Patent Application
20060203076
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for analyzing an imaging material and using that analysis to adjust a device(s) and/or a method step(s) for developing an imaging material.
One form of imaging material is a radiation sensitive film that includes a thin polymeric base coated, generally on one side, with an imageable composition. Such compositions include silver halide and dry silver compositions.
One type of radiation sensitive film is exposed with a laser beam that is scanned to create a pattern based on stored or incoming digital data. This “digital” film can be exposed by the laser beam based on data, in essence, captured by medical imaging modalities such as MRI, CT, and other image capture devices. An example of this type of film used in medical imaging applications is DryView™ film available from the Eastman Kodak Company. The quality of the image from sheet to sheet of film depends on the spot size, wavelength, and intensity of the beam when exposing the film as well as the temperature and dwell time when processing or developing the film. DryView film is exposed and processed using one of a number of DryView imagers. This device includes a sensitometric system that enables the device to apply a test image to a sheet of film, read the test image, and correspondingly adjust the exposure for a sheet of film. Though this approach can improve the image quality, it consumes an entire sheet of film and has been applied only to digital film.
Another type of radiation sensitive medical imaging film, referred to as “analog” film. Analog imaging systems significantly predate the digital imaging systems. An analog film is exposed not by a laser based on stored image data like digital film, but by radiation created by, for example, a phosphor screen positioned adjacent the analog film. That is, the phosphor screen and the medical analog film are within a cassette that is placed next to a patient to receive x-ray radiation from an x-ray source that passes through a region of the patient's body. When the x-ray strikes the phosphor screen, the screen responds by emitting an electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength to which the film is sensitive. The emitted radiation, in turn, strikes and exposes the analog film. Following this exposure, the image on the film is processed or developed. One type of analog film is processed using solutions (aka wet processing), one commercial embodiment of which is Kodak Healthcare's Ektascan films. Another type of analog film is processed using heat like the above-described digital film (aka dry processing), one embodiment of which is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/715,199. With either analog film type, the processing can affect image quality.
There is a need for an film, apparatus, and method for evaluating and adjusting the processing of the so-called analog medical imaging film. They would preferably not require knowing the type, lot, age, past storage conditions, or other aspects of the imaging media being used. There is also a need for an approach for evaluating and adjusting the processing of a film that avoids the above-noted expense associated with the consumption of an entire sheet of film which, in effect, may encourage more frequent evaluations to improve the ultimate image displayed by the processed film.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for controlling the development of a segregate area of imaging material. The method can include applying a test image onto a first portion of a segregate area of imaging material. It can further include analyzing a characteristic of the test image. Still further, the method can include developing a desired image on a second portion of the segregate area of imaging material based on the analyzed characteristic of the test image.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides an imaging apparatus having a first imaging device for applying a test image to a segregate area of imaging material. A densitometer determines the density of the at least one portion of the test image. A second device develops a desired image on the segregate area of imaging material based on the determined image density of the test image.
Embodiments of the invention are better understood with reference to the following drawings. The elements of the drawings are not necessarily to scale relative to each other. Like reference numerals designate corresponding similar parts.
The invention is described in detail herein with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations, modifications, other combinations of aspects of embodiments can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.
The present invention is useful in conjunction with various imaging materials and processing equipment and methodologies. As one example, the present invention is suitable for “analog” imaging material, such as medical x-ray film, that is thermally developed. In addition to medical x-ray film, the present invention is also suitable for industrial x-ray film applications as are other x-ray film applications.
As another example, the present invention is suitable for “digital” imaging material, such as DryView™ film, that is thermally developed. As still another example, the present invention is suitable for “digital” material that is imaged not with a two-step approach, then develop approach, but with a single thermal imaging step. Still other imaging materials may benefit by the present invention.
Typically, each of these types imaging materials are used in individual sheets, like a stack of copy paper. These materials can instead by used in roll form and can subsequently be sheeted as desired. That is, the present invention can be used with a segregate area of imaging material, such as a discrete sheet of imaging material, a segment cut or to be cut from a longer roll or other bulk form, or the like.
One embodiment of the present invention that is useful for an analog imaging material is a method for controlling the development of an imaging material. One step is to apply a test image onto a segregate area of imaging material. Other steps are to analyze a characteristic of the test image and to develop a desired image on the segregate area of imaging material based on the analyzed characteristic of the test image. The desired image could be an image of a portion of a human patient captured using an x-ray device (or another animal in a veterinary application). That desired image can be exposed onto the segregate area of imaging material prior to the step of applying the test image onto the imaging material.
The patient image can be exposed with a known x-ray approach that involves placing an x-ray cassette (not shown) adjacent a portion of a patient's body and opposite to an x-ray radiation source such that x-ray radiation from the source passes through the body to the cassette. The cassette will typically contain the sheet of medical imaging material (e.g., x-ray film) and a sheet of x-ray sensitive, radiation-emitting material adjacent the segregate area of imaging material. The x-ray sensitive, radiation-emitting material in a cassette is often referred to as a phosphor screen because phosphor in this material, when struck by x-ray radiation, emits the particular wavelength radiation that strikes the sensitive medical imaging material (e.g., the x-ray analog film). As a result of this construction, when x-ray radiation is directed into a human body and absorbed by the body to a greater or lesser degree (depending on the type of body tissue), the portion of the x-ray radiation that passes through the body and strikes the phosphor screen generates radiation that exposes the sheet of radiation-sensitive medical imaging. The exposed image can, for example, be of a broken bone.
X-ray cassettes, such as the one described above, can and often do include a window or shutter having a lead cover and located adjacent a relatively small portion of the film within the cassette. The window or shutter can be opened such that the lead cover does not prevent x-ray radiation from passing to the phosphor causing the phosphor to emit the radiation upon the film. That is, opening the shutter allows the x-ray technician to expose patient information onto the portion of the film adjacent the shutter. Closing the shutter prior to the diagnostic exposure prevents x-ray radiation from the diagnostic exposure from exposing the portion of film on which the patient information is exposed (or thereafter to be exposed). In conjunction with or as part of the present invention, this shutter (or another shutter) can be sized to such that in addition to shielding the portion of the film for the patient information, the shutter can shield a sufficient portion of the film for the test patch referring to in this disclosure. Or, rather than using a lead-included shutter to shield the portion of the film for the test patch, the cassette can simply include an non-moving piece of lead (or other x-ray opaque material) that is sized and positioned within or on the cassette to shield that portion of the film.
Apparatus 10 includes means for detecting the leading edge F-LE of the film F as the film F is transported to one or more positions within the apparatus 10. That detecting means may be an optical flag switch 20, e.g., OPTEK OPB696B, or a non-optic radiation switch, or a switch that physically contacts the leading edge F-LE of the film F.
A mid-tray 22 is adjacent the entrance tray 12 to receive the film F. Above the mid-tray 22, the apparatus 10 includes a test image exposure station 24, a test image conditioning station 26, a test image development or dwell station 28, and a densitometer 30, each of which are positioned along the film transport path. Each is described in more detail later herein.
A pair of exit nip rollers 32 provide another aspect of the drive means similar to the above-described entrance nip rollers 14. The exit nip rollers 32 are positioned adjacent the mid-tray 22 to transport the film 4 away from the mid tray 22 and onto an exit tray 34. The exit nip rollers 32 can be configured, driven, and spring-loaded like the entrance nip rollers 14. The exit tray 34, like the entrance and mid trays 12, 22, is preferably smooth, e.g., deburred and polished, in order to eliminate or minimize, or at least reduce the amount of scratching that could occur to the film F when sliding through the apparatus 10.
Though not shown, apparatus 10 can also include a second conditioning station and dwell station for conditioning and thermally developing the film F. These condition and dwell stations or other condition and dwell apparatus, such as those employed by DryView™ devices available from Eastman Kodak Company (Health Imaging), can be used in conjunction with apparatus 10.
Similarly, apparatus 10 can be configured such that the test image conditioning station 26 and a test image development or dwell station 28 are also capable of initially heating the main or desired image and further heating that image (to the point of thermal development) following the calibration using the test image. For example, after the test image is read by the densitometer, the film F could be transported back to the conditioning station 26 such that the entire sheet of film F would be initially heated, then heated to a point at which the film F is thermally developed by the development or dwell station 28. One way this could work is for the conditioning and thermal development stations to have the ability to process the entire film width and for the test patch to be exposed at or near the leading edge F-LE such that the conditioning and thermal development would only occur at that edge (leaving the remainder of the film F for the desired or main image).
Apparatus 10 can also include a computer, PLC, or another form of controller or data storage device that contains a look-up table of, for example, image density data and corresponding dwell time data. As such, apparatus 10 is capable of using the density data read by the densitometer to locate a desired dwell time for thermally developing the film F. For example, if the image density is determined to be about 1.4 optical density, the desired dwell time could be between about 20 and about 22 seconds (preferably about 21 seconds). Or, rather than to have a look-up table, apparatus 10 may contain an equation that calculates the desired dwell time for thermally developing the film based on the image density reading(s). Further, the density reading could be such that the system would indicate to the user that the film cannot produce an acceptable image regardless of the development variables.
The upstream exposing, conditioning, and thermal developing steps and components for the test image can be implemented in a number of ways to work in conjunction with the downstream conditioning and dwell stations for processing the desired image. For example, the test image steps and components can be made to function as similarly as possible to how the main image is exposed, conditioned, and thermally developed. Though this approach is straightforward, it has the disadvantage of approximately doubling the time to develop a film F. Another approach is to expose, condition, and/or thermally develop the test image in faster ways that do not adversely affect the apparatus' ability to develop the desired image as desired. As one example, the conditioning step and/or the thermal developing step for the test image may be carried out using a higher temperature, higher heat transfer rate material, and/or higher pressure to accomplish a shorter duration than that of the conditioning step and/or thermal developing step for the desired image, while still providing the correlation between the optical density of the test image and the development variables to create the desired film development.
This paragraph and several of the following paragraphs describe in greater detail aspects of the first embodiment noted above regarding steps and means for exposing a test image, conditioning the test image, thermally developing the test image, reading the density of the test image, and exposing and/or developing the desired image based on the density of the test image. With respect to the test image exposure station 24, the film may be exposed by “flash” exposing a “latent” image of the test patch (preferably within +/− one percent variability). One approach for exposing the test image could include an LED source 36 (ETG-5UV395-30, 100 mw), a collimating lens 38, a lens array 40 (PROCA, 20×20), a fold mirror 42, and a condenser lens 44, as shown in
For the film described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/715,199 (which is hereby incorporated by reference), the wavelength of the exposing radiation is approximately 395 nanometers. For a DryView™ film, the wavelength of the exposing radiation is approximately 810 nanometers. The wavelength can be altered according to the sensitivity of the imaging material being used.
The test image conditioning station 26 is intended to raise the temperature of the film F sufficiently to do one or more of the following: allow for the release of gas, such as water vapor, created by heating the film F (aka outgassing) that, if trapped, can adversely affect the image; control the physical expansion of the film F due to its temperature rise to avoid or reduce wrinkles or other image-distorting effects; heat the film F at a rate or to a particular temperature such that the thermal developing means can subsequently heat the film F at the same or a different rate; heat the film F to below the point at which thermal development occurs to prepare the film F for the subsequent thermal development step.
As shown in
The test patch on a film (such as the film described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/715,199) is conditioned by raising the temperature of the film F to, for example, about 110-130 degrees Celsius (preferably about 120 degrees Celsius) for between about two and about eight seconds (preferably about seven seconds). During the period in which the film is being heated, the first heated members 46A,B can be moved apart one or more times to allow any trapped gas, such as water vapor, to escape. Repeatedly moving the first heated members 46A,B into and out of contact with the film F is a way to mimic or approximate the heating of film F when transported through a flatbed of heated rollers for the purpose of conditioning the entire segregate area of the film F in preparation for developing the entire segregate area. That is, a flatbed of rollers, such as the flatbed processor described in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/815,027 (which is hereby incorporated by reference), causes both sides of the film to come into and out of contact with the rollers as the film F is being heated and traveling in a serpentine path between the rollers.
Rather than conditioning with conductive heat transfer using the first pair of heating members 46A,B, heat can be transferred to the test patch radiantly, convectively, or through a combination of two or three of these heating approaches. For example, a heat lamp (not shown) could be positioned to radiate heat onto the test patch. And, heat could be transferred to the film F from the bottom side rather than the top side as shown or from both the bottom and top sides.
As shown in
The densitometer 30 is an analytical tool or means for determining or measuring the optical density of the developed or final image at one or more portions of the test patch. (The test patch is described in more detail below.) Optical density is one characteristic of the image that may be used to guide the subsequent conditioning and thermal development of the main image on the film F. The density measured by the densitometer can be compared to a look-up table that lists density levels with corresponding dwell times for subsequently thermally developing the main image. That is, if the densitometer measures 1.4 optical density, the look-up table may include a density value closest to the measured value that corresponds with a dwell time of about 21 seconds. For greater accuracy, the test image, the densitometer, and look-up table can be configured such that multiple density readings are taken, one or more of which can be of different image densities. For example, as described in greater detail below, the test patch can have multiple portions or regions, each having a different density.
The densitometer 30 can be configured to take a sample size of one or more (e.g., four) density readings from 2.5 millimeter diameter region in each of the four patch portions. The larger rectangle 66 surrounding the test patch 64 can be the portion or area of the material F that is conditioned, thermally developed, or both (so that the entire exposed area that makes up the test patch 64 is developed).
Apparatus 10 can alter parameters other than the dwell time during the thermal conditioning and/or thermal development of the main image based on the image density data from the test image. For example, apparatus 10 can set or adjust the temperature to which the film F is heated, the rate of heat transfer, and the pressure applied to the film (if any).
Using the above described inventive approach, a user need not know the exact type of imaging media, lot of media, the age of that media, the past storage conditions of the media, or a previous calibration result for that media. This is relevant because a given x-ray facility may use several film types, for example, films configured for different levels of x-ray exposure to suit different portions of the anatomy and/or different maladies. This is also relevant because one group of film may be used more quickly than another group of film, which can result a change of the image density of the more aged group of film.
Also, using the above-described approach, a complete sheet of film F need not be wasted. That is, image density can be controlled or affected with a test patch or image applied at or near an edge of the film such that the main image on that film is not overwritten, at least not substantially overwritten, and not otherwise adversely affected, at least not substantially adversely affected. However, the above described inventive approach can be used in conjunction with a complete sheet calibration step.
Another embodiment of the present invention is suitable for digital imaging application. This approach is similar to the approach(es) described above, but with the desired image (e.g., image of a portion of a human patient) being applied to the segregate area of imaging material after applying the test image. One group of steps for this embodiment is shown in the flowchart of
Another embodiment of the present invention is suitable for a digital imaging application using a film that may be imaged with a single step rather than the above-described two-step approach (photon, then heat). One such film is configured such that the point application of heat completes the imaging. This type of film has been referred to as “thermographic.” The present invention can be used to apply a test image at or near an edge of a segregate area of film in order to better apply the desired image on the remainder of that film.
All documents, patents, journal articles and other materials cited in the present application are hereby incorporated by reference.
Although specific embodiments and applications have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a variety of alternate and/or equivalent embodiments, applications, and implementations may be substituted without departing from the scope of the present invention. This application is intended to cover any adaptations, variations, combinations, and subsets of the specific embodiments discussed or illustrated herein. For example, several embodiments of the present invention are disclosed within the flowchart of
