Patent Grant
8774191
The present invention relates to the automatic detection of frames in an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) communications network. More particularly, the present invention relates to the use of automatic detection of ATM Adaptation Layer #5 (AAL5) frames in an ATM switch to determine whether ATM cells arriving at the switch are part of an AAL5 frame.
Identification of the use of AAL5 allows enablement of features such as Partial Packet Discard (PPD) and Early Packet Discard (EPD), as well as variations on PPD and EPD such as Late Packet Discard (LPD) and Random Early Discard (RED), all of which operate only on AAL5 traffic. Such cell discard techniques are known in the art and used to control congestion in an ATM network. These methods operate on AAL5 frames, also referred to in the art as AAL5 packets, which can contain up to 64 KB of payload information segmented into ATM cells. In PPD, once an ATM switch has dropped an ATM cell from an AAL5 frame, then the switch should drop the remaining ATM cells belonging to the same AAL5 frame, except possibly the last cell. The remaining cells are dropped since AAL5 cannot reconstruct the frame at the destination switch absent the dropped cell, since the source must retransmit the entire frame it drops the remaining cells in the frame to prevent unnecessary transmission and use of bandwidth.
Unlike PPD, which acts on cells belonging to frames which have already had some cells admitted to output buffers, EPD acts on cells belonging to frames which have not had any cells admitted to the output buffers. If the available buffer space cannot accommodate all the cells from an AAL5 frame, EPD drops all cells in the frame. Since the source would have to retransmit the entire frame anyway if only cells not accommodated by the buffers were dropped, EPD prevents unnecessary transmission by simply dropping all the cells in the frame before initial transmission. EPD, like PPD, thus serves to prevent unnecessary consumption of network resources, such as buffer space and bandwidth.
When an ATM switch receives a request to set up a new Virtual Channel Connection (VCC), the switch may not know whether the connection will carry AAL5 frames or only individual ATM cells using, e.g., AAL1, AAL2, AAL3/4, or a proprietary AAL protocol. Because packet discard methods operate only on AAL5 frames, an ATM switch must be aware of whether or not the ATM cells it receives are part of an AAL5 frame in order to apply a packet discard strategy.
Furthermore, when the ATM switch switches the VPC within which the VCC operates, the switch is given no information regarding the VCCs in use within the VPC. Moreover, because cells arriving at the switch may be interleaved among a plurality of VCCs in use within the VPC, the rule that AAL5 packets travel across a VCC in sequential order cannot be relied upon in the context of the VPC.
One approach to the problem of determining traffic type at the ATM switch has been to use the optional signaling information element (IE) to identify the traffic as type AAL5. However, because the IE for signaling the AAL type is optional, this method is not always available. A second approach to the problem has been to require an operator having personal knowledge of the type of traffic on the circuit to provision features such as PPD and EPD when the switch initially sets up the circuit. While this is a workable solution for a Permanent Virtual Connection (PVC), it suffers from additional administrative costs and time. For a Switched Virtual Connection (SVC), this solution is not viable, because operator intervention is not possible every time the switch receives a setup request for an SVC.
It is impractical to keep a state variable in data memory for each VCI in a VPC connection because this would require too much memory (64 K locations). Alternatively a smaller set of variables could be maintained in data memory which could be dynamically assigned to currently active VPI/VCI combinations.
If this approach is adopted, a method for indexing or reaching a particular state variable location from a VPI/VCI value must be identified. While using a content addressable memory is the simplest implementation, it is also very expensive. As well, CAM is only available in a limited selection of memory sizes. A linked list structure suffers from the drawback of being slow.
It is desirable, therefore, to provide a scheme for automatically detecting the presence of AAL5 frames on a VCC without relying on the signaling IE or operator intervention.
One approach to the problem of not knowing what VCCs are in use within a VPC is to keep state information on a VCC basis. A VCC is identified by the combination of an 8 or 12-bit Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and a 16-bit Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI). Thus, a minimum of 16 megabits of data would be required per link in order to allocate a single bit of data to each possible VCC. Such extensive memory allocation runs counter to the philosophy of minimizing the amount of data maintained at the switch which led to the development of the hierarchical structure of VCCs and VPCs.
It is also desirable to provide a quick and cost-effective mechanism to learn which VCCs are in use in a VPC and to automatically detect the presence of AAL5 frames in a switch responsible for switching the VPC.
With automatic detection of AAL5 frames, an ATM switch can enable features such as PPD and EPD in order to protect switch resources and ensure fair treatment among connections. As yet, no ATM standards provide automatic detection of whether a connection carries data that has been segmented using AAL5.
This invention satisfies those desires by providing a mechanism for automatically detecting the presence of AAL5 frames on a VCC connection (the “channel mechanism”) and a further mechanism for use on a VPC connection for identifying active VCCs in which AAL5 frames are present (the “path mechanism”).
A method consistent with the channel mechanism according to the present invention determines whether user data cells passing through a switch belong to a class of cells, each cell containing data having at least two states which indicate cell type, by monitoring the state of the data in each cell and identifying the cells as belonging to the class when the state of the data transitions from a first value to a second value.
Another method consistent with the channel mechanism according to the present invention is a method for controlling the congestion of cells on a path comprising at least one channel in a switch using a packet-aware cell discarding feature, where each cell includes data having at least two states. The method includes learning of the existence of active channels within the path by monitoring the header of cells, monitoring the state of the data in each cell received at the switch, identifying a change in the state of the data from a first cell to a subsequent cell, and enabling the packet-aware cell discarding feature for an active channel if the switch receives a cell associated with the channel with the data in a predetermined one of the two states.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a communications network is provided where the network includes a plurality of nodes sending and receiving cells, where each cell includes data having at least two states, a switch interconnecting the nodes, the switch including means for monitoring a state of the data in each cell, means for identifying a change in the state of the data from a first cell to a subsequent cell, and means for identifying associated cells carrying the data in both states when the state of the data transitions from a first value to a second value.
Apparatus and networks are also provided for carrying out methods consistent with the present invention. A memory is further provided for carrying out the methods consistent with the path mechanism according to the present invention.
The advantages accruing to the present invention are numerous. Automatic detection schemes consistent with the present invention, when integrated into an ATM switch, are cost-effective techniques for determining the type of traffic received at the switch. Advantageously, the present invention enhances the application of ATM packet-wise congestion control features such as PPD and EPD by providing mechanisms for enabling such features upon detection of an AAL5 frame. The inventive schemes function automatically and require no use of optional IEs or human intervention.
The above desires, and other desires, features, and advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art from the following detailed description of the preferred implementations when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
A more complete understanding of the present invention, and the attendant advantages and features thereof, will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
a) and (b) illustrate the interleaving of ATM cells for VCCs within a common VPC; and
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described herein above. In addition, unless mention was made above to the contrary, it should be noted that all of the accompanying drawings are not to scale. A variety of modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention, which is limited only by the following claims.
With continuing reference to
An ATM switch consistent with the present invention identifies ATM cells belonging to AAL5 frames by using the cell delineation characteristic present in AAL5-type ATM cells. Standard ATM cells are of a fixed length, i.e., 53 bytes, of which 48 bytes carry payload data and 5 bytes carry header information.
The PTI field, which has eight possible values, performs several functions. The first bit (bit 4 of octet 4 in
Referring now to
Referring once again to
When a connection is established and the ATM switch operator has knowledge that packet-wise discarding is inappropriate (e.g., when using a non-standard AAL which uses the last PTI bit for other purposes than delineating frames or, as described below, where the connection is a VPC) the operator disables packet discard techniques by placing the connection in state 30 (“EPD & PPD Disabled”). On the other hand, if the operator knows the cells are part of an AAL5 frame, the operator can enable packet discard techniques, placing the connection in the first operating state, i.e., state 36 (“EPD & PPD Enabled”), and bypassing the auto-detection states.
When the operator has no knowledge of the AAL type, however, the queue manager conditionally enables packet discarding on the connection, placing the connection into state 32 (“Waiting for COM”), the first auto-detection state. When a user data cell with “0” (COM) in the last PTI bit arrives, the queue manager transitions the connection to state 34, (“Waiting for EOM”). If the AAL type uses both COM and EOM in the PTI, as AAL5 does, then when a user data cell with “1” (EOM) in the last PTI bit arrives, the queue manager enables packet discarding, and the connection moves to the packet discarding operating states, described below.
Upon enablement of a packet discard state, either by the operator or as a result of detection of cells in an AAL5 frame, the connection is in state 36 (“EPD & PPD Enabled”). When a user data cell with the last PTI bit set to “0” (COM) arrives, the connection moves to state 38 (“Frame in Progress”). If the entire frame passes through the switch without any cells being discarded, the connection returns to state 36. This occurs when a cell with EOM is received or placed into a buffer queue (“EOM Enqueued or Received”). On the other hand, if the switch discards a cell for any reason before the entire frame passes, the switch activates the PPD feature, moving the connection from state 38 to state 40 (“PPD Active”). The PPD feature discards the remaining ATM cells belonging to the AAL5 frame. When the frame ends, i.e., a cell with EOM is received or placed into queue (“EOM Enqueued or Received”), the connection returns to state 36, with EPD and PPD enabled.
If the EPD feature discards a cell before the queue manager detects a COM (e.g., because the buffers cannot accommodate the entire frame), then the connection moves from state 36 immediately into state 42 (“EPD Active”). In this state, all remaining ATM cells from the AAL5 frame are discarded. Since the EPD feature discards the first cell from a frame and then all remaining cells, EPD discards an entire frame. When a cell with EOM arrives, the entire frame has been received, and the connection returns to state 36.
While the connection is in state 40 (“PPD Active”), or state 42 (“EPD Active”), the switch discards all received user data cells with the last PTI bit set to “0” (COM), i.e., any user data cell that is not the last from the frame. In state 42, the switch also discards any cell with EOM (i.e., the last cell in a frame), because EPD discards all cells in a frame, and no reassembly of the frame occurs downstream. In state 40 (“PPD Active”), however, the PPD feature will try to avoid discarding the last cell of a frame (i.e., the EOM cell) so as not to invalidate the reassembly of a subsequent frame at a downstream point. However, congestion at a switch may be too severe to allow even a single EOM cell to be sent on the connection. The switch's discard policy for AAL5 EOM cells, which may be less strict than the policy for AAL5 COM cells and non-AAL5 cells in order to reduce the likelihood of subsequent AAL5 frames being invalidated, determines whether to discard the EOM cell. In cases where the EOM cell must be discarded, the connection remains in state 40 (“PPD Active”) instead of returning to state 36 (“EPD & PPD Enabled”) since the reassembly of the subsequent frame has been invalidated by the passing of some COM cells of the current frame without a corresponding EOM cell.
It will be appreciated that the foregoing channel mechanism assumes that cells of different frames (packets) travel across the connection non-interleaved. While this is true in the context of a VCC, it cannot be said of the VPC within which the VCC operates.
a) illustrates a VPC and its associated VCCs, and demonstrates that from the point of view of a VPC, the cells from the various VCCs are interleaved. In the Figure there is shown, in exemplary fashion, three VCCs, designated VCC-A 500, VCC-B 520 and VCC-C 540, within a VPC 560. VCC-A 500 comprises a sequential stream of cells 501-509 which comprise a sequential series of AAL5-type frames 510-512, respectively designated A1 through A3. Similarly, VCC-B 520 comprises a sequential stream of cells 521-529 which comprise a sequential series of AAL5-type frames 530-533, respectively designated B1 through B4 (frame B4 is incomplete), and VCC-C 540 comprises a sequential stream of cells 541-549 which make up a sequential series of AAL5-type frames 550-553, respectively designated C1 through C4. The last bit of the PTI field, whether a 0 (COM) or a 1 (EOM) is shown in exemplary fashion in the top right corner of each cell.
Assuming that the VPC 560 queues cells relating to its active component VCCs such that a cell from each VCC is enqueued in turn, the ATM switch 12, corresponding to the VPC would contain cells in the order shown in
Nevertheless,
The interleaving of cells from different VCCs within a VPC requires that active VCCs should be distinguished from one another, both for the purpose of determining if AAL5 segmented data is being carried and of determining the type of packet-aware cell discarding feature which should be used when experiencing congestion.
Because the channel mechanism, which makes no such distinction, is inappropriate in the context of a VPC, the operator must accordingly keep the channel mechanism in state 30 (“EPD & PPD Disabled”) for all VPC connections.
The path mechanism according to the present invention differs from the channel mechanism in that it must first learn which VCCs are active within a VPC before determining whether the active VCCs carry AAL5 segmented data and whether cell discard features may be applied to the data cells. Once the path mechanism learns which VCCs are active, it can automatically detect the presence of AAL5 frames along the active VCCs and apply packet-aware cell discarding features as appropriate.
If no entry exists for the VCC 60, signifying that the VCC is not being monitored, and the last PTI bit in the cell is a “1”, signifying an EOM (an “EOM cell”) and thus, the potential existence of AAL5-type frames for the VCC, an attempt is made to create an entry for the VCC in the state table maintained in memory by the path mechanism so that the VCC may then be monitored. A cell in which the last PTI bit is a “0”, signifying a COM (a “COM cell”) observed on an unmonitored VCC is ignored.
Where the operator has knowledge that the VPC carries only AAL5 connections, an entry may be created for every unmonitored VCC that is identified by the arrival of a user cell bearing the VCC's link/VPI/VCI, whether or not the last PTI bit is a “0” (COM) or a “1” (EOM). In this alternative embodiment, the VCC would be placed in state 64 (“PPD eligible”) if the entry is created upon the arrival of a COM cell which is not discarded and in state 68 (“PPD Active”) upon the arrival of a COM cell which is discarded by the queue manager. If the entry is created upon the arrival of an EOM cell, the VCC would be placed in state 62 (“EOM Just Received”).
The state table itself comprises a fixed number of entries in a fixed memory location. Entries in the state table are dynamically allocated to active VCCs which have PTI=1. The number of entries may range between one and the number of potential VCCs, but will preferably be a number which approximates the number of VCCs which are active at any given time within the VPC. In the preferred embodiment, the state of a plurality of VCC states are shared among a plurality of VPCs on a plurality of ATM links.
Each entry comprises sufficient data space to store the VCI and the Principal Connection Identifier which represents the link/VPC corresponding to the VCC, together with sufficient space to store the state information necessary to determine the suitability of applying packet-aware cell discarding congestion control techniques to the particular VCC. In the preferred embodiment, two bits are sufficient to store the state information, modeled by states 62, 64, 66 and 68 in
There are a number of methods by which an entry may be allocated to a particular VCC, including use of a hashing function, a linked list or linked list tree structure. In the preferred embodiment, the APCI/VCI of the cell is hashed to produce a pseudo-random index into an entry in the table. Where an APCI/VCI pair hashes to an entry which is already occupied by an active VCC, there is no search for the next available entry in the table. Rather, a determination is made whether to ignore the new VCC and continue with the old VCC or to remove the old VCC entry and proceed with monitoring the new VCC. In particular, if the state of the old VCC is not in state 66 (“EPD Active”) nor in state 68 (“PPD Active”), monitoring of the old VCC is discontinued in favor of the new VCC. If, however, the state of the old VCC is in state 66 (“EPD Active”) or state 68 (“PPD Active”), the new VCC is not monitored in favour of the old VCC.
To ensure that stale VCCs do not use up table entries indefinitely, monitoring of the old VCC may be discontinued on a statistical basis in an alternate embodiment in favour of the new VCC.
This approach has the advantage of computational simplicity in arriving at an entry and is suitable for a hardware implementation. Thus, where two active VCCs hash to the same entry, the state of an active VCC, that is, either the old VCC previously being monitored or the newly identified VCC, will not be monitored, so that packet-aware cell discarding techniques cannot be applied on the VCC which is no longer being monitored. Cells would still be discarded under congestion, but the connection would not benefit from the packet-aware cell discarding techniques. This would not be any different from the situation that would exist in the absence of the path mechanism according to the present invention.
It will be apparent to those skilled in this art that there may be user cells which do not use the last PTI bit and arbitrarily set this bit to “1”, rather than “0”, so that the only conclusive way to identify the existence of AAL5 traffic is to detect the presence of both COM cells and EOM cells. However, because the decision to monitor a VCC in the path mechanism according to the present invention requires the dynamic allocation of memory, monitoring of a VCC is commenced only when an EOM cell is detected bearing the VCC's APCI/VCI, at which point the VCC is placed into state 62 (“EOM Just Received”). There is no analog of state 32 (“Waiting for COM”) and 34 (“Waiting for EOM”) as shown in
Referring once again to
When a COM cell is observed on a monitored VCC in state 62 (“EOM Just Received”), the EPD threshold will be applied to admission because it is known that (a) the VCC is carrying AAL5-type frames and (b) that this is the first cell of a frame because an EOM was the previously observed cell on the VCC. If the COM is accepted, because the congestion level is below the EPD threshold, the VCC is placed in state 64 (“PPD Eligible”). If the COM is discarded, because the congestion level is above the EPD threshold, the VCC is placed in state 66 (“EPD Active”).
When a COM cell is received on a currently monitored VCC in state 64 (“PPD Eligible”), the PPD threshold will be applied to admission because it is known that at least one cell of the frame has already been enqueued. If the cell is accepted, because the congestion level is below the PPD threshold, the VCC remains in state 64 (“PPD Eligible”). If the cell is discarded, because the congestion level is above the PPD threshold, the VCC is placed in state 68 (“PPD Active”).
When a COM cell is observed on a currently monitored VCC in state 68 (“PPD Active”) or state 66 (“EPD Active”), the cell is discarded because it is known that at least one of the cells of the frame has already been discarded, and the VCC remains in the same state.
When an EOM cell is received on a currently monitored VCC in state 66 (“EPD Active”), the cell is discarded because it is known that all of the cells of the frame have previously been discarded and that no downstream reassembly should be in progress. The VCC reverts to state 62 (“EOM Just Received”).
When an EOM cell is observed on a currently monitored VCC in state 68 (“PPD Active”), the cell is accepted if possible (a more liberal LPD threshold is applied), because it is known that not all of the cells, if any, of the frame have been discarded and that the downstream reassembly will benefit from receiving the EOM in order to close off the reassembly. The VCC reverts to state 62 (“EOM Just Received”), unless the EOM cell must be discarded, in which case the connection remains in state 68 (“PPD Active”), since the reassembly of the subsequent frame has been invalidated by the passing of some COM cells of the current frame without a corresponding EOM cell.
When an EOM cell is observed on a currently monitored VCC in state 64 (“PPD Eligible”), the VCC reverts to state 62 (“EOM Just Received”) whether or not the cell is accepted.
It will be apparent to those skilled in this art that if an EOM cell or a currently monitored VCC in state 64 (“PPD Eligible”) is discarded, the following frame will be corrupted, forcing retransmissions and incurring additional bandwidth.
Although not shown in
Although not shown in
It will be appreciated by those skilled in this art that various modifications and variations can be made to the automatic frame detection strategy described herein consistent with the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in this art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/393,805, filed Mar. 21, 2003, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR AUTO DETECTION OF AAL5 TYPE FRAMES FOR VCC AND VPC SWITCHES, which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/300,790, filed Apr. 28, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,625,120, which is a Continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/997,353, filed Dec. 23, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,345,037, the entirety of all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20110019545 A1 | Jan 2011 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10393805 | Mar 2003 | US |
| Child | 12896161 | US | |
| Parent | 09300790 | Apr 1999 | US |
| Child | 10393805 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 08997353 | Dec 1997 | US |
| Child | 09300790 | US |
