The technical field relates to metal-coated polymer electrolyte membranes, and in particular, to metal-coated polymer electrolyte membranes having a reinforcement structure to control membrane expansion and prevent cracking in the metal coating. The metal-coated, reinforced polymer electrolyte membrane can be used in electrochemical devices, such as fuel cells.
In fuel cells employing liquid fuel, such as methanol, and an oxygen-containing oxidant, such as air or pure oxygen, the methanol is oxidized at an anode catalyst layer to produce protons and carbon dioxide. At a cathode catalyst layer, oxygen reacts with the protons to form water. The anode and cathode reactions in this type of direct methanol fuel cell are shown in the following equations:
Anode reaction (fuel side): CH3OH+H2O→6H++CO2+6e− I
Cathode reaction (air side): 3/2 O2+6H++6e−→3H2O II
Net: CH3OH+3/2 O2→2H2O+CO2 III
The two electrodes are connected within the fuel cell by an electrolyte to transmit protons from the anode to the cathode. The electrolyte can be an acidic or an alkaline solution, or a solid polymer ion-exchange membrane characterized by a high ionic conductivity. The solid polymer electrolyte is often referred to as a proton exchange membrane (PEM). PEMs such as Nafion™ are widely used in low temperature fuel cells, because of the electrolyte membrane's high proton conductivity and excellent chemical and mechanical stability. Since the electrolyte membrane is a polymer with a hydrophobic backbone and highly acidic side branches, the membrane must contain significant amounts of water to conduct protons from the electrode reactions. Therefore, the polymer electrolyte membrane is usually kept in high humidity environment to maintain a high proton conductivity.
PEM fuel cells use basically the same catalyst for both anode and cathode. In addition to undergoing electro-oxidation at the anode, a water soluble liquid fuel, such as methanol, may permeate through the PEM and combines with oxygen on the surface of the cathode electrocatalyst. This process is described by equation III for the example of methanol. This phenomenon is termed “fuel crossover”. Fuel crossover lowers the operating potential of the oxygen electrode and results in consumption of fuel without producing useful electrical energy. In general, fuel crossover is a parasitic reaction which lowers efficiency, reduces performance and generates heat in the fuel cell. It is therefore desirable to minimize the rate of fuel crossover.
There are a number of approaches to reduce fuel crossover. The rate of crossover is proportional to the permeability of the fuel through the solid electrolyte membrane and increases with increasing fuel concentration and temperature. By choosing a PEM with low water content, the permeability of the membrane to the liquid fuel can be reduced. The reduced permeability for the fuel results in a lower crossover rate. Also, fuels having a large molecular size have a smaller diffusion coefficient than fuels having small molecular size. Hence, permeability can be reduced by choosing a fuel having a large molecular size. While water soluble fuels are desirable, fuels with moderate solubility exhibit lowered permeability. In addition, the permeability for vapors is higher than liquids, since fuels with high boiling points do not vaporize and their transport through the membrane is in the liquid phase, fuels with high boiling points generally have a low crossover rate. Furthermore, the wettability of the anode may be controlled by an optimum distribution of hydrophobic and hydrophilic sites, so that the anode structure may be adequately wetted by the liquid fuel to sustain electrochemical reaction, while excessive amounts of fuel are prevented from having access to the membrane electrolyte. Finally, the concentration of the liquid fuel can also be lowered to reduce the crossover rate.
In methanol fuel cells, fuel crossover is typically controlled by using diluted methanol fuel that contains 3% methanol and 97% water by weight. Because the reaction rate is proportional to the reactant, the low fuel concentration results in a low proton generation rate, which in turn leads to limited current drivability and voltage for a given current. Moreover, the fuel concentration gets lower and lower as the methanol is consumed and so does the power. Another problem is fuel efficiency. Since one water molecule (MW=18) is consumed with each methanol molecule (MW=34) in the electrochemical reaction, only about 1.6 wt % water will be consumed with methanol in a fuel composition containing only 3 wt % methanol, the other 95 wt % of water becomes “dead weight”. Therefore, the real “consumable fuel” in the diluted methanol fuel accounts to less than 5% of the total fuel composition.
Other approaches to prevent fuel crossover in fuel cells have been developed. WO 96/29752 to Grot et al. discloses the incorporation of various inorganic fillers into cation exchange membranes made from polymers to decrease fuel crossover. U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,099 to Hockaday discloses fuel cell electrodes having thin films of catalyst and metal materials deposited on fiber reinforced porous membranes. It is suggested that the thin film electrode structure provides the capability to filter the reactant streams of various species, such as carbon monoxide or methanol if the metal electrode materials have selective permeability to hydrogen. U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,469 to Formato et al. discloses composite solid polymer electrolyte membranes which include a porous polymer substrate interpenetrated with an ion-conducting material. Fuel crossover resistance of the membranes can be optimized by using the proper blend of different polymers. None of these approaches, however, has provide satisfactory results.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,712 to Hockaday describes a hydrogen-only permeable electrode to block fuel crossover. The invention, however, requires an elaborated membrane structure that contains three layers of metal deposited on a porous membrane.
The major problem with a metal-coated polymer electrolyte membrane is the cracking of the metal coating during hydration when the polymer electrolyte membrane that the metal film covers expands in volume. As demonstrated in
It has been found that the expansion-induced cracking of the metal film 103 can be avoided by creating a microtextured surface 107 on the polymer electrolyte membrane 101. As shown in
A metal-coated polymer electrolyte membrane that is permeable to proton/hydrogen atoms is disclosed. The metal-coated polymer electrolyte membrane has a wave-like surface microstructure having a plurality of parallel crests and troughs. The polymer electrolyte membrane is reinforced with a plurality of embedded wires having a Young's modulus that is greater than a Young's modulus of the polymer electrolyte membrane. The reinforcement wires are positioned in parallel to the troughs of the surface microstructure. The polymer electrolyte membrane is coated with a metal film that is permeable only to protons and hydrogen. The wave-like surface microstructure and the reinforcement wires serve to protect the metal film on the polymer electrolyte membrane from expansion-induced cracking and, therefore, maintain the proton/hydrogen-only permeability of the metal-coated polymer electrolyte membrane. The proton-permeable-only, metal-coated polymer electrolyte membranes can be used to prevent crossover of fuel, gas and impurities in fuel cell applications.
The detailed description will refer to the following drawings, in which like numerals refer to like elements, and in which:
A metal-coated polymer electrolyte membrane having a reinforcement structure to control membrane expansion and prevent cracking in the metal coating is disclosed. The reinforced polymer electrolyte membrane has a simplified surface microsturcture that requires no special molding and can be easily manufactured at low cost.
As shown in
As shown in
The polymer electrolyte membrane 101 is a sulfonated derivative of a polymer that includes a lyotropic liquid crystalline polymer, such as a polybenzazole (PBZ) or polyaramid (PAR or Kevlar™) polymer. Examples of polybenzazole polymers include polybenzoxazole (PBO), polybenzothiazole (PBT) and polybenzimidazole (PBI) polymers. Examples of polyaramid polymers include polypara-phenylene terephthalimide (PPTA) polymers.
The polymer electrolyte membrane 101 also includes a sulfonated derivative of a thermoplastic or thermoset aromatic polymer. Examples of the aromatic polymers include polysulfone (PSU), polyimide (PI), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), polyphenylene sulfoxide (PPSO), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyphenylene sulfide sulfone (PPS/SO2), polyparaphenylene (PPP), polyphenylquinoxaline (PPQ), polyarylketone (PK) and polyetherketone (PEK) polymers.
Examples of polysulfone polymers include polyethersulfone (PES), polyetherethersulfone (PEES), polyarylsulfone, polyarylethersulfone (PAS), polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) and polyphenylenesulfone (PPSO2) polymers.
Examples of polyimide polymers include the polyetherimide polymers as well as fluorinated polyimides.
Examples of polyetherketone polymers include polyetherketone (PEK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketone-ketone (PEKK), polyetheretherketone-ketone (PEEKK) and polyetherketoneetherketone-ketone (PEKEKK) polymers.
The polymer electrolyte membrane 101 may include a sulfonated derivative of a non-aromatic polymer, such as a perfluorinated ionomer. Examples of ionomers include carboxylic, phosphonic or sulfonic acid substituted perfluorinated vinyl ethers.
The polymer electrolyte membrane 101 may also include a sulfonated derivative of blended polymers, such as a blended polymer of PEK and PEEK.
The polymer electrolyte membrane 101 may have a composite layer structure having two or more polymer layers. Examples of composite layer structures are Nafion™ or PBI membranes coated with sulfonated polyetheretherketone (sPEEK) or sulphonated polyetheretherketone-ketone (sPEEKK). The polymer layers in a composite layer structure can be either blended polymer layers or unblended polymer layers or a combination of both.
The polymer electrolyte membrane 101 is chemically stable to acids and free radicals, and thermally/hydrolytically stable to temperatures of at least about 100° C. Preferred polymer electrolyte membranes 101 have an ion-exchange capacity (IEC) of >1.0 meq/g dry membrane (preferably, 1.5 to 2.0 meq/g) and are highly ion-conducting (preferably from about 0.01 to about 0.5 S/cm).
Preferred polymer electrolyte membranes 101 are fluorocarbon-type ion-exchange resins having sulfonic acid group functionality and equivalent weights of 800-1100, including Nafion™ membranes.
The wires 301 can be made of any material that has a Young's modulus that is greater than a Young's modulus of the polymer electrolyte membrane 101. Young's modulus is a commonly used measurement for a material's stiffness. Young's modulus is defined as the stress of a material divided by the material's strain. Generally speaking, Young's modulus is how much a material yields for each pound of load put on the material. A material with a higher Young's modulus tends to yield less than a material with a lower Young's modulus under the same tensile force. In order to effectively limit or eliminate the X-direction expansion of the wire-reinforced polymer electrolyte membranes 101, the wires 301 should have a Young's modulus that is at least 5-times greater, and preferably at least 100-times greater than the Young's modulus of the polymer electrolyte membrane 101.
As shown in
The dimensions of the surface microstructure 300 are generally defined by the average height (H) and average width (W) of the troughs 305 (
The metal film 307 can be deposited onto the surface microstructure 300 of the polymer electrolyte membrane 101 by electroless plating, sputtering, atomic layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition, or any other process that is capable of coating the surface of a non-conductive material. The metal film 307 comprises a metal or an alloy that is permeable to protons/hydrogen but is not permeable to hydrocarbon fuel molecules, gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), or impurities in the fuel such as sulfur. Examples of such metals or alloys include palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), neodymium (Nd), vanadium (V), iron (Fe), tantalum (Ta), and alloys thereof.
The metal film 307 can be a discontinuous layer of metal particles, so long as the distances between the metal particles are small enough to prevent fuel, gas and impurity crossover in a particular application. The thin metal film 307 can also be a composite film comprising multiple layers. For example, Pd and Pt are more corrosion-resistant than Nb, V, Fe and Ta. Therefore, a composite thin metal film 307 may comprise a first layer of Nb, V, Fe, Ta or a alloy thereof, which is covered by a second layer of Pt, Pd or an alloy thereof.
Both sides of the polymer electrolyte membrane 101 can be coated, so that the polymer electrolyte membrane 101 is sandwiched between two layers of metal film 307.
The metal-coated polymer electrolyte membranes may be used as PEMs in low temperature fuel cells, and preferably in PEM based direct methanol fuel cells. In an embodiment, one side of the PEM is microtextured and covered by the thin metal film 307 to prevent fuel crossover. In another embodiment, both sides of the PEM are microtextured and covered by the thin metal film 307. In yet another embodiment, the metal-coated polymer electrolyte membrane is subjected to an electroless plating process after hydration to cure any minor cracks in the metal film. The electroless plating process can be performed in the fuel cell where the metal-coated polymer electrolyte membrane serves as a PEM.
The metal-coated polymer electrolyte membrane may be further coated with a layer of catalyst to form a catalytic, fuel-impermeable polymer electrolyte membrane. Examples of the catalyst include, but are not limited to, any noble metal catalyst system. Such catalyst systems comprise one or more noble metals, which may also be used in combination with non-noble metals. One preferred noble metal material comprises an alloy of platinum (Pt) and ruthenium (Ru). Other preferred catalyst systems comprise alloys of platinum and molybdenum (Mo); platinum and tin (Sn); and platinum, ruthenium and osmium (Os). Other noble metal catalytic systems may be similarly employed. The catalyst can be deposited onto the metal film 307 by electroplating, sputtering, atomic layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition, or any other process that is capable of coating the surface of a conductive material.
The metal film 307 itself may also serve as a catalyst, such as in the case of Pd or Pd alloy. The reactivity of the catalyst can be enhanced by a plasma oxidization process or by using a porous deposit of fine catalyst powders such as Pt black and Pd black, Both Pt black and Pd black have been used as surface modification of electrodes to improve the hydrogenation rate. For example, see Inoue H. et al. “Effect of Pd black deposits on successive hydrogenation of 4-methylstyrene with active hydrogen passing through a Pd sheet electrode” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 145: 138-141, 1998; Tu et al. “Study of the powder/membrane interface by using the powder microelectrode technique I. The Pt-black/Nafion® interfaces” Electrochemica Acta 43:3731-3739, 1998; and Cabot et al. “Fuel cells based on the use of Pd foils” Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 2:253-260, 1999.
In an embodiment, a PEM-electrode structure is manufactured utilizing a polymer electrolyte membrane that is microtextured and coated on both sides with the thin metal film 307 and a catalyst. Porous electrodes that allow fuel delivery and oxygen exchange are then pressed against the catalyst layers of the PEM to form the PEM-electrode structure, which can be used in fuel cell applications.
Although preferred embodiments and their advantages have been described in detail, various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the metal-coated wire-reinforced polymer electrolyte membrane as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
This application is a divisional of prior application Ser. No. 10/212,720, filed Aug. 7, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,977,009.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
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4542079 | Takeuchi et al. | Sep 1985 | A |
Number | Date | Country | |
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20060027101 A1 | Feb 2006 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 10212720 | Aug 2002 | US |
Child | 11250051 | US |