Patent Grant
7422804
The present invention is concerned with the phenomenon of metal dusting experienced in metal apparatus when exposed at high temperature to environments having high carbon activities and relatively low oxygen activities. More particularly, the present invention relates to the generation of metal dusting resistant alloys for the internal surfaces of high temperature apparatus.
Hydrocarbon conversion processes in which a hydrocarbon or mixture of hydrocarbons and steam or a hydrocarbon and one or more of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are well known processes that are conducted at high temperatures and pressures in apparatus typically made of steels containing one or more of Ni and Co. Carburization of system metallurgy and metal dusting, are problems encountered with using such steels.
In general, metal dusting of steels is experienced at temperatures in the range of 300° C. to 900° C. in carbon supersaturated (carbon activity>1) environments having relatively low (about 10−10 to about 10−20 atmospheres) oxygen partial pressures. Basically rapid carbon transfer to the steel leads to “metal dusting”, a release of particles of the bulk metal.
Methodologies available in the literature to control metal dusting corrosion involve the use of surface coatings and gaseous inhibitors, especially H2S. Coatings can degrade by inter diffusion of the coating constituents into the alloy substrate. Thus they tend to be suitable for short term protection but generally are not advisable for long term protection, especially for twenty or more years.
Corrosion inhibitors using H2S has two main disadvantages. One is that H2S tends to poison most catalysts used in hydrocarbon conversion processes. Another is that H2S needs to be removed from the exit process stream which can be expensive.
An object of the present invention is to provide improvements in reducing metal dusting corrosion.
Another object is to provide materials that are resistant to metal dusting corrosion in petrochemical processes where carbon supersaturated and low oxygen partial pressure environments are present.
In one aspect, the invention provides a metal dusting resistant composition comprising: (a) an alloy capable of forming a thermodynamically stable titanium carbide coating on its surfaces when exposed to a carbon supersaturated environment and, (b) a protective coating on said alloy surface comprising an outer oxide layer and an inner carbide layer between the alloy surface and the outer layer.
In another aspect, the invention includes a method for inhibiting the metal dusting of metal surfaces exposed to carbon supersaturated environments comprising constructing said metal of an alloy or coating a metal surface with an alloy capable of forming a first, thermodynamically stable carbide layer and a second, oxide layer on said first layer and exposing the alloy to a carbon supersaturated, low oxygen partial pressure atmosphere at a temperature and for a time sufficient to form a metal dusting inhibiting coating on the metal surface.
As mentioned above, in many high temperatures (300° C. to 900° C.) hydrocarbon processing applications, stainless steel is employed as a structural component in reactors, heat exchanges piping and the like. When the surface of these structural members is exposed to a carbon supersaturated environment it undergoes a carbon-induced corrosion known as metal dusting. One object of the present invention is to inhibit such metal dusting.
Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention there is provided a composition comprising: (a) a metal alloy capable of forming a thermodynamically stable carbide coating on the surface of the alloy; and (b) a protective coating on the alloy surface comprising an outer oxide layer and an inner carbide layer between the alloy surface and the outer layer.
Thus, in one embodiment of the invention a structural member is formed from the alloy, (a), and is protected by the coating (b). In a second, embodiment structural number is formed from an iron alloy substrate, such as stainless steel, which is provided, on a surface to be exposed to a carbon supersaturated environment, with an alloy (a) and a protective coating (b).
A suitable class of alloys, (a), of the invention are those comprising at least 50 wt % of a metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Co, and mixtures thereof; at least 10 wt % Ti, at least 15 wt % Cr; and, about 0.1 wt % to about 25 wt % of alloying components. Among suitable alloying components include Mn, Al, Si, Y, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Cu, Sn, Ga, C, O, N and mixtures thereof. Examples of such alloys are given in Table 1.
Alloys of this class may be used as structural components or as coatings on steel substrates.
Another suitable class of alloys, (a), are those comprising at least 70 wt % Ti and from about 0.1 wt % to about 30 wt % of alloying components such as those listed above. Indeed a particularly preferred alloy of this class comprises at least 70 wt % Ti, 0.1 wt % to 30 wt % Al and from 0.0 wt % to 5 wt % V. Alloys of the second class preferably are used as coatings on steel substrates rather than as structural members themselves.
In instances where a steel substrate is utilized in forming a structural component the alloys of the invention may be applied to the surface of the substrate to be exposed to a carburizing atmosphere by techniques such as thermal spraying, plasma deposition, chemical vapor deposition, sputtering and the like. In this embodiment the alloy deposition generally should have a thickness of from about 10 to about 200 microns, and preferably from about 50 to about 100 microns.
The protective coating on the bulk alloy or the alloy coated substrate, as the case may be, is prepared by exposing the alloy to a carbon supersaturated atmosphere having a low oxygen partial pressure at temperatures in the range of about 300° C. to about 1100° C. and for times sufficient to form a coating on the alloy comprising an outer oxide layer and a first carbide layer between the outer layer and the alloy surface. Typical times range from about 1 to 200 hours and preferably from about 1 to 100 hours.
A suitable carbon supersaturated atmosphere for forming the protective coating includes those atmospheres generated in hydrocarbon conversion processes such as CO, CO2 and H2 atmospheres generated by steam reforming of methane, or by partial oxidation of methane. Optionally, mixtures of appropriate atmospheres can be prepared such as a 50CO:50H2 mixture. Hence, the protective coatings can be formed during or prior to use of the alloys under reaction conditions in which they are exposed to metal dusting environments.
The invention will be illustrated further by the following examples and comparative examples in which the corrosion kinetics of various alloy specimens were investigated by exposing the specimens to a 50CO-50H2 vol % environment for 160 hrs at test temperatures of 550° C. and 650° C. respectively. A Cahn 1000 electrobalance was used to measure the carbon pick up of the specimen. Carbon pick up is indication of metal dusting corrosion. A cross section of the surface of the specimen also was examined using a transmission or scanning electron microscope.
Following the procedure described above, samples of the following alloys were tested: Inconel 600 (7Fe:77Ni:16Cr (wt %)); KHR-45A (20Fe:45Ni:35Cr (wt %)); and, Ti6Al4V (90Ti:6Al4:V (wt %)). The results of the gravimetric measurements are shown in Table 3.
1Accurate weight gain measurement was not obtained because substantial amounts of carbon fell off the sample during the test.
Two titanium containing alloys were prepared by arc melting. The Example 2 alloy contained 55Fe:25Cr:10Ni:10Ti (wt %). The Comparative Example 4 alloy contained 60Fe:25Cr:10Ni:5Ti (wt %). The arc-melted alloys were rolled into thin sheets of ˜ 1/16 inch thickness. The sheets were annealed at 1100° C. overnight in inert argon atmosphere and furnace-cooled to room temperature. Rectangular samples of 0.5 inch×0.25 inch were cut from the sheets. The sample faces were polished to 600-grit finish and cleaned in acetone. They were exposed to a 10CH4-90H2 vol % gaseous environment at 1100° C. for 24 hours.
Shown in
A cross sectional SEM image of the Comparative 2 alloy surface after exposure showed a discontinuous TiC surface layer which would not be very effective in providing metal dusting resistance.
Titanium containing commercial alloys (Incoloy 800H and Incoloy 803) were also tested for metal dusting by exposing the specimens to a 50CO-50H2 vol % gaseous environment at 550° C. for up to 160 hrs. After metal dusting exposure, the sample surface was covered with carbon, which always accompanies metal dusting corrosion. Susceptibility of metal dusting corrosion was investigated by optical microscopy and cross-sectional SEM examination of the corrosion surface. The average diameter and numbers of corrosion pits observed on the surface are used as a measure of metal dusting corrosion. These results are summarized in Table 4.
The Incoloy 800H alloy suffered extensive metal dusting attack as shown in Table 4. The electron microscopic image shown in
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Ser. No. 60/541,359 filed Feb. 3, 2004.
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