Metal-backed plain bearing

Abstract

A bearing comprises a resin matrix filled with fluoropolymer, graphite, and other discrete particles of an additive material that is attached to a backing material. The specific selection and mix of fillers with the resin matrix provides the desired blend of bearing properties such as wear resistance, fatigue and erosion resistance and low friction whilst maintaining sufficient flexibility for being formed into flanged cylindrical geometries without detriment to the adherence of the lining to the backing. A method for manufacturing a bearing comprises depositing to a backing material a fluid polymer bearing material comprised of a resin matrix filled with fluoropolymer, various fillers, and discrete particles of an additive to form a continuous consolidated bearing material, and curing the lining material to bond the lining material onto the backing material.

Description

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

The present invention relates generally to the field of plain bearings and materials for use therein. More specifically, the present invention relates to a low friction resin-based surface applied to a metal backing to form a high performance, self lubricated plain bearing.

2. Description of the Related Art

Conventional metal polymer plain bearings with polymer based sliding surfaces are typically composed of two-layer or three-layer composite bearing structures. Both forms rely on a metal backing to provide rigidity and allow the material to be formed into the appropriate shape, more commonly a cylinder. The metal polymer two-layer bearing materials typically rely on directly-applied or adhered polymers. The design of the three-layered bearing typically rely on an adhesive or porous metallic interlayer to attach the polymer bearing lining to the metal backing. In the latter, the porous metallic interlayer is often a critical part of providing the appropriate load bearing and tribological characteristics as well as functioning as a mechanical key.

Each of these bearings can be useful in dry applications where the use of externally supplied lubricants may be difficult or undesirable.

FIG. 1A shows a cross-section of a conventionally formed three-layer bearing. A porous metallic layer 100 is filled with polymer bearing material 110 and applied to a backing material 120, such as steel. The polymer bearing material 110 has a base polymer, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and filler particles. The porous metallic layer 100 typically has bronze or copper particles sintered to the backing material.

FIG. 1B shows a conventional process for impregnating a polymer bearing material into a porous metallic layer on a metal backing which typically includes spreading a paste or dry powder onto the porous metallic layer, and the paste or dry powder is compacted into the pores via rolling. The paste or dry powder may be made by mixing an aqueous dispersion of PTFE with a filler material, together with an organic lubricant, and coagulating the dispersion to form a “mush.” Once the polymer bearing material is compacted into the porous layer, the backing material can be heated using a furnace to drive off any residual water and lubricant in the polymer bearing material.

The conventional porous metal layer of the three-layer bearing material is typically necessary for attaching the polymer bearing material to the metal backing in such a way as to make the bearing useful in highly loaded, demanding and substantially dry, non-lubricated environments. Without the porous metallic layer, the polymer material will not directly fuse with the metal backing as to provide sufficient strength, adherence or provide the necessary tribological properties, such as wear resistance, fatigue resistance, erosion resistance, low friction and self lubricity for use in highly loaded dry environments. There is a need to reduce the reliance on bronze in this bearing type in order to increase its corrosion resistance and ensure a more constant wear rate and level of friction over the operating life. As a result, there is a need for a metal-free method of fastening or applying the polymer bearing material to the metal backing without compromising the exceptional tribological properties (e.g. wear resistance) normally attained from the bronze/polymer surface combination.

SUMMARY

Conventional plain bearing layers contain metals, such as copper, a strategic raw material that is required to provide a mechanical key and strengthened support to the polymer matrix of the bearing lining allowing extended operating in highly loaded, dry operating conditions. A bronze metallic interlayer and steel backing can be susceptible to corrosion upon contact with some chemicals and moisture, even when commercially available anti-corrosion coatings such as zinc-nickel or tin flash are applied to the metal backing. Accordingly, a bearing described herein has been developed to eliminate the need for a porous bronze interlayer whilst maintaining similar levels of bearing strength, lining adhesion and self lubricated sliding properties as is normally expected from the three layer bearing structures. This bearing design comprises a resin matrix filled with fluoropolymer, graphite, and other discrete particles of an additive material that can be attached to a backing material.

The specific selection and mix of fillers with the resin matrix provides the desired blend of bearing properties such as wear resistance, fatigue and erosion resistance and low friction whilst maintaining sufficient flexibility for being formed into flanged cylindrical geometries without detriment to the adherence of the lining to the backing.

A method for manufacturing a bearing consists of depositing a fluid polymer bearing material composed of a resin matrix filled with fluoropolymer, various fillers, and discrete particles of an additive to form a continuous consolidated bearing material layer after curing.

Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The present invention will be more clearly understood from a reading of the following description in conjunction with the accompanying exemplary figures wherein:

FIG. 1A shows a cross-section of a bearing made using a prior art method;

FIG. 1B shows a bearing manufacturing process according to an exemplary embodiment of a prior art method;

FIG. 2 shows a plain bearing according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 3A and 3B show a bearing manufacturing process according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 4 shows a cross-section of a plain bearing according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying attachments. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention, not as a limitation of the invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. For example, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment of the invention can be used on another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover such modifications and variations that come within the scope of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows a plain bearing 200 having a metal backing layer 210 and a bearing material layer 220. The bearing material layer 220 can be a continuous consolidated structure comprising a curable resin mixed with a combination of fillers and discrete particles of additive materials.

The type of resin used can comprise any curable resin suitable for mixing with the fillers and additives. The resin used can be curable by use of air, heat, chemical reaction, or radiation. In one exemplary embodiment, the resin is an epoxide thermoset resin.

The fillers used can include fluoropolymers, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), mono fluoro alkoxy, and fluorinated ethylene propylene; themoplastics, such as polyetheretherketone, polyphenylenesulphide, and polyamide; graphites or carbons, diamond powder, irregular carbon black, and fullerenes; strengthening fillers, such as calcium fluoride, barium sulfate, micro glass spheres, and ceramic powder; lubricating minerals, such as molybdenum disulphide and tungsten disulphide; lubricating fluids, such as silicone oils; fibers, such as carbon, glass, polymer, and PTFE; and fabrics or meshes, such as carbon, glass, polymer, and PTFE. In one embodiment, any amount or number of fillers can be included in the bearing material layer 220 so long as enough resin is present to form a continuous, consolidated bearing material layer 220.

The additive material can comprise any material suitable for incorporation into the filled resin such that the resulting bearing material layer 220 is disposed upon the backing material and operable to withstand the processing temperatures used to consolidate the bearing material layer and the mechanical loadings of the application. The additive material can include amine-based curing agents, such as, but not limited to, amines, anhydrides, acrylic copolymers (e-g., Disperbyk 2070) and boric acid esters (e.g., Byk W909). In a preferred embodiment, any amount of additive material can be included in the bearing material layer 220 so long as enough resin is present to form a continuous consolidated layer.

The metal backing layer 210 can comprise any material operable to support the bearing material layer 220 and withstand the processes of sintering the bearing material layer 220. In an embodiment, the metal backing layer 210 of the bearing can comprise a metal strip, e.g. low carbon steel strip. As yet another alternative, the metal backing layer 210 can comprise a metal strip being nickel or copper plated or covered with bronze sintered powder thereon to enhance adhesion of the bearing material layer 220, or a metallic mesh.

FIGS. 3A and 3B show an exemplary method for manufacturing plain bearings. First, a metal substrate 300, such as a steel sheet in coil form, is leveled by a straightening machine 302 to form the backing material 304.

An exemplary viscous bearing lining 310 can be prepared with a mixture of approximately 70 to 90% by volume of an expoxide thermoset resin, approximately 5 to 20% by volume of at least one fluoropolymer (e.g., approximately 12% by volume of PTFE), and approximately 1 to 8% of at least one other filler (e.g., 2% by volume of graphite), together with above-mentioned processing additive materials. The properties of the resulting bearing material layer can be tailored to suit different operating conditions by changing the amounts and types of fillers, as known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

The leveled metal substrate 304 can be kept flat by placing it on a vacuum table 350. In this position, the bearing material 310 is deposited onto the metal substrate 304 by gravity and is spread using a doctor knife 350, which is accurately positioned to give a constant thickness. The leveled metal substrate 304, which is now coated by the bearing material layer 310, is carried by a conveyor belt 330 through an oven 320 in order to dry and cross-link the bearing material layer 310 and ensure a sufficient bonding of the layer onto the metal substrate 304. The bearing material layer 310 can be optimized by adjusting thickness and/or temperature during curing to achieve desired properties.

FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of a plain bearing. According to the exemplary process above, a viscous bearing layer 420 can be formed by mixing an epoxide thermoset resin 400 with a bearing material 410 that includes appropriate fillers, and additive materials. The bearing layer 420 can be cured to the metal backing layer 430, to form a plain bearing.

The embodiments described above are intended to be exemplary. One skilled in the art recognizes that numerous alternative components and embodiments that may be substituted for the particular examples described herein and still fall within the scope of the invention.

For the purposes of this specification, unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting h r n the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all subranges subsumed therein, and every number between the end points. For example, a stated range of “1 to 10” should be considered to include any and all subranges between (and inclusive of) the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10; that is, all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1 or more, e.g., 1 to 8.3, and ending with a maximum value of 10 or less, e.g., 5.5 to 10, as well as all ranges beginning and ending within the end points, e-g., 2 to 9, 3 to 8, 3 to 9, 4 to 7, and finally to each number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 contained within the range. Additionally, any reference referred to as being “incorporated herein” is to be understood as being incorporated in its entirety.

It is further noted that, as used in this specification, the singular forms “a” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless expressly and unequivocally limited to one referent.

Claims

1. A metal-backed plain bearing, comprising: a single layer metal backing layer; anda non-metallic bearing material layer coupled directly to the single layer metal backing layer, the non-metallic bearing material layer formed of a continuous consolidated structure comprising a curable resin mixed with a combination of fillers and discrete particles of additive materials.

2. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the curable resin is an epoxide thermoset resin.

3. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fillers comprise one or more fluoropolymer, thermoplastic, graphite or carbon, and/or strengthening filler materials.

4. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 3, wherein the fillers comprise one or more fluoropolymers, selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), mono fluoro alkoxy, and fluorinated ethylene propylene.

5. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 3, wherein the fillers comprise one or more thermoplastics selected from the group consisting of polyetheretherketone, polyphenylenesulphide, and polyamide.

6. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 3, wherein the fillers comprise one or more of diamond powder, irregular carbon black, and fullerenes.

7. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 3, wherein the fillers comprise one or more strengthening fillers selected from the group consisting of; calcium fluoride, barium sulfate, micro glass spheres, and ceramic powder.

8. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 3, wherein the fillers comprise one or more lubricating minerals selected from the group consisting of molybdenum disulphide and tungsten disulphide.

9. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 3, wherein the fillers comprise one or more lubricating fluids.

10. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 3, wherein the fillers comprise one or more fibers, selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers, glass fibers, polymer fibers, and PTFE.

11. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 3, wherein the fillers comprise one or more fabrics selected from the group consisting of such as carbon fabric, glass fabric, polymer fabric, and PTFE fabric.

12. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the discrete particles of additive materials comprise amine-based curing agents.

13. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metal backing layer comprises a metal strip.

14. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 13, wherein the metal strip comprises a low carbon steel strip.

15. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 13, wherein the metal strip comprises an adhesion layer.

16. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 15, wherein the adhesion layer comprises at least one of nickel, copper, and bronze.

17. The metal-backed plain bearing, as claimed in claim 15, wherein the adhesion layer comprises a metallic mesh.

18. A metal-backed plain bearing, consisting of: a metal backing layer consisting of a single metal layer; anda non-metallic bearing material layer coupled directly to the metal backing layer, the non-metallic bearing material layer formed of a continuous consolidated structure comprising a curable resin mixed with a combination of fillers and discrete particles of additive materials.

19. A metal-backed plain bearing wherein the metal-backed plain bearing has a first external side and a second external side opposite the first external side, comprising: a single layer metal backing layer, the metal backing layer comprising the first external side of the metal-backed plain bearing and a first internal side opposite the first side of the metal backing layer; anda non-metallic bearing material layer coupled directly to the metal backing layer, the non-metallic bearing layer comprising the second external side of the metal-backed plain bearing and a second internal side opposite the second side abutting the first internal side of the metal backing layer, the non-metallic bearing material layer formed of a continuous consolidated structure comprising a curable resin mixed with a combination of fillers and discrete particles of additive materials.