Patent Application
20110015768
The present invention relates to an apparatus for processing an audio signal and method thereof. Although the present invention is suitable for a wide scope of applications, it is particularly suitable for processing a loss signal of the audio signal.
Generally, masking effect is based on a psychoacoustic theory. Since small-scale signals neighbor to a large-scale signal are blocked by the large-scale signal, the masking effect utilizes the characteristic that a human auditory system is not good at recognizing them. As the masking effect is used, data may be partially lost in encoding an audio signal.
However, it is not enough for a decoder of a related art to compensate for a loss signal attributed to masking and quantization.
Accordingly, the present invention is directed to an apparatus for processing an audio signal and method thereof that substantially obviate one or more of the problems due to limitations and disadvantages of the related art.
An object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for processing an audio signal and method thereof, by which a signal lost in the course of masking and quantization can be compensated for using relatively small bit information.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for processing an audio signal and method thereof, by which masking can be performed in a manner of appropriately combining various schemes including masking on a frequency domain, masking on a time domain and the like.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for processing an audio signal and method thereof, by which a bitrate can be minimized despite that such signals differing in characteristics as a speech signal, an audio signal and the like are processed by proper schemes according to their characteristics.
Accordingly, the present invention provides the following effects or advantages.
First of all, the present invention is able to compensate for a signal lost in the course of masking and quantization by a decoding process, thereby enhancing a sound quality.
Secondly, the present invention needs considerably small bit information to compensate for a loss signal, thereby considerably reducing the number of bits.
Thirdly, the present invention compensates for a loss signal due to masking according to a user-selection despite that a bit reduction due to the masking is maximized by performing the masking schemes including masking on a frequency domain, masking on a time domain and the like, thereby minimizing a sound quality loss.
Fourthly, the present invention decodes a signal having a speech signal characteristic by a speech coding scheme and decodes a signal having an audio signal characteristic by an audio coding scheme, thereby enabling a decoding scheme to be adaptively selected to match each of the signal characteristics.
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.
In the drawings:
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims thereof as well as the appended drawings.
To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described, a method of processing an audio signal includes obtaining spectral data and a loss signal compensation parameter, detecting a loss signal based on the spectral data, generating first compensation data corresponding to the loss signal using a random signal based on the loss signal compensation parameter, and generating a scale factor corresponding to the first compensation data and generating second compensation data by applying the scale factor to the first compensation data.
Preferably, the loss signal corresponds to a signal having the spectral data equal to or smaller than a reference value.
Preferably, the loss signal compensation parameter includes compensation level information and a level of the first compensation data is determined based on the compensation level information.
Preferably, the scale factor is generated using a scale factor reference value and a scale factor difference value and the scale factor reference value is included in the loss signal compensation parameter.
Preferably, the second compensation data corresponds to a spectral coefficient.
To further achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention, an apparatus for processing an audio signal includes a demultiplexer obtaining spectral data and a loss signal compensation parameter, a loss signal detecting unit detecting a loss signal based on the spectral data, a compensation data generating unit generating first compensation data corresponding to the loss signal using a random signal based on the loss signal compensation parameter, and a re-scaling unit generating a scale factor corresponding to the first compensation data, the re-scaling unit generating second compensation data by applying the scale factor to the first compensation data.
To further achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention, a method of processing an audio signal includes generating a scale factor and spectral data in a manner of quantizing a spectral coefficient of an input signal by applying a masking effect based on a masking threshold, determining a loss signal using the spectral coefficient of the input signal, the sale factor and the spectral data, and generating a loss signal compensation parameter to compensate the loss signal.
Preferably, the loss signal compensation parameter includes compensation level information and a scale factor reference value, the compensation level information corresponds to information relevant to a level of the loss signal, and the scale factor reference value corresponds to information relevant to scaling of the loss signal.
To further achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention, an apparatus for processing an audio signal includes a quantizing unit generating a scale factor and spectral data in a manner of quantizing a spectral coefficient of an input signal by applying a masking effect based on a masking threshold and a loss signal predicting unit determining a loss signal using the spectral coefficient of the input signal, the sale factor and the spectral data, the loss signal predicting unit generating a loss signal compensation parameter to compensate the loss signal.
Preferably, the compensation parameter includes compensation level information and a scale factor reference value, the compensation level information corresponds to information relevant to a level of the loss signal, and the scale factor reference value corresponds to information relevant to scaling of the loss signal.
To further achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the present invention, a computer-readable storage medium includes digital audio data stored therein, the digital audio data including spectral data, a scale factor and a loss signal compensation parameter, wherein the loss signal compensation parameter includes compensation level information as information for compensating a loss signal attributed to quantization and wherein the compensation level information corresponds to information relevant to a level of the loss signal.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.
Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
First of all, terminologies in the present invention can be construed as the following references. And, terminologies not disclosed in this specification can be construed as the following meanings and concepts matching the technical idea of the present invention. It is understood that ‘coding’ can be construed as encoding or coding in a specific case. ‘Information’ in this disclosure is the terminology that generally includes values, parameters, coefficients, elements and the like and its meaning can be construed as different occasionally, by which the present invention is not limited.
In this disclosure, an audio signal is conceptionally discriminated from a video signal in a broad sense and can be interpreted as a signal identified auditorily in reproduction. The audio signal is conceptionally discriminated from a speech signal in a narrow sense and can be interpreted as a signal having none of a speech characteristic or a small speech characteristic.
An audio signal processing method and apparatus according to the present invention can become a lost signal analyzing apparatus and method or a loss signal compensating apparatus and method and can further become an audio signal encoding method and apparatus having the former apparatus and method applied thereto or an audio signal decoding method and apparatus having the former apparatus and method applied thereto. In the following description, a loss signal analyzing/compensating apparatus and method are explained and an audio signal encoding/decoding method performed by an audio signal encoding/decoding apparatus is then explained.
First, referring to
First of all, the masking/quantizing unit 110 generates a masking threshold based on spectral data using a psychoacoustic model. The masking/quantizing unit 110 obtains a scale factor and spectral data by quantizing a spectral coefficient corresponding to a downmix (DMX) using the masking threshold [step S110]. In this case, the spectral coefficient may include an MDCT coefficient obtained by MDCT (modified discrete transform), by which the present invention is not limited. The masking threshold is provided to apply the masking effect.
As mentioned in the foregoing description, the masking effect is based on a psychoacoustic theory. Since small-scale signals neighbor to a large-scale signal are blocked by the large-scale signal, the masking effect utilizes the characteristic that a human auditory system is not good at recognizing them.
For instance, a largest signal exists among data corresponding to a frequency band exits in the middle and several signals considerably smaller than the largest signal can exist neighbor to the largest signal. In this case, the largest signal becomes a masker and a masking curve can be drawn with reference to the masker. The small signal blocked by the masking curve becomes a masked signal or a maskee. Hence, if the masked signal is excluded and the rest of the signals are left as valid signals, it is called masking. In this case, loss signals eliminated by the masking effect are set to 0 in principle and can be occasionally reconstructed by a decoder. This will be explained later together with the description of a loss signal compensating method and apparatus according to the present invention.
Meanwhile, various embodiments exist for a masking scheme according to the present invention. Their details shall be explained with reference to
In order to apply the masking effect, as mentioned in the foregoing description, the masking threshold is used. A process for using the masking threshold is explained as follows.
First of all, each spectral coefficient can be divided by a scale factor band unit. Energy En can be found per the scale factor band. A masking scheme based on the psychoacoustic model theory is applicable to the obtained energy values. A masking curve can be obtained from each masker that is the energy value of the scale factor unit. It is then able to obtain a total masking curve by connecting the respective masking curves. Finally, by referring to the masking curve, it is able to obtain a masking threshold Eth that is the base of quantization per scale factor band.
The masking/quantizing unit 110 obtains a scale factor and spectral data from a spectral coefficient by performing masking and quantization using the masking threshold. First of all, the spectral coefficient can be similarly represented using the scale factor and the spectral data, which are integers, as expressed in Formula 1. Thus, the expression with two integer factors is a quantization process.
In Formula 1, ‘X’ is a spectral coefficient, ‘scalefactor’ is a scale factor, and ‘spectral_data’ is spectral data.
Referring to Formula 1, it can be observed that the sign of equality is not used. Since each of the scale factor and the spectral data has an integer only, it is unable to entirely express a random X by resolution of the values. Hence, the equality is not established. The right side of Formula 1 can be represented as X′ in Formula 2.
Referring to
Meanwhile, error may be generated in the course of quantizing a spectral coefficient. And, it is able to regard the corresponding error signal as a difference between an original coefficient X and a value X′ according to quantization, which is represented as Formula 3.
Error=X−X′ [Formula 3]
In Formula 3, ‘X’ corresponds to the expression shown in Formula 1 and “X′” corresponds to the expression shown in Formula 2.
Energy corresponding to the error signal (Error) is a quantization error (Eerror).
Using the above-obtained masking threshold (Eth) and the quantization error (Eerror), scale factor and spectral data are found to meet the condition represented as Formula 4.
Eth>Eerror [Formula 4]
In Formula 4, ‘Eth’ indicates a masking threshold and ‘Eeror’ indicates a quantization error.
Namely, if the above condition is met, the quantization error becomes smaller than the masking threshold. Therefore, it means that energy of noise according to quantization is blocked by the masking effect. So to speak, the noise by the quantization may not be heard by a listener.
Thus, if the scale factor and spectral data are generated to meet the condition and is then transmitted, a decoder is able to generate a signal almost equal to an original audio signal using the scale factor and the spectral data.
Yet, if the above condition is not met because quantization resolution is insufficient for lack of bitrate, sound quality degradation may occur. In particular, if all spectral data existing within a whole scale factor band become 0, the sound quality degradation can be felt considerable. Moreover, even if the above condition according to the psychoacoustic model is met, a specific person may feel the sound quality degradation. Thus, a signal transformed into 0 in an interval, in which spectral data is supposed not to be 0, or the like becomes a signal lost from an original signal.
Referring to (A) of
Therefore, the masking/quantizing unit obtains the scale factor and the spectral data by applying the masking effect in the above-described manner.
Referring now to
In particular, a spectral coefficient is reconstructed using a scale factor and spectral data. An error signal (Error), as represented in Formula 3, is then obtained from finding a difference between the reconstructed coefficient and an original spectral coefficient. On the condition of Formula 4, a scale factor and spectral data are determined. Namely, a corrected scale factor and corrected spectral data are outputted. Occasionally (e.g., if a bitrate is low), the condition of Formula 4 may not be met.
After confirming the scale factor and the spectral data, a corresponding loss signal is determined. In this case, the loss signal may be the signal that becomes equal to or smaller than a reference value according to the condition. Alternatively, the loss signal can be the signal that is randomly set to a reference value despite deviating from the condition. In this case, the reference value may be 0, by which the present invention is not limited.
Having determined the loss signal in the above manner, the loss signal determining unit 122 generates compensation level information corresponding to the loss signal. In this case, the compensation level information is the information corresponding to a level of the loss signal. In case that a decoder compensates the loss signal using the compensation level information, the compensation can be made into a loss signal having an absolute value smaller than a value corresponding to the compensation level information.
The scale factor coding unit 124 receives the scale factor and then generates a scale factor reference value and a scale factor difference value for the scale factor corresponding to a specific region [step S140]. In this case, the specific region can include the region corresponding to a portion of a region where a loss signal exists. For instance, all information belonging to a specific band can correspond to a region corresponding to a loss signal, by which the present invention is not limited.
Meanwhile, the scale factor reference value can be a value determined per frame. And, the scale factor difference value is a value resulting from subtracting a scale factor reference value from a scale factor and can be a value determined per target to which the scale factor is applied (e.g., frame, scale factor band, sample, etc.), by which the present invention is not limited.
The compensation level information generated in the step S130 and the scale factor reference value generated in the step S140 are transferred as loss signal compensation parameters to the decoder and the scale factor difference value and the spectral data are transferred as original scheme to the decoder.
The process for predicting the loss signal has been explained so far. In the following description, as mentioned in the foregoing description, a masking scheme according to an embodiment of the present invention is explained in detail with reference to
Various Embodiments for Masking Scheme
Referring to
The frequency masking unit 112 calculates a masking threshold by processing masking on a frequency domain. The time masking unit 114 calculates a masking threshold by processing masking on a time domain. The masker determining unit 116 plays a role in determining a masker on the frequency or time domain. And, the quantizing unit 118 quantizes a spectral coefficient using the masking threshold calculated by the frequency masking unit 112 or the time masking unit 114.
Referring to (A) of
Referring to (B) of
Meanwhile, in this case, the band may include a critical band. And, the critical band means a unit of intervals for independently receiving a stimulus for all frequency area in a human auditory organ. As a specific masker exists within a random critical band, a masking processing can be performed within the band. This masking processing does not affect a signal within a neighbor critical band.
In (C) of
Referring to (C) of
In the following description, various schemes for each of the elements shown in
1. Masking Processing Direction
In (C) of
2. Masker Calculation Reference
The masker determining unit 116 can determine a largest signal as a masker in determining a masker. And, the masker determining unit 116 is able to determine a size of a masker based on signals belonging to a corresponding critical band as well. For instance, by finding an average value across whole signals of a critical band, finding an average of absolute value or finding an average of energy, a size of a masker can be determined. Alternatively, another representative value can be used as a masker.
3. Masking Processing Unit
In performing the masking on a frequency transformed result, the frequency masking unit 112 is able to vary a masking processing unit. In particular, a plurality of signals, which are consecutive on time, can be generated within the same frame as a result of the frequency transform. For instance, in case of such frequency transform as wavelet packet transform (WPT), frequency varying modulated lapped transform (FV-MLT) and the like, a plurality of signals consecutive on time can be generated from the same frequency region within one frame. In case of this frequency transform, signals having existed by the frame unit shown in
4. Conditions for Performing Masking Processing
In determining a masker, the masker determining unit 116 is able to set a threshold of the masker or is able to determine a masking curve type.
If frequency transform is performed, values of signals tend to gradually decrease toward a high frequency in general. Theses small signals can become zero in a quantizing process without performing a masking processing. As the sizes of the signals are small, a size of a masker is small as well. Therefore, the masking effect may become meaningless because there is no effect for the masker to eliminate the signals.
Thus, since there is the case that the masking processing becomes meaningless, it is able to perform the masking processing by setting up a threshold of a masker only if the masker is equal to or greater than a suitable size. This threshold may be equal for all frequency ranges. Using the characteristic that a signal size gradually decreases toward a high frequency, this threshold can be set to decrease in size toward the high frequency.
Moreover, a shape of the masking curve can be explained to have a slow or fast inclination according to a frequency.
Besides, since the masking effect becomes more significant in a part where a signal size is uneven, i.e., where a transient signal exists, it is able to set a threshold of a masker based on the characteristic about whether it is transient or stationary. And, based on this characteristic, it is able to determine a type of a curve of a masker as well.
5. Order of Masking Processing
As mentioned in the foregoing description, the masking processing can be classified into the processing on the frequency domain by the frequency masking unit 112 and the processing on the time domain by the time masking unit 114. In case of using both of the processings simultaneously, they can be handled in the following order:
In the following description, a first example of an audio signal encoding apparatus and method, to which the loss signal analyzer according to the embodiment of the present invention described with reference to
Referring to
The plural-channel encoder 210 generates a mono or stereo downmix signal by receiving a plurality of channel signals (at least two channel signals, hereinafter named plural-channel signal) and then performing downmixing. And, the plural-channel encoder 210 generates spatial information required for upmixing the downmix signal into a plural-channel signal. In this case, the spatial information can include channel level difference information, inter-channel correlation information, channel prediction coefficient, downmix gain information and the like.
In this case, the downmix signal generated by the plural-channel encoder 210 can include a time-domain signal or information of a frequency domain on which frequency transform is performed. Moreover, the downmix signal can include a spectral coefficient per band, by which the present invention is not limited.
Of course, if the audio signal encoding apparatus 200 receives a mono signal, the plural-channel encoder 210 does not downmix the mono signal but the mono signal bypasses the plural-channel encoder 210.
Meanwhile, the audio signal encoding apparatus 200 can further include a band extension encoder (not shown in the drawing). The band extension encoder (not shown in the drawing) excludes spectral data of a partial band (e.g., high frequency band) of the downmix signal and is able to generate band extension information for reconstructing the excluded data. Therefore, a decoder is able to reconstruct a downmix of a whole band with a downmix of the rest band and the band extension information only.
The audio signal encoder 220 encodes the downmix signal according to an audio coding scheme if the downmix signal has an audio characteristic that a specific frame or segment of the downmix signal is large. In this case, the audio coding scheme may follow AAC (advanced audio coding) standard or HE-AAC (high efficiency advanced audio coding) standard, by which the present invention is not limited. Meanwhile, the audio signal encoder may correspond to a modified discrete transform (MDCT) encoder.
The speech signal encoder 230 encodes the downmix signal according to a speech coding scheme if the downmix signal has a speech characteristic that a specific frame or segment of the downmix signal is large. In this case, the speech coding scheme may follow AMR-WB (adaptive multi-rate wide-band) standard, by which the present invention is not limited.
Meanwhile, the speech signal encoder 230 can further use a linear prediction coding (LPC) scheme. In case that a harmonic signal has high redundancy on a time axis, modeling can be obtained from the linear prediction for predicting a current signal from a past signal. In this case, if the linear prediction coding scheme is adopted, it is able to raise coding efficiency. Meanwhile, the speech signal encoder 230 may correspond to a time-domain encoder as well.
The loss signal analyzer 240 receives spectral data coded according to the audio or speech coding scheme and then performs masking and quantization. The loss signal analyzer 240 generates a loss signal compensation parameter to compensate a signal lost by the masking and quantization. Meanwhile, the loss signal analyzer 240 is able to generate a loss signal compensation parameter for the spectral data coded by the audio signal encoder 220 only. The function and step performed by the loss signal analyzer 240 may be identical to those of the former loss signal analyzer 100 described with reference to
And, the multiplexer 250 generates an audio signal bitstream by multiplexing the spatial information, the loss signal compensation parameter, the scale factor (or the scale factor difference value), the spectral data and the like together.
Referring to
The user interface 310 receives an input signal from a user and then delivers a command signal for loss signal analysis to the loss signal analyzer 320. In particular, in case that the user selects a loss signal prediction mode, the user interface 310 delivers the command signal for the loss signal analysis to the loss signal analyzer 320. In case that a user selects a low bitrate mode, a portion of an audio signal can be forced to be set to 0 to match a low bitrate. Therefore, the user interface 310 is able to deliver the command signal for the loss signal analysis to the loss signal analyzer 320. Instead, the user interface 310 is able to deliver information on a bitrate to the loss signal analyzer 320 as it is.
The loss signal analyzer 320 can be configured similar to the former loss signal analyzer 100 described with reference to
And, the multiplexer 330 generates a bitstream by multiplexing the quantized spectral data (sale factor included) and the loss signal compensation parameter generated by the loss signal analyzer 320 together.
Referring to
First of all, the loss signal detecting unit 410 detects a loss signal based on spectral data. In this case, the loss signal can correspond to a signal having the corresponding spectral data equal to or smaller than a predetermined value (e.g., 0). This signal can have a bin unit corresponding to a sample. As mentioned in the foregoing description, this loss signal is generated because it can be equal to or smaller than a prescribed value in the course of masking and quantization. If the loss signal is generated, in particular, if an interval having a signal set to 0 is generated, sound quality degradation is occasionally generated. Even if the masking effect uses the characteristic of the recognition through the human auditory organ, it is not true that every person is unable to recognize the sound quality degradation attributed to the masking effect. Moreover, if the masking effect is intensively applied to a transient interval having a considerable size variation of signal, the sound quality degradation may occur in part. Therefore, it is able to enhance the sound quality by padding a suitable signal into the loss interval.
The compensation data generating unit 420 uses loss signal compensation level information of the loss signal compensation parameter and then generates a first compensation data corresponding to the loss signal using a random signal [step S220]. In this case, the first compensation data may include a random signal having a size corresponding to the compensation level information.
The scale factor obtaining unit 430 generates a scale factor using a scale factor reference value and a scale factor difference value [step S230]. In this case, the scale factor is the information for an encoder to scale a spectral coefficient. And, the loss signal reference value can be a value that corresponds to a partial interval of an interval having a loss signal exist therein. For instance, this value can correspond to a band having all samples set to with 0. For the partial interval, a scale factor can be obtained by combining the scale factor reference value with the scale factor difference value (e.g., adding them together). For the rest interval, a transferred scale factor difference value can become a scale factor as it is.
The re-scaling unit 400 generates second compensation data by re-scaling the first compensation data or the transferred spectral data with a scale factor [step S240]. In particular, the re-scaling unit 440 re-scales the first compensation data for the region having the loss signal exist therein. And, the re-scaling unit 440 re-scales the transferred spectral data for the rest region. The second compensation data may correspond to a spectral coefficient generated from the spectral data and the scale factor. This spectral coefficient can be inputted to an audio signal decoder or a speech signal decoder that will be explained later.
Referring to
The demultiplexer 510 extracts spectral data, loss signal compensation parameter, spatial information and the like from an audio signal bitstream.
The loss signal compensator 520 generates first compensation data corresponding to a loss signal using a random signal via the transferred spectral data and the loss signal compensation parameter. And, the loss signal compensator 520 generates second compensation data by applying the scale factor to the first compensation data. The loss signal compensator 520 can be the element playing the almost same role as the former loss signal compensating apparatus 400 described with reference to
Meanwhile, the audio signal decoding apparatus 500 can further include a band extension decoder (not shown in the drawing). The band extension decoder (not shown in the drawing) generates spectral data of another band (e.g., high frequency band) using the spectral data corresponding to the loss reconstruction signal entirely or in part. In this case, band extension information transferred from the encoder is usable.
If the spectral data (occasionally, spectral data generated by the band extension decoder is included) corresponding to the loss reconstruction signal has a considerable audio characteristic, the audio signal decoder 530 decodes the spectral data according to an audio coding scheme. In this case, as mentioned in the foregoing description, the audio coding scheme may follow the AAC standard or the HE-AAC standard.
If the spectral data has a considerable speech characteristic, the speech signal decoder 540 decodes the spectral data according to a speech coding scheme. In this case, as mentioned in the foregoing description, the speech coding scheme may follow the AMR-WBC standard, by which the present invention is not limited.
If a decoded audio signal (i.e., a decoded loss reconstruction signal) is a downmix, the plural-channel decoder 550 generates an output signal of a plural-channel signal (stereo signal included) using the spatial information.
Referring to
The demultiplexer 61—receives a bitstream and then extracts a loss signal compensation parameter, quantized spectral data and the like from the received bitstream. Of course, a scale factor (difference value) can be further extracted.
The loss signal compensator 620 can be the element playing the almost same role as the former loss signal compensating apparatus 400 described with reference to
In case that information on a presence of the loss signal compensation parameter is received from the loss signal compensator 620, the user interface 630 displays the reception on a display or the like to enable a user to be aware of the presence of the information.
If a user selects a loss signal compensation mode, the user interface 630 delivers a command signal for the loss signal compensation to the loss signal compensator 620. Thus, the loss signal compensator applied audio signal decoding apparatus includes the above-explained elements and may or may not compensate the loss signal according to a selection made by a user.
According to the present invention, the above-described audio signal processing method can be implemented in a program recorded medium as computer-readable codes. The computer-readable media include all kinds of recording devices in which data readable by a computer system are stored. The computer-readable media include ROM, RAM, CD-ROM, magnetic tapes, floppy discs, optical data storage devices, and the like for example and also include carrier-wave type implementations (e.g., transmission via Internet). Moreover, a bitstream generated by the encoding method is stored in a computer-readable recording medium or can be transmitted via wire/wireless communication network.
Accordingly, the present invention is applicable to encoding and decoding an audio signal.
While the present invention has been described and illustrated herein with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers the modifications and variations of this invention that come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/KR08/07868 | 12/31/2008 | WO | 00 | 10/4/2010 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61120023 | Dec 2008 | US | |
| 61017803 | Dec 2007 | US |
