This invention relates to metering and mixing doses of a sample liquid with a diluent liquid within a liquid transfer device, such as with a pipette.
The science and economics of drug discovery has changed with developments in the areas of genomics, combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening. The number of targets has increased as a result of genomics while the number of small molecule compounds (samples) has dramatically increased as a result of combinatorial chemistry. This increase in targets and compounds has an exponential effect on the number of tests that need to be performed to increase the likelihood of finding a new chemical entity using high-throughput screening. Microliter amounts of target and sample must suffice for many screening assays, putting pressure on the automation industry to provide new tools to increase throughput, efficiency, and reduce R&D costs. Conventional R&D screening efforts use multiple variations of pipetting to move aliquots of the concentrated liquid sample from storage receptacles, to working receptacles, to dilution receptacles and finally to assay receptacles. This “reformatting” process, or “sample prep.” adds complexity to the overall process, wastes valuable sample or target, and increases time and assay cost.
Disposable pipette tips and non-disposable, cleanable pipetting devices are commonly used for proportioning liquids. Pipette tips and pipetting devices include an input aperture at one end and a placement aperture at the other end for attachment to the pipetting device. The pipetting device often encompasses a piston-cylinder positive displacement mechanism. The pipette tip attaches to the pipetting device through a variety of mechanical connection schemes. A column of air connects the piston-cylinder mechanism to the pipette tip through a fluidic interface. Liquid is aspirated into the pipette tip when the pipette tip's input aperture is submerged in liquid while the piston-cylinder mechanism draws in. The air column and aspirated liquid draw into the pipette tip via a proportioned amount. The liquid is dispensed from the tip by reversing the direction of the piston-cylinder mechanism. The amount of liquid that may be aspirated and dispensed is limited by a number of factors including but not limited to: pipette tip material, pipette tip surface finish, input aperture capillary forces, liquid surface energy, and piston-cylinder mechanism limitations.
Tubes, capillary channels, and plate surfaces make-up categories of devices that are used in many market applications that involve the transfer of fluids. In the drug discovery market, new developments in the area of “chip” based systems involve capillary channels to move fluids through a myriad of systemic processes. In the diagnostic market, tubes and pipetting devices are used to perform a number of liquid tests, all burdened by the limited amount of source liquid vs. the number of tests that are desired to be run against those source liquids.
In general, in one aspect the invention provides a method for metering and mixing a dose of a sample liquid with a diluent liquid and includes introducing a sample liquid into a channel defined in a housing, the housing defining a pocket open to the channel and sized to collect a metered dose of the sample liquid, and to retain the collected dose by capillary force when the channel is emptied; removing the sample liquid from the channel under conditions that enable retention of the collected metered dose of the sample liquid in the pocket; and then introducing a volume of diluent liquid into the channel to induce diffusion and mixing of the diluent liquid to form a mixture.
Some embodiments include cleaning the channel following the removal of the sample liquid from the channel and prior to the introduction of diluent liquid into the channel. The cleaning step includes introducing a cleaning liquid into the channel below the pocket; and then removing the cleaning liquid from the channel to flush any residual sample liquid from surfaces of the channel below the pocket.
In some cases the housing includes a tube defining the channel. In these cases, the tube can have an open lower end through which the sample liquid is introduced by drawing the liquid into the tube. The channel can be narrow and/or the pocket can be disposed on a portion of the channel wider than the channel at the open end of the tube. The pocket can include an upwardly extending notch defined in an interior wall of the tube. The surface of the tube can define a lower extent of the pocket that is substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the tube. In some embodiments, the pocket can be elongated and parallel to a longitudinal axis of the tube.
In some cases, the housing includes a laminated plate that defines the liquid channel, the pocket and an input orifice in fluid contact with the channel. In these cases, the sample liquid can be introduced and removed from the channel pneumatically.
In some embodiments, the method further includes dispensing a metered volume of the mixture into a destination well. The mixture can be dispensed by pneumatically propelling the mixture from the housing. Also, the mixture can be propelled from the housing by pressurized gas.
In some cases, the volume of diluent liquid introduced into the channel is in the range of between about 1 nanoliter and 1 milliliter.
In some embodiments, the housing defines a plurality of said pockets spaced apart from one another.
Implementations may include one or more of the following features. For example, the pocket can be formed from a method selected from the group consisting of molding, machining, welding, and coating or other suitable means for producing a capillary retainment feature. The pocket can be formed of a material secured to a material forming an inner surface of the housing. The pocket can be defined in a protrusion extending into the channel.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of metering and mixing a dose of a sample liquid with a diluent liquid and includes drawing a sample liquid into a pipette defining an internal cavity and having an interior wall defining a pocket sized to collect a metered dose of the sample liquid; followed by expelling the sample liquid from the pipette under conditions that enable retaining the collected, metered dose of the sample in the pocket by capillary force; and then drawing a volume of the diluent liquid into the pipette a sufficient distance to contact the retained dose of sample liquid, to induce diffusion and mixing of the diluent liquid with the dose of sample liquid.
Some embodiments include cleaning the pipette after expelling the sample liquid from the pipette and prior to drawing the diluent liquid into the pipette. The cleaning step includes drawing a cleaning liquid into the pipette below the pocket; and then expelling the cleaning liquid from the pipette to flush any residual sample liquid from surfaces of the interior wall below the pocket.
In some embodiments, the method further includes dispensing a metered volume of the mixture into a destination well. The mixture can be dispensed by pneumatically propelling the mixture from the pipette. In some cases, the pipette further defines a capillary hole between an outer surface of the pipette and the internal cavity. In these cases, the mixture can be propelled from the pipette by forcing a pressurized gas into the internal cavity through the capillary hole.
In some cases, the internal cavity is narrower at a lower open end of the pipette than in an upper section of the pipette. In these cases, the pocket can be disposed in a portion of the internal cavity wider than the internal cavity at the open end of the pipette.
In some embodiments, a surface of the pipette defining a lower extent of the pocket is substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the pipette.
In some cases, the pocket is elongated and parallel to a longitudinal axis of the pipette.
In some embodiments, the volume of diluent liquid introduced into the internal cavity is in the range of between about 1 nanoliter and about 500 microliters.
In some cases, the pipette can define a plurality of said pockets spaced apart from one another, either parallel to the axis of the pipette or radially.
Implementations may include one or more of the following features. For example, the pipette can be formed from a synthetic resin. The pocket can be formed from a method selected from the group consisting of molding, machining, welding and coating or other suitable means for producing a capillary retainment feature. Also, the pocket can be defined as a protrusion extending into the internal cavity.
In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of metering and mixing a plurality of doses of a sample liquid with a diluent liquid and includes providing an array of pipettes, each pipette defining an internal cavity and having an interior wall defining a pocket sized to collect a metered dose of a sample liquid; drawing the sample liquid into the pipettes; then expelling the sample liquid from the pipettes under conditions that enable retaining the collected, metered doses of the sample in pocket by capillary force; and then drawing a diluent liquid into the pipettes a sufficient distance to contact the retained doses of sample liquid, to induce diffusion and mixing of the diluent liquid with doses of the sample liquid.
Some embodiments include cleaning the pipettes after expelling the sample liquid from the pipettes and prior to drawing the diluent liquid into the pipettes. The cleaning step includes drawing a cleaning liquid into the pipettes below the pockets; and then expelling the cleaning liquid from the pipettes to flush any residual sample liquid from surfaces of the interior wall below the pocket.
In some embodiments, the method includes dispensing from each pipette a metered volume of the mixture into a destination well. Dispensing the metered volume can include pneumatically propelling the mixture from the pipettes. Also, each pipette can define a capillary hole between an outer surface of the pipette and the internal cavity, and the mixture can be propelled from the pipette by forcing a pressurized gas into the internal cavity through the capillary hole.
In some embodiments, the internal cavity is narrower at a lower open end of the pipette than in an upper section of the pipette. In these embodiments, the pocket can be disposed in a portion of the internal cavity wider than the internal cavity at the open end of the pipette.
In some cases, the pocket includes an upwardly extending notch defined in an interior wall of the pipette.
In some embodiments, a surface of the pipette defining a lower extent of the pocket is substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the pipette.
In some cases, the pocket is elongated and parallel to a longitudinal axis of the pipette.
In some embodiments, the volume of diluent liquid introduced into the internal cavity is in the range of between about 1 nanoliter and about 500 microliters.
In some cases, the pipette defines a plurality of said pockets spaced apart form one another, either parallel to the axis of the pipette or radially.
In some embodiments, the method includes dispensing a metered volume of the mixture in an array of liquid-receiving units. In these embodiments, the array of pipettes can be aligned directly above the array of liquid receiving units. The array of liquid receiving units can include a multi-well container. The multi-well container can be selected from the group consisting of a 96-well microtiter plate, a 384-well microtiter plate, and a 1536-well microtiter plate.
Implementations may include one or more of the following features. For example, the method can include dispensing a metered volume of the mixture onto a slide. Also, the method can include dispensing a metered volume of the mixture onto an electronic assay reading device.
In one aspect the invention provides a pipette including an elongated body having an outer surface and defining an internal cavity open at a lower end of the body; the body defining an opening in an upper portion of the body, through which air can be drawn from the cavity to draw fluids into the cavity through the lower end of the body; wherein the body has an interior wall defining a pocket open to the internal cavity, the pocket sized to collect and retain a metered dose of a liquid drawn into the cavity as the cavity is otherwise evacuated.
In some embodiments of the device, multiple molded internal or external pockets are present to provide a variable amount of final dispensed liquid volume. In some embodiments of the device, the internal or external pockets may be created by means other than molding, such as machined pockets, welded pockets, coated pockets, etc. In some embodiments of the device, the pockets may be secondary parts (such as overmolded or insert molded parts) that are attached to the liquid carrying device.
In some cases, the body further defines a capillary hole extending from the outer surface to the internal cavity.
In some cases, the pocket is disposed in a portion of the internal cavity wider than the cavity at the open end of the body.
In some embodiments, the pocket includes an upwardly extending notch defined in the interior wall of the body.
In some cases, the surface of the pipette defining a lower extent of the pocket is substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the body.
Implementations may include one or more of the following features. For example, the body can be formed from a synthetic resin. The body can define a plurality of said pockets spaced apart from one another, either parallel to the axis of the pipette or radially. Also, the pocket can be defined in a protrusion extending into the internal cavity.
Implementations of any of the foregoing may include one or more of the following features. The pocket is preferably sized to collect a metered dose of sample liquid between about 1 nanoliter and about 10 microliters in volume. More preferably, the pocket can be sized to collect a metered dose of sample liquid between about 5 nanoliters and about 10 microliters in volume. The pocket dimensions preferably range from between about 0.001 and 0.04 inch (0.025 and 1.02 millimeters) wide and between about 0.001 and 0.100 inch (0.025 and 2.54 millimeters) deep, more preferably, between about 0.008 and 0.020 inch (0.204 and 0.51 millimeters) wide and between about 0.008 and 0.04 inch (0.204 and 1.02 millimeters) deep. The length of the pocket preferably ranges from between about 0.01 and 1 inch (0.25 and 25 millimeters) long. A defining subset of features includes very small pocket wall radii, preferably ranging from between about 0.0005 and about 0.005 inch (0.013 and 0.127 millimeters) and a textured surface finish ranging from 2 microns to 256 microns. The diluent liquid can be moved reciprocally across the pocket multiple times, to induce mixing with the dose of sample liquid.
The devices disclosed herein are designed to capture a repeatable volume of source liquid by use of surface tension, geometry, or chemical adhesion. These devices may include tubes, plates, wells or reservoirs, capillary channels, disposable and non-disposable pipette tips, instruments whose main function is to aspirate and dispense liquids, and instruments whose main function is to move liquids through capillary channels, tubes, and pipette tips or across plates. All devices in this invention are intended to include the concept of metering a fixed or variable amount of source liquid, captured in the above mentioned pocket, followed by the dilution and mixing by a second liquid. This mixture may either be dispensed in full or in part, stored in the tube, pipette tip or channel, or moved through capillary channels or plates to another location.
This device can be made from materials common to the LifeSciences or Medical Diagnostics industry. The most common material for a disposable pipette tip is polypropylene, which may be filled with pigments, carbon, or other utility or function enhancing additives. Disposable pipette tips may also be made from other common molded plastics such as polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate or others. Non-disposable pipette tips are often made from various grades of stainless steel, glass or other metals or plastics, and are often coated with hydrophobic coatings such as Teflon™ or Parylene™.
The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements. All pipette tip designations are intended to include disposable, non-disposable and tube-based liquid transportation devices.
a is a sectional view of an array of pipette tips 10 that are attached to the pipette adaptor array 16 which attaches to the pipettor 39. The pipettor 39 is typically constructed of an array of pipettor cylinders 40 and pipettor pistons 41 used for positive displacement actuation.
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Devices according to the invention can be designed for compatibility with various liquids, including aqueous buffers, organic solvents, e.g., dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), acids, bases, proteins, oligonucleitides and reagents. Compatibility is achieved by selection of suitable materials for fabrication of components that contact the liquid. Exemplary materials for fabrication of components are stainless steel, nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene, EPD rubber, silicone rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE; Teflon®). Suitable materials and fabrication of components is within ordinary skill in the art.
A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the internal pocket could be no more than a surface texture or chemical or biological adherent, enabling a small amount of source liquid to adhere where the texture or adherent is present, including any small feature, additional part or surface enhancement such as finish roughness, chemistry or biology, (internal or external) that can trap and retain liquid due to capillary force, surface energy, gravity, chemistry bonding or biological bonding (or a combination of all). Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
This application is a continuation (and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. 120) of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/911,845, filed Aug. 5, 2004. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/911,845 claims the benefit of prior U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/544,897, filed Feb. 17, 2004, and No. 60/547,958, filed Feb. 27, 2004. The disclosure of the prior applications are considered part of (and are incorporated by reference in their entirety in) the disclosure of this application.
Number | Date | Country | |
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60544897 | Feb 2004 | US | |
60547958 | Feb 2004 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 10911845 | Aug 2004 | US |
Child | 12563439 | US |