diabetes and/or dyslipidemia are agonists of one or more of the PPAR-α, PPAR-γ and PPAR-δ subtypes.
Treatment of diabetes with PPAR-γ agonists has been associated with cardiac hypertrophy, or an increase in heart weight. Recent labeling revisions for Avandia™ (rosiglitazone maleate), a PPAR-γ agonist, indicate that patients may experience fluid accumulation and volume-related events such as edema and congestive heart failure. Cardiac hypertrophy related to PPAR-γ agonist treatment is typically treated by discontinuing the treatment.
Description of invention embodiments. In some embodiments, the invention provides a method to treat or slow the progression of diabetes or hyperglycemia or to improve glucose tolerance in a mammal having diabetes, hyperglycemia or glucose tolerance comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound having the
wherein, R1 and R2 independently are —OH, —SH, an ester, an ether or a thioether; R3 is —H, —OH, a halogen or an ester; R4 in the β-configuration is —OH or an ester; R4 in the α-configuration is —C≡C—(CH2)nH, —C═CH—(CH2)nH, —C≡C—(CH2)nOH or —C═CH—(CH2)nOH where n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 when R3 is —H or a halogen, or R4 in the α-configuration is —H, —C≡C—(CH2)nH, —C═CH—(CH2)nH, —C≡C—(CH2)nOH or —C═CH—(CH2)nOH when R3 is —OH or an ester; R5 is C1-4 optionally substituted alkyl; R6 is —H or C1-4 optionally substituted alkyl; R8 is —CH2—, —CHOH— or —CH(hydroxy ester)-; and R10 is —H or —F.
In other embodiments, a formula 1 compound such as 17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene-3β7β17β-triol is used as a reference standard to evaluate the efficacy of other compounds, e.g., other formula 1 compounds, in a treatment protocol such as one described herein.
Other embodiments are as described elsewhere in the specification including the numbered embodiments and the claims.
Definitions. As used herein and unless otherwise stated or implied by context, terms that are used herein have the meanings that are defined here. The descriptions of embodiments and examples that are described illustrate the invention and they are not intended to limit it in any way. Unless otherwise contraindicated or implied, e.g., by including mutually exclusive elements or options, in these definitions and throughout this specification, the terms “a” and “an” mean one or more and the term “or” means and/or.
Formula 1 compounds are also referred to as “F1Cs” or as a “F1C”.
An “invention formulation”, “formulation” or the like means a composition that one can administer to a subject, e.g., human or animal, without further manipulations that change the ingredients or the ingredient proportions that are present. Formulations are suitable for human or veterinary applications and would typically have expected characteristics for the formulation, e.g., parenteral formulations for human use would usually be sterile.
An “invention composition”, “composition” or the like means a composition, that is a formulation or that can be an intermediate one can use to make the formulations, i.e., a change(s) in an ingredient(s) or its amount(s) may be needed to make a formulation. Compositions may also comprise other types of materials, e.g., reagents for assays or cells that are optionally contacted with a formula 1 compound or mixtures of compounds. Thus, invention compositions include compositions where further processing may be required before it is a formulation, e.g., mixing or addition of a desired amount of an ingredient.
Phrases such as “administration of a compound of formula 1”, “treatment with a formula 1 compound”, “treatment”, “treat” or similar terms mean that the compound(s) is administered to, or delivered to, the subject or to the subject's tissues by one or more suitable methods, e.g., by an oral, topical, parenteral, buccal or sublingual route. Terms such as “use”, “treat”, “treatment” or the like in the context of using the formula 1 compounds in the methods disclosed herein also mean that a formula 1 compound is contacted with tissues, cells or cell free systems, e.g., as described herein or a reference cited herein. Typically such use or treatment results in detectable improvement in or amelioration of the condition or symptom being treated or a detectable change in one or more relevant target biomolecules, e.g., NF-κB or 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Such amelioration may be transient, e.g., lasting for at least a few, e.g., about 1 to 24, hours or days, e.g., about 1-,7 days, or amelioration may be prolonged, e.g., lasting about 8 to about 60 days or more, or it may be permanent. Treatment can result in a range of effects ranging from delayed onset, amelioration or slowed progression of a condition or symptom to prevention of the development of a condition in a subject at risk of a condition. Subjects or humans that are obese or that have a symptom such as hyperglycemia or insulin resistance typically are at risk of developing a metabolic disorder such as a diabetes condition. Similarly, subjects or humans having symptoms such as elevated LDL cholesterol and/or low HDL cholesterol relative to normal levels typically are at risk of developing a cardiovascular condition, e.g., atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, heart attack or a stroke. Treatment of such subjects with a F1C can lead to reduced incidence of the metabolic disorder or the cardiovascular condition or slowed progression of the symptom or a reduction in a symptom's or disease's ultimate severity.
Expressions such as “a formula 1 compound(s)”, “a formula 1 compound” and the like mean invention compositions or formulations where one or more than one formula 1 compound is present, e.g., in a composition, or is used in the disclosed method, typically 1, 2, 3 or 4, usually 1. Any reference to a “formula 1 compound”, “one or more compounds of formula 1” or the like means that the formula 1 compound a structure disclosed herein within the definition of formula 1 compounds.
An “excipient”, “carrier”, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or similar terms mean one or more component(s) or ingredient(s) that is acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of invention compositions or formulations and not overly deleterious to the patient, animal, tissues or cells to which the formulation is to be administered.
As used here, “excipients” include liquids, such as benzyl benzoate, cottonseed oil, N,N-dimethylacetamide, a C2-12 alcohol (e.g., ethanol), glycerol, peanut oil, a polyethylene glycol (“PEG”), vitamin E, poppyseed oil, propylene glycol, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil and vegetable oil. Any solid excipient may be a fine powder or granulated. Excipients, as used herein may optionally exclude one or more excipient, e.g., chloroform, dioxane, vegetable oil, DMSO, other excipients or any combination of these. Excipients include one or more components typically used in the pharmaceutical formulation arts, e.g., one, two or more of fillers, binders, disintegrants, dispersants, preservatives, glidants, surfactants and lubricants. Exemplary excipients include povidone, crospovidone, corn starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, gum arabic, polysorbate 80, butylparaben, propylparaben, methylparaben, BHA, EDTA, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, titanium dioxide, magnesium stearate, castor oil, olive oil, vegetable oil, buffering agents such as sodium hydroxide, monobasic sodium phosphate, dibasic sodium phosphate, potassium hydroxide, monobasic potassium phosphate, dibasic potassium phosphate, tribasic potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, saccharides such as mannitol, glucose, fructose, sucrose or lactose any of which may be compressible or any of which may be spray dried.
A “subject” means a human or animal. Usually the animal is a mammal or vertebrate such as a primate, rodent, lagomorph, domestic animal or game animal. Primates include chimpanzees, cynomologous monkeys, spider monkeys, and macaques, e.g., Rhesus or Pan. Rodents and lagomorphs include mice, rats, woodchucks, ferrets, rabbits and hamsters. Domestic and game animals include cows, horses, pigs, sheep, deer, bison, buffalo, mink, felines, e.g., domestic cat, canines, e.g., dog, wolf and fox, avian species, e.g., chicken, turkey, emu and ostrich, and fish, e.g., trout, catfish and salmon. Subject includes any subset of the foregoing, e.g., all of the above, but excluding one or more groups or species such as humans, primates or rodents. Other subsets of subjects include subjects of a given species or group of species of varying ages, e.g., young humans, e.g., about 1 week of age to about 9 years of age, adolescent humans, e.g., about 10-19 years of age, adult humans, e.g., about 20-100 years of age, and mature adult or elderly humans, e.g., at least about 55 years of age, at least about 60 years of age, at least about 65 years of age or a range of ages such as about 60-100 years of age. Thus, as used herein, prevention or treatment of a disease, condition or symptom may include or exclude any subset of subjects that are grouped by age.
The terms “effective amount”, “effective dose” or the like mean an amount of a formula 1 compound that is sufficient to elicit a desired response, e.g., detectable restoration of normal physiological condition such as blood glucose in a subject to which it is administered or to detectable modulation or amelioration of a cellular parameter or a clinical condition or symptom. An effective amount may be a a single dose or two or more subdoses of a formula 1 compound administered in one day, or it may be administered as multiple doses over a period of time, e.g., over 2 days to about 1 year.
“Ameliorate”, “amelioration”, “improvement” or the like means a detectable improvement or a detectable change consistent with improvement occurs in a subject or in at least a minority of subjects, e.g., in at least about 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 100% or in a range about between any two of these values. Such improvement or change may be observed in treated subjects as compared to subjects not treated with a formula 1 compound, where the untreated subjects have, or are subject to developing, the same or similar disease, condition, symptom or the like. Amelioration of a disease, condition, symptom or assay parameter may be determined subjectively or objectively, e.g., self assessment by a subject(s), by a clinician's assessment or by conducting an appropriate assay or measurement, including, e.g., a quality of life assessment, a slowed progression of a disease(s) or condition(s), a reduced severity of a disease(s) or condition(s), or a suitable assay(s) for the level or activity(ies) of a biomolecule(s), cell(s) or by detection of cell migration within a subject. Amelioration may be transient, prolonged or permanent or it may be variable at relevant times during or after a formula 1 compound is administered to a subject or is used in an assay or other method described herein or a cited reference, e.g., within about 1 hour of the administration or use of a formula 1 compound to about 3, 6, 9 months or more after a subject(s) has received a formula 1 compound. As used herein, to “prevent” or “prevention” of a condition or symptom means that the onset of the condition or symptom can in some subjects be delayed for at least some period of time in at least some treated subjects. Such effects can be apparent in a minority of subjects or in a majority of subjects, which is observed in many clinical treatment situations, e.g., cancer treatments where a treatment can cause a disease to go into remission and the remission can be permanent or for some period of time, say a number of months or a year or two. The treatments described here can generate similar effects, which are referred to as preventing or prevention of the condition or the symptom.
At various locations in the present disclosure, e.g., in any disclosed embodiments or in the claims, reference is made to compounds, compositions, formulations, or methods that comprise one or more specified components, elements or steps. Invention embodiments also specifically include those compounds, compositions, formulations or methods that consist of or that consist essentially of those specified components, elements or steps. The terms “comprising”, “consist of” and “consist essentially of” have their normally accepted meanings under U.S. patent law. For example, disclosed compositions or methods that “comprise” a component or step are open and they include or read on those compositions or methods plus an additional component(s) or step(s). Similarly, disclosed compositions or methods that “consist of” a component or step are closed and they would not include or read on those compositions or methods having appreciable amounts of an additional component(s) or an additional step(s).
“Alkyl” as used here means linked normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms, i.e., linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof. Alkyl moieties, as used herein, may be saturated, or unsaturated, i.e., the moiety may comprise one or more independently selected double bonds or triple bonds. Unsaturated alkyl moieties include moieties as described for alkenyl and alkynyl moieties described below. The number of carbon atoms in an alkyl group or moiety is 1 to about 50, e.g., about 1-30 or about 1-20, unless otherwise specified, e.g., C1-8 alkyl means an alkyl moiety containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms. When an alkyl group is specified, species may include methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl (n-propyl), 2-propyl (i-propyl, —CH(CH3)2), 1-butyl (n-butyl), 2-methyl-1-propyl (i-butyl, —CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-butyl (s-butyl, —CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-butyl, —C(CH3)3), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl), 2-pentyl (—CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3), 3-pentyl (—CH(CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-2-butyl (—C(CH3)2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2-butyl (—CH(CH3)CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-1-butyl (—CH2CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-methyl-1-butyl (—CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl (—CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3), 3-hexyl (—CH(CH2CH3)(CH2CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-2-pentyl (—C(CH3)2CH2CH2CH3), 3-methyl-2-pentyl (—CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 4-methyl-2-pentyl (—CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)2), 3-methyl-3-pentyl (—C(CH3)(CH2CH3)2), 2-methyl-3-pentyl (—CH(CH2CH3)CH(CH3)2), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (—C(CH3)2CH(CH3)2), 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl (—CH(CH3)C(CH3)3), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, —(CH2)n—(CHCH3)m—(CH2)o—CH3 and —(CH2)n—(CHC2H5)m—(CH2)o—CH3 where n, m and o independently are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.
“Alkenyl” as used here means a moiety that comprises linked normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms, i.e., linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof, that comprises one or more double bonds (e.g., —CH═CH—), e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more, typically 1 or 2. The number of carbon atoms in an alkenyl group or moiety is 2 to about 50, e.g., about 2-30 or about 2-20, unless otherwise specified, e.g., C2-8 alkenyl or C2-8 alkenyl means an alkenyl moiety containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms. When an alkenyl group is specified, species may include vinyl, allyl, —(CH2)n—(CH═CH)—(CH2)m—CH3, —(CH2)n—(CCH3═CH)—(CH2)m—CH3, —(CH2)n—(CH═CCH3)—(CH2)m—CH3 and —(CH2)n—(CH═CH)0-1—(CH2)m—CH2CH═CH2, where n and m independently are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.
“Alkynyl” as used here means a moiety that comprises linked normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms, i.e., linear, branched, cyclic or any combination thereof, that comprises one or more triple bonds (—C≡C—), e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more, typically 1 or 2 triple bonds, optionally comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more double bonds, with the remaining bonds being single bonds. The number of carbon atoms in an alkenyl group or moiety is 2 to about 50, e.g., about 2-30 or about 2-20, unless otherwise specified, e.g., C2-8 alkynyl or C2-8 alkynyl means an alkynyl moiety containing 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms. When an alkynyl group is specified, groups and species may include —CCH, —CCCH3, —CCCH2CH3, —CCC3H7, —CCCH2C3H7, —(CH2)n—(C≡C)—(CH2)m—CH3, and —(CH2)n—(C≡C)0-1—(CH2)m—CH2C≡CH, where n and m independently are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.
“Aryl” means phenyl or naphthyl.
“Substituted alkyl”, “substituted alkenyl”, “substituted heterocycle”, “substituted aryl”, “substituted monosaccharide” and the like mean an alkyl, alkenyl, heterocycle, aryl, monosaccharide or other group or moiety as defined herein that has a substituent(s) or that comprises a substituent(s) that replaces a hydrogen atom(s) and is bonded to a carbon atom(s) or a substituent(s) that interrupts a carbon atom chain. Substituted heterocycles may have a substituent bonded to a ring carbon or a ring heteroatom such as a nitrogen. Substituents include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more independently selected —O—, —S—, —NH—, —C(O)—, —C(O)OR15, —C(O)ORPR, —C(O)SR15, —C(O)SRPR, —CHO, —CH2SH, —C═N—, —OH, —OR15, —ORPR, —C(O)ORPR, —C(O)CH3, —C(S)CH3, —C(S)SH, —C(S)SR15, —C(S)SRPR, —C(O)CH2OH, —C(O)CH2F, —C(O)CH2Cl, —C(O)CH2Br, —C(O)CH2I, —C(O)NHCH3, —C(O)NHC2H5, —C(O)NHC(CH3)3, —O—CH2—C(O)—C(CH3)3, —C(O)—C(CH3)3, —O—CH(CH3)—O—C(CH3)3, —C(O)O—, —C(S)OR—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)H, —OCH2—, —CH2—O—CH2—, —(CH2)1-2—O—(CH2)2, —OCH2CH2—, —OCH2O—, —OCH2CH2O—, —CH2OH, —CH2F, —CHF2, —CF3, —CH2Cl, —CH2Br, —CH2I, —C2H4Cl, —C2H4Br, —C2H4I, —CH2CH2F, —CH2CHF2, —CH2CF3, —N(RPR)2, —NHRPR, —NHC(O)—, —CH2—NRPR, —CH2—NHRPR, —CH2—NHC(O)—, —C(O)NH—, —C(O)NHRPR, —OC(O)NRPR—, —OC(O)NHRPR, —C(═NH)—NH2, —C(═NH)OH, —C(═N—NH2)OH, —C(O)NHOH, —NH2, —NHRPR, ═NOH, —NHR15, ═NR15, ═N—, —NRPRC(O)NRPR—, —NRPRC(O)NHRPR, —NRPRCH2—, —NRPRCH2CH2—, —NO2, —S—, —SR15, —SRPR, —S(O)R15, —S(O)RPR, —S(O)—, —S(O)(O)—, —S(S)(O)—, —S(O)(O)—O—, —S(S)(O)—O—, —S(S)(S)—O—, —S(O)ORPR, —S(O)(O)OH, —S(O)(O)OR15, —S(O)(O)ORPR, —S(O)OH, —S(O)OR15, —S(O)ORPR, —S(O)R15, —S(O)RPR, —S(S)OH, —S(O)SH, —S(O)SR15, —CN, —SCN, —NO2, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR15, —C(O)ORPR, —C(O)SH, —C(O)SR15, —C(O)SRPR, —C(S)OH, —C(S)OR15, —C(S)ORPR—P(O)(O)OH, —O—P(O)(O)OR15, —P(O)(O)ORPR, —O—P(S)(O)OH, —O—P(S)(O)OR15, —O—P(S)(O)ORPR, —O—P(O)(O)SH, —O—P(O)(O)SR15, —O—P(O)(O)SRPR, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, -amino acid-, —O-monosaccharide, —O-disaccharide, —S-monosaccharide, —S-disaccharide, a polymer, e.g., a PEG, and combinations of these moieties and salts on any of these moieties that can form a salt, where RPR independently is hydrogen, a protecting group or both RPR are hydrogen or together are a protecting group and R15 is —H, —CH3, —C2H5, —C3H7, —C4H9, —C(CH3)3, —CH2OH, —C2H4OH, —C3H6OH, —C4H8OH—C(CH2OH)(CH3)2, —C3H5, —C4H7, optionally substituted C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 perfluoroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted C1-12 alkylaryl, optionally substituted C1-12 arylalkyl, optionally substituted allyl, optionally substituted heterocycle, optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl-optionally substituted heterocycle or optionally substituted heterocycle-optionally substituted C1-4 alkyl. Substituents are independently chosen when more than one is present. Alkenyl and alkynyl groups that comprise a substituent(s), are optionally substituted at a carbon that is one or more methylene moiety removed from the double bond, e.g., separated by one, two, three or more independently selected —CH2—, —CH(C1-6 optionally substituted alkyl)-, —CH(C1-6 optionally substituted alkenyl)-, —CH(C1-6 optionally substituted alkynyl)-, —CH(optionally substituted heterocycle)-, —CH(optionally substituted aryl-optionally substituted alkyl)- or —CH(optionally substituted alkyl-optionally substituted aryl)-moieties.
“Heterocycle” or “heterocyclic” includes by way of example and not limitation the heterocycles described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82:5566. Heterocycles are typically bonded to moieties of which they are a part through a ring carbon atom, a ring nitrogen atom or a ring sulfur atom.
Examples of heterocycles include by way of example and not limitation pyridyl, thiazolyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, sulfur oxidized tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl and thienyl.
Other heterocycles are pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl, thianaphthalenyl, indolyl, indolenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl and benzimidazolyl.
Heterocycles also include piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidonyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thienyl, thianthrenyl and pyranyl.
Heterocycles include xanthenyl, phenoxathiinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, 1H-indazoly, purinyl, and carbazolyl.
By way of example and not limitation, carbon bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridine, position 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridazine, position 2, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyrimidine, position 2, 3, 5, or 6 of a pyrazine, position 2, 3, 4, or 5 of a furan, tetrahydrofuran, thiofuran, thiophene, pyrrole or tetrahydropyrrole, position 2, 4, or 5 of an oxazole, imidazole or thiazole, position 3, 4, or 5 of an isoxazole, pyrazole, or isothiazole, position 2 or 3 of an aziridine, position 2, 3, or 4 of an azetidine, position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of a quinoline or position 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of an isoquinoline. Still more typically, carbon bonded heterocycles include 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 5-pyridyl and 6-pyridyl.
Other carbon bonded heterocycles are 3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl, 6-pyridazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 6-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 3-pyrazinyl, 5-pyrazinyl, 6-pyrazinyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl and 5-thiazolyl.
By way of example and not limitation, nitrogen bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 1 of an aziridine, azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, imidazole, imidazolidine, 2-imidazoline, 3-imidazoline, pyrazole and pyrazoline.
Nitrogen bonded heterocycles include 2-pyrazoline, 3-pyrazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indole, indoline, 1H-indazole, position 2 of a isoindole or isoindoline, position 4 of a morpholine, and position 9 of a carbazole, or β-carboline. Typically, nitrogen bonded heterocycles are morpholine, 1-pyrrolyl, 1-imidazolyl, 1-pyrazolyl or 1-piperidinyl.
“Heteroaryl” means an aromatic ring or two or more fused rings that contain one or more aromatic rings where the ring or fused rings comprise 1, 2, 3 or more heteroatoms, usually oxygen (—O—), nitrogen (—NX—) or sulfur (—S—) where X is —H, a protecting group or C1-6 alkyl, usually —H. Examples are as described for heterocycle.
“Alcohol” as used herein means an alcohol that comprises a C1-12 alkyl moiety substituted at a hydrogen atom with one hydroxyl group. Alcohols include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol, i-butanol, s-butanol, t-butanol, n-pentanol, i-pentanol, n-hexanol, cyclohexanol, n-heptanol, n-octanol, n-nonanol and n-decanol. The carbon atoms in alcohols can be straight, branched or cyclic. Alcohol includes any subset of the foregoing, e.g., C2-4 alcohols (alcohols having 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms).
“Halogen” means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
“Protecting group” means a moiety that prevents the atom to which it is linked from participating in unwanted reactions. For example, for —ORPR, RPR may be hydrogen or a protecting group for the oxygen atom found in a hydroxyl, while for —C(O)—ORPR, RPR may be hydrogen or a carboxyl protecting group, for —SRPR, RPR may be hydrogen or a protecting group for sulfur in thiols for instance, and for —NHRPR or —N(RPR)2—, RPR may be hydrogen or a nitrogen atom protecting group for primary or secondary amines. Hydroxyl, amine and other reactive groups are found in formula 1 compounds at, e.g., R1 or R2. These groups may require protection against reactions taking place elsewhere in the molecule. The protecting groups for oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms are usually used to prevent unwanted reactions with electrophilic compounds, such as acylating used, e.g., in steroid chemistry.
“Ester” means a moiety that comprises a —C(O)—O— structure. Typically, esters as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms or about 2-20 carbon atoms) and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more independently selected heteroatoms (e.g., O, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at, e.g., R1 or R2 through the —C(O)—O— structure, e.g., organic moiety-C(O)—O-steroid or organic moiety-O—C(O)-steroid. Esters include C2-6, C2-10 and C2-16 moieties. The organic moiety usually comprises one or more of any of the organic groups described above, e.g., C1-20 alkyl moieties, C2-20 alkenyl moieties, C2-20 alkynyl moieties, aryl moieties, C2-9 heterocycles or substituted derivatives of any of these, e.g., comprising 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substituents, where each substituent is independently chosen. Exemplary substitutions for hydrogen or carbon atoms in these organic groups are as described above for substituted alkyl moieties and include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more, usually 1, 2, or 3-O—, —S—, —NRPR (including —NH—), —C(O)—, —CHO, —CHS, —C═NH, —C(S), ═O, ═S, —N(RPR)2 (including —NH2), —C(O)ORPR (including —C(O)OH), —OC(O)RPR (including —O—C(O)—H), —ORPR (including —OH), —SRPR (including —SH), —NO2, —CN, —SCN, —C6H5, —CH2C6H5, —NHC(O)—, —C(O)NH—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —O-A8, —S-A8, —C(O)-A8, —OC(O)-A8, —C(O)O-A8, ═N—, —N═, ═N—OH, —OPO3(RPR)2, —OSO3H2 or halogen moieties or atoms, where each RPR is —H, an independently selected protecting group or both RPR together comprise a protecting group, and A8 is C1-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, C1-4 alkyl-aryl (e.g., benzyl), aryl (e.g. phenyl) or C0-4 alkyl-C2-9 heterocycle. Substitutions are independently chosen. The organic moiety includes compounds defined by the R4 variable. The organic moieties exclude obviously unstable moieties, e.g., —O—O—, except where such unstable moieties are transient species that one can use to make a compound with sufficient chemical stability for one or more of the uses described herein, including for synthesis of the formula 1 or other compounds. The substitutions listed above are typically substituents that one can use to replace one or more carbon atoms, e.g., —O— or —C(O)—, or one or more hydrogen atom, e.g., halogen, —NH2 or —OH. Exemplary esters include one or more independently selected acetate, enanthate, propionate, isopropionate, cyclopropionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, valerate, caproate, isocaproate, hexanoate, heptanoate, octanoate, nonanoate, decanoate, undecanoate, phenylacetate or benzoate, which are typically hydroxyl esters.
“Thioester” means a moiety that comprises a —C(O)—S— structure. Typically, thioesters as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms (e.g., about 2-20 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., O, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at a variable group such as R1, R2, R3, R4 or R10 through the —C(S)—O— structure, e.g., organic moiety-C(S)—O-steroid or organic moiety-O—C(S)— steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
“Thionoester” means a moiety that comprises a —C(S)—O— structure. Typically, thionoesters as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms (e.g., about 2-20 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., O, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at a variable group such as R1, R2, R3, R4 or R10 through the —C(S)—O— structure, e.g., organic moiety-C(S)—O-steroid or organic moiety-O—C(S)-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
“Acetal” means a moiety that comprises (1) a —O—[C(CR36)2]1-4—O— structure where the open valences are bonded to adjacent carbons on the steroid nucleus, e.g., the 16 and 17 positions or the 2 and 3 positions, or (2) a —O—[C(CR36)2]14—O— structure where the open valences are bonded to the same carbon on the steroid nucleus, where each R36 independently is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I or an organic moiety such as C1-6 alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl), C2-6 alkenyl, aryl or a heterocycle, any of which are optionally substituted, e.g., —CF3 or —CH2OH. Typically, acetals as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms (e.g., about 2-20 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., O, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula I steroid nucleus at variable groups such as R1, R2, R3, R4 or R10 through the —O—[C(CR36)2]1-4—O— structure, e.g., 16-steroid-O—[C(CR36)2]1-4—O-17-steroid or 17-steroid-O—[C(CR36)2]1-4—O-17-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
“Ketal” and “thioketal” mean an organic moiety that is bonded to two adjacent steroid ring atoms in the formula 1 compounds, e.g., ring atoms at the 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 6-7, 14-15, 15-16 or 16-17 positions. The steroid ring atoms are carbon and the ketal is bonded to each adjacent carbon by an oxygen atom. Thioketals are bonded through one oxygen and one sulfur atom. One, two or more of two adjacent R1-R6 and R10 may comprise an independently selected ketal or thioketal in any of the formula 1 compounds disclosed herein. The oxygen or sulfur atoms in ketals and thioketals are linked by an optionally substituted alkyl moiety. Typically the alkyl moiety is an optionally substituted C1-C6 alkylene such as —C(CH3)2—, —CH(CH3)—, —CH2—, —CH2—CH2—, —C(C2-C4 alkyl)2- or —CH(C2-C4 alkyl)-. Exemplary ketal and thioketals include —O—C(CH3)2—O—, —O—C(CH3)(heterocycle)-O—, —O—CH(heterocycle)-O—, —O—C(CH3)(aryl)-O—, —O—CH (aryl)—O—, —S—C(CH3)2—O—, —O—CH2—CH2—O—, —O—C(CH3)2—CH2—O—, —O—C(CH3)2—C(CH3)2—O—, —S—C(CH3)2—CH2—O—, —O—C(CH3)2—CH2—S— and the like.
“Thioacetal” means a moiety that comprises (1) a —S—[C(CR36)2]14—O— or —S—[C(CR36)2]1-4—S— structure where the open valences are bonded to adjacent carbons on the steroid nucleus, e.g., the 16 and 17 positions or the 2 and 3 positions, or (2) a —S—[C(CR36)2]1-4—O— or —S—[C(CR36)2]1-4—S— structure where the open valences are bonded to the same carbon on the steroid nucleus, where each R36 independently is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I or an organic moiety such as C1-6 alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl), C2-6 alkenyl, aryl or a heterocycle, any of which are optionally substituted, e.g., —CF3 or —CH2OH. Typically, thioacetals as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms (e.g., about 2-20 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., O, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at variable groups such as R1, R2, R3, R4 or R10 through the —S—[C(CR36)2]1-4—O— or —S—[C(CR36)2]1-4—S— structure, e.g., 16-steroid-S—[C(CR36)2]1-4—O-17-steroid, 16-steroid-O—[C(CR36)2]1-4—S-17-steroid, 16-steroid-S—[C(CR36)2]1-4-S-17-steroid, 17-steroid-S—[C(CR36)2]1-4—O-17-steroid, organic moiety-S—C(O)-steroid or steroid-S—C(O)-organic moiety. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
“Phosphoester” or “phosphate ester” means a moiety that comprises a —O—P(ORPR)(O)—O— structure where RPR is hydrogen (—H), a protecting group or an organic moiety as described for esters. Typically, phosphoesters as used here comprise a hydrogen atom, a protecting group or an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at a variable group such as R1-R6, R10, R15, R17 or R18 through the —O—P(O)(O)—O— structure, e.g., organic moiety-O—P(O)(OH)—O-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
“Phosphothioester” means a moiety that comprises a —O—P(SRPR)(O)—O— structure where RPR is —H, a protecting group or an organic moiety as described for esters. Typically, phosphothioesters as used here comprise a hydrogen atom, a protecting group or an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at a variable group such as R1-R6, R10, R15, R17 or R18 through the —O—P(O)(O)—O— structure, e.g., organic moiety-O—P(O)(SH)—O-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
“Phosphonoester” means a moiety that comprises a —P(ORPR)(O)— structure where RPR is —H, a protecting group or an organic moiety as described for esters. Typically, phosphonoesters as used here comprise a hydrogen atom, a protecting group or an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula I steroid nucleus at a variable group such as R1-R6, R10, R15, R17 or R18 through the —P(ORPR)(O)—O— structure, i.e., organic moiety-P(ORPR)(O)—O-steroid or steroid-P(ORPR)(O)—O-organic moiety. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
“Phosphiniester” means a moiety that comprises a —P(O)H— structure where RPR is —H, a protecting group or an organic moiety as described for esters. Typically, phosphiniesters as used here comprise a hydrogen atom, a protecting group or an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at a variable group such as R1-R6, R10, R15, R17 or R18 through the P(O)H— structure, i.e., organic moiety-P(O)H-steroid or steroid-P(O)H-organic moiety. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
“Sulfate ester” means a moiety that comprises a —O—S(O)(O)—O— structure. Typically, sulfate esters as used here comprise a hydrogen atom, a protecting group or an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula I steroid nucleus at a variable group such as R1-R6, R10, R15, R17 or R18 through the —O—S(O)(O)—O— structure, e.g., organic moiety-O—S(O)(O)—O-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
“Sulfite ester” means a moiety that comprises a —O—S(O)—O— structure. Typically, sulfite esters as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula I steroid nucleus at a variable group such as R1-R6, R10, R15, R17 or R18 through the —O—S(O)—O— structure, e.g., organic moiety-O—S(O)—O-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
“Amide” means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1, 2, 3, 4 or more —C(O)—NRPR— moieties, usually 1 or 2, where RPR is —H or a protecting group, RPR is usually H. In some embodiments, the —C(O)NRPR— group is linked to the steroid nucleus at a variable group such as R1-R6, R10, R15, R17 or R18, i.e., organic moietyr steroid-C(O)NRPR-organic moiety. The organic moiety is as described above for esters. P “Ether” means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1, 2, 3, 4 or more —O— moieties, usually 1 or 2. In some embodiments, the —O— group is linked to the steroid nucleus at a variable group such as R1-R6, R10, R15, R17 or R18, e.g., organic moiety-O-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
“Thioether” means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1, 2, 3, 4 or more —S— moieties, usually 1 or 2. In some embodiments, the —S— group is linked to the steroid nucleus at a variable group such as R1-R6, R10, R15, R17 or R18, e.g., organic moiety-5-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
“Acyl group” means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1, 2, 3, 4 or more —C(O)— groups. In some embodiments, the —C(O)— group is linked to the steroid nucleus at a variable group such as R1-R6, R10, R15, R17 or R18, e.g., organic moiety-C(O)-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
“Thioacyl” means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1, 2, 3, 4 or more —C(S)— groups. In some embodiments, the —C(S)— group is linked to the steroid nucleus at a variable group such as R1-R6, R10, R15, R17 or R18, e.g., organic moiety-C(S)-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
“Carbonate” means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1, 2, 3, 4 or more —O—C(O)—O— structures. Typically, carbonate groups as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula I steroid nucleus at a variable group such as R1-R6, R10, R15, R17 or R18 through the —O—C(O)—O— structure, e.g., organic moiety-O—C(O)—O-steroid. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
“Carbamate” means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1, 2, 3, 4 or more —O—C(O)NRPR— structures where RPR is —H, a protecting group or an organic moiety as described for ester. Typically, carbamate groups as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e.g., O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at a variable group such as R1-R6, R10, R15, R17 or R18 through the —O—C(O)—NRPR— structure, e.g., organic moiety-O—C(O)—NRPR-steroid or steroid-O—C(O)—NRPR-organic moiety. The organic moiety is as described above for esters.
As used herein, “monosaccharide” means a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone having the empirical formula (CH2O)n where n is 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7. Monosaccharide includes open chain and closed chain forms, but will usually be closed chain forms. Monosaccharide includes hexofuranose and pentofuranose sugars such as 2′-deoxyribose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, their 2′-deoxy and 3′-deoxy derivatives and their 2′,3′-dideoxy derivatives. Monosaccharide also includes the 2′,3′ dideoxydidehydro derivative of ribose. Monosaccharides include the D-, L- and DL-isomers of glucose, fructose, mannose, idose, galactose, allose, gulose, altrose, talose, fucose, erythrose, threose, lyxose, erythrulose, ribulose, xylulose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, psicose, sorbose, tagatose, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone and their monodeoxy or other derivatives such as rhamnose and glucuronic acid or a salt of glucuronic acid. Monosaccharides are optionally protected or partially protected. Exemplary monosaccharides include
where R37 independently is hydrogen, a protecting group, acetamido (—NH—Ac), optionally substituted alkyl such as methyl or ethyl, or an ester such as acetate or proprionate, R38 is hydrogen, hydroxyl, —NH2, —NHRPR, optionally substituted alkyl such as methyl or ethyl, or a cation such as NH4+, Na+ or K+ and R39 is hydrogen, hydroxyl, acetate, proprionate, optionally substituted alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, methoxy or ethoxy.
Optionally substituted alkyl group, optionally substituted alkenyl group, optionally substituted alkynyl group, optionally substituted aryl moiety and optionally substituted heterocycle mean an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or heterocycle moiety that contains an optional substitution(s). Such moieties include include C1-20 alkyl moieties, C2-20 alkenyl moieties, C2-20 alkynyl moieties, aryl moieties, C2-9 heterocycles or substituted derivatives of any of these. Typical substitutions for these organic groups are as described above for substituted alkyl moieties and include, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more, independently selected —O—, —S—, —NRPR, —C(O)—, —N(RPR)2, —C(O)ORPR, —OC(O)RPR, —ORPR, —SRPR, —NO2, —CN, —NHC(O)—, —C(O)NH—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —O-A8, —S-A8, —C(O)-A8, —OC(O)-A8, —C(O)O-A8, ═N—, —N═, —OPO2RPR, —OSO3H or halogen moieties or atoms, where RPR independently is —H, a protecting group or both RPR together are a protecting group and A8 is C1-8 alkyl, C1-8 alkenyl, C1-8 alkynyl, C1-4 alkyl-aryl (e.g., benzyl), aryl (e.g. phenyl) or C1-4 alkyl-C1-5 heterocycle. Substitutions are independently chosen. The organic moieties as described here, and for other any other moieties described herein, exclude obviously unstable moieties, e.g., —O—O—, except where such unstable moieties are transient species that one can use to make a compound with sufficient chemical stability for the one or more of the uses described herein.
Optionally substituted “monosaccharide” comprise any C3-C7 sugar, D-, L- or DL-configurations, e.g., erythrose, glycerol, ribose, deoxyribose, arabinose, glucose, mannose, galactose, fucose, mannose, glucosamine, N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine that is optionally substituted at one or more hydroxyl groups. Suitable substitutions are as described above for substituted alkyl moieties and include independently selected hydrogen, hydroxyl, protected hydroxyl, carboxyl, azido, cyano, —O—C1-6 alkyl, —S—C1-6 alkyl, —O—C2-6 alkenyl, —S—C2-6 alkenyl, optionally protected amine, optionally protected carboxyl, halogen, thiol or protected thiol. The linkage between the monosaccharide and the steroid is α or β.
Optionally substituted “oligosaccharide” comprises two, three, four or more of any C3-C7 sugars that are covalently linked to each other. The linked sugars may have D-, L- or DL-configurations. Suitable sugars and substitutions are as described for monosaccharides. The linkage between the oligosaccharide and the steroid is α or β, as are the linkages between the monosaccharides that comprise the oligosaccharide.
Nucleoside includes 3TC, AZT, D4T, ddI, ddC, G, A, U, C, T, dG, dA, dT and dC.
Polymer includes biocompatible organic polymers, e.g., PEGs and polyhydroxyalkyl polymers.
PEG means an ethylene glycol polymer that contains about 20 to about 2000000 linked monomers, typically about 50-1000 linked monomers, usually about 100-300. Polyethylene glycols include PEGs containing various numbers of linked monomers or having differing average molecular weights, e.g., PEG20, PEG30, PEG40, PEG60, PEG80, PEG100, PEG115, PEG200, PEG300, PEG400, PEG500, PEG600, PEG1000, PEG1450, PEG1500, PEG2000, PEG 3350, PEG4000, PEG4600, PEG5000, PEG6000, PEG8000, PEG11000, PEG12000, PEG20000, PEG2000000 and any mixtures thereof.
As used herein, position numbers that are given for the formula 1 compounds use the numbering convention for cholesterol.
“Spiro ring” or “spiro structure” and similar terms mean cyclic structures that comprise 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 ring members, i.e., they are 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-sided. In some embodiments, spiro structures share a carbon atom that is present in the steroid ring system, e.g., at the 2, 3, 7, 11, 15, 16 or 17 positions of the formula 1 compounds. Spiro structures include lactone rings or cyclic esters. Such spirolactones include 5 and 6 membered rings, e.g., a spiro compound with a spiro ring at the 17 position such as
wherein X is —C(R10)2— or —CHR10— and wherein independently selected R10 groups are bonded to the 1-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 8-, 9-, 12-, and 14-positions. In some of these embodiments, the R10 variable group independently is —H, —OH, —OCH3, —CH3 or an optionally substituted alkyl.
“Amino acid” means an amino acid moiety that comprises any naturally-occurring or synthetic amino acid residue, i.e., any moiety comprising at least one carboxyl and at least one amino residue directly linked by one, two three or more carbon atoms, typically one (α) carbon atom. The nature and identity of the intervening structure located between the carboxyl and amino groups can have a variety of structures including those described herein. Typically, amino acids linked to the steroid through the amine group have sufficient conformation and length to be capable of autocatalytic hydrolysis of the amino acid-steroid bond and release of the steroid. This can occur when the free carboxyl is generated in vivo by deesterification, deamidation or peptidolytic cleavage of the precursor containing a linkage between the amino acid's amine group and the steroid. Hydrolysis of the bond between an amino acid's carboxyl or amino group and the steroid can also occur by chemical or enzymatic activity, e.g., esterase cleavage or non-enzymatic hydrolysis.
In general, the amino acids corresponding to the residues employed in the formula 1 compounds are naturally occurring and have no significant pharmacological activity per se. However, optimal pharmacokinetic activity, (substantially complete hydrolysis upon hydrolysis of the distal amide or ester bond) may be achieved by using non-naturally occurring amino acid residues. The intervening structure may be as simple as methylene when the amino acid residue is glycyl, or substituted methylene for other α amino acids. The structure ordinarily contains up to about 5 carbon or heteroatoms in the direct linkage between the amino acid's carboxyl carbon and the amine nitrogen. Thus, amino acids can comprise intervening ethylene, propylene, butylene, or pentylene groups or their substituted analogs, such as for example, oxyesters or ethers in which oxygen replaces carbon and, as appropriate, hydrogen. An example of such an intervening structure would be —CH—O—C(R22)(R23)—, where R22 and R23 are independently selected hydrogen or organic moieties as described above for esters. In some embodiments one of R22 and R23 is hydrogen and the other is a C2-20 organic moiety. Typically the organic moieties contain about 1-20 carbon atoms and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 independently selected heteroatoms, which are typically selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. In general, fewer intervening atoms are used when more rapid hydrolysis is desired, although larger structures are suitable if, e.g., they possess sufficient flexibility or have conformations to allow positioning of the carboxyl group in proximity to the amino acid-steroid bond.
Ordinarily, R22 is —H, methyl or hydroxymethyl, usually —H, and R23 is a side chain or group of a naturally occurring amino acid. Amino acid side chains include analogs where the side chain is a C1-15 homolog of the corresponding natural compound, e.g., methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene or a substituted derivative thereof, e.g., an alkyl, ether or alkoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy) substituted derivative. In general, for carboxyl-containing side chains, if the C atom of the side chain carboxyl is linked by 5 or less atoms to the N then the carboxyl optionally will be blocked, e.g. by esterification or amidation wherein the ester or amide bonds are hydrolyzable in vivo. R22 also is taken together with R30 to form a proline residue (—CH2—)3. Thus, R23 is generally a side group such as —H, —CH3, —CH(CH3)2, —CH2—CH(CH3)2, —CHCH3—CH2—CH3, —CH2—C6H5, —CH2CH2—S—CH3, —CH2OH, —CH(OH)—CH3, —CH2—SH, —CH2—C6H4OH, —CH2—CO—NH2, —CH2—CH2—CO—NH2, —CH2—COOH, —CH2—CH2—COOH, —(CH2)4—NH2 and —(CH2)3—NH—C(NH2)—NH2. R23 also includes 1-guanidinoprop-3-yl, benzyl, 4-hydroxybenzyl, imidazol-4-yl, indol-3-yl, methoxyphenyl and ethoxyphenyl. The optimal R30 group is readily selected using routine assays.
In general, the amino acid residue has the structure shown in the formulas below. Ordinarily, n is 1 or 2, R22 is —H and R23 is a moiety containing one or more of the following groups: amino, carboxyl, amide, carboxyl ester, hydroxyl, C6-C7 aryl, ether (—O—), thioether (—S—), n-, s- or t-alkyl (C1-C6), guanidinyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, sulfhydryl, sulfoxide, and phosphoryl. The R22 and R23 substituents can have a wide variety of structures including those disclosed herein, e.g., esters, ethers or carbonates.
When the amino acid residues contain one or more chiral centers, any of the D, L, meso, threo or erythro (as appropriate) racemates or mixtures thereof, fall within the scope of this invention. In general, if it is desired to rely on non-enzymatic means of hydrolysis, D isomers should be used. On the other hand, L isomers may be more versatile since they can be susceptible to both non-enzymatic as well as potential targeted enzymatic hydrolysis, and are more efficiently transported by amino acid or dipeptidyl transport systems in the gastrointestinal tract.
Examples of suitable amino acid residues include the following: Glycyl; aminopolycarboxylic acids, e.g., aspartic acid, β-hydroxyaspartic acid, glutamic acid, β-hydroxyglutamic acid, β-methylaspartic acid, β-methylglutamic acid, β,β-dimethylaspartic acid, γ-hydroxyglutamic acid, β,γ-dihydroxyglutamic acid, β-phenylglutamic acid, γ-methyleneglutamic acid, 3-aminoadipic acid, 2-aminopimelic acid, 2-aminosuberic acid and 2-aminosebacic acid residues; amino acid amides such as glutaminyl and asparaginyl; polyamino- or polybasic-monocarboxylic acids such as arginine, lysine, β-aminoalanine, γ-aminobutyrine, ornithine, citruline, homoarginine, homocitrulline, 5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid (commonly, hydroxylysine, including allohydroxylysine) and diaminobutyric acid residues; other basic amino acid residues such as histidinyl; diaminodicarboxylic acids such as α,α′-diaminosuccinic acid, α,α′-diaminoglutaric acid, α,α′-diaminoadipic acid, α,α′-diaminopimelic acid, α,α′-diamino-α-hydroxypimelic acid, α,α′-diaminosuberic acid, α,α′-diaminoazelaic acid, and α,α′-diaminosebacic acid residues; imino acids such as proline, 4- or 3-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid (commonly, hydroxyproline, including allohydroxyproline), γ-methylproline, pipecolic acid, 5-hydroxypipecolic acid, —N([CH2]nCOORPR)2, wherein n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and RPR is —H or a protecting group, and azetidine-2-carboxylic acid residues; a mono- or di-alkyl (typically C1-C8 branched or normal) amino acid such as alanine, valine, leucine, allylglycine, butyrine, norvaline, norleucine, heptyline, α-methylserine, α-amino-α-methyl-γ-hydroxyvaleric acid, α-amino-α-methyl-δ-hydroxyvaleric acid, α-amino-α-methyl-ε-hydroxycaproic acid, isovaline, α-methylglutamic acid, α-aminoisobutyric acid, α-aminodiethylacetic acid, α-aminodiisopropylacetic acid, α-aminodi-n-propylacetic acid, α-aminodiisobutylacetic acid, α-aminodi-n-butylacetic acid, α-aminoethylisopropylacetic acid, α-amino-n-propylacetic acid, α-aminodiisoamyacetic acid, α-methylaspartic acid, α-methylglutamic acid, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; isoleucine, alloisoleucine, tert-leucine, β-methyltryptophan and α-amino-β-ethyl-β-phenylpropionic acid residues; β-phenylserinyl; aliphatic α-amino-β-hydroxy acids such as serine, β-hydroxyleucine, β-hydroxynorleucine, β-hydroxynorvaline, and α-amino-β-hydroxystearic acid residues; α-Amino, α-, γ-, δ- or ε-hydroxy acids such as homoserine, γ-hydroxynorvaline, δ-hydroxynorvaline and epsilon-hydroxynorleucine residues; canavinyl and canalinyl; γ-hydroxyornithinyl; 2-Hexosaminic acids such as D-glucosaminic acid or D-galactosaminic acid residues; α-amino-β-thiols such as penicillamine, β-thiolnorvaline or β-thiolbutyrine residues; other sulfur containing amino acid residues including cysteine; homocysteine; β-phenylmethionine; methionine; S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide; 2-thiolhistidine; cystathionine; and thiol ethers of cysteine or homocysteine; phenylalanine, tryptophan and ring-substituted α amino acids such as the phenyl- or cyclohexylamino acids α-aminophenylacetic acid, α-aminocyclohexylacetic acid and α-amino-β-cyclohexylpropionic acid; phenylalanine analogues and derivatives comprising aryl, lower alkyl, hydroxy, guanidino, oxyalkylether, nitro, sulfur or halo-substituted phenyl (e.g., tyrosine, methyltyrosine and o-chloro-, p-chloro-, 3,4-dichloro, o-, m- or p-methyl-, 2,4,6-trimethyl-, 2-ethoxy-5-nitro, 2-hydroxy-5-nitro and p-nitro-phenylalanine); furyl-, thienyl-, pyridyl-, pyrimidinyl-, purine or naphthylalanines; and tryptophan analogues and derivatives including kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, 2-hydroxytryptophan and 4-carboxytryptophan residues; α-amino substituted amino acid residues including sarcosine (N-methylglycine), N-benzylglycine, N-methylalanine, N-benzylalanine, N-methylphenylalanine, N-benzylphenylalanine, N-methylvaline and N-benzylvaline; and α-Hydroxy and substituted α-hydroxy amino acid residues including serine, threonine, allothreonine, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues.
Any one of the foregoing or other known amino acids are suitably employed in this invention. Typically, amino acids are capable of autocatalytically hydrolyzing the amino acid-steroid bond. Thus, they typically contain, or upon being hydrolyzed in vivo, contain a free carboxyl group or amine group.
Also of interest are hydrophobic amino acids such as mono- or di-alkyl or aryl amino acids, cycloalkylamino acids and the like. These residues, together with R29-R34 (R31-R34 are defined below) can contribute to cell permeability by modulating the lipophilicity of a formula 1 compound. Typically, the residue does not contain a sulfhydryl or guanidino substituent.
Peptide means one, 2, 3 or more of the two or more amino acids as defined above are bonded together, usually by an amide bond. Variable groups in the formula 1 compounds such as R1-R10 can comprise a peptide. Typically the amino acids are linked through normal peptide bonds, e.g., —CO—NH—, between adjacent amino acid residues. Peptides comprise dipeptides (dimers), tripeptides (trimers), short peptides of 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 or 15 residues, and longer peptides or proteins having about 100 or more residues. Formula 1 compounds that comprise a peptide can be used as immunogens, prodrugs or as synthetic precursors for other steroid derivatives. In one embodiment, the peptide will contain a peptidolytic enzyme cleavage site at the peptide bond linking the first residue and the next residue distal to the steroid residue. Such cleavage sites are optionally flanked by enzymatic recognition structures, e.g. particular residues recognized by a hydrolytic enzyme, e.g., a peptidase located in the serum or in cells.
Peptidolytic enzymes are well known, and in particular include carboxypeptidases. Carboxypeptidases digest polypeptides by removing C-terminal residues, and are specific in many instances for particular C-terminal sequences. Such enzymes and their substrate requirements in general are well known. For example, a dipeptide having a given pair of residues and a free carboxyl terminus is covalently bonded through its α-amino group to the steroid nucleus. It is expected that the peptide will be cleaved by the appropriate dipeptidase, protease or by chemical hydrolysis, leaving the carboxyl of the proximal amino acid residue to autocatalytically cleave the amidate bond.
Examples of suitable amino acid and dipeptides (designated by their single letter symbols) are shown in the tables below.
Such dipeptides include species where both amino acids are in the L configuration, the D configuration or mixtures of configurations.
Tripeptides, i.e., 3 linked amino acid residues, are also useful embodiments. Each amino acid in a tripeptide may be in an L, D or mixed configuration. Tripeptides include those where A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W or Y is linked by a standard peptide bond to the amino or the carboxyl terminus of any of the dipeptides listed above. The sequence —X1-pro-X2- (where X1 is any amino acid and X2 is hydrogen, any amino acid residue or a carboxyl ester of proline) will be cleaved by luminal carboxypeptidase to yield X1 with a free carboxyl, which in turn autocatalytically cleaves the amidate bond. X2 usually will be a benzyl ester of the carboxy group of X2. Other embodiments include tetrapeptides such as ones where any two of the dipeptides listed above, which may be the same or different dipeptides (e.g., AA and AA linked together or, e.g., AA and GI linked together), are linked to each other by a peptide bond through the amino terminus or carboxyl terminus. One, 2 or more tetrapeptides may bonded to the formula 1 compound through the tetrapeptide's amino or carboxyl terminus.
In some embodiments, the F1C comprises one or more amino acids or peptides having the structure (A), (B) or (C):
(A) R32—NH—{[C(R29)(R30)]b—C(O)—N(R31)}f[C(R29)(R30)]a—C(O)—O-steroid,
(B) R33—O—{C(O)—[C(R29)(R30)]d—N(R31)}g—C(O)—[C(R29)(R30)]c—N(R31)—O-steroid, or
(C) R33—O—{C(O)—[C(R29)(R30)]d—N(R31)}e—C(O)—[C(R29)(R30)]c—N(R31)—C(O)—O-steroid, wherein
(A), (B) or (C) are independently selected and they are bonded to 1, 2, 3 or more of R1 through R4, where each R29-R31 is independently selected; R29 independently are —H or a C1-20 organic moiety (e.g., C1-6 alkyl, e.g. —CH3 or —C2H5); R30 independently are the side chain of an amino acid, including the side chain of naturally occurring amino acids as described above, e.g., —H, —CH3, —CH2C6H5; R31 is —H or a protecting group; R32 and R33 independently comprise —H, a protecting group, an ester or an amide where each atom or group is independently chosen; a, b, c and d independently are 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, usually 1; e, f and g independently are an integer from 0 to about 1000, typically they independently are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8; a, b, c and d independently are 1 or 2; e, f and g independently are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.
If the amino acid(s) or residue(s) has 2 or more amine groups, e.g., a lysinyl or arginyl, or ornithinyl residue, then R29 is usually —H and R30 may comprise —[C(R34)2]n2N(RPR)— where n2 is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, RPR is —H or a protecting group and each R34 independently is —H, C1-C20 optionally substituted alkyl, C6-C20 optionally substituted aryl, C7-C20 optionally substituted alkylaryl, C7-C20 optionally substituted arylalkyl, C1-C20 optionally substituted alkoxy, C6-C20 optionally substituted aryloxy or hydroxyl. Such compounds will contain a plurality of steroid moieties. For example when both the epsilon (ε) or delta (δ) and alpha (α) amino groups of lysine or ornithine are substituted with steroid moieties the amidate is believed to be capable of releasing two molecules of active drug, each expected to emerge under different pharmacokinetics and therefore further sustaining the drug release.
Salts of formula I compounds. Invention embodiments include salts and complexes of F1Cs, including pharmaceutically acceptable or salts that are relatively non-toxic. Some of the F1Cs have one or more moieties that carry at least a partial positive or negative charge in aqueous solutions, typically at a pH of about 4-10, that can participate in forming a salt, a complex, a composition with partial salt and partial complex properties or other noncovalent interactions, all of which we refer to as a “salt(s)”. Salts are usually biologically compatible or pharmaceutically acceptable or non-toxic, particularly for mammalian cells. Salts that are biologically toxic are optionally used with synthetic intermediates of formula 1 compounds. When a water-soluble composition is desired, monovalent salts are usually used.
Metal salts typically are prepared by reacting the metal hydroxide with a compound of this invention. Examples of metal salts that are optionally prepared in this way are salts containing Li+, Na+, and K+. A less soluble metal salt can be precipitated from the solution of a more soluble salt by adding a suitable metal compound. Invention salts may be formed from acid addition of certain organic acids, such as organic carboxylic acids, and inorganic acids, such as alkylsulfonic acids or hydrogen halide acids, to acidic or basic centers on formula I compounds, such as basic centers on the invention pyrimidine base analogs. Metal salts include ones containing Na+, Li+, K+, Ca++ or Mg++. Other metal salts may contain aluminum, barium, strontium, cadmium, bismuth, arsenic or zinc ion.
Salt(s) of F1Cs may comprise a combination of appropriate cations such as alkali and alkaline earth metal ions or ammonium and quaternary ammonium ions with the acid anion moiety of the phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid group, which may be present in invention polymers or monomers.
Salts are produced by standard methods, including dissolving free base in an aqueous, aqueous-alcohol or aqueous-organic solution containing the selected acid, optionally followed by evaporating the solution. The free base is reacted in an organic solution containing the acid, in which case the salt usually separates directly or one can concentrate the solution.
Suitable amine salts include amines having sufficient basicity to form a stable salt, usually amines of low toxicity including trialkyl amines (tripropylamine, triethylamine, trimethylamine), procaine, dibenzylamine, N-benzyl-betaphenethylamine, ephenamine, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, N-ethylpiperidine, benzylamine and dicyclohexylamine.
Salts include organic sulfonic acid or organic carboxylic acid salts, made for example by addition of the acids to basic centers, typically amines. Exemplary sulfonic acids include C6-16 aryl sulfonic acids, C6-16 heteroaryl sulfonic acids and C1-16 alkyl sulfonic acids such as phenyl sulfonic acid, a-naphthalene sulfonic acid, β-naphthalene sulfonic acid, (S)-camphorsulfonic acid, methyl (CH3SO3H), ethyl (C2H5SO3H), n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and hexyl sulfonic acids. Exemplary organic carboxylic acids include C1-16 alkyl, C6-16 aryl carboxylic acids and C4-16 heteroaryl carboxylic acids such as acetic, glycolic, lactic, pyruvic, malonic, glutaric, tartaric, citric, fumaric, succinic, malic, maleic, oxalic, hydroxymaleic, benzoic, hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, cinnamic, salicylic, nicotinic and 2-phenoxybenzoic.
Invention salts include those made from inorganic acids, e.g., HF, HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, H3PO4, Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3, MgCO3 and NaClO3. Suitable anions, which are optionally present with a cation such a Ca++, Mg++, Li+, Na+ or K+, include arsenate, arsenite formate, sorbate, chlorate, perchlorate, periodate, dichromate, glycodeoxycholate, cholate, deoxycholate, desoxycholate, taurocholate, taurodeoxycholate, taurolithocholate, tetraborate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfite, sulfamate, hyposulfite, bisulfite, metabisulfite, thiosulfate, thiocyanate, silicate, metasilicate, CN−, gluconate, glucuronate, hippurate, picrate, hydrosulfite, hexafluorophosphate, hypochlorite, hypochlorate, borate, metaborate, tungstate and urate.
Salts also include the formula 1 compound salts with one or more amino acids. Many amino acids are suitable, especially the naturally-occurring amino acids found as protein components, although the amino acid typically is one bearing a side chain with a basic or acidic group, e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine or glutamic acid, or a neutral group such as glycine, serine, threonine, alanine, isoleucine, or leucine.
The invention compositions include formula 1 compounds, their hydrates and the compounds in their un-ionized, as well as zwitterionic form.
Stereoisomers. The formula 1 compounds include enriched or resolved optical isomers at any or all asymmetric atoms as are apparent from the depictions. Both racemic and diasteromeric mixtures, as well as the individual optical isomers can be isolated or synthesized so as to be substantially free of their enantiomeric or diastereomeric partners, and these are all within the scope of the invention. Chiral centers may be found in formula 1 compounds at, for example, one or more of R1, R2, R3, R4 or R10.
Specific embodiments of formula 1 compounds. Formula 1 compounds can have the structure
wherein, each R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R10 independently are —H, —ORPR, —SRPR, —N(RPR)2, —O—Si—(R13)3, —CHO, —CHS, —CH═NH, —CN, —SCN, —NO2, —OSO3H, —OPO3H, an ester, a thioester, a thionoester, a phosphoester, a phosphothioester, a phosphonoester, a phosphinoester, a sulfite ester, a sulfate ester, an amide, an amino acid, a peptide, an ether, a thioether, an acyl group, a thioacyl group, a carbonate, a carbamate, a halogen, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkenyl group, an optionally substituted alkynyl group, an optionally substituted aryl moiety, an optionally substituted heteroaryl moiety, an optionally substituted heterocycle, an optionally substituted monosaccharide, an optionally substituted oligosaccharide, a biocompatible polymer, or, one or more of both R1, R2, R3 or R4 together comprise an independently selected spiro ring, or one more of R1, R2, R3, R4 and R10 are ═O, ═S, ═N—OH, ═CH2, or a spiro ring and the hydrogen atom or the second variable group that is bonded to the same carbon atom is absent, or, one or more of two adjacent R1-R6 and R10 comprise an independently selected an acetal, a thioacetal, ketal or thioketal.
Other embodiments include compounds, compositions and formulations where one or more variable groups that are bonded to the formula 1 compounds, e.g., one or more of R1-R6, R10, R15, R17 and R13 comprise an amino acid or a peptide, e.g., R1, R2 or R4 comprises an amino acid or a peptide, R3 is a halogen and R5 and R6 are both —CH3.
In the formula 1 compounds, each R4 is independently selected. In some embodiments one R4 is hydrogen and the other is another moiety. In other embodiments, both R4 are independently selected moieties other than hydrogen, e.g., R4 in the α-configuration is a C1 to C20 organic moiety, e.g., a C1-6 optionally substituted alkyl such as —CF3, —CH3, —C2F5, —C2H5, —CH═CH2, —CCH or —CCCH3, and R4 in the β-configuration is an oxygen linked moiety such as —OH, C2-10 ester or C1-10 ether. Other variable groups such as R1 or R2 are also independently selected when two are present at a given position, e.g., R1 or R2 in the α-configuration is a C1 to C20 organic moiety, e.g., a C1-6 optionally substituted alkyl such as —CF3, —CH3, —C2F5, —C2H5, —CH═CH2, —CCH or —CCCH3, and R1 or R2 in the β-configuration is an oxygen linked moiety such as —OH, C2-10 ester or C2-10 ether. In some embodiments, R4 in the α-configuration can be an oxygen linked moiety such as —OH, a C2-10 ester or a C1-10 ether while R4 in the β-configuration is —H or a carbon linked moiety such as C1-6 optionally substituted alkyl such as —CF3, —CH3, —C2F5, —C2H5, —CH═CH2, —CCH or —CCCH3.
In some embodiments the formula 1 compounds contain one or two R10 at the 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12 and 14 positions that are not —H and they can independently be —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —CH3, —C2H5, an ether optionally selected from —OCH3 and —OC2H5, and an ester optionally selected from —O—C(O)—CH3 and —O—C(O)—C2H5. One or two R10 at the 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12 and 14 positions can independently be a halogen such as —F or —OH, e.g., R10 at the 9-position or the 14-position can be —OH or —F in the α-configuration or the β-configuration. R10 at the 9-position or the 14-position are usually —H or —F in the α-configuration.
R1-R6 and R10 include moieties, e.g., esters, thioesters, thionoesters, carbonates, amino acids, peptides and/or carbamates, that are chemically and/or enzymatically hydrolyzable, often under physiological conditions. Such moieties are independently chosen. Typically these moieties will give rise to —OH, —SH or —NH2 at the R1-R6 positions of the steroid nucleus. Embodiments of formula 1 compounds include ones where (1) one of R1, R2 and R4 is a hydrolyzable moiety (e.g., ester, thioester, thionoester, carbonate, amino acid, peptide or carbamate), the other two of R1, R2 and R4 are —H, R3 is not hydrogen and R5 and R6 are both —CH3, (2) two of R1, R2 and R4 are hydrolyzable moieties (e.g., independently chosen esters, thioesters, thionoesters, carbonates, amino acids, peptides and/or carbamates), the other of R1, R2 and R4 is —H, R3 is not hydrogen and R5 and R6 are both —CH3, (3) R1, R2 and R4 are hydrolyzable moieties, R3 is not hydrogen and R5 and R5 are both —CH3. In these embodiments, the R3 group is typically in the β-configuration and the R1, R2 and R4-R6 groups are typically in the α-configuration.
In other embodiments, one or more of R1-R6 and R10, usually one, comprises an amino acid or a peptide, while the remaining groups are independently selected from the moieties defined herein. In these embodiments, the peptides are typically dimers (dipeptides) or trimers (tripeptides). For example one of R1, R2 or R4 comprises an amino acid, the remaining of R1, R2 or R4 independently comprise —OH, ═O, an ester, a carbonate or a carbamate, while R3 is a halogen, hydroxyl or an ester and R5 and R6 independently are —H, —(CH2)n—CH3, —(CH2)n—CH2OH, or —(CH2)n—CH2F, —(CH2)2-4—O—(CH2)2-4—CH3, where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 often 0, 1, or 2, usually 0. Typically the ester, carbonate or carbamate are hydrolyzable under physiological conditions.
Hydrolyzable moieties typically comprise acyl groups, esters, ethers, thioethers, amides, amino acids, peptides, carbonates and/or carbamates. In general, the structure of hydrolyzable moieties is not critical and can vary. In some embodiments, these moieties contain a total of about 4 to about 10 carbon atoms. These hydrolyzable moieties in other embodiments comprise an organic moiety, as described above for ester, that contains 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 13, 14, 15 or 16 carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 heteroatoms, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur. These hydrolyzable moieties can comprise no groups that are charged in plasma, blood, intracellular cytoplasm or in the gut, or they can comprise 1, 2, 3 or more positive, negative or positive and negative charges under one or more of these conditions. The charges may be fractional depending on the group and the conditions it is under. These hydrolyzable moieties may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4 or more substitutions at a hydrogen atom(s) and/or a carbon atom(s), e.g., —OH, protected hydroxyl, —SH, protected thiol, carboxyl, protected carboxyl, amine, protected amine, —O—, —S—, —CO—, —CS—, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkenyloxy, aryl, —OP(O)(O)—O—, —OS(O)(O)—O— and/or heterocycle. Such substitutions are independently selected. Embodiments of formula 1 compounds include ones wherein one, two, three, four or more of the variable groups that are bonded to the steroid rings, e.g., R1-R6 or R10, comprise a moiety that can hydrolyze or metabolize to, e.g., a —H, —OH, ═O, —SH, ═S, —COOH, —NH2, —CH2OH, —CH2SH, —C(O)—C1-C6 alkyl-OH, —C(O)—C1-C6 alkyl-SH, —C(S)—C1-C6 alkyl-OH, —C(O)—C1-C6 alkyl or —C(O)—NH2 atom or group.
Formula 1 compounds that comprise a hydrolyzable moiety(ies) may include one or more independently chosen —O—CHR24C(O)OR25, —S—CHR24C(O)OR25, —NH—CHR24C(O)OR25, O—CHR24C(S)OR25, —S—CHR24C(S)OR25, —NH—CHR24C(S)OR25 or —O—CHR24OC(O)R25 moieties. These moieties also include —S—CHR24OC(O)R25, —NH—CHR24OC(O)R25, —O—CHR24C(O)N(R25)2, —S—CHR24C(O)N(R25)2, —NH—CHR24C(O)N(R25)2, —O—CHR24OR25, —S—CHR24OR25 and —NH—CHR24OR25 groups. Other hydrolyzable moieties are —O—CHR24C(R25)2CH2OX, —S—CHR24C(R25)2CH2OX, —NH—CHR24C(R25)2CH2OX, —O—CHR24C(R25)2OX, —S—CHR24C(R25)2OX or —NH—CHR24C(R25)2OX groups. One or two of R1, R2, R3, R4 and R10 at, e.g., the 1-, 2- or 11-position may contain one of these hydrolyzable moieties in the α- or β-configuration. For these groups, R24 independently is —H, —CH2—C6H5, —CH2CH2—C6H5, C1-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, aryl or heterocycle where each alkyl, alkenyl, aryl and heterocycle moiety is independently optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3, usually 1, —O—, —S—, —NH—, halogen, aryl, —OX, —SX, —NHX, ketone (═O) or —CN moieties or the C1-8 alkyl is optionally substituted with 3, 4, 5 or 6 halogens, and X is —H or a protecting group. Exemplary R24 are —H, —CH3, —C2H5, —CH2—C1-5 optionally substituted alkyl, —CH2CH2—C1-4 optionally substituted alkyl and —CH2CH2—O—C14 optionally substituted alkyl. R25 independently is —H or a C1-30 organic moiety such as —CH2—C6H5, —CH2CH2—C6H5, C1-12 alkyl, C2-12 alkenyl, C2-12 alkynyl, aryl, a heterocycle, —CH2-heterocycle or —CH2-aryl, where each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heterocycle, —CH2-heterocycle or —CH2-aryl moiety is independently optionally substituted with 1 or 2, usually 1, —O—, —S—, —NH—, halogen, aryl, —OX, —SX, —NHX, ketone (═O), —C(O)OX or —CN moieties or the C1-12 alkyl, C2-12 alkenyl or aryl, are optionally independently substituted with 3, 4, 5 or 6 halogens, where X is —H or a protecting group, or the aryl, heterocycle, —CH2-heterocycle or —CH2-aryl moieties are optionally independently substituted with 1, 2 or 3 C1-4 alkyl moieties or with 1, 2 or 3 C1-4 alkoxy moieties at the aryl moiety or at the heterocycle, usually at a ring carbon. Exemplary R25 are —H, —CH3, —C2H5, —C3H7, —C4H9, —C6H13, —C6H5, —C6H4OH, —C6H4OCH3, —C6H4F, —CH2—C1-5 optionally substituted alkyl, —CH2CH2—(S)0-1—C14 optionally substituted alkyl and —CH2CH2—O—C1-4 optionally substituted alkyl.
In the formula 1 compounds, whenever a variable moiety such as R7, R8 or R9 is defined to include moieties such as —O—CHR10— or —NRPR—CHR10—, it is intended that such moieties can be present in either orientation relative to the other ring atoms that may be present, i.e., —O—CHR10—, —NRPR—CHR10—, —CHR10—O— and —CHR10—NRPR— are all included.
Exemplary embodiments of species and genera of formula 1 compounds are named as described below.
Group 1. Exemplary embodiments include the formula 1 compounds named according to the compound structure designations given in Tables A and B below. Each compound named in Table B is depicted as a compound having formula B
where R5 and R6 are both —CH3, there is no double bond at the 1-2-, 4-5- or 5-6-positions, one R4 is hydrogen, R7, R8 and R9 are all —CH2— and R1, R2, R3 and R4 are the substituents designated in Table A. The compounds named according to Tables A and B are referred to as “group 1” compounds.
Compounds named in Table B are named by numbers assigned to R1, R2, R3 and R4 according to the following compound naming convention, R1.R2.R3.R4, based on the numbered chemical substituents depicted in Table A. Each Table A number specifies a different structure for each of R1, R2, R3 and R4. When R1, R2, R3 or R4 is a divalent moiety, e.g., ═O, the hydrogen at the corresponding position is absent. Thus, the group 1 compound named 1.2.1.1 is a formula B structure with a β-hydroxyl bonded to carbons at the 3- and 7-positions (the variable groups R1 and R2 respectively), an α-bromine bonded to carbon 16 (the variable group R3) and double bonded oxygen (═O) at carbon 17 (the variable group R4), i.e., 1.2.1.1 has the structure shown below.
Additional exemplary formula B compound groups include the following compound groups disclosed below. Unless otherwise specified, the configurations of all hydrogen atoms and R groups for the following compound groups are as defined for the group 1 compounds of formula B above.
Group 2. This group comprises compounds named in Table B having R1, R2, R3 and R4 substituents defined in Table A wherein the R1, R2, R3 and R4 substituents are bonded to the steroid nucleus described for group 1 compounds, except that a double bond at the 5-6 position is present. Thus, group 2 compound 1.3.1.1 is 16α-bromoandrost-5-ene-3β-ol-7,17-dione.
Group 3. This group comprises compounds named in Table B having R1, R2, R3 and R4 substituents defined in Table A wherein the R1, R2, R3 and R4 substituents are bonded to the steroid nucleus as described for group 1 compounds, except that double bonds at the 1-2- and 5-6 positions are present. Thus, group 3 compound 2.2.5.1 is androst-1,5-diene-70-ol-3,17-dione.
Group 4. This group comprises compounds named in Table B having R1, R2, R3 and R4 substituents defined in Table A wherein the R1, R2, R3 and R4 substituents are bonded to the steroid nucleus described for group 1 compounds, except that a double bond at the 1-2 position is present. Thus, group 4 compound 5.2.7.8 17β-acetoxyandrost-1-ene-70-ol-16-one-3β-methyl ether.
Group 5. This group comprises compounds named in Table B having R1, R2, R3 and R4 substituents defined in Table A wherein the R1, R2, R3 and R4 substituents are bonded to the steroid nucleus described for group 1 compounds, except that a double bond at the 4-5 position is present. Thus, the group 5 compound named 3.5.2.9 is 7b-methoxy-16α-chloro-17β-propionoxyandrost-4-ene-3β-thiol.
Group 6. This group comprises compounds named in Table B having R1, R2, R3 and R4 substituents defined in Table A wherein the R1, R2, R3 and R4 substituents are bonded to the steroid nucleus described for group 1 compounds, except that double bonds at both the 1-2 and 4-5 positions are present. Thus, the group 6 compound named 10.2.7.8
Group 7. Group 7 comprises the 6 compound groups described above, except that R5 is hydrogen instead of methyl, i.e., it comprises 6 subgroups, 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, 7-5 and 7-6. Thus, subgroup 7-1 has the same steroid nucleus as group 1 above, i.e., no double bond is present, but R5 is —H. Subgroup 7-2 comprises the same steroid nucleus as group 2 above, i.e., a double bond is present at the 5-6-position, but R5 is —H, Compound subgroups 7-3 through 7-6 are assigned a steroid nucleus in the same manner. Thus, the subgroup 7-1 through subgroup 7-6 compounds named 1.2.1.9 have the structures
subgroup 7-1 compound 1.2.1.9,
subgroup 7-2 compound 1.2.1.9,
subgroup 7-3 compound 1.2.1.9,
subgroup 7-4 compound 1.2.1.9,
subgroup 7-5 compound 1.2.1.9, and
subgroup 7-6 compound 1.2.1.9.
Group 8. Group 8 comprises 6 subgroups of compounds, i.e., each compound named in groups 1-6, except that R5 of formula B is —CH2OH instead of methyl. The subgroups 8-1 through subgroup 8-6 compounds have structures that are named in the same manner as group 1-6 compounds, except that —CH2OH instead of methyl is present at R5. These groups are named in essentially the same manner as subgroups 7-1 through 7-6. Thus, subgroup 8-1 and subgroup 8-2 compounds named 1.2.1.9 have the structures
subgroup 8-1 compound 1.2.1.9, and
subgroup 8-2 compound 1.2.1.9.
Group 9. Group 9 comprises each compound named in compound groups 1-8, except that R6 of formula B is hydrogen instead of methyl. Thus group 9 comprises subgroups 9-1 through 9-8-6, i.e., 9-1, 9-2, 9-3, 9-4, 9-5, 9-6, 9-7-1, 9-7-2, 9-7-3, 9-7-4, 9-7-5, 9-7-6, 9-8-1, 9-8-2, 9-8-3, 9-8-4, 9-8-5 and 9-8-6. Subgroups 9-1 through 9-8-6 compounds have structures that are named in essentially the same manner as subgroup 7-1 through 7-6 compounds, except that —H instead of methyl is present at R6. Thus, subgroup 9-1 and subgroup 9-2 compounds named 1.2.1.9 have the structures
subgroup 9-1 compound 1.2.1.9, and
subgroup 9-2 compound 1.2.1.9.
Subgroup 9-7-1 compound 1.2.1.9 has the same structure as group 9-1 compound 1.2.1.9, except that R5 is hydrogen in the β configuration, instead of a methyl group in the β configuration. Similarly, the group 9-8-1 compound 1.2.1.9 has the same structure as group 9-1 compound 1.2.1.9, except that R5 is hydroxymethyl (—CH2OH) in the β configuration, instead of a methyl group in the β configuration. Group 9-7-2 compound 1.2.1.9 has the same structure as the group 9-7-1 compound, except that a double bond is present at the 5-6 position.
Thus, subgroups 9-1 through 9-6 have hydrogen at R6, but each has a different double bond structure, e.g., no double bond in subgroup 9-1 and double bonds at 1-2 and 4-5 in subgroup 9-6. Subgroups 9-7-1 through 9-7-6 also comprises six subgroups, but they have hydrogen at R5 and R6, but each has a different double bond structure for each of the six subgroups, e.g., no double bond in subgroup 9-7-1 and double bonds at positions 1-2 and 4-5 in subgroup 9-7-6. Subgroups 9-8-1 through 9-8-6 all have hydrogen at R6 and —CH2OH at R5, but each has a different double bond structure in each, e.g., no double bond in subgroup 9-8-1 and double bonds at positions 1-2 and 4-5 in group 9-8-6.
Groups 10. Group 10 comprises each compound named in groups 1 through 8, but where R6 of formula B is —CH2OH instead of methyl. The subgroups 10-1 through group 10-6 compounds have structures that are named in essentially the same manner as compounds in group 9, except that —CH2OH instead of methyl is present at R6. Thus, subgroup 10-1 and subgroup 10-2 compounds named 1.2.1.9 have the structures
subgroup 10-1 compound 1.2.1.9, and
subgroup 10-2 compound 1.2.1.9.
Subgroup 10-7-1 compound 1.2.1.9 has the same structure as subgroup 10-1 compound 1.2.1.9, except that R5 is hydrogen in the β configuration, instead of a methyl group in the β configuration. Similarly, the subgroup 10-8-1 compound 1.2.1.9 has the same structure as group 10-1 compound 1.2.1.9, except that R5 is hydroxymethyl (—CH2OH) in the β configuration, instead of a methyl group in the β configuration. Subgroup 10-7-2 compound 1.2.1.9 has the same structure as the subgroup 10-7-1 compound, except that a double bond is present at the 5-6 position.
Thus, subgroups 10-1 through 10-8-6 comprise 18 separate groups, each of which has —CH2OH at R6. Subgroups 10-1 through 10-6 comprise different six subgroups where each has a different double bond structure, e.g., no double bond in subgroup 10-1 and double bonds at 1-2 and 4-5 in subgroup 10-6. Subgroups 10-7-1 through 10-7-6 all have —CH2OH at R6 and hydrogen at R5, but each has a different double bond structure for each of the six groups, e.g., no double bond in subgroup 10-7-1 and double bonds at positions 1-2 and 4-5 in subgroup 10-7-6. Similarly, subgroups 10-8-1 through 10-8-6 all six have —CH2OH at R6 and at R5, but each has a different double bond structure in each of the six subgroups, e.g., no double bond in subgroup 10-8-1 and double bonds at positions 1-2 and 4-5 in subgroup 10-8-6. The 18 groups are 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5, 10-6, 10-7-1, 10-7-2, 10-7-3, 10-7-4, 10-7-5, 10-7-6, 10-8-1, 10-8-2, 10-8-3, 10-8-4, 10-8-5 and 10-8-6.
Group 11. Group 11 comprises each compound named in compound groups 1-10, but where R1 moieties (or substituents) 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following moieties:
The subgroup 11-1 through subgroup 11-6 compounds have structures that are named in essentially the same manner as described for the groups above, except that moieties 1-10 of table A are replaced by the moieties 1-10 at R1. Thus subgroup 11-1 and 11-2 compounds named 1.2.1.9 have the structures
subgroup 11-1 compound 1.2.1.9
subgroup 11-2 compound 1.2.1.9.
Subgroup 11-7-1 and 11-7-2 compounds named 1.2.1.9 have the structures
subgroup 11-7-1 compound 1.2.1.9.
subgroup 11-7-2 compound 1.2.1.9.
Subgroup 11-8-1 and 11-8-2 compounds named 1.2.1.9 have the structures
subgroup 11-8-1 compound 1.2.1.9.
subgroup 11-8-2 compound 1.2.1.9.
Group 11 comprises 54 separate subgroups, subgroups 11-1 through 11-10-8-6, where each of which has the R1 moieties shown in this group and the remaining moieties as shown in the other groups described above. Subgroups 11-1 through 11-6 each have a different double bond structure, e.g., no double bond in subgroup 11-1 and double bonds at 1-2 and 4-5 in subgroup 11-6. Subgroups 11-7-1 through 11-7-6 all have —CH2OH at R6 and hydrogen at R5, but each has a different double bond structure, e.g., no double bond in subgroup 11-7-1 and double bonds at positions 1-2 and 4-5 in subgroup 11-7-6. Subgroups 11-8-1 through 11-8-6 comprise all have —CH2OH at R6 and at R5, but each has a different double bond structure in each of the six groups, e.g., no double bond in group 11-8-1 and double bonds at positions 1-2 and 4-5 in group 11-8-6. The compounds in the remaining groups are named in essentially the same manner.
The 54 groups are 11-1, 11-2, 11-3, 11-4, 11-5, 11-6, 11-7-1, 11-7-2, 11-7-3, 11-7-4, 11-7-5, 11-7-6, 11-8-1, 11-8-2, 11-8-3, 11-8-4, 11-8-5, 11-8-6, 11-9-1, 11-9-2, 11-9-3, 11-9-4, 11-9-5, 11-9-6, 11-10-1, 11-10-2, 11-10-3, 11-10-4, 11-10-5, 11-10-6, 11-9-7-1, 11-9-7-2, 11-9-7-3, 11-9-7-4, 11-9-7-5, 11-9-7-6, 11-10-7-1, 11-10-7-2, 11-10-7-3, 11-10-7-4, 11-10-7-5, 11-10-7-6, 11-9-8-1, 11-9-8-2, 11-9-8-3, 11-9-8-4, 11-9-8-5, 11-9-8-6, 11-10-8-1, 11-10-8-2, 11-10-8-3, 11-10-8-4, 11-10-8-5 and 11-10-8-6.
Group 12. Group 12 comprises each compound named in groups 1 through 10, but where R1 moieties 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following moieties:
Group 12 comprises 54 separate subgroups, subgroups 12-1 through 12-10-8-6, where each of which has the R1 moieties shown in this group and the remaining moieties as shown in the other groups described above. The subgroups are defined essentially as described for group 11 above. The 54 subgroups are 12-1, 12-2, 12-3, 12-4, 12-5, 12-6, 12-7-1, 12-7-2, 12-7-3, 12-7-4, 12-7-5, 12-7-6, 12-8-1, 12-8-2, 12-8-3, 12-8-4, 12-8-5, 12-8-6, 12-9-1, 12-9-2, 12-9-3, 12-9-4, 12-9-5, 12-9-6, 12-10-1, 12-10-2, 12-10-3, 12-10-4, 12-10-5, 12-10-6, 12-9-7-1, 12-9-7-2, 12-9-7-3, 12-9-7-4, 12-9-7-5, 12-9-7-6, 12-10-7-1, 12-10-7-2, 12-10-7-3, 12-10-7-4, 12-10-7-5, 12-10-7-6, 12-9-8-1, 12-9-8-2, 12-9-8-3, 12-9-8-4, 12-9-8-5, 12-9-8-6, 12-10-8-1, 12-10-8-2, 12-10-8-3, 12-10-8-4, 12-10-8-5 and 12-10-8-6.
Group 13. Group 13 comprises each compound named in groups 1 through 10, but where R1 moieties 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following moieties:
Group 13 comprises 54 separate subgroups, subgroups 13-1 through 13-10-8-6, where each of which has the R1 moieties shown in this group and the remaining moieties as shown in the other groups described above. The subgroups are defined essentially as described for group 11 above. The 54 subgroups are 13-1, 13-2, 13-3, 13-4, 13-5, 13-6, 13-7-1, 13-7-2, 13-7-3, 13-7-4, 13-7-5, 13-7-6, 13-8-1, 13-8-2, 13-8-3, 13-8-4, 13-8-5, 13-8-6, 13-9-1, 13-9-2, 13-9-3, 13-9-4, 13-9-5, 13-9-6, 13-10-1, 13-10-2, 13-10-3, 13-10-4, 13-10-5, 13-10-6, 13-9-7-1, 13-9-7-2, 13-9-7-3, 13-9-7-4, 13-9-7-5, 13-9-7-6, 13-10-7-1, 13-10-7-2, 13-10-7-3, 13-10-7-4, 13-10-7-5, 13-10-7-6, 13-9-8-1, 13-9-8-2, 13-9-8-3, 13-9-8-4, 13-9-8-5, 13-9-8-6, 13-10-8-1, 13-10-8-2, 13-10-8-3, 13-10-8-4, 13-10-8-5 and 13-10-8-6.
Group 14. Group 14 comprises each compound named in groups 1 through 10, but where R1 moieties 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following moieties:
Group 14 comprises 54 separate subgroups, subgroups 14-1 through 14-10-8-6, where each of which has the R1 moieties shown in this group and the remaining moieties as shown in the other groups described above. These subgroups are defined essentially as described for group 11 above. The 54 subgroups are 14-1, 14-2, 14-3, 14-4, 14-5, 14-6, 14-7-1, 14-7-2, 14-7-3, 14-7-4, 14-7-5, 14-7-6, 14-8-1, 14-8-2, 14-8-3, 14-8-4, 14-8-5, 14-8-6, 14-9-1, 14-9-2, 14-9-3, 14-9-4, 14-9-5, 14-9-6, 14-10-1, 14-10-2, 14-10-3, 14-10-4, 14-10-5, 14-10-6, 14-9-7-1, 14-9-7-2, 14-9-7-3, 14-9-7-4, 14-9-7-5, 14-9-7-6, 14-10-7-1, 14-10-7-2, 14-10-7-3, 14-10-7-4, 14-10-7-5, 14-10-7-6, 14-9-8-1, 14-9-8-2, 14-9-8-3, 14-9-8-4, 14-9-8-5, 14-9-8-6, 14-10-8-1, 14-10-8-2, 14-10-8-3, 14-10-8-4, 14-10-8-5 and 14-10-8-6.
Group 15. Group 15 comprises each compound named in groups 1 through 10, but where R1 moieties 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups:
Group 15 comprises 54 separate subgroups, subgroups 15-1 through 15-10-8-6, where each of which has the R1 moieties shown in this group and the remaining moieties as shown in the other groups described above. These subgroups are defined essentially as described for group 11 above. The 54 subgroups are 15-1, 15-2, 15-3, 15-4, 15-5, 15-6, 15-7-1, 15-7-2, 15-7-3, 15-7-4, 15-7-5, 15-7-6, 15-8-1, 15-8-2, 15-8-3, 15-8-4, 15-8-5, 15-8-6, 15-9-1, 15-9-2, 15-9-3, 15-9-4, 15-9-5, 15-9-6, 15-10-1, 15-10-2, 15-10-3, 15-10-4, 15-10-5, 15-10-6, 15-9-7-1, 15-9-7-2, 15-9-7-3, 15-9-7-4, 15-9-7-5, 15-9-7-6, 15-10-7-1, 15-10-7-2, 15-10-7-3, 15-10-7-4, 15-10-7-5, 15-10-7-6, 15-9-8-1, 15-9-8-2, 15-9-8-3, 15-9-8-4, 15-9-8-5, 15-9-8-6, 15-10-8-1, 15-10-8-2, 15-10-8-3, 15-10-8-4, 15-10-8-5 and 15-10-8-6.
Group 16. Groups 16 comprises each compound named in groups 1 through 10, but where R1 moieties 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups:
Group 16 comprises 54 separate subgroups, subgroups 16-1 through 16-10-8-6, where each of which has the R1 moieties shown in this group and the remaining moieties as shown in the other groups described above. These groups are defined essentially as described for group 11 above. The 54 subgroups are 16-1, 16-2, 16-3, 16-4, 16-5, 16-6, 16-7-1, 16-7-2, 16-7-3, 16-7-4, 16-7-5, 16-7-6, 16-8-1, 16-8-2, 16-8-3, 16-8-4, 16-8-5, 16-8-6, 16-9-1, 16-9-2, 16-9-3, 16-9-4, 16-9-5, 16-9-6, 16-10-1, 16-10-2, 16-10-3, 16-10-4, 16-10-5, 16-10-6, 16-9-7-1, 16-9-7-2, 16-9-7-3, 16-9-7-4, 16-9-7-5, 16-9-7-6, 16-10-7-1, 16-10-7-2, 16-10-7-3, 16-10-7-4, 16-10-7-5, 16-10-7-6, 16-9-8-1, 16-9-8-2, 16-9-8-3, 16-9-8-4, 16-9-8-5, 16-9-8-6, 16-10-8-1, 16-10-8-2, 16-10-8-3, 16-10-8-4, 16-10-8-5 and 16-10-8-6.
Group 17. Group 17 comprises each compound named in compound groups 1 through 10, but where R1 moieties 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups:
Group 17 comprises 54 separate subgroups, subgroups 17-1 through 17-10-8-6, where each of which has the R1 moieties shown in this group and the remaining moieties as shown in the other groups described above. These subgroups are defined essentially as described for group 11 above. The 54 subgroups are 17-1, 17-2, 17-3, 17-4, 17-5, 17-6, 17-7-1, 17-7-2, 17-7-3, 17-7-4, 17-7-5, 17-7-6, 17-8-1, 17-8-2, 17-8-3, 17-8-4, 17-8-5, 17-8-6, 17-9-1, 17-9-2, 17-9-3, 17-9-4, 17-9-5, 17-9-6, 17-10-1, 17-10-2, 17-10-3, 17-10-4, 17-10-5, 17-10-6, 17-9-7-1, 17-9-7-2, 17-9-7-3, 17-9-7-4, 17-9-7-5, 17-9-7-6, 17-10-7-1, 17-10-7-2, 17-10-7-3, 17-10-7-4, 17-10-7-5, 17-10-7-6, 17-9-8-1, 17-9-8-2, 17-9-8-3, 17-9-8-4, 17-9-8-5, 17-9-8-6, 17-10-8-1, 17-10-8-2, 17-10-8-3, 17-10-8-4, 17-10-8-5 and 17-10-8-6.
Group 18. Group 18 comprises each compound named in groups 1 through 17, but where R4 moieties 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following moieties:
Group 18 comprises 432 separate subgroups, 18-1 through 18-17-10-8-6, where each of which has the R4 moieties shown in this group and the remaining moieties as shown in the other groups described above. These groups are defined essentially as described for the groups described above. The groups are 18-1 through 18-6, 18-7-1 through 18-7-6, 18-8-1 through 18-8-6, 18-9-1 through 18-9-6, 18-10-1 through 18-10-6, 18-9-7-1 through 18-9-7-6, 18-9-8-1 through 18-9-8-6, 18-10-7-1 through 18-10-7-6, 18-10-8-1 through 18-10-8-6, 18-11-1 through 18-11-6, 18-11-7-1 through 18-11-7-6, 18-11-8-1 through 18-11-8-6, 18-11-9-1 through 18-11-9-6, 18-11-10-1 through 18-11-10-6, 18-11-9-7-1 through 18-11-9-7-6, 18-11-9-8-1 through 18-11-9-8-6, 18-11-10-7-1 through 18-11-10-7-6, 18-11-10-8-1 through 18-11-10-8-6, 18-12-1 through 18-12-6, 18-12-7-1 through 18-12-7-6, 18-12-8-1 through 18-12-8-6, 18-12-9-1 through 18-12-9-6, 18-12-10-1 through 18-12-10-6, 18-12-9-7-1 through 18-12-9-7-6, 18-12-9-8-1 through 18-12-9-8-6, 18-12-10-7-1 through 18-12-10-7-6, 18-12-10-8-1 through 18-12-10-8-6, 18-13-1 through 18-13-6, 18-13-7-1 through 18-13-7-6, 18-13-8-1 through 18-13-8-6, 18-13-9-1 through 18-13-9-6, 18-13-10-1 through 18-13-10-6, 18-13-9-7-1 through 18-13-9-7-6, 18-13-9-8-1 through 18-13-9-8-6, 18-13-10-7-1 through 18-13-10-7-6, 18-13-10-8-1 through 18-13-10-8-6, 18-14-1 through 18-14-6, 18-14-7-1 through 18-14-7-6, 18-14-8-1 through 18-14-8-6, 18-14-9-1 through 18-14-9-6, 18-14-10-1 through 18-14-10-6, 18-14-9-7-1 through 18-14-9-7-6, 18-14-9-8-1 through 18-14-9-8-6, 18-14-10-7-1 through 18-14-10-7-6, 18-14-10-8-1 through 18-14-10-8-6, 18-15-1 through 18-15-6, 18-15-7-1 through 18-15-7-6, 18-15-8-1 through 18-15-8-6, 18-15-9-1 through 18-15-9-6, 18-15-10-1 through 18-15-10-6, 18-15-9-7-1 through 18-15-9-7-6, 18-15-9-8-1 through 18-15-9-8-6, 18-15-10-7-1 through 18-15-10-7-6, 18-15-10-8-1 through 18-15-10-8-6, 18-16-1 through 18-16-6, 18-16-7-1 through 18-16-7-6, 18-16-8-1 through 18-16-8-6, 18-16-9-1 through 18-16-9-6, 18-16-10-1 through 18-16-10-6, 18-16-9-7-1 through 18-16-9-7-6, 18-16-9-8-1 through 18-16-9-8-6, 18-16-10-7-1 through 18-16-10-7-6, 18-16-10-8-1 through 18-16-10-8-6, 18-17-1 through 18-17-6, 18-17-7-1 through 18-17-7-6, 18-17-8-1 through 18-17-8-6, 18-17-9-1 through 18-17-9-6, 18-17-10-1 through 18-17-10-6, 18-17-9-7-1 through 18-17-9-7-6, 18-17-9-8-1 through 18-17-9-8-6, 18-17-10-7-1 through 18-17-10-7-6 and 18-17-10-8-1 through 18-17-10-8-6.
Group 19. Group 19 comprises each compound named in compound groups 1 through 17, but where R4 moieties 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following moieties:
Group 19 comprises 432 separate subgroups, 19-1 through 19-17-10-8-6, where each of which has the R4 moieties shown in this group and the remaining moieties as shown in the other groups described above. These subgroups are defined essentially as described for group 18 above. The subgroups are 19-1 through 19-6, 19-7-1 through 19-7-6, 19-8-1 through 19-8-6, 19-9-1 through 19-9-6 and so on essentially as described for group 18 compounds.
Group 20. Group 20 comprises each compound named in groups 1 through 17, but where R4 moieties 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following moieties:
Group 20 comprises 432 separate subgroups, 20-1 through 20-17-10-8-6 comprise 432 separate groups, each of which has the R4 moieties defined for this group and the remaining moieties as shown in the other groups described above. These subgroups are defined essentially as described for group 18 above. The subgroups are 20-1 through 20-6, 20-7-1 through 20-7-6, 20-8-1 through 20-8-6, 20-9-1 through 20-9-6 and so on essentially as described for group 18 compounds.
Group 21. Group 21 comprises each compound named in compound groups 1 through 17, but where R4 moieties 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following moieties:
Group 21 comprises 432 separate subgroups, 21-1 through 21-17-10-8-6 comprise 432 separate groups, each of which has the R4 moieties defined for this group and the remaining moieties as shown in the other groups described above. These subgroups are defined essentially as described for group 18 above. The subgroups are 21-1 through 21-6, 21-7-1 through 21-7-6, 21-8-1 through 21-8-6, 21-9-1 through 21-9-6 and so on essentially as described for group 18 compounds.
Group 22. Group 22 comprises each compound named in compound groups 1 through 21, but where R2 moieties 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following moieties:
Group 22 comprises subgroups 22-1 through 22-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The 1728 subgroups in group 22 are 22-1 through 22-6, 22-7-1 through 22-7-6, 22-8-1 through 22-8-6, 22-9-1 through 22-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 23. Group 23 comprises each compound named in compound groups 1 through 21, but where R2 moieties 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following moieties:
Group 23 comprises subgroups 24-1 through 24-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 24 are 24-1 through 24-6, 24-7-1 through 24-7-6, 24-8-1 through 24-8-6, 24-9-1 through 24-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 24. Group 24 comprises each compound named in compound groups 1 through 23 where R3 moieties 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following moieties:
Group 24 comprises subgroups 23-1 through 23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The 1728 subgroups in group 23 are 23-1 through 23-6, 23-7-1 through 23-7-6, 23-8-1 through 23-8-6, 23-9-1 through 23-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 25. Group 25 comprises each compound named in compound groups 1 through 23, but where R3 moieties 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following moieties:
Group 25 comprises subgroups 25-1 through 25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 25 are 25-1 through 25-6, 25-7-1 through 25-7-6, 25-8-1 through 25-8-6, 25-9-1 through 25-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 26. Group 26 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 25, but wherein R1 is not divalent, i.e., it is not bonded to the carbon atom at the 3 position by a double bond (e.g., R1 is not ═O) and it is in the α-configuration, instead of the α-configuration as shown in formula B.
Group 26 comprises subgroups 26-1 through 26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 26 are 26-1 through 26-6, 26-7-1 through 26-7-6, 26-8-1 through 26-8-6, 26-9-1 through 26-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 27. Group 27 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 26, but wherein R2 is not divalent, i.e., it is not bonded to the carbon atom at the 3 position by a double bond (e.g., R2 is not ═O) and it is in the α-configuration, instead of the α-configuration as shown in formula B.
Group 27 comprises subgroups 27-1 through 27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 27 are 27-1 through 27-6, 27-7-1 through 27-7-6, 27-8-1 through 27-8-6, 27-9-1 through 27-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 28. Group 28 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 27, but wherein R3 is not divalent, i.e., it is not bonded to the carbon atom at the 3 position by a double bond (e.g., R3 is not ═O) and it is in the β-configuration, instead of the α-configuration as shown in formula B.
Group 28 comprises subgroups 28-1 through 28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 28 are 28-1 through 28-6, 28-7-1 through 28-7-6, 28-8-1 through 28-8-6, 28-9-1 through 28-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 29. Group 29 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 28, but wherein R4 is not divalent, i.e., it is not bonded to the carbon atom at the 3 position by a double bond (e.g., R4 is not ═O) and it is in the α-configuration, instead of the β-configuration as shown in formula B.
Group 29 comprises subgroups 29-1 through 29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 29 are 29-1 through 29-6, 29-7-1 through 29-7-6, 29-8-1 through 29-8-6, 29-9-1 through 29-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 30. Group 30 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 29, but wherein R5 is in the α-configuration, instead of the β-configuration as shown in formula B.
Group 30 comprises subgroups 30-1 through 30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 30 are 30-1 through 30-6, 30-7-1 through 30-7-6, 30-8-1 through 30-8-6, 30-9-1 through 30-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 31. Group 31 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 30, but wherein R5 is in the α-configuration, instead of the β-configuration as shown in formula B.
Group 31 comprises subgroups 31-1 through 31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 31 are 31-1 through 31-6, 31-7-1 through 31-7-6, 31-8-1 through 31-8-6, 31-9-1 through 31-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 32. Group 32 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 31, but wherein the hydrogen atom at the 5 position is in the β-configuration, instead of the α-configuration as shown in formula B.
Group 32 comprises subgroups 32-1 through 32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 32 are 32-1 through 32-6, 32-7-1 through 32-7-6, 32-8-1 through 32-8-6, 32-9-1 through 32-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 33. Group 33 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 32, but wherein the hydrogen atom at the 8 position is in the α-configuration, instead of the β-configuration as shown in formula B.
Group 33 comprises subgroups 33-1 through 33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 33 are 33-1 through 33-6, 33-7-1 through 33-7-6, 33-8-1 through 33-8-6, 33-9-1 through 33-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 34. Group 34 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 33, but wherein the hydrogen atom at the 9 position is in the β-configuration, instead of the α-configuration as shown in formula B.
Group 34 comprises subgroups 34-1 through 34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 34 are 34-1 through 34-6, 34-7-1 through 34-7-6, 34-8-1 through 34-8-6, 34-9-1 through 34-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 35. Group 35 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 34, but wherein the hydrogen atom at the 14 position is in the β-configuration, instead of the α-configuration as shown in formula B.
Group 35 comprises subgroups 35-1 through 35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 35 are 35-1 through 35-6, 35-7-1 through 35-7-6, 35-8-1 through 35-8-6, 35-9-1 through 35-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 36. Group 36 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 35, but wherein R4 in formula B is not divalent, and a second monovalent R4 is present at the 17 position, and the second R4 is a moiety other than hydrogen. As used here, monovalent R4 means that the second R4 moiety is bonded to the carbon atom at the 17 position by a single bond.
The second R4 optionally comprises —OH, —SH, —CF3, —C2F5, —NH2, —NHRPR, a halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkylaryl, an optionally substituted heterocycle, an ester, an ether, a thioester, a thionoester, a thioether, an optionally substituted monosaccharide, an optionally substituted oligosaccharide, a carbonate, a carbamate, an amide or an amino acid. Any of these moieties, may comprise any R4 structure disclosed herein.
Exemplary second R4 moieties include —C≡C—(CH2)nH (e.g., —C≡CH and —C≡C—CH3), —C═C—(CH2)nH, —(CH2)nH (e.g., —CH3, —C2H5, —C3H7), —(CH2)nC6H5, wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 and any of these exemplary second R4 moieties optionally comprise 1, 2, 3, 4 or more independently selected —O—, —OH, ═O, —S—, —SH, ═S, —NH—, —NH2, —COOH, —COORPR, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SCN, —CN, —NO2, ═NHO, —CH3, —CF3, —C2H5 or —C6H5 moieties that replace (or substitute) one or more hydrogen or carbon atoms, wherein such moieties may be adjacent to one another, e.g., they can comprise —C(O)—NH— or —NH—C(O)—NH—. Typically moieties that replace a hydrogen or carbon atom will not replace a divalent or trivalent carbon atom, e.g., in —CH═CH— or in —C≡C— and specific embodiments include one or more substitutions at carbons that are separated from a —CH═CH— or —C≡C— moiety by one, two, three or more —CH2— moieties. In some embodiments, one or two hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the distal carbon atom is substituted by one or two —OH, ═O—SH, ═S, —NH2, —COOH, —COORPR, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SCN, —CN, —NO2 or ═NHO moieties. The second R4 moiety can be in the α-configuration or the α-configuration, depending on the compound group and when substituted the second R4 moiety can be —CCOH, —CCCH2OH, —CCO—C(O)CH3, —CCCH2O—C(O)CH3, —CC-halogen, —CCCH2-halogen, —CF3 and —C2F5.
Group 36 comprises subgroups 36-1 through 36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 36 are 36-1 through 36-6, 36-7-1 through 36-7-6, 36-8-1 through 36-8-6, 36-9-1 through 36-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above. Subgroups include 36-2, 36-3, 36-4, 36-5, 36-6, 36-9 and 36-10.
Group 37. Group 37 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 36, but wherein R7 in formula B is not —CH2— or a heteroatom, i.e., R10 is bonded to R7 in formula B and it is not a hydrogen atom.
The R10 can be —OH, —ORPR, —SH, —SRPR, —NH2, —NHRPR or a halogen bonded in the α- or β-configuration. Other R10 are ═O, ═S, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, an ester, an ether, a carbonate, a carbamate or an amino acid. Any of these moieties, may comprise any alkyl, ester, ether, etc. structure disclosed herein.
Group 37 comprises subgroups 37-1 through 37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 37 are 37-1 through 37-6, 37-7-1 through 37-7-6, 37-8-1 through 37-8-6, 37-9-1 through 37-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 38. Group 38 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 37, but wherein R3 in formula B is not —CH2— or a heteroatom, i.e., R10 is bonded to R3 in formula B and it is not a hydrogen atom.
This R10 optionally comprises —OH, ═O, —ORPR, —SH, ═S, —SRPR, —NH2, —NHRPR, a halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkylaryl, an optionally substituted heterocycle, an ester, an ether, a thioester, a thionoester, a thioether, an optionally substituted monosaccharide, an optionally substituted oligosaccharide, a carbonate, a carbamate, an amide or an amino acid. Any of these moieties, can be any R10 structure disclosed herein. When the R10 is bonded by a single bond, e.g., —OH, —SH, C16 optionally substituted alkyl or C2-8 ester, it can be in the α-configuration or the β-configuration, e.g., β-OH, β-ester, α-OH, α-ester, β-SH or α-SH.
Other exemplary R10 moieties include —C≡C—(CH2)nH (e.g., —C≡CH and —C≡C—CH3), —C═C—(CH2)nH, —(CH2)nH (e.g., —CH3, —C2H5, —C3H7), —(CH2)nC6H5, wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 and any of these exemplary R10 moieties optionally comprise 1, 2, 3, 4 or more independently selected —O—, —OH, ═O, —S—, —SH, ═S, —NH—, —NH2, —COOH, —COORPR, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SCN, —CN, —NO2, ═NHO, —CH3, —CF3, —C2H5 or —C6H5 moieties that replace (or substitute) one or more hydrogen or carbon atoms, wherein such moieties may be adjacent to one another, e.g., they can comprise —C(O)—NH— or —NH—C(O)—NH—. In some embodiments, moieties that replace a hydrogen or carbon atom will not replace a divalent or trivalent carbon atom, or a hydrogen that is bonded to such a carbon atom, e.g., in —CH═CH— or in —C≡C— and specific embodiments include one or more substitutions at carbons that are separated from a —CH═CH— or —C≡C— moiety by one, two, three or more —CH2— moieties. In some embodiments, one or two hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the distal carbon atom is substituted by one, two or three —OH, ═O—SH, ═S, —NH2, —COOH, —COORPR, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SCN, —CN, —NO2 or ═NHO moieties.
Group 38 comprises subgroups 38-1 through 38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 38 are 38-1 through 38-6, 38-7-1 through 38-7-6, 38-8-1 through 38-8-6, 38-9-1 through 38-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 39. Group 39 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 38, but wherein R9 in formula B is not —CH2— or a heteroatom, i.e., R10 is bonded to R9 in formula B and it is not a hydrogen atom and wherein when a double bond is present at the 1-2 position, this R10 is not bonded to R9 by a double bond. Thus, the carbon atom at the 2 position is not pentavalent or charged.
This R10 optionally comprises —OH, ═O, —ORPR, —SH, ═S, —SRPR, —NH2, —NHRPR, a halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkylaryl, an optionally substituted heterocycle, an ester, an ether, a thioester, a thionoester, a thioether, an optionally substituted monosaccharide, an optionally substituted oligosaccharide, a carbonate, a carbamate, an amide or an amino acid. Any of these moieties, can be any R10 structure disclosed herein. When the R10 is bonded by a single bond, e.g., —OH, —SH, C16 optionally substituted alkyl or C2-8 ester, it can be in the α-configuration or the β-configuration, e.g., βOH, β-ester, α-OH, α-ester, β-SH or α-SH.
Other exemplary R10 moieties include —C≡C—(CH2)nH (e.g., —C≡CH and —C≡C—CH3), —C═C—(CH2)nH, —(CH2)nH (e.g., —CH3, —C2H5, —C3H7), —(CH2)nC6H5, wherein n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 and any of these exemplary second R4 moieties optionally comprise 1, 2, 3, 4 or more independently selected —O—, —OH, ═O, —S—, —SH, ═S, —NH—, —NH2, —COOH, —COORPR, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SCN, —CN, —NO2, ═NHO, —CH3, —CF3, —C2H5 or —C6H5 moieties that replace (or substitute) one or more hydrogen or carbon atoms, wherein such moieties may be adjacent to one another, e.g., they can comprise —C(O)—NH— or —NH—C(O)—NH—. In some embodiments the moieties that replace a hydrogen or carbon atom will not replace a divalent or trivalent carbon atom, or a hydrogen that is bonded to such a carbon atom, e.g., in —CH═CH— or in —C≡C— and specific embodiments include one or more substitutions at carbons that are separated from a —CH═CH— or —C≡C— moiety by one, two, three or more —CH2— moieties. In some embodiments, one or two hydrogen atoms that are bonded to the distal carbon atom is substituted by one, two or three —OH, ═O—SH, ═S, —NH2, —COOH, —COORPR, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SCN, —CN, —NO2 or ═NHO moieties.
Group 39 comprises subgroups 39-1 through 39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups above. The subgroups in group 39 are 39-1 through 39-6, 39-7-1 through 39-7-6, 39-8-1 through 39-8-6, 39-9-1 through 39-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 40. Group 40 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 39, wherein R7 in formula B is —O—, instead of a —CH2— or —CHR10— moiety, where R10 is not hydrogen. Group 40 comprises subgroups 40-1 through 40-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups. The subgroups in group 40 are 40-1 through 40-6, 40-7-1 through 40-7-6, 40-8-1 through 40-8-6, 40-9-1 through 40-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above. The subgroup 40-1, 40-2 40-8-1, 40-8-2, 40-11-1 and 40-11-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures
subgroup 40-1 compound 1.2.5.9, and
subgroup 40-2 compound 1.2.5.9.
Subgroup 40-8-1 and 40-8-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures
subgroup 40-8-1 compound 1.2.5.9, and
subgroup 40-8-2 compound 1.2.5.9.
The subgroup 40-11-1 and 40-11-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures
subgroup 40-11-1 compound 1.2.5.9.
subgroup 40-11-2 compound 1.2.5.9.
Group 41. Group 41 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 39, wherein R8 in formula B is —O—, instead of a —CH2— or —CHR10— moiety, where R10 is not hydrogen. Group 41 comprises subgroups 41-1 through 41-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups. The subgroups in group 41 are 41-1 through 41-6, 41-7-1 through 41-7-6, 41-8-1 through 41-8-6, 41-9-1 through 41-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above. Group 41 compounds are named in essentially the same manner as described for group 40 and other compound groups. Thus, for example, subgroup 41-1, 41-2, 41-8-1, 41-8-2, 41-11-1 and 41-11-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures shown for these compounds in group 40, except that an oxygen atom is present at the 11 position and no oxygen is present at the 15 position.
Group 42. Group 42 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 39, wherein R18 in formula B is —O—, instead of a —CH2— or —CHR10— moiety, where R10 is not hydrogen. Group 42 comprises subgroups 42-1 through 42-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups. The subgroups in group 42 are 42-1 through 42-6, 42-7-1 through 42-7-6, 42-8-1 through 42-8-6, 42-9-1 through 42-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above. Group 42 compounds are named in essentially the same manner as described for group 40 and other compound groups. Thus, for example, subgroup 42-1, 42-2, 42-8-1, 42-8-2, 42-11-1 and 42-11-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures shown for these compounds in group 40, except that an oxygen atom is present at the 2 position and no oxygen is present at the 15 position.
This group does not include species or genera of compounds wherein a double bond is present at the 1-2 position, since this would make the oxygen atom charged. Therefore, there is, e.g., no group 42-3, 42-4, 42-6, 42-7-3, 42-7-4 or 42-7-6, since the 3, 4 and 6 groups and their variants all have a double bond at the 1-2 position.
Group 43. Group 43 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 39, wherein R7 in formula B is —NH—, instead of a —CH2— or —CHR10— moiety, where R10 is not hydrogen. Group 43 comprises subgroups 43-1 through 43-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups. The subgroups in group 43 are 43-1 through 43-6, 43-7-1 through 43-7-6, 43-8-1 through 43-8-6, 43-9-1 through 43-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above. The subgroup 43-1, 43-2 43-8-1, 43-8-2, 43-11-1 and 43-11-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures shown for these compounds in group 40, except that —NH— is present at the 15 position instead of oxygen.
Group 44. Group 44 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 39, wherein R9 in formula B is —NH—, instead of a —CH2— or —CHR10— moiety, where R10 is not hydrogen. Group 44 comprises subgroups 44-1 through 44-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups. The subgroups in group 44 are 44-1 through 44-6, 44-7-1 through 44-7-6, 44-8-1 through 44-8-6, 44-9-1 through 44-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above. Group 44 compounds are named in essentially the same manner as described for group 40 and other compound groups. Thus, for example, subgroup 44-1, 44-2, 44-8-1, 44-8-2, 44-11-1 and 44-11-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures shown for these compounds in group 40, except that —NH— is present at the 11 position and no oxygen is present at the 15 position.
Group 45. Group 45 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 39, wherein R9 in formula B is —NH— or —N═, instead of a —CH2— or —CHR10-moiety, where R10 is not hydrogen. Group 45 comprises subgroups 45-1 through 45-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups. The subgroups in group 45 are 45-1 through 45-6, 45-7-1 through 45-7-6, 45-8-1 through 45-8-6, 45-9-1 through 45-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above. Group 45 compounds are named in essentially the same manner as described for group 40 and other compound groups. Thus, for example, subgroup 45-1, 45-2, 45-8-1, 45-8-2, 45-11-1 and 45-11-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures shown for these compounds in group 40, except that —NH— is present at the 2 position and no oxygen is present at the 15 position.
Group 46. Group 46 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 39, wherein R7 in formula B is —S—, instead of a —CH2— or —CHR10— moiety, where R10 is not hydrogen. Group 46 comprises subgroups 46-1 through 46-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups. The subgroups in group 46 are 46-1 through 46-6, 46-7-1 through 46-7-6, 46-8-1 through 46-8-6, 46-9-1 through 46-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above. The subgroup 46-1, 46-2 46-8-1, 46-8-2, 46-11-1 and 46-11-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures shown for these compounds in group 40, except that —S— is present at the 15 position instead of oxygen.
Group 47. Group 47 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 39, wherein R8 in formula B is —S—, instead of a —CH2— or —CHR10— moiety, where R10 is not hydrogen. Group 47 comprises subgroups 47-1 through 47-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups. The subgroups in group 47 are 47-1 through 47-6, 47-7-1 through 47-7-6, 47-8-1 through 47-8-6, 47-9-1 through 47-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above. Group 47 compounds are named in essentially the same manner as described for group 40 and other compound groups. Thus, for example, subgroup 47-1, 47-2, 47-8-1, 47-8-2, 47-11-1 and 47-11-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures shown for these compounds in group 40, except that —S— is present at the 11 position and no oxygen is present at the 15 position.
Group 48. Group 48 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 39, wherein R9 in formula B is —S—, instead of a —CH2— or —CHR10— moiety, where R10 is not hydrogen. Group 48 comprises subgroups 48-1 through 48-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups. The subgroups in group 48 are 48-1 through 48-6, 48-7-1 through 48-7-6, 48-8-1 through 48-8-6, 48-9-1 through 48-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above. Group 48 compounds are named in essentially the same manner as described for group 40 and other compound groups. Thus, for example, subgroup 48-1, 48-2, 48-8-1, 48-8-2, 48-11-1 and 48-11-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures shown for these compounds in group 40, except that —S— is present at the 2 position and no oxygen is present at the 15 position.
This group does not include species or genera of compounds wherein a double bond is present at the 1-2 position. Therefore, there is, e.g., no group 48-3, 48-4, 48-6, 48-7-3, 48-7-4 or 48-7-6, since the 3, 4 and 6 groups and their variants all have a double bond at the 1-2 position.
Group 49. Group 49 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 39, but wherein two of R7, R8 and R9 in formula B independently are —O—, —NH—, ═NH— or —S—, instead of —CH2— or —CHR10—, where R10 is not hydrogen. This group includes 27 combinations of two heteroatoms (O, N or S) that are at any two of R7, R8 and R9. These are (49c1, i.e., combination number 1) O2-O11 (i.e., oxygen at the 2 and 11 positions), (49c2) O2-O15, (49c3) O11-O15, (49c4) O2-N11 (i.e., oxygen at the 2-position and nitrogen at the 11 position), (49c5) O2-N15, (49c6) O11-N15, (49c7) O2-S11 (i.e., oxygen at the 2-position and sulfur at the 11 position), (49c8) O2-S15, (49c9) O11-S15, (49c10) N2-N11, (49c11) N2-N15, (49c12) N11-N15, (49c13) N2-O11, (49c14) N2-O15, (49c15) N11-O15, (49c16) N2-S11, (49c17) N2-S15, (49c18) N11-S15, (49c19) S2-S11, (49c20) S2-S15, (49c21) S11-S15, (49c22) S2-O11, (49c23) S2-O15, (49c24) S11-O15, (49c25) S2-N11, (49c26) S2-N15 and (49c27) S11-N15.
Group 49 comprises subgroups 49c1-1 through 49c27-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups. The subgroups in group 49 are 49c1-1 through 49c1-6, 49c1-7-1 through 49c1-7-6, 49c1-8-1 through 49c1-8-6, 49c1-9-1 through 49c1-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above. Group 49 compounds are named in essentially the same manner as described for group 40 and other compound groups. Thus, for example, subgroup 49c1-1, 49c1-2, 49c1-8-1, 49c1-8-2, 49c1-11-1 and 49c1-11-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures shown for these compounds in group 40, except that —O— is present at the 2 and 11 positions and no oxygen is present at the 15 position. Similarly, subgroup 49c10-1, 49c10-2, 49c10-8-1, 49c10-8-2, 49c10-11-1 and 49c10-11-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures shown for these compounds in group 40, except that —NH— or ═N— is present at the 2 and 11 positions and no oxygen is present at the 15 position. This group does not include species or genera of compounds wherein a double bond and either —O— or —S— is present at the 2-position.
Group 50. Group 50 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 39, but wherein all three of R7, R8 and R9 in formula B independently are —O—, —NH—, ═NH— or —S—, instead of —CH2— or —CHR10—, where R10 is not hydrogen. This group includes all combinations of 3 heteroatoms (O, N or S) that are at R7, R8 and R9. The combinations are defined essentially as described for the combinations in group 49. They are (50c) O2-O11-O15, (50c2) O2-O11-N15, (50c3) O2-N11-O15, (50c4) O2-N11-N15, (50c5) O2-O11-S15, (50c6) O2-S11-O15, (50c7) O2-S11-S15, (50c8) N2-N11-N15, (50c9) N2-N11-O15, (50c10) N2-O11-N15, (50c11) N2-O11-O15, (50c12) N2-N11-S15, (50c13) N2-S11-N15, (50c14) N2-S11-S15, (50c5) S2-S11-S15, (50c16) S2-S11-O15, (50c17) S2-O11-S15, (50c18) S2-S11-O15, (50c19) S2-S11-N15, (50c20) S2-N11-S15, (50c21) S2-N11-N15, (50c22) S2-N11-S15, (50c23) O2-S11-N15, (50c24) N2-O11-S15, (50c25) N2-S11-O015, (50c26) S2-O11-N15 and (50c27) S2-N11-015.
Group 50 comprises subgroups 50c1-1 through 50c27-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups. The subgroups in group 50 are 50c1-1 through 50c1-6, 50c1-7-1 through 50c1-7-6, 50c1-8-1 through 50c1-8-6, 50c1-9-1 through 50c1-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above. Group 50 compounds are named in essentially the same manner as described for group 40 and other compound groups. Thus, for example, subgroup 50c1-1, 50c1-2, 50c1-8-1, 50c1-8-2, 50c1-11-1 and 50c-11-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures shown for these compounds in group 40, except that —O— is also present at the 2 and 11 positions. Similarly, subgroup 50c10-1, 50c10-2, 50c10-8-1, 50c10-8-2, 50c10-11-1 and 50c10-11-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures shown for these compounds in group 40, except that —NH— or ═N— is present at the 2 and 15 positions and oxygen is present at the 11 position. This group does not include species or genera of compounds wherein a double bond and either —O— or —S— is present at the 2-position.
Group 51. Group 51 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 50, but wherein R7 comprises a —X—CHR10— moiety, where X is —O—, —NRPR— or —S—. This group includes all R7 moieties, i.e., (51a1) —O—CHR10—, (51a2)-NRPR—CHR10—, (51a3)-S—CHR10—, (51a4)-CHR10—O—, (51a5)—CHR10—NRPR— and (51a6)—CHR10—S—. Group 51 comprises subgroups 51a1-1 through 51a6-50c27-49c27-48-47-46-45-44-43-42-41-40-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups. The subgroups in group 51 are 51a1-1 through 51a1-6, 51a1-7-1 through 51a1-7-6, 51a1-8-1 through 51a1-8-6, 5a1-9-1 through 51a1-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 52. Group 52 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 49, but wherein R7 is absent and the ring in formula B that contains R7 comprises a cyclobutyl moiety with R3 and one or two R4 bonded to it. Group 52 comprises subgroups 52-1 through 52-51a6-50c27-49c27-48-47-46-45-44-43-42-41-40-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups. The subgroups in group 52 are 52-1 through 52-6, 52-7-1 through 52-7-6, 52-8-1 through 52-8-6, 52-9-1 through 52-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
Group 53. Group 53 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 52, but wherein R8 is absent and the ring in formula B that contains R8 comprises a 5 membered ring moiety. Group 53 comprises subgroups 53-1 through 53-52-51a6-50c27-49c27-48-47-46-45-44-43-42-41-40-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups. The subgroups in group 53 are 53-1 through 53-6, 53-7-1 through 53-7-6, 53-8-1 through 53-8-6, 53-9-1 through 53-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above.
The subgroups here do not include compounds or genera where two ring heteroatoms are present as described in group 49 and where both R7 and R8 are absent (“group 53-52-49- . . . ”), since such groups are mutually incompatible. This holds for all of the compound groups described herein, i.e., whenever the structures that a first group or subgroup specifies is incompatible with the structure that a second group or subgroup specifies, then the structure that the first group or subgroup specifies is not included. However, all other possible compounds and genera are included in such compound groups.
Group 54. Group 54 comprises each compound or genus named in compound groups 1 through 53, but wherein R9 is absent and the ring in formula B that contains R9 comprises a 5 membered ring moiety. Group 54 comprises subgroups 54-1 through 54-53-52-51a6-50c27-49c27-48-47-46-45-44-43-42-41-40-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, which name compounds or genera of compounds essentially as described for the other compound groups. The subgroups in group 54 are 54-1 through 54-6, 54-7-1 through 54-7-6, 54-8-1 through 54-8-6, 54-9-1 through 54-9-6 and so on essentially as described for the groups above. The subgroups here do not include, e.g., compounds or genera where two or three ring heteroatoms are present as described in group 49 or 50 and where two or three of R7, R8 and R9 are absent (e.g., “group 54-52-49- . . . ”).
The individual compounds and genera named in groups 1-54 above may also be named using any suitable formal or informal chemical nomenclature. Thus, as will be apparent, individual compounds in these groups include 16α-bromoepiandrosterone, 16α-hydroxyepiandrosterone, 3α,16α-dihydroxy-5α-androstane-17-one, 3α,16α,17β-trihydroxy-5α-androstane, 3α,16α,17α-trihydroxy-5α-androstane, 3β,17β-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene or 3β,7β,17β-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene, 7-oxodehydroepiandrosterone, 16α-fluoroandrost-5-ene-17-one, 7α-hydroxy-16α-fluoroandrost-5-ene-17-one, 7β-hydroxy-16α-fluoroandrost-5-ene-17-one, 17α-hydroxy-16α-fluoroandrost-5-ene, 17β-hydroxy-16α-fluoroandrost-5-ene and the like.
Any of the species of compounds or genera of compounds that are disclosed herein, e.g., as named in compound groups 1 through 54-53-52-51a6-50c27-49c27-48-47-46-45-44-43-42-41-40-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6 or elsewhere in this disclosure, are suitable for use in the methods as described herein or in the cited references.
For any of the compound groups or other compound or structures described herein that contain one, two or more R10 moieties, the R10 can be in the α-configuration or the β-configuration when they are bonded by a single bond, e.g., —OH, —SH, halogen, C16 optionally substituted alkyl or an ester.
Additional embodiments of the formula 1 compounds include any compound or genus of compounds that are disclosed herein, e.g., any of the compounds or genera of compounds in groups 1 through 54 wherein (a) one or both of R5 or R6 independently comprises —CH2SH, —CHO, —CH2NRPR, —CH2NH2, —C2H5, —C2H4OH, —C2H4SH, —C2H4NH2, —CH2CHO, —CH2CH2NRPR, —CH2CH2OH, —CH2CH2SH, —CH2CH2C6H5, —CH2C6H5 or —C6H5 wherein any phenyl (C6H5) moiety in the foregoing groups is optionally substituted at the phenyl ring with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 moieties independently selected from those described for esters herein and including C1-6 alkyl (optionally substituted with 1 or 2 independently selected —OH, —SH, —O—, —S— or —NH—) C1-6 alkoxy, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —NO2, —OH, —SH, —COORPR, —NHRPR and —C(O)—C1-6 alkyl, (b) a second R1 is present, optionally a carbon linked moiety, e.g., C1-8 optionally substituted alkyl such as such as —CH3, —C2H5, —CF3, —C2F5, —CH═CH2, —CCH, —CCCH3, —CCCH2OH or —CCCl, typically —CH3, —C2H5 or —CCH, (c) a second R2 is present, optionally a carbon linked moiety, e.g., C1-8 optionally substituted alkyl such as such as —CH3, —C2H5, —CF3, —C2F5, —CH═CH2, —CCH, —CCCH3, —CCCH2OH or —CCCl, typically —CH3, —C2H5 or —CCH, (d) a second R3 is present, optionally a carbon linked moiety, e.g., C1-8 optionally substituted alkyl such as such as —CH3, —C2H5, —CF3, —C2F5, —CH═CH2, —CCH, —CCCH3, —CCCH2OH or —CCCl, typically —CH3, —C2H5 or —CCH or (e) a second R1 and R4 or a second R1 and R2 or a second R1 and R3 or a second R4 and R2 is present, optionally an independently selected carbon linked moiety, e.g., C1-8 optionally substituted alkyl such as such as —CH3, —C2H5, —CF3, —C2F5, —CH═CH2, —CCH, —CCCH3, —CCCH2OH or —CCCl, typically —CH3, —C2H5 or —CCH where both are the same or where one is —CH3 or —C2H5 and the other is —CCH.
Dosing protocols or methods. In treating any of the conditions or symptoms disclosed herein, one can continuously (daily) or intermittently administer the formula 1 compound(s) to a subject suffering from or susceptible to the condition or symptom. In treating a condition such as an infection, a hyperproliferation condition, an inflammation condition or another condition disclosed herein with a formula 1 compound intermittent dosing can avoid or ameliorate some of the undesired aspects normally associated with discontinuous dosing. Such undesired aspects include development of resistance of a pathogen such as a pathogen disclosed herein, e.g., a virus or bacterium such as HIV or Staphylococcus aureus or a parasite such as a Plasmodium parasite, to the therapeutic agent, failure of the patient or subject to adhere to a daily dosing regimen or reduction of the dosages of other therapeutic agents and/or their associated unwanted side effects or toxicities.
In the treatment methods described herein, continuous (daily) or intermittent dosing can be used. The formula 1 compound(s) can be administered by one or more suitable routes, e.g., oral, buccal, sublingual, intramuscular (i.m.), subcutaneous (s.c.), intravenous (i.v.), intradermal, another parenteral route or by an aerosol. The daily dose of formula 1 compound in such methods will typically be about 0.05 mg/kg/day to about 20 mg/kg/day for humans, or about 0.1 to about 100 mg/kg/day for animals. Daily doses of formula 1 compound include about 0.2 mg/kg/day, 0.5 mg/kg/day, about 1 mg/kg/day, about 2 mg/kg/day, about 4 mg/kg/day, about 6 mg/kg/day, about 10 mg/kg/day, about 20 mg/kg/day, about 40 mg/kg/day or about 100 mg/kg/day. Higher dosages, e.g., about 250 mg/kg/day, about 300 mg/kg/day or about 350 mg/kg/day can also be utilized, e.g., in some veterinary applications. The daily dosage of the formula 1 compound for adult humans will generally be about 5 mg/day, about 10 mg/day, about 25 mg/day, about 50 mg/day, about 75 mg/day, about 100 mg/day, about 125 mg/day, about 150 mg/day, about 175 mg/day, about 200 mg/day, about 250 mg/day, about 300 mg/day, about 400 mg/day, about 500 mg/day or about 1000 mg/day.
Hydroxy protecting groups include substituted methyl ethers, substituted benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, and esters including sulfonic acid esters, still more typically, trialkylsilyl ethers, tosylates and acetates.
Amino protecting groups include carbamates and amides, still more typically, N-acetyl groups.
Formulations and compositions for preparing formulations. Invention embodiments include formulations described here and elsewhere in this disclosure. While it is possible for the formula 1 compound(s) to be administered alone it is usual to administer the compounds in formulations. The formulations, both for veterinary and for human use, comprise at least one formula 1 compound, together with one or more excipients and optionally one or more additional therapeutic ingredients.
This aspect of the invention includes compositions comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers. The compositions are used to prepare formulations suitable for human or animal use. Suitable administration routes for formulations include oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal, rectal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal, intraocular and epidural). In general, aqueous and non-aqueous liquid or cream formulations are delivered by a parenteral, oral or topical route. In other embodiments, such as the invention intermittent dosing methods, the formula 1 compound(s) may be present as an aqueous or a non-aqueous liquid formulation or a solid formulation suitable for administration by any of the routes disclosed herein, e.g., oral, topical, buccal, sublingual, parenteral, inhaled aerosol or a depot such as a subcutaneous depot or an intraperitoneal or intramuscular depot. It will be appreciated that the preferred route may vary with, for example, the subject's pathological condition or weight or the subject's response to therapy with a formula 1 compound or other therapy that is used or that is appropriate to the circumstances.
The formulations include those suitable for the foregoing administration routes. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods known in the art of pharmacy. Techniques, excipients and formulations generally are found in, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1985, 17th edition, Nema et al., PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Tech. 1997 51:166-171, G. Cole, et al., editors, Pharmaceutical Coating Technology, 1995, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0 136628915, H. A. Lieberman, et al., editors, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 1992 2nd revised edition, volumes 1 and 2, Marcel Dekker, ISBN 0824793870, J. T. Carstensen. Pharmaceutical Preformulation, 1998, pages 1-306, Technomic Publishing Co. ISBN 1566766907. Exemplary excipients for formulations include emulsifying wax, propyl gallate, citric acid, lactic acid, polysorbate 80, sodium chloride, isopropyl palmitate, glycerin, white petrolatum and other excipients disclosed herein.
Methods to make invention formulations include the step of bringing into association or contacting a formula 1 compound(s) with one or more excipient, such as one described herein or in the cited references. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the formula 1 compound(s) with liquid excipients or finely divided solid excipients or both, and then, if appropriate, shaping the product.
Formulations suitable for oral administration are prepared as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the formula 1 compound(s); as a powder or granules; as solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The formula 1 compound(s) may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
A tablet is made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the formula 1 compound(s) in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered or granulated formula 1 compound and one or more excipients, which are optionally moistened, with an inert liquid diluent or excipient. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and optionally are formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the formula 1 compound(s) therefrom. An exemplary tablet or caplet (a capsule shaped tablet) formulation suitable for buccal or sublingual delivery of a formula 1 compound to a subject's tissues comprises about 25 or 50 mg of a formula 1 compound such as BrEA hemihydrate comprising per 25 mg of the formula 1 compound about 6.2 mg povidone, about 0.62 mg magnesium stearate, about 45 mg mannitol and about 48 mg of compressible sucrose.
The oily phase of formulations may be constituted from known excipients in a known manner. While the phase may comprise an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), it desirably comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil. A hydrophilic emulsifier may be included together with a lipophilic emulsifier, which acts as a stabilizer. Some embodiments include both an oil and a fat. Together, the emulsifier(s) with or without stabilizer(s) make up the so-called emulsifying wax, and the wax together with the oil and fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations.
Emulgents and emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in the formulations include Tween60™, Span80™, cetostearyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl mono-stearate and sodium lauryl sulfate.
The choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired cosmetic properties. Creams are generally a non-greasy, non-staining and washable products with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers. Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used. These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required. Alternatively, high melting point lipids such as white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils are used.
Formulations suitable for topical administration to the eye include eye drops wherein the formula 1 compound(s) is dissolved or suspended in a suitable excipient(s), including an aqueous solvent for a formula 1 compound(s) that comprise at least about 0.5, one, two or more charges at pH values near neutrality, e.g., about pH 6-8. The formula 1 compound(s) is typically present in such formulations in a concentration of about 0.5-20% w/w, about 1-10% w/w or about 2-5% w/w.
Formulations suitable for topical administration to oral mucosa include lozenges or tablets comprising the formula 1 compound(s) in a flavored basis or a monosaccharide or disaccharide such as sucrose, lactose or glucose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the formula 1 compound(s) in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the formula 1 compound(s) in a suitable liquid excipient(s). In some embodiments, the lozenges or tablets optionally comprise the property of rapid dissolution or disintegration, e.g., disintegration within about 15 seconds to about 2 minutes, while in others, the lozenges or tablets comprise the property of slower dissolution or disintegration, e.g., disintegration within about 2 minutes to about 10 minutes or more.
Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, salts (e.g., NaCl, potassium or sodium carbonate or bicarbonate or potassium or sodium phosphates) and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended subject; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents or thickening agents. In general, the formula 1 compound that is present in liquid compositions or formulations is completely dissolved in aqueous or non-aqueous excipients. However, in some embodiments, e.g., transient compositions or some formulations, the formula 1 compound is partially dissolved while the remaining portion is present as a solid, which can be a suspension or a colloid.
Exemplary formulations suitable for parenteral delivery of formula 1 compounds to subjects such as humans or animals typically comprise one, two, three or more excipients.
Formulations, or compositions disclosed herein for use to make formulations suitable for administration by the routes disclosed herein optionally comprise an average particle size in the range of about 0.01 to about 500 microns, about 0.1 to about 100 microns or about 0.5 to about 75 microns. Average particle sizes include a range between 0.01 and 500 microns in 0.05 micron or in 0.1 micron or other increments, e.g., an average particle size of about 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 75, 85, 100, 120, etc. microns). When formula 1 compounds or compositions that comprise a formula 1 compound are used as intermediates to make a formulation, they may comprise one, two, three or more of these average particle sizes, or size ranges. In preparing any of the compositions or formulations that are disclosed herein and that comprise a formula 1 compound (and optionally one or more excipients), one may optionally mill, sieve or otherwise granulate the compound or composition to obtain a desired particle size, e.g., as described above.
Milling may occur before or after the formula 1 compound is contacted with one or more excipients. For example, one may mill a formula 1 compound such as 16α-bromoepiandrosterone hemihydrate, to obtain an average particle size (or diameter) of about 0.05-50 μM or about 0.5-10 μM (e.g., about 0.04, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 or 120 μM average particle size or diameter) before contacting the milled formula 1 compound with a liquid or solid excipient. In some cases the formula 1 compound is milled or sieved to obtain an average particle size of about 5 μm or about 10 μm before it is contacted with a solid or liquid excipient(s) to obtain a solution or suspension or a powder suitable for making a tablet, capsule or other dosage form as described herein or in the cited references.
As used herein, reference to an average particle size or an average particle diameter means that the material, e.g., a formula 1 compound(s), an excipient(s) or a composition that comprises both, is ground, milled, sieved or otherwise treated so as to comprise the specified average size. It is to be understood that some particles may be larger or smaller, but the composition or the formula 1 compound(s) will comprise a significant proportion of the material with the specified size or within an acceptable range of the specified size. Micronization methods include milling by ball mills, pin mills, jet mills (e.g., fluid energy jet mills) and grinding, sieving and precipitation of a compound(s) from a solution, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,919,341, 5,202,129, 5,271,944, 5,424,077 and 5455049. Average particle size is determined by, e.g., transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, X-ray diffractometry and light scattering methods or Coulter counter analysis.
Thus, the formula 1 compounds may comprise a powder that consists of one, two or more of these average particle sizes and the powder may be contacted with a solid excipient(s), suitably mixed and optionally compressed or formed into a desired shape. Alternatively, such a formula 1 compound(s) is contacted with a liquid excipient(s) to prepare a liquid formulation or a liquid composition that is incorporated into a solid formulation. Suitable micronized formulations thus include aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions of the formula 1 compound(s).
Formulations suitable for aerosol administration typically will comprise a fine powder, e.g., having an average particle size of about 0.1 to about 20 microns or any one, two or more of the average particle sizes within this range that are described above. The powder is typically delivered by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage or by inhalation through the mouth so as to reach the bronchioles or alveolar sacs of the lungs.
Formulations suitable for aerosol, dry powder or tablet administration may be prepared according to conventional methods and may be delivered with other therapeutic agents such as compounds heretofore used in the treatment or prophylaxis of viral or other infections as described herein. Such formulations may be administered, e.g., orally, parenterally (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intrathecal), topically, sublingually or by a buccal or sublingual route.
Micronized formula 1 compound is useful, e.g., to facilitate mixing, dissolution or uniform suspension of the formula 1 compound in one or more liquid or solid excipients, e.g., a PEG such as PEG 300 or PEG 400, or propylene glycol or benzyl benzoate, a complexing agent, such as a cyclodextrin (e.g., an α-, β- or γ-cyclodextrin such as hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin or a sulfobutyl ether cyclodextrin). Micronized formula 1 compound is also useful to facilitate uniformly distributing drug substance when the micronized compound is contacted with one or more solid excipients (e.g., a filler, a binder, a surfactant a preservative, a buffer or a lubricant).
In related embodiments, suitable compositions or formulations comprise a formula 1 compound that is present in two or more physical forms. For example, a liquid composition or formulation may comprise a formula 1 compound that is present in solution and as undissolved particles, which may be milled as described herein. Alternatively, a solid composition or formulation may comprise a formula 1 compound that is present as an amorphous form and as a crystal or in an encapsulated granule. Such encapsulated granules may comprise a slow release type formulation and the formula 1 compound that is present may be in one or more physical forms, e.g., liquids or solids as described herein, but usually as a solid in tablets or other solid formulations.
The formulations are presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid excipient, for example water for injection, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions are prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets as described above. Unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit daily sub-dose, as recited herein, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the formula 1 compound(s).
It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above the formulations of this invention may include other agents or excipients conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
Formulations made from or comprising a formula 1 compound are optionally stored under conditions that limit the amount of light or water that reaches the formulation, e.g., in a sealed container that holds a formulation or unit dosage form and optionally contains silica gel or activated carbon. Water permeation characteristics of containers have been described, e.g., Containers—Permeation, Chapter, USP 23, 1995, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., Rockville, Md., p. 1787.
The invention further provides veterinary compositions comprising at least one formula 1 compound together with a veterinary excipient(s) therefor. Veterinary excipients are materials useful for the purpose of administering the composition and may be solid, liquid or gaseous materials that are otherwise inert or acceptable in the veterinary art and are compatible with the formula 1 compound(s). These veterinary compositions may be administered orally, parenterally or by any other desired route.
Invention formulations include controlled release pharmaceutical formulations containing a formula 1 compound(s) (“controlled release formulations”, “slow release formulations” or the like) in which the release of the formula 1 compound(s) is controlled or regulated to allow less frequency dosing or to improve the pharmacokinetic or toxicity profile of a given formula 1 compound(s). Polymers and other materials that are suitable to prepare controlled release formulations that comprise a formula 1 compound have been described, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,652,443, 4,800,085, 4,808,416, 5,013,727, 5,188,840.
Thus, microcapsules, granules or other shaped forms may comprise a formula 1 compound and a slow release polymer or polymer matrix that comprises or consists of one or more of ethylene dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetrathylene glycol dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylaminoethyl dimethacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, epoxy acrylate, glycidyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxybutyl methacrylate, hydroxybutyl acrylate, hydroxyhexyl methacrylate, hydroxyhexyl acrylate, butanediol dimethacrylate, butanediol diacrylate, propanediol dimethacrylate, propanediol diacrylate, pentanediol dimethacrylate, pentanediol diacrylate, hexanediol dimethacrylate, hexanediol diacrylate, neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, trimethylopropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, trimethyloethane triacrylate, trimethylolethane trimethacrylate, polypropyleneglycol diacrylate, and polypropylene glycol dimethacrylate.
When a formula 1 compound and an excipient(s) is contacted or mixed, the final composition may comprise a homogenous mixture or it may comprise a mixture that is not homogenous for one or more of the compounds that are present in the composition. Compositions and formulations that are either homogenous or non-homogenous are included in the scope of the invention. Non-homogenous compositions can be used to make controlled release formulations.
Formula 1 compounds may be administered to subjects by buccal or sublingual dosing. The buccal area generally refers to the subject's mouth and pharynx, and the buccal mucosa includes the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx. The sublingual area refers generally to the mucosa below and adjacent to the tongue. Formulations suitable for buccal or sublingual administration typically comprise about 1-100 mg of formula 1 compound per unit dose, often about 2-60 mg. Buccal or sublingual formulations may comprise a tablet that contains about 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 or 60 mg of a formula 1 compound. Solid and liquid buccal or sublingual formulations optionally include one, two, three or more excipients such as fillers, binders, lubricants, antioxidants, preservatives, flavoring agents or disintegrants, e.g., lactose, sucrose, mannitol, Tween-80, magnesium stearate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, cyclodextrins (e.g., α-cyclodextrins, β-cyclodextrins, γ-cyclodextrins, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin), carbomers, hydrolyzed polyvinylalcohol, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylates, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, and combinations thereof. Such formulations may be a unit solid such as a tablet, or a powder or liquid. Buccal tablets may comprise a concave surface for contacting the buccal mucosa and adhering to it. A buccal or sublingual dosage may comprise a compressed tablet of a substantially uniform mixture of a bioerodible polymeric carrier, which on sustained contact with the oral mucosa, substantially or completely erodes within a predetermined period in the range of about 10 minutes to about 24 hours. In some embodiments, the formula 1 compound is administered by a method for administering the compound to the subject, e.g., to a mammal or a human, comprising affixing a unit dosage or tablet to the subject's buccal mucosa in a region at or near the upper gum between the first bicuspid on the left and the first bicuspid on the right (or an alternative location for the dosage unit is the inner lip area opposing the this upper gum area) and optionally allowing the tablet to remain in place until erosion thereof is complete or nearly complete. Exemplary excipients may comprise a combination of polyethylene oxide and a carbomer, e.g., wherein the polyethylene oxide and the carbomer are in an approximately 1:5 to 5:1 ratio by weight.
Tablets or unit dosages for buccal or sublingual delivery may be about 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height, so that the unit dosage occupies about 40 mm3. Such dosages will typically weigh less than about 100 mg (e.g., about 5 to 60 mg), with a contact surface area of about 10-30 mm2, e.g., about 15-20 mm2. Such dosages will generally be about 4-10 mm in diameter and about 1-3 mm in height. When a polymer excipient is used, it optionally comprises a polymer having sufficient tack to ensure that the dosage unit adheres to the buccal mucosa for a sufficient time period, e.g., the time period during which drug is to be delivered to the buccal mucosa. The polymeric excipient is gradually “bioerodible,” and it hydrolyzes, dissolves, erodes or disintegrates (collectively “erodes”) at a predetermined rate upon contact with water or saliva. The polymeric carrier is generally sticky when moist, but not when dry, for convenience in handling. The average molecular weight of the polymer may be about 400 to 1,000,000, or about 1,000 to 100,000. Higher the molecular weight polymers generally erode more slowly.
For these buccal and sublingual dosages, a pharmaceutically acceptable polymer(s) can be used. Such polymers will provide a suitable degree of adhesion and the desired drug release profile, and are generally compatible with the drug to be administered and any other components that may be present in the buccal dosage unit. The polymeric carriers optionally comprise hydrophilic (water-soluble and water-swellable) polymers that adhere to the wet surface of the buccal mucosa. Examples of polymeric carriers that are useful herein include acrylic acid polymers and co, e.g., those known as “carbomers” (Carbopol™, which may be obtained from B.F. Goodrich, is one such polymer). Other suitable polymers include hydrolyzed polyvinylalcohol; polyethylene oxides (e.g., Sentry Polyox™ water soluble resins, available from Union Carbide); polyacrylates (e.g., Gantrez™, which may be obtained from GAF); vinyl polymers and copolymers; polyvinylpyrrolidone; dextran; guar gum; pectins; starches; and cellulosic polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, (e.g., Methocel™, which may be obtained from the Dow Chemical Company), hydroxypropyl cellulose (e.g., Klucel™, which may be obtained from Dow), hydroxypropyl cellulose ethers (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,704,285 to Alderman), hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate butyrate, and the like. The carrier may also comprise two or more suitable polymers in combination, for example, a carbomer combined in an approximately 1:5 to 5:1 ratio, by weight, with a polyethylene oxide.
Buccal dosages may contain only the formula 1 compound and the polymer(s). However, it may be desirable in some cases to include one or more additional excipients. For example, a lubricant may be included to facilitate the process of manufacturing the dosage units; lubricants may also optimize erosion rate and drug flux. If a lubricant is present, it may optionally represent about 0.01 wt. % to about 2 wt. %, or about 0.01 wt. % to 0.5 wt. %, of the dosage unit. Suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, sodium stearylfumarate, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oils and polyethylene glycol. However, modulating the particle size of the components in the dosage unit and/or the density of the unit can provide a similar effect, e.g., improved manufacturability, and optimization of erosion rate and drug flux without addition of a lubricant.
Other excipients are also optionally incorporated into buccal unit dosages. Such additional optional excipients include, one or more disintegrants, diluents, binders, enhancers, or the like. Examples of disintegrants that may be used include, but are not limited to, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidones, such as crospovidone (e.g., Polyplasdone™ XL, which may be obtained from GAF), cross-linked carboxylic methylcelluloses, such as croscarmelose (e.g., Ac-di-sol™, which may be obtained from FMC), alginic acid, and sodium carboxymethyl starches (e.g., Explotab™, which may be obtained from Edward Medell Co., Inc.), methylcellulose, agar bentonite and alginic acid. Suitable diluents are those which are generally useful in pharmaceutical formulations prepared using compression techniques, e.g., dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (e.g., Di-Tab™, which may be obtained from Stauffer), sugars that have been processed by cocrystallization with dextrin (e.g., co-crystallized sucrose and dextrin such as Di-Pak™, which may be obtained from Amstar), lactone, calcium phosphate, cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sodium chloride, dry starch, powdered sugar and the like. Binders, if used, are those that enhance adhesion. Examples of such binders include, but are not limited to, starch, gelatin and sugars such as sucrose, dextrose, molasses, and lactose. Permeation enhancers may also be present in the novel dosage units in order to increase the rate at which the active agent passes through the buccal mucosa. Examples of permeation enhancers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol monolaurate (“PEGML”), glycerol monolaurate, lecithin, the 1-substituted azacycloheptan-2-ones, particularly 1-n-dodecylcyclaza-cycloheptan-2-one (available under the trademark Azone™ from Nelson Research & Development Co., Irvine, Calif.), lower alkanols (e.g., ethanol), SEPA™ (available from Macrochem Co., Lexington, Mass.), cholic acid, taurocholic acid, bile salt type enhancers, and surfactants such as Tergitol™, Nonoxynol-9™ and TWEEN-80™.
Flavorings are optionally included in buccal or sublingual formulations. Any suitable flavoring may be used, e.g., one or more of mannitol, sucrose, glucose, lactose, lemon, lemon lime, orange, menthol or artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, saccharin sodium, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, stevia and thaumatin. Some sweeteners such as sucrose may also aid in dissolution or erosion of solid formulations. Coloring agents may also be added, e.g., any of the water soluble FD&C dyes or mixtures thereof, e.g., one or more of FD&C Yellow No. 5, FD&C RED No. 2, FD&C Blue No. 2, etc., food lakes or red iron oxide. In addition such formulations dosages may be formulated with one or more preservatives or bacteriostatic agents, e.g., methyl hydroxybenzoate, propyl hydroxybenzoate, chlorocresol, benzalkonium chloride, or the like.
Other embodiments include solid buccal or sublingual formulations comprising (i) a formula 1 compound and (ii) erythritol, (iii) crystalline cellulose and (iv) a disintegrant, e.g., crospovidone. These formulations are capable of buccal disintegration or dissolution and may further comprise mannitol. These formulations may dissolve completely in solely saliva within about 1-10 minutes of administration to a subject. The erythritol is optionally contained in a proportion of about 5-90 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the solid buccal formulation. The crystalline cellulose is optionally contained in a proportion of about 3-50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the formulation. The disintegrant is optionally contained in a proportion of 1-10 parts by weight. In any of the solid buccal or sublingual formulations the ingredients are generally uniformly mixed, although non-uniform mixtures may be used. An exemplary formulation comprises a solid capable of buccal disintegration or dissolution, which comprises (i) about 0.3-50 parts by weight of a formula 1 compound, (ii) about 50-80 parts by weight of erythritol, (iii) about 5-20 parts by weight of crystalline cellulose and (iv) about 3-7 parts by weight of a disintegrant, which optionally is one or more of crospovidone, croscarmellose, croscarmellose sodium, carmellose calcium, carboxymethylstarch sodium, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose or corn starch. Examples of the crystalline cellulose include products of various grade such as CEOLUS KG801, avicel PH101, avicel PH102, avicel PH301, avicel PH302, avicel RC-591 (crystalline cellulose carmellose sodium) and so on. One crystalline cellulose may be used or two or more species may be used in combination. The disintegrant, e.g., crospovidone, may be used singly or in combination with other disintegrants. Crospovidone includes any cross-linked 1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone homopolymer, and may comprise a polymer of molecular weight of 1,000,000 or more. Examples of commercially available crospovidone include Cross-linked povidone, Kollidon CL, Polyplasdone XL, Polyplasdone XL-10, INF-10 (manufactured by ISP, Inc.), polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, PVPP and 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone homopolymer. The disintegrants are optionally incorporated in a proportion of about 1-15 parts by weight, or about 1-10 parts by weight, or about 3-7 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the solid formulation.
Solid or liquid buccal or sublingual formulations are useful to administer a formula 1 compound to a subject (e.g., mammal or human) to achieve a prolonged plasma concentration of the compound. This is accomplished comprising the steps of (1) preparing a solution of the compound dissolved in an aqueous carrier solution; (2) disposing the solution within the subject's sublingual or buccal area in a quantity to deliver a dosage of about 0.01 to about 2.0 or 4.0 mg/kg of body weight or about 0.1-1 mg/kg, e.g., a dose of about 0.1 to about 100 mg or about 1-50 mg; and (3) contacting the formulation with the buccal or sublingual mucosa, which creates or maintains prolonged detectable plasma concentrations of the formula 1 compound or a metabolite thereof, e.g., for at least about 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 or 72 hours or more.
In other embodiments, buccal or sublingual delivery of a formula 1 compound is accomplished using formulations present as tablets or lozenges, which comprise a candy carrier or a hard candy matrix and sufficient compound, e.g., about 1-100 mg. The candy may be present as a sucker or lollipop.
Some embodiments include a solid buccal or sublingual formulation containing a formula 1 compound where unit doses of the formulation substantially or completely disintegrates or erodes within about 20-120 seconds in water at 37° C. or on insertion of the unit dose into the buccal area or upon placement under the tongue. Such formulations may comprise a swellable hydrophilic excipient, a water-soluble or a water-dispersible excipient, e.g., one or more of partially hydrolyzed gelatin, hydrolyzed dextran, dextrin, mannitol, alginates, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, water soluble cellulose derivatives, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, alginates, gelatin, guar gum, gum tragacanth, gum acacia, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polysilicic acid, polylactic acid, polymaleic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, nonionic blocked polymers, carbomers, polycarbophils, a water soluble starch, dicalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, silica or polyethyleneglycol, e.g., PEG2000, PEG8000 or PEG20000, or a polyethylene oxide (“PEO”), PEO100000 or PEO5000000.
Buccal and sublingual formulations comprising a formula 1 compound are suitable for delivery of the compound to subjects using continuous or intermittent dosing protocols, e.g., any protocol described herein. Excipients disclosed for buccal or sublingual formulations may also be used in formulations suitable for administration by other routes disclosed herein, e.g., oral or parenteral. Other suitable excipients or formulations that may be modified to comprise a formula I compound or methods to make, use or characterize them have been described, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,727,064, 4,877,774, 4,764,378, 5,135,752, 5,624,677, 5,763,476, 5,958,453, 6,284,262, 6,284,263, 6,264,974, 6,248,357, 6,200,593 and 6,103,257.
Other embodiments include the product obtained by storing invention compositions or formulations, e.g., unit dosage forms, any of embodiments (1)-(14) above, or compositions used to make formulations, at about 4-40° C. for at least about 3 days, e.g., storage at ambient temperature for about 1-24 months. Invention formulations will typically be stored in hermetically or induction sealed containers for these time periods. Compositions and formulations that comprise a formula 1 compound will typically be held in closed or sealed containers, particularly when the composition is a formulation for pharmaceutical or veterinary use. The specification and claims disclose exemplary suitable formulations and unit dosage forms for these embodiments.
Clinical conditions are described in more detail below where the formula 1 compounds are useful for treating, preventing, slowing the progression of, or ameliorating one or more conditions or symptoms associated with the conditions. In any these conditions, any formula 1 compound disclosed herein can be used according to one or more of the dosing methods that are disclosed herein. For these conditions, dosages for the formula 1 compounds, formulations and routes of administration are as described herein. Additional information regarding these and other clinical conditions or symptoms that can be treated, prevented or ameliorated with the formula 1 compounds are found at e.g., The Merck Manual, 17th edition, M. H. Beers and R. Berkow editors, 1999, Merck Research Laboratories, Whitehouse Station, N.J., ISBN 0911910-10-7, or in other references cited herein.
Therapeutic and biological applications and activities. The formula 1 compounds are useful to treat autoimmune or metabolic conditions or disorders, or their symptoms, in subjects such as mammals or humans that relate to impaired insulin synthesis or use or that relate to abnormal or pathological lipid or cholesterol metabolism or levels. Such conditions and symptoms include Type 1 diabetes (including Immune-Mediated Diabetes Mellitus and Idiopathic Diabetes Mellitus), Type 2 diabetes (including forms with (1) predominant or profound insulin resistance, (2) predominant insulin deficiency and some insulin resistance and (3) forms intermediate between these), obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia conditions such as hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia.
In diabetes conditions, the compounds are generally useful to (1) enhance β-cell function in the islets of Langerhans (e.g., increase insulin secretion), (2) reduce the rate of islet cell damage, (3) increase insulin receptor levels or activity to increase cell sensitivity to insulin, (5) improving tolerance to glucose (decreasing glucose intolerance) or improving glucose utilization and/or (6) decrease the incidence, onset or severity of vascular lesions, atherosclerosis or diabetic osteoarthropathy. The compounds are thus useful to treat, prevent, ameliorate or slow the progression of diabetes or hyperglycemia, or a related symptom or condition, in a subject such as a human or a mammal.
Beneficial effects that can the formula 1 compounds can exert on such related symptoms or conditions include improved glucose tolerance, improved glucose utilization, decreased vascular disease (e.g., decreased severity or progression of microvascular or macrovascular disease, including nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease and coronary heart disease), decreased severity or progression of atherosclerosis, decreased severity or progression of an arteriosclerosis condition (e.g., coronary arteriosclerosis, hyperplastic arteriosclerosis, peripheral arteriosclerosis or hypertensive arteriosclerosis), decreased level or activity of inflammatory macrophages (foam cells) in atherosclerotic plaques, decreased severity or progression of diabetic osteoarthropathy, decreased severity or progression of skin lesions, decreased severity or progression of ketosis, decreased generation of autoantibodies against islet cells or decreased expression or levels of one or more of IL-1 (e.g., IL-1β), IL-6, TNF (e.g., TNFα), and IFN-γ. In these any of these diseases or conditions, the formula 1 compounds can also modulate, e.g., enhance CARβ, RXR, PPARα or PPARβ levels. As used herein, obesity for a human is a body mass index of about 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 or greater.
The formula 1 compounds are useful in treating insulin resistance and associated symptoms and conditions. Insulin resistance is typically observed as a diminished ability of insulin to exert its biological action across a broad range of concentrations. This leads to less than the expected biologic effect for a given level of insulin. Insulin resistant subjects or human have a diminished ability to properly metabolize glucose or fatty acids and respond poorly, if at all, to insulin therapy. Manifestations of insulin resistance include insufficient insulin activation of glucose uptake, oxidation and storage in muscle and inadequate insulin repression of lipolysis in adipose tissue and of glucose production and secretion in liver. Insulin resistance can cause or contribute to polycystic ovarian syndrome, impaired glucose tolerance, gestational diabetes, hypertension, obesity, atherosclerosis and a variety of other disorders. Insulin resistant individuals can progress to a diabetic state. The compounds can also be used in the treatment or amelioration of one or more condition associated with insulin resistance or glucose intolerance including an increase in plasma triglycerides and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high blood pressure, hyperuricemia, smaller denser low-density lipoprotein particles, and higher circulating levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Such diseases and symptoms have been described, see, e.g., G. M. Reaven, J. Basic Clin. Phys. Pharm. 1998, 9: 387-406, G. M. Reaven, Physiol. Rev. 1995, 75: 473-486 and J. Flier, J. Ann. Rev. Med. 1983, 34:145-60.
The compounds can thus be used in diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia or hypercholesterolemia conditions to reduce body fat mass, increase muscle mass or to lower one or more of serum or blood low density lipoprotein, triglyceride, cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, free fatty acid or very low density lipoprotein compared to a subject that would otherwise be considered normal for one or more of these characteristics. These beneficial effects are typically obtained with little or no effect on serum or blood high density lipoprotein levels. The formula 1 compounds are useful to reduce or slow the rate of myocardial tissue or myocyte damage, e.g., fibrosis, or to enhance cardiac fatty acid metabolism in conditions, such as inflammation, where fatty acid metabolism is depressed or decreased. Elevated cholesterol levels are often associated with a number of other disease states, including coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, carotid artery disease, strokes, cerebral arteriosclerosis, and xanthoma, which the formula 1 compounds can ameliorate or slow the progression or severity of. Abnormal lipid and cholseterol conditions that can be treated include exogenous hypertriglyceridemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, polygenic hypercholesterolemia, biliary cirrhosis, familial combined hyperlipidemia, dysbetalipoproteinemia, endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, mixed hypertriglyceridemia and hyperlipidemia or hypertriglycidemia secondary to alcohol consumption, diabetic lipemia, nephrosis or drug treatments, e.g., corticosteroid, estrogen, colestipol, cholestyramine or retinoid treatments. Dosages, routes of administration and dosing protocols for the formula 1 compounds are essenitally as described herein. Where the condition is chronic, the formula 1 compounds will generally be administered to a subject such as a human for a relatively long time period, e.g., for about 3 months to about 10 years or more. Dosages, routes of administration and dosing protocols for the formula 1 compounds are essentially as described herein. Dosing of the compound can be daily or intermittent using a dosing protocol using dosages as described herein, e.g., about 0.01 to about 20 mg/kg of a formula 1 compound administered to a subject once or twice per day daily or intermittently. The use of the formula 1 compounds can be combined with other suitable treatments, e.g., diet control or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors such as Simvastatin™, Pravastatin, Mevastatin™ or Lovastatin™.
The formula 1 compounds are also useful for preventing, slowing the progression of or treating certain chronic conditions in a subject such as a mammal or a human. Chronic conditions include diseases and conditions that arise or develop over a relatively long time period, e.g., over about 3 months to 10 years or more. Such conditions include chronic renal failure, which may result from polycystic kidney disease, from, e.g., an autoimmune condition such as acute or chronic glomerulonephritis, or from diabetes, interstitial nephritis or hypertension.
Other desirable modulation effects of the formula 1 compounds on cells or tissues include enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin synthesis in hyperglycemia conditions or diabetes conditions and modulation, e.g., a decrease, in serum or blood of leptin levels in, e.g., obese or diabetic subjects such as humans with a body mass index of about 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 or greater.
Numbered embodiments. Several aspects of the invention and related subject matter includes the following numbered embodiments.
1. A method to treat or slow the progression of a metabolic condition or disorder, optionally selected from the group consisting of type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, syndrome X, loss of pancreatic β-islet cells and glucose intolerance in a mammal that has the condition or that may develop the condition, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a formula 1 compound having the structure
wherein R10 is —OH, —SH, halogen, C1-10 optionally substituted alkyl, C1-10 optionally substituted alkoxy, C1-10 optionally substituted alkenyl or C1-10 optionally substituted alkynyl; and hydrogen atoms at the 5 (if present), 8, 9 and 14 positions respectively are α.α.α.α (i.e. 5α, 8α, 9α, 14α), α. α.α.β, α.α.β.α, α.β.α.α, β.α.α.α, α.α.β.β, α.β.α.β, β.α.α.β, β.α.β.α, β.β.α.α, α.β.β.α, α.β.β.β, β.α.β.β, β.β.α.β, β.β.β.α, or β.β.β.β. Any R10 moieties at R7, R8 or R9 can independently be in the α-configuration or the β-configuration.
2. The method of embodiment 1 wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure
wherein R7 and R9 independently are —CHR10—, —CH2—, —CH═, —O—, —S— or —NH—, wherein R10 is —OH, —SH, C1-10 optionally substituted alkyl, C1-10 optionally substituted alkoxy, C1-10 optionally substituted alkenyl or C1-10 optionally substituted alkynyl; R8 is —CH2—, —O—, —S— or —NH—; and hydrogen atoms at the 8-, 9- and 14-positions are in the β-, α- and α-configurations respectively.
3. The composition of embodiment 2 wherein the one or more formula 1 compounds has the structure
wherein hydrogen atoms at the 5 (if present), 8, 9 and 14 positions respectively are α.α.α.α, α.α.α.β, α.α.β.α, α.β.α.α, β.α.α.α, α.α.β.β, α.β.α.β, β.α.α.β, β.α.β.α, β.β.α.α, α.β.β.α, α.β.β.β, β.α.β.β, β.β.α.β, β.⊖.⊖.α or β.β.β.β, typically α.α.β.α or β.α.β.α. In these embodiments, R4 in the α-configuration can be —H or a carbon-linked moiety such as C1-8 optionally substituted alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl, vinyl, ethynyl, propynyl, —CCCH2OH, —CCOH, —CCCH2-halogen, —CN or —C2F5, while R4 in the β-configuration can be a oxygen-linked moiety, a sulfur-linked moiety or a nitrogen-linked moiety such as —OH, —SH, —NH2 or an ester. Or, R4 in the β-configuration can be —H or a carbon-linked moiety such as C1-8 optionally substituted alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl, vinyl, ethynyl, propynyl, —CCCH2OH, —CCOH, —CCCH2-halogen, —CN or —C2F5, while R4 in the α-configuration can be a oxygen-linked moiety, a sulfur-linked moiety or a nitrogen-linked moiety such as —OH, —SH, —NH2 or an ester.
86B. The method of any of embodiments 1B-85B or 87B-90B wherein the formula 1 compound is a compound named in any of compound groups 1 through 54-53-52-51a6-50c27-49c27-48-47-46-45-44-43-42-41-40-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6, or the formula 1 compound is a species in any genus described in any of compound groups 1 through 54-53-52-51a6-50c27-49c27-48-47-46-45-44-43-42-41-40-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-39-38-37-36-35-34-33-32-31-30-29-28-27-26-25-23-21-17-10-8-6.
32D. A method to treat or slow the progression of a metabolic disorder in a subject comprising administering to the subject, or delivering to the subject's tissues, an effective amount of a compound of formula 1, optionally wherein the metabolic disorder is a metabolic disorder described herein such as hyperglycemia, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, syndrome X, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, cardiac failure, congestive heart failure or pulmonary hypertension, optionally wherein the subject is obese such as an obese human having a body mass index of 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 or more, e.g., a BMI of about 27-42 or about 28-42 or about 29-42 or about 30-42.
33D. The method of embodiment 32D wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure
wherein one, two or three of R7, R8 and R9 are —CH2— or —CH═ and wherein the configuration of hydrogen atoms at the 5 (if present), 8, 9 and 14 positions respectively are α.α.α.α, α.α.α.β, α.α.β.α, α.β.α.α, β.α.α.α, α.α.β.β, α.β.α.β, β.α.α.β, β.α.β.α, β.β.α.α, α.β.β.α, α.β.β.β, β.α.β.β, β.β.α.β, β.β.β.α or β.β.β.β, typically α.β.α.α or β.β.α.α.
34D. The method of embodiment 33D wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure
35D. The method of embodiment 34D wherein R1, R2 and R4 independently are —OH, —SCN, a C2-C20 ester or C1-C20 alkoxy, R3 is —H and two or three of R7, R8 and R9 are —CH2—.
36D. The method of embodiment 34D or 35D wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure
37D. The method of any of embodiments 33D-36D wherein the configuration of hydrogen atoms at the 5 (if present), 8, 9 and 14 positions respectively are α.β.α.α or β.β.α.α.
38D. The method of embodiment 32D wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure
wherein one R4 is absent when there is a double bond at the 16-17 position and wherein R7, R8 and R9 are independently selected and optionally wherein one, two or three of R7, R8 and R9 are not —CH2— or —CH═ and wherein hydrogen atoms at the 5 (if present), 8, 9 and 14 positions respectively are in the α.α.α.α, α.α.α.β, α.α.β.α, α.β.α.α, β.α.α.α, α.α.β.β, α.β.α.β, β.α.α.β, β.α.β.α, β.β.α.α, α.β.β.α, α.β.β.β, β.α.β.β, β.β.α.β, β.β.β.α or β.β.β.β configurations, typically α.β.α.α or β.β.α.α.
39D. The method of embodiment 38D wherein R8 is —CH2—, —CH(α-OH)—, —CH(β-OH)—, —C(O)—, —O—, —S— or —NH—.
40D. The method of embodiment 38D or 39D wherein R7 is —CH2—CHR10—, —CH2—, —O—CHR10— or —O—C(O)—.
41D. The method of embodiment 38D, 39D or 40D wherein R8 or R9 is absent.
42D. The method of embodiment 38D or 39D wherein R7 and R9 independently are —CHR10—, —CH2—, —CH═, —O—, —S— or —NH—, wherein R10 is —OH, —SH, a C1-30 organic moiety, a C1-30 ester, C1-10 optionally substituted alkyl, C1-10 optionally substituted alkoxy, C1-10 optionally substituted alkenyl or C1-10 optionally substituted alkynyl.
43D. The method of embodiment 32D wherein the formula 1 method has the structure
wherein hydrogen atoms at the 5 (if present), 8, 9 and 14 positions respectively are in the α.α.α.α, α.α.α.β, α.α.β.α, α.β.α.α, β.α.α.α, α.α.β.β, α.β.α.β, β.α.α.β, β.α.β.α, β.β.α.α, α.β.β.α, α.β.β.β, β.α.β.β, β.β.α.β, β.β.β.α or β.β.β.β configurations, typically α.α.β.α or β.α.β.α.
44D. The method of embodiment 43D wherein R4 is —OH, ═O, —SH, —SCN, a C1-30 ester or C1-30 alkoxy, wherein the ester or alkoxy moiety is optionally substituted with one, two or more independently selected substituents, which are optionally selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —O—, ═O, S—, —NH—, —RPR, —ORPR, —SRPR or —NHRPR.
45D. The method of embodiment 43D or 44D wherein R1 is —OH, ═O, —SH, —SCN, a C1-30 ester or C1-30 alkoxy, wherein the ester or alkoxy moiety is optionally substituted with one, two or more independently selected substituents, which are optionally selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —O—, ═O, —S—, —NH—, —RPR, —ORPR, —SRPR or —NHRPR.
46D. The method of any of embodiments 32D-45D wherein a second R1 is present and it is a moiety other than hydrogen, e.g., a C1-30 ester, C1-30 alkoxy, C2-30 alkynyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkyl, or a monosaccharide wherein the ester, alkoxy, alkynyl, alkenyl, alkyl or monosaccharide is optionally substituted with one, two or more independently selected substituents, which are optionally selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —O—, ═O, —S—, —NH—, —RPR, —ORPR, —SRPR or —NHRPR. Exemplary substituents are —OH, —SH, —SCN, —CCH, —CCCH3, —CH3 and —CF3.
47D. The method of any of embodiments 32D-46D wherein a second R2 is present and it is a moiety other than hydrogen, e.g., a C1-30 ester, C1-30 alkoxy, C2-30 alkynyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkyl, or a monosaccharide wherein the ester, alkoxy, alkynyl, alkenyl, alkyl or monosaccharide is optionally substituted with one, two or more independently selected substituents, which are optionally selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —O—, ═O, —S—, —NH—, —RPR, —ORPR, —SRPR or —NHRPR. Exemplary substituents are —OH, —SH, —SCN, —CCH, —CCCH3, —CH3 and —CF3.
48D. The method of any of embodiments 32D-47D wherein a second R3 is present and it is a moiety other than hydrogen, e.g., a C1-30 ester, C1-30 alkoxy, C2-30 alkynyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkyl, or a monosaccharide wherein the ester, alkoxy, alkynyl, alkenyl, alkyl or monosaccharide is optionally substituted with one, two or more independently selected substituents, which are optionally selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —O—, ═O, —S—, —NH—, —RPR, —ORPR, —SRPR or —NHRPR. Exemplary substituents are —OH, —SH, —SCN, —CCH, —CCCH3, —CH3 and —CF3.
49D. The method of any of embodiments 32D-48D wherein a second R4 is present and it is a moiety other than hydrogen, e.g., a C1-30 ester, C1-30 alkoxy, C2-30 alkynyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C1-6 alkyl, or a monosaccharide wherein the ester, alkoxy, alkynyl, alkenyl, alkyl or monosaccharide is optionally substituted with one, two or more independently selected substituents, which are optionally selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —O—, ═O, —S—, —NH—, —RPR, —ORPR, —SRPR or —NHRPR. Exemplary substituents are —OH, —SH, —SCN, —CCH, —CCCH3, —CH3 and —CF3.
50D. The method of any of embodiments 32D-49D wherein there is a double bond at the 1-2 position.
51D. The method of any of embodiments 32D-49D wherein there is a double bond at the 4-5 position.
52D. The method of any of embodiments 32D-49D wherein there is a double bond at the 5-6 position.
53D. The method of any of embodiments 32D-49D wherein there is a double bond at the 16-17 position.
54D. The method of any of embodiments 32D-49D wherein there are double bonds at the 1-2 and 4-5 positions.
55D. The method of any of embodiments 32D-49D wherein there are double bonds at the 1-2 and 5-6 positions.
56D. The method of any of embodiments 32D-49D wherein there are double bonds at the 1-2 and 16-17 positions.
57D. The method of any of embodiments 32D-49D wherein there are double bonds at the 4-5 and 16-17 positions.
58D. The method of any of embodiments 32D-49D wherein there are double bonds at the 5-6 and 16-17 positions.
59D. The method of any of embodiments 32D-49D wherein there are double bonds at the 1-2, 4-5 and 16-17 positions.
60D. The method of any of embodiments 32D-49D wherein there are double bonds at the 1-2, 5-6 and 16-17 positions.
65D. A kit comprising a formulation that comprises a unit dosage or a multiple dosage comprising a formula 1 compound, e.g., a compound in any compound group or embodiment disclosed herein, and one or more excipients wherein the formulation is dispensed in a suitable container, wherein the kit further comprises a label that provides information about one or more of (1) the formula 1 compound's chemical structure, (2) any recommended dosing regimen, (3) any adverse effects of administering the formula 1 compound to a subject that are required to be disclosed and (4) the amount of the formula 1 compound that is present in each unit dose or in the entire container.
66D. A method to treat hyperglycemia or diabetes in a mammal having hyperglycemia comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound having the structure
wherein R1 is —OH, —SH, an ester, an ether or a thioether; R2 is —OH, ═O, an ester or an ether; R3 is —H, —OH, a halogen, an ester or an ether; one R4 is —OH, ester or ether and the other R4 is —H or C1-10 optionally substituted alkyl; R5 is C1-4 optionally substituted alkyl; R6 is —H or C1-4 optionally substituted alkyl; R3 is —CH2—, —CHOH—, —C(O)— or —CH(hydroxy ester)-; and R10 is —H or a halogen, preferably —F or —Cl. In these embodiments, R4 in the β-configuration can be —OH, a C2-10 ester or a C1-10 ether and R4 in the α-configuration can be —H, —C≡C—(CH2)nH, —C═CH—(CH2)nH, —C≡C—(CH2)nOH or —C═CH—(CH2)nOH where n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In these embodiments, hyperglycemia can be associated with a metabolic disease or a trauma. Hyperglycemia can be associated with, e.g., 1, 2 or more of a hemorrhage or reperfusion injury, a bone fracture, a cardiac surgery, a thermal burn or a chemical burn. The F1C treatment can ameliorate both hyperglycemia and other side-effects of trauma such as bone loss associated with a bone fracture or a burn, etc.
67D. The method of embodiment 66D wherein the compound has the structure
wherein R4 in the α-configuration is —C≡CH or —C≡C—CH3.
68D. The method of embodiment 66D or 67D wherein the compound has the structure
wherein R4 in the α-configuration is —C≡CH or —CCCH.
69D. The method of embodiment 68D wherein the mammal is a human.
70D. The method of embodiment 66D, 67D, 68D or 69D wherein the mammal has type 2 diabetes or has hyperglycemia associated with 1, 2 or more of a hemorrhage or reperfusion injury, a bone fracture, a cardiac surgery, a thermal burn or a chemical burn.
71D. The method of embodiment 66D wherein the compound has the structure
72D. The method of embodiment 71D wherein the mammal is a human.
73D. The method of embodiment 71D or 72D wherein the mammal has type 2 diabetes or has hyperglycemia associated with a trauma, optionally 1, 2 or more of a hemorrhage or reperfusion injury, a bone fracture, a cardiac surgery, a thermal burn or a chemical burn.
74D. The method of embodiment 66D, 67D, 68D, 69D, 70D, 71D, 72D or 73D wherein R4 in the β-configuration is —OH, —C(O)CH3, —C(O)CH2CH3 or —C(O)(CH2)8CH3 and R4 in the α-configuration is —H, —CCH or —CCCH3.
75D. The method of embodiment 66D wherein the compound has the structure
76D. The method of embodiment 75D wherein the mammal is a human.
77D. The method of embodiment 76D or 77D wherein the mammal has type 2 diabetes or has hyperglycemia associated with a trauma optionally 1, 2 or more of a hemorrhage or reperfusion injury, a bone fracture, a cardiac surgery, a thermal burn or a chemical burn.
78D. The method of embodiment 75D, 76D or 77D wherein R4 in the β-configuration is —OH, —C(O)CH3, —C(O)CH2CH3 or —C(O)(CH2)8CH3 and R4 in the α-configuration is —H, —CCH or —CCCH3.
79D. The method of embodiment 66D, 67D, 68D, 69D, 70D, 71D, 72D, 73D, 74D, 75D, 76D, 76D or 78D wherein R1 is —OH, —C(O)CH3, —C(O)CH2CH3, —C(O)(CH2)6CH3 or —C(O)(CH2)8CH3.
80D. The method of embodiment 66D or 79D wherein R2 is —OH, —OCH3, —C(O)CH3, —C(O)CH2CH3 or —C(O)(CH2)8CH3.
81D. The method of embodiment 66D wherein the compound has the structure
82D. The method of embodiment 81D wherein the mammal is a human.
83D. The method of embodiment 81D or 82D wherein the mammal has type 2 diabetes or has hyperglycemia associated with a trauma optionally 1, 2 or more of a hemorrhage or reperfusion injury, a bone fracture, a cardiac surgery, a thermal burn or a chemical burn.
84D. The method of embodiment 81D, 82D or 83D wherein R4 in the β-configuration is —OH, —C(O)CH3, —C(O)CH2CH3 or —C(O)(CH2)8CH3 and R4 in the α-configuration is —H, —CCH or —CCCH3 and optionally wherein R1 and R2 independently are —OH, —OCH3, —C(O)CH3, —C(O)CH2CH3 or —C(O)(CH2)8CH3. In these embodiments, R3 can be —H, —OH, an ester or an ether.
84D. The method of embodiment 84D wherein R1 and R2 are —OH and R3 is —H or —OH.
In some embodiments, 1, 2 or more of, e.g., R1, R2, R3, R4 and R10 can comprise a lipid moiety such as a fatty acid, a monoacylglyceride, a diacylglyceride, a phospholipid, a glycolipid, a sphingolipid or a glycerophospholipid that is esterified, linked through an ether (—O—) or acyl moiety or otherwise bonded to the formula 1 compound. Exemplary fatty acid esters include —C(O)—(CH2)m—H where m is 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19 or 21 and —C(O)—(CH2)n—CH═CH—(CH2)n—H where each n independently is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8. Other lipid moieties that can be bonded to the steroid include phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylglycerol. The lipid moiety may be bonded to the steroid through a hydroxyl or oxygen, phosphate, sulfate or amine at R1, R2, R3, R4 or R10. Such lipid moieties may be bonded to any of the formula 1 compounds or genera of formula 1 compounds disclosed herein.
Variations and modifications of these embodiments, the claims and the remaining portions of this disclosure will be apparent to the skilled artisan after a reading thereof. Such variations and modifications are within the scope and spirit of this invention. All citations herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. All citations herein are incorporated herein by reference with specificity.
The following examples further illustrate the invention and they are not intended to limit it in any way.
Glucose lowering and amelioration of insulin resistance. Glucose lowering effects and amelioration of insulin resistance was assessed in the diabetic db/db mouse model of human diabetes and insulin resistance.
In these studies, db/db C57BL/Ks mice of approximately 8 to 10 weeks of age were divided into groups of 10 each and then treated with a vehicle control (no drug) or 17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene-3β,7β,17β-triol by oral gavage. The compound was administered twice a day at 20 mg/kg/day (10 mg/kg dose administered twice per day), 40 mg/kg/day (20 mg/kg dose administered twice per day) or 80 mg/kg/day (40 mg/kg dose administered twice per day) for up to 28 days. Blood glucose levels were monitored twice a week during the dosing period, using a minute amount of blood (nick tail bleeds) to measure the concentration of glucose by glucometer strips. At specific times during the dosing period (day 14 and day 28), an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also performed by administering a standard oral dose of 1 g/kg glucose (approximately 40 mg in a 40 mg mouse) and then the fluctuation of blood glucose levels was monitored quickly thereafter after at 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after the glucose dose. In the drug treated group, an approximately 40% decrease in hyperglycemic blood glucose levels was observed in the db/db mice. Blood glucose approached 380 mg/dL in the vehicle control group and was <230 mg/dL after at least 10 days of dosing in the drug treated group. Treatment with drug at 80 mg/kg b.i.d. for 28 days markedly reduced the peak glycemic excursion from approximately 400 mg/dL 30-min post-oral glucose dosing seen in vehicle-treated animals down to <200 mg/dL in the drug-treated group.
Diet induced obesity (DIO) mouse hyperglycemia treatment. The effect of a drug to enhance peripheral sensitivity to insulin can be studied in a mouse model in which a state of insulin resistance is attained by feeding the animals a fat-enriched diet (60% of total caloric intake) for at least 6 weeks. This model has been described, e.g., J. N. Thupari et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99(14):9498-9502, 2002, H. Xu et al., J. Clin. Invest., 112:1821-1830, 2003, H. Takahashi et al., J. Biol. Chem., 278(47):46654-46660, 2003. Under these diet conditions, the mice exhibit increased body weight (+35 g) and a state of glucose intolerance, which is manifested as a significant delay in the clearance time of orally-administered glucose during a standard OGTT.
For these studies, animals of approximately 4 weeks of age were divided into groups of 10 animals each and then treated with a vehicle control (no drug) or 17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene-3β,7β,17β-triol by oral gavage. The 17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene-3β,7β,17β-triol was administered at 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg or 80 mg/kg twice a day for up to 28 days. At day 14 and day 28 during the dosing period an OGTT was performed as described in example 2. In this DIO-model of insulin resistance, 17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene-3β,7β,17β-triol notably reduced glucose intolerance compared to vehicle control animals as indicated by significant improvement in the OGTT glycemic excursion. These findings suggested that treatment with 17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene-3β,7β,17β-triol enhanced peripheral insulin sensitivity or uptake, which improved glucose intolerance in these animals.
A treatment protocol similar to that described in example 1 was performed with db/db mice that were younger than the animals described in example 2. The animals (n=8 to 10 per group) were treated with 17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene-3β,7β,17β-triol or vehicle by oral gavage twice per day at 40 mg/kg/day (20 mg/kg dose given twice per day) and 80 mg/kg/day (40 mg/kg dose given twice per day). At the start of dosing, the animals were 6 weeks of age, before the onset of elevated glucose levels or hyperglycemia. Dosing with vehicle or drug was maintained for 32 days to determine the effect of the treatments on the onset and rate of progression of hyperglycemia in the animals. In the control group, the onset of hyperglycemia was observed after 25 days of dosing and it continued to worsen, i.e., blood glucose levels rose from normal to frank hyperglycemia, through the end of the 32 day dosing period. By contrast, levels of glucose in both drug treatment groups did not rise above normal levels by the end of the 32 day dosing period, showing that drug treatment delayed the onset of hyperglycemia through the course of the protocol. Additional experiments with dosing for a longer period of time would be needed to better define how long the drug can delay onset of hyperglycemia in db/db mice.
Administration of 17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene-3β,7β,17β-triol to 8 week old male diabetic db/db mice markedly suppressed basal blood glucose hyperglycemic levels, an effect that became apparent after 10 days of dosing and was sustained for 18 additional days of continuous, twice-a-day treatment in the 40 mg/kg dose group. In younger, 6 week old male db/db mice, treatment with the 17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene-3β,7β,17β-triol at 40 mg/kg completely blocked progression of the animals into the hyperglycemic state that was observed in the vehicle-treated group after 25 days of dosing. The treated animals maintained blood glucose levels that were comparable to those from lean db/+ littermates. Furthermore, results from OGTTs performed in treated animals model showed significant amelioration of glucose intolerance compared to vehicle control animals.
The capacity of androst-5-ene-3β,7β,16α,17β-tetrol to affect the onset and course of diabetes or hyperglycemia in db/db mice is examined. In this protocol, the animals are orally treated with 40 mg/kd/day (20 mg/kg twice per day) of the compound or with an equal volume of vehicle control beginning when the animals are at about 10 weeks of age. The effect of androst-5-ene-3β,7β,16α,17β-tetrol on the degree or progression of hyperglycemia in the animals over time is then evaluated by measuring blood glucose or by performing a glucose clamp study in the animals.
Other formula 1 compounds disclosed herein, e.g., compounds in the compound groups described are examined in protocols that are essentially the same as those described in one or more of examples 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 to characterize their capacity to elicit the biological effects of compounds such as androst-5-ene-3β,7β,16α, 17β-tetrol or 17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene-3β,7β,17β-triol. The other formula 1 compounds can thus be used as reference standards or positive or negative control compounds for the conduct of the protocols described at examples 1-5. Such information can be obtained to understand structure activity relationships or submitted to a regulatory agency such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to convey activity relationships between compounds such as androst-5-ene-3β,7β,16α,17β-tetrol or 17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene-3β,7β,17β-triol and another reference formula 1 compound. The reference formula 1 compound will typically contain only 1, 2 or 3 chemical differences or substitutions, e.g., replacement of a hydrogen atom with a halogen or C1-8 optionally substituted alkyl or oxygen linked moiety such as —OH or an ester or substitution of an existing moiety such as hydroxyl to obtain an ester or ether derivative of the hydroxyl group.
Human treatment protocol. A dose escalation clinical trial is performed using a formulation containing 17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene-3β,7β,17β-triol or another formula 1 compound. About 3-15 patients are examined at each dose level. Patients, optionally obese, with glucose resistance are identified by standard methods, e.g., by homeostasis model assessment or β-cell function assessment. D. R. Matthews et al., Diabetologia, 28:412-419, 1985, J. C. Levy et al., Diabetes Care, 21:2191-2192, 1998, R. Bergman et al., Am. J. Physiol., 236:E667-E677, 1979, M. Emoto et al., Diabetes Care, 22:818-822, 1999, J. P. Hosker et al., Diabetologia, 28:401-411, 1985. The initial dose is about 5 mg or about 10 mg to about 20 mg or 30 mg of the compound administered orally. The dose is administered once per day for one day, 7 days, 14 days or 28 days, followed by no dosing for about 5 days or about 7 days or more (e.g., about 14 days, about 21 days, about 28 days or about 6 weeks) with optional periodic observation of the patients on one or more occasions. Other dose levels tested are 1, 2 or 3 dose levels of about 15 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 120 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg and about 800 mg, with each dose administered once per day as a single dose or as two, three or four subdivided oral doses.
Compounds that are used in dose escalation protocols may include 3β,7β,16α,17β-tetrahydroxyandrost-5-ene, 3α,7β,16α,17β-tetrahydroxyandrost-5-ene, 3β,7β,16α,17α-tetrahydroxyandrost-5-ene, 3β,7β,16β,17α-tetrahydroxyandrost-5-ene, 3β,7α,16α,17β-tetrahydroxyandrost-5-ene, 3α,16α,17β-trihydroxyandrost-5-ene-7-one, 3α,7β,17β-trihydroxy-17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene, 3β,17β-dihydroxy-17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene-7-one, 3α,7α,17β-trihydroxy-17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene, 3β,7α,17β-trihydroxy-17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene, 3β,11β,17β-trihydroxy-17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene, 3α,11β,17β-trihydroxy-17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene, 3β,7β,11β,17β-tetrahydroxy-17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene, 3α,7β,11β,17β-tetrahydroxy-17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene, 3β,7β,11α,17β-tetrahydroxy-17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene, 3β,7α,11β,17β-tetrahydroxy-17α-ethynylandrost-5-ene or analogs of any of these compounds where hydroxyl at one or two of the 3-position, 7-position, 11-position or 16-position is an epimer or an ester or ether derivative or wherein (1) a hydrogen atom is present at the 5-position in the α-configuration or the β-configuration and/or (2) a double bond is present at the 1-2 position and/or the 4-5 position.
The patients are optionally monitored for the effect of dosing with the F1C for 14 days or 28 days by, e.g., performing an oral glucose tolerance test or a euglycemic insulin clamp test to measure insulin resistance or peripheral tissue glucose uptake acccording to standard protocols. Results after dosing are compared with results from the test at baseline before dosing began to observe the effect of the F1C on individual patients such as improved oral glucose tolerance. Various protocols for these tests are known, e.g., J. P. Felber et al., Diabetes, 36(11):1341-1350, 1987, R. N. Bergman et al., J. Clin. Invest., 79(3):790-800, 1987, R. A. DeFronzo et al., Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 73:1294-1301, 1991, A. Katz et al., Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85(7):2402-2410, 2000.
A buccal formulation containing 16α-fluoroandrost-5-ene-17-one for human or veterinary applications was prepared as follows. Micronized 16α-fluoroandrost-5-ene-17-one, PEG 3350, Cab-O-Sil™, Polyplasdone XL 10™, Pearlitol™, and sodium lauryl sulfate were dispensed into a double cone blender (Gemco) and blended for approximately 15 minutes. Three 0.15 gram samples were collected from top, middle and bottom regions of the blend and assayed by HPLC for uniform drug content. Results from the HPLC assay for uniform drug content were obtained prior to continuing the manufacture process. Blending was continued, if needed, until the blend contained 19% to 21% of 16α-fluoroandrost-5-ene-17-one by weight in selected samples. Magnesium stearate, sieved through a #40 screen, was then added to the mixture and blended for 5 minutes.
The uniform blend or mixture was then transferred to a double polyethylene bag and loaded into a tablet press hopper. Ten tablets (pillow shaped) were sampled at 15-minute intervals during the tabletting process to monitor thickness, weight and hardness of each tablet. Samples of 35 tablets were taken at the beginning, middle, and end of the tablet compression run for testing. The tablets were collected from the press in polyethylene bags and visually inspected prior to packaging in 100 cc high density polyethylene (HDPE) round bottles (38-400 finish) at 500 tablets per bottle. The tablets were stored at controlled room temperature (20°-25° C.).
Excipients used in the formulation were mannitol, (Pearlitol™, 200 μm diameter granules, Roquette), which provided a matrix for separation of drug particles in the tablet and a compression aid to promote free flowing of the drug blend into the tablet die. Crospovidone (Polyplasdone XL 10™, ISP Pharmaceutical), NF, was used as a dispersing agent and to facilitate tablet disintegration. PEG 3350 (Spectrum Quality Products, Gardena, Calif.), NF, was used as a wetting and dispersion agent. Sodium lauryl sulfate, NF, was used as a dispersion agent. Magnesium stearate (Spectrum Quality Products, Gardena, Calif.), NF, was used as a lubricant to facilitate ejection of tablets from the die. Amorphous silica dioxide (Cab-O-Sil, >98%, Cabot Corp.) was used as a glidant (flow enhancer) to promote free flowing of the drug blend into the tablet die. Average tablet weight was 125 mg, with 90% of the tablets varying by less than 15% in weight and no tablets varying by more than 25% in weight. The final composition of the tablets is shown below.
Variations and modifications of these embodiments, the claims and the remaining portions of this disclosure will be apparent to the skilled artisan after a reading thereof. To the extent not already indicated, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that any of the various specific embodiments, compounds or compositions described herein may be modified to incorporate other appropriate features, e.g., as shown in any other of the specific embodiments disclosed herein or in the cited references. Such variations and modifications are within the scope of this invention.
All citations or references cited anywhere herein, including pending parent application Ser. No. 11/234,675, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, e.g., after the end of this paragraph or in additional paragraphs that follow this paragraph.
This non-provisional patent application claims priority from and is a continuation-in-part application of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/234,675, filed Sep. 23, 2005, which is a continuation pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/087,929, filed Mar. 1, 2002, which claims priority from and/or is a continuation-in-part of: (1) abandoned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/675,470, filed Sep. 28, 2000, which claims priority to abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/161,453, filed Oct. 25, 1999, and (2) abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/272,624, filed Mar. 1, 2001, and (3) abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/323,016, filed Sep. 10, 2001, and (4) abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/340,054, filed Nov. 1, 2001, and (5) abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/328,738, filed Oct. 11, 2001, and (6) abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/338,015, filed Nov. 8, 2001, and (7) abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/343,523, filed Dec. 20, 2001, and (8) abandoned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/820,483, filed Mar. 29, 2001, abandoned, which is claims priority from and/or is a continuation-in-part of (a) pending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/535,675, filed Mar. 23, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,667,299 B1, said 09/535,675 application claims priority to abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/190,140, filed Mar. 16, 2000, abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/126,056, filed Mar. 23, 1999, abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/164,048, filed Nov. 8, 1999, abandoned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/414,905, filed Oct. 8, 1999 and abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/140,028, filed Jun. 16, 1999, and (b) abandoned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/449,004, filed Nov. 24, 1999, which claims priority to abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/109,923, filed Nov. 24, 1998, abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/126,056, filed Mar. 23, 1999, and abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/124,087, filed Mar. 11, 1999 and (c) abandoned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/449,184, filed Nov. 24, 1999, which claims priority to abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/109,924, filed Nov. 24, 1998, abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/126,056, filed Mar. 23, 1999 and abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/124,087, filed Mar. 11, 1999 and (d) abandoned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/449,042, filed Nov. 24, 1999, which claims priority to abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/110,127, filed Nov. 27, 1998, abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/126,056, filed Mar. 23, 1999 and abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/124,087, filed Mar. 11, 1999 and (e) abandoned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/461,026, filed Dec. 15, 1999, which claims priority to abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/112,206, filed Dec. 15, 1998, and (f) abandoned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/586,673, filed Jun. 1, 2000, which claims priority to abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/145,823, filed Jul. 27, 1999, and (g) abandoned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/586,672, filed Jun. 1, 2000, which claims priority to abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/137,745, filed Jun. 3, 1999, and (h) abandoned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/414,905, filed Oct. 8, 1999, which claims priority to abandoned U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/140,028, filed Jun. 16, 1999, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60161453 | Oct 1999 | US | |
| 60272624 | Mar 2001 | US | |
| 60323016 | Sep 2001 | US | |
| 60340054 | Nov 2001 | US | |
| 60328738 | Oct 2001 | US | |
| 60338015 | Nov 2001 | US | |
| 60343523 | Dec 2001 | US | |
| 60190140 | Mar 2000 | US | |
| 60126056 | Mar 1999 | US | |
| 60164048 | Nov 1999 | US | |
| 60140028 | Jun 1999 | US | |
| 60109923 | Nov 1998 | US | |
| 60126056 | Mar 1999 | US | |
| 60124087 | Mar 1999 | US | |
| 60109924 | Nov 1998 | US | |
| 60126056 | Mar 1999 | US | |
| 60124087 | Mar 1999 | US | |
| 60110127 | Nov 1998 | US | |
| 60126056 | Mar 1999 | US | |
| 60124087 | Mar 1999 | US | |
| 60112206 | Dec 1998 | US | |
| 60145823 | Jul 1999 | US | |
| 60137745 | Jun 1999 | US | |
| 60140028 | Jun 1999 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10087929 | Mar 2002 | US |
| Child | 11234675 | Sep 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11234675 | Sep 2005 | US |
| Child | 11696637 | Apr 2007 | US |
| Parent | 09675470 | Sep 2000 | US |
| Child | 10087929 | Mar 2002 | US |
| Parent | 09820483 | Mar 2001 | US |
| Child | 10087929 | Mar 2002 | US |
| Parent | 09535675 | Mar 2000 | US |
| Child | 09820483 | Mar 2001 | US |
| Parent | 09414905 | Oct 1999 | US |
| Child | 09820483 | Mar 2001 | US |
| Parent | 09449004 | Nov 1999 | US |
| Child | 09820483 | US | |
| Parent | 09449184 | Nov 1999 | US |
| Child | 09820483 | US | |
| Parent | 09449042 | Nov 1999 | US |
| Child | 09820483 | US | |
| Parent | 09461026 | Dec 1999 | US |
| Child | 09820483 | US | |
| Parent | 09586673 | Jun 2000 | US |
| Child | 09820483 | US | |
| Parent | 09586672 | Jun 2000 | US |
| Child | 09820483 | US | |
| Parent | 09414905 | Oct 1999 | US |
| Child | 09820483 | US |
