Method and apparatus for calibration of a charge ratio digitizer

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for calibrating a digitizer of a type wherein communication between a patterned electrode layer and a movable cursor is established by electrostatic coupling between the patterned electrodes and the cursor. Position of the cursor on the digitizer surface is determined from signals coupled between the cursor and the patterned electrodes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A charge ratio digitizer of simple construction is one of the wedge and strip type. A digitizer of this type comprises a digitizing tablet and a cursor or stylus movable thereon, wherein an electrical field coupling is utilized to ascertain the position of the cursor or stylus relative to the digitizer tablet. The coordinate system is typically the x-y coordinate system. This type of digitizer is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,705,919.
The cursor or stylus comprises a housing movable on the surface of the digitizer tablet, the housing containing a coupling electrode. In one embodiment an input signal is applied to the coupling electrode of the cursor or stylus. The coupling electrode field electrically couples to wedge (sawtooth) and strip patterned electrodes embedded in the digitizer tablet. One of the wedge or strip patterned electrodes is used to ascertain the x-axis position of the cursor and the other is used to ascertain the y-axis position of the cursor. The wedge and strip patterned electrodes are conveniently provided in a coplanar arrangement on a printed circuit board and are covered with a layer of dielectric material to provide a smooth tablet surface. In the embodiments where the coupling electrode of the cursor or stylus is driven, the signals induced in the patterned electrodes are processed electronically to ascertain the position of the cursor or stylus relative to the tablet.
In accordance with more specific aspects of the wedge-and-strip type of digitizer, the digitizer tablet has three patterned electrodes which produce an x-axis (X) signal, a y-axis (Y) signal and a balance (B) signal. The X electrode comprises a plurality of conductive rectangular strips disposed vertically and arranged at equal intervals and in order of increasing width from one side to the other side of the tablet, e.g., increasing in width from the left to the right side of the tablet. The Y electrode comprises a plurality of uniform conductive wedges or sawtooths also disposed vertically and arranged at equal intervals with the Y wedges interleaved with the X strips. Movement of the cursor or stylus in the x-axis direction has a negligible effect on the cursor (stylus) coupling with the Y electrode and movement of the cursor (stylus) in the y-axis direction has a negligible effect on the cursor (stylus) coupling with the X electrode. The balance (hereinafter "B") electrode substantially covers the area of the digitizer tablet not covered by the X and Y electrodes, except for interelectrode spacing therebetween.
The coupling electrode located in the cursor (stylus) housing and movable on the surface of the digitizing tablet surface is connected to an oscillator whose frequency typically is in the range of 10 kHz to 1 MHz. The coupling electrode induces electrical signals in the X, Y and B electrodes.
The surface area of the X electrode coupled with the coupling electrode increases as the cursor or stylus is moved or positioned toward the one side of the tablet where the strips are wider, and hence more electrical signal is induced in the X electrode. Similarly, the surface area of the Y electrode coupled with the coupling electrode increases as the cursor or stylus is moved to a region on the tablet where the wedges are wider, and hence more electrical signal is induced in the Y electrode. The X, Y and B electrodes completely cover the area of the tablet except for narrow spacing between the electrodes. It is therefore expected that the sum of the signals on the X, Y and B electrodes will be independent of cursor (stylus) position. This sum signal depends primarily upon the amplitude of the oscillator signal, the proximity of the coupling electrode to the X, Y and B electrodes, and the dielectric constant of the material between the coupling electrode and the X, Y and B electrodes.
Based upon mathematical and electrical concepts, the x coordinate of the cursor or stylus is proportional to the X electrode signal divided by the sum of the X, Y, and B electrode signals. Similarly the y coordinate of the cursor or stylus is expected to be proportional to the Y electrode signal divided by the sum of the X, Y and B electrode signals. In theory, this ratiometric technique should enable accurate measurement of the cursor (stylus) position and be independent of the proximity of the cursor or stylus to the digitizer tablet and the dielectric therebetween.
In the preferred embodiment of wedge-and-strip digitizer, the functions of the coupling electrode and the patterned electrodes are reversed, i.e. input signals are successively applied to the X, Y and B electrodes, and induced signals are output from the coupling electrode in response thereto.
The prior art wedge-and-strip system is disadvantageous in that distortion of the tablet size results from the spacing between the X, Y and B electrodes in the digitizer tablet. This phenomenon will hereinafter be referred to as "resolution distortion". Spacing between the electrodes in the pattern cannot be eliminated because it is necessary to electrically isolate one electrode from the other. Mathematical relationships upon which wedge/strip digitizer design is based require that there be no space between electrodes in order to provide accurate data. However, as indicated, this is a practical manufacturing impossibility. When spacing between electrodes is precisely known and is uniform over the entire pattern, then a mathematical adjustment can be made so that distortions in the output pattern due to electrode spacing can be compensated for.
A further disadvantage of the prior art wedge-and-strip digitizer is that the reading includes a value corresponding to environmental and inherent noise as well as the value produced by electrostatic induction. The environmental noise is attributable to the fact that the tablet acts as an antenna. The inherent noise is caused by undesired internal inductive coupling between components. In addition, the reading includes a value corresponding to an offset representing the difference between the reference potentials of the integrator and comparator.
What is needed is a digitizer construction which reliably and economically provides compensation for the unavoidable spacings between tablet electrodes and for the background effects, i.e. the noise and the offset.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the invention a digitizer of the wedge-and-strip type is provided with a fixed phantom cursor for enabling compensation for resolution distortion, i.e. calibration of the digitizer. The phantom cursor is located in the tablet on the opposite side of the plane of the X, Y and B electrodes from the top surface of the tablet. The phantom cursor is electrostatically (capacitively) coupled to the X, Y and B electrodes.
In the preferred embodiment, a coupling electrode located in a cursor housing and movable over the surface of the digitizer tablet is coupled to one or more of the X, Y and B electrodes, which are driven in accordance with a predetermined pattern. Alternatively, the coupling electrode can be incorporated in a stylus. (Hereinafter the term "cursor" will be generally used with the understanding a stylus can be used in place of a cursor in the invention.) The signals capacitively induced in the coupling electrode are output to the processing circuitry, which determines the coordinate position of a point on the cursor therefrom with compensation for resolution distortion.
The surface area of the X electrode coupled with the cursor increases as the cursor is moved or positioned toward one side of the tablet where the strips are wider and accordingly when the X electrode is driven, the amount of electrical signal coupled to the cursor increases as the cursor moves in the direction of increasing strip width of the X electrode. Similarly, the surface area of the Y electrode coupled with the cursor increases as the cursor is moved to a region of the tablet where the wedges are wider, and accordingly when the Y electrode is driven, the amount of electrical signal coupled to the cursor increases as the cursor moves in the direction of increasing wedge width of the Y electrode.
Three separate driving circuits respectively apply square wave signals to the X, Y and B electrodes and coupling of these signals to the coupling electrode of the cursor is sampled in accordance with a predetermined sampling cycle. Each output signal is amplified, rectified, integrated and digitized to produce a digital signal representing the amount of capacitive coupling induced in the cursor by the one or more driven electrodes. A microprocessor performs mathematical operations on the digital signals in accordance with mathematical relationships for wedge and strip configurations to produce data X.sub.in and Y.sub.in representative of the x and y coordinates of the cursor position on the digitizer surface. In particular,
X.sub.in =2C.sub.X /(C.sub.X +C.sub.Y +C.sub.B) (1)
Y.sub.in =2C.sub.Y /(C.sub.X +C.sub.Y +C.sub.B) (2)
where C.sub.X is the digital value corresponding to the signal induced by the driven X electrode, C.sub.Y is the digital value corresponding to the signal induced by the driven Y electrode and C.sub.B is the digital value corresponding to the signal induced by the driven balance electrode. The geometry of the patterned electrodes is such that 0<X.sub.in <1 and 0<Y.sub.in <1. The digital value representing signal output from the cursor or stylus when the X, Y and B electrodes are driven simultaneously, i.e. C.sub.X +C.sub.Y +C.sub.B, will hereinafter be referred to as C.sub.sum.
The C.sub.X, C.sub.Y and C.sub.sum values are obtained by adjusting the raw readings to compensate for the noise and the offset in accordance with the following equations:
C.sub.X =A.sub.X -B.sub.X ( 3)
C.sub.Y =A.sub.Y -B.sub.Y ( 4)
C.sub.sum =A.sub.sum -B.sub.sum ( 5)
where A.sub.X, A.sub.Y and A.sub.sum are respectively the digital values (i.e. raw readings) obtained in response to driving of the X electrode alone, the Y electrode alone and the X, Y and B electrodes together when the stylus or cursor is enabled, and B.sub.X, B.sub.Y and B.sub.sum are respectively the digital values (i.e. background readings) obtained in response to driving of the X electrode alone, the Y electrode alone and the X, Y and B electrodes together when the stylus or cursor is disabled.
To compensate for the noise and the offset, a digitizer construction is provided wherein readings B.sub.X, B.sub.Y and B.sub.sum are taken when the stylus or cursor is disabled. Each background reading is the sum of the digital value corresponding to the environmental and inherent noise and the digital value corresponding to the offset. This summed background digital value is stored in memory and subsequently subtracted from the readings acquired during digitization, i.e. when the stylus or cursor is enabled.
The microprocessor also operates upon the acquired data using correction factors to compensate for resolution distortion. Because of the inherent distortions discussed above, the x and y coordinates cannot be determined simply from the values 2C.sub.X /C.sub.sum and 2C.sub.Y /C.sub.sum. The x and y coordinates can be determined only after a calibration has been performed to compensate for resolution distortion. This calibration is performed by processing the signal output from a small conductive plate built into the digitizer tablet. This plate will hereinafter be referred to as the "phantom cursor".
The phantom cursor is located at a defined position near an edge or corner of the active coordinate determination area, with the center point of the phantom cursor having predetermined x and y coordinates. The phantom cursor is switchably connected to the same circuitry which processes the movable cursor output signals. Data signals induced in the phantom cursor are digitized by the processing circuitry and then the microprocessor calculates correction factors f.sub.x and f.sub.y from the processed data using the defined position of the phantom cursor electrode and the stored data corresponding to the defined position of the center point of the tablet. The correction factors f.sub.x and f.sub.y are applied to the acquired data C.sub.X, C.sub.Y and C.sub.sum to provide compensation for pattern distortion resulting from the spacing between the X, Y and B electrodes in the tablet.
In a second preferred embodiment, the coupling electrode in the movable cursor and the phantom cursor electrode are selectively driven instead of the X, Y and B electrodes. The data signals induced in the X, Y and B electrodes in response to driving of the coupling electrode or the phantom cursor electrode are output to the processing circuitry. These data signals are then processed to determine the x and y coordinates of a point on the movable cursor with compensation for resolution distortion.
Accordingly, it is the object of this invention to provide an improved digitizer which eliminates data distortions resulting from spacing between electrodes in the tablet surface of wedge-and-strip type charge ratio digitizers.
It is also an object of the invention to provide an improved digitizer which takes background readings, stores the acquired background values, and then adjusts the raw digitization readings by subtracting the background values to compensate for environmental and inherent noise and the offset corresponding to the difference between the reference potentials of the integrator and comparator.
A further object of this invention is to provide an improved digitizer which is economical to produce, not requiring precision in determining the spacing between tablet surface electrodes.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide an improved method for calibrating a wedge-and-strip type charge ratio digitizer.
Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part be apparent from the specification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The preferred embodiment of the invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective, partially schematic view of a digitizer being used in conjunction with a computer system;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the active area of a digitizer tablet and a cursor positioned thereon in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematized top view of a prior art wedge-and-strip digitizer tablet electrode pattern in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 4 is a greatly enlarged fragmentary view of a portion of the surface of FIG. 6;
FIG. 5 is a semi-schematic diagram of the processing circuitry used with the tablet/cursor system depicted in FIGS. 1-4 in accordance with the preferred embodiment wherein the cursor or stylus is driven;
FIGS. 6A and 6B are two parts of the detailed circuit diagram of the printed circuit board incorporated in the tablet in accordance with the invention wherein the X, Y and B electrodes are driven;
FIG. 7 is an enlarged side view of the zebra strip arrangement for connecting the electronics printed circuit board and the tablet;
FIG. 8 is a timing diagram for the digitizer in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 9 is a graphical depiction of Eq. (6);
FIG. 10 is a graphical depiction of the integrator output during a background reading;
FIGS. 11A and 11B show the flowchart of the calibration routine incorporated in the charge ratio tablet in accordance with the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
With reference to FIG. 1, a strip and wedge digitizer 10 generally comprises a cursor 20 or stylus (not shown in FIG. 1), a tablet 40 and electronics 100 for providing an input signal to the cursor and processing output signals from the tablet or alternatively, for providing an input signal to the tablet and processing output signals from the cursor. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the digitizer electronics 100 are incorporated in the tablet 40, beneath the layers shown in FIG. 2 and inside a casing. The circuit diagram for printed circuit board of this preferred embodiment is shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, the digitizer 10 is used as an input device to a computer 2 which generally has a display monitor 3 associated therewith. The monitor 3 may display numeric values of the coordinates representing the position of the cursor 20 relative to the tablet 40, as indicated at 4 and 5 on the monitor display screen. The monitor may also be used to display a cursor dot 6, the position of which on the screen is controlled by the position of the cursor 20 on the tablet 40.
A cross-sectional view of the cursor 20 and a fragmentary portion of the tablet 40 is shown in FIG. 2. However, although a cursor is described, it is obvious that the tablet can be used in conjunction with a stylus instead of a cursor. The cursor 20 includes a housing 21 having a depending peripheral side wall 22, which slides on the surface of the digitizer tablet 40. Mounted on the underside of the housing 21 (by means not shown) is an annular ground or shield electrode 32. An annular dielectric spacer 31 is fixedly arranged beneath the ground shield electrode 32 in abutment therewith. An annular coupling electrode 30 is fixedly arranged beneath the dielectric spacer 31 in abutment therewith such that the coupling electrode 30 will lie substantially parallel to the tablet surface when the rim of side wall 22 is seated on the tablet surface. The shield electrode 32 is somewhat larger in diameter than the coupling electrode 30 and overhangs the coupling electrode 30 about its peripheral edge.
The coupling electrode 30, dielectric spacer 31 and ground electrode 32, together with the cover 21, define a central circular opening 34 in which cross-hairs 35 are positioned. The cross-hairs 35 are centered with respect to the coupling electrode 30. The inner and outer peripheries of the coupling electrode are preferably circular, although other shapes would be suitable provided that the orientation of the cursor does not affect its electrical coupling with the tablet electrodes. An electrical cord 25 connects the cursor 20 to the digitizer electronics 100, the cord 25 including a signal conducting wire 26 which is connected to the coupling electrode 30 at a terminal 27. A coaxial surrounding conductor 28, that is, a coaxial shield, is connected to the ground or shield electrode 32 within the cursor 20 at a terminal 29. In an embodiment where the cursor is driven, a driving signal is provided to the coupling electrode 30 by way of the signal wire 26 as explained hereinafter. In an embodiment wherein the tablet electrodes are driven, induced signals will be output via wire 26.
The cursor housing 21 has a shape which can comfortably fit in the hand of a user and may be provided with a series of pushbutton switches 37 (see FIG. 1) for communicating with the computer 2.
Alternatively and preferably, the cursor can be replaced by a pressure-sensitive stylus similar to that disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 028,494 filed Mar. 20, 1987, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,764 assigned to the assignee of the present invention and entitled DIGITIZER STYLUS WITH PRESSURE TRANSDUCER, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The stylus output signal can be sampled during a separate sampling cycle to determine the amplitude of a signal which is a function of the pressure being exerted on the stylus tip (see pressure cycle in FIG. 8). In this sampling cycle the stylus is disabled in the sense that no current is capacitively induced in the anode of the stylus. Instead a voltage is applied across the terminals of the stylus which produces a current in a circuit including a force-sensing resistant transducer which acts as a variable resistor. The transducer is made of a force-sensing resistant (FSR) material, the resistance of which varies in dependence on the amount of compressive force being exerted in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the transducer layer. The resistance of the FSR transducer decreases as the magnitude of the compressive force increases. This variation in resistance of the FSR material produces a corresponding change in the dc level of the analog signal output during the pressure sampling cycle.
The dc level of the analog signal output from the pressure-sensitive stylus can be detected using a comparator incorporated in the digitizer electronics. The dc level of the analog signal is compared with a reference voltage supplied to the comparator. As the pressure on the stylus tip is increased, the resistance of the FSR transducer decreases, whereby the dc level of the analog signal increases. When the dc level of the analog signal exceeds the reference voltage, the comparator output goes high. In response to the comparator output going high, a switch is closed which enables the flow of digitizing data from the stylus to the processing circuitry of the digitizer electronics during the X, Y and SUM driving cycles. The digitizing data, corresponding to the signals induced in the anode by the driven patterned electrode or electrodes of the charge ratio tablet during the driving cycles, are also output via the stylus terminal, but at different times in the sampling cycle.
Thus, the FSR transducer of the pressure-sensitive stylus functions as a variable resistor, a switch in the digitizer electronics being closed in response to the variable resistance attaining a predetermined value. This predetermined resistance value should be attained at a pressure slightly less than the amount of pressure generally exerted on the tip of the pen refill when the stylus is used to write by a user. The position of the stylus tip relative to the digitizer tablet is determined only for those positions of the stylus tip at which the pressure of the tip against the tablet exceeds a predetermined pressure value, i.e. for those positions when the stylus is being used to write. This predetermined pressure value is the pressure at which the analog signal output from the stylus exceeds a stored predetermined analog value. In response to the stylus output signal surpassing the predetermined stored value, determination of the position of the stylus tip will begin. Likewise when the pressure exerted by the stylus tip falls below the predetermined stored value, position determination is halted.
The digitizer tablet 40 is generally rectangular and has a planar top surface 41 on which the cursor 20 moves (see FIG. 1). The top surface 41 includes a first area overlying the X, Y and B electrodes and a second area overlying a plurality of menu electrodes, the second area lying outside the first area, as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 028,495 filed Mar. 20, 1987, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,788,386, assigned to the assignee of the present application and entitled MENU FOR A CHARGE RATIO DIGITIZER, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Predetermined cursor positions in the first area of the top surface 41 can be expressed as values in a finite two-dimensional coordinate system. However, it should be noted that only a rectangular portion of the first area constitutes the active coordinate determination area coextensive with the finite two-dimensional coordinates. Thus, although the X, Y and B electrodes extend beyond the active coordinate determination area and underlie portions of the peripheral margins of the tablet, these margins are inactive in the sense that the coordinates of the cursor are not determinable when the cursor overlies a margin. In the preferred embodiment, this is effected by providing a border of copper shielding 46 between the top layer 42 and the electrode layer 44 (see FIG. 2). (Of course, shielding would not be provided over the menu electrodes, as will be discussed in detail hereinafter.) Alternatively, the same result can be achieved by programming the microprocessor to not process X.sub.in and Y.sub.in values greater or less than predetermined limits corresponding to the edges of the active coordinate determination area. Therefore, cursor positions overlying the inactive margins will not have corresponding x, y coordinates. The coordinate system used in a preferred embodiment is the orthogonal x-y coordinate system.
The digitizer tablet 40 includes a plastic cover 42. As indicated, the cover 42 provides the smooth upper surface 41 of the digitizer tablet 40. Beneath the cover 42 and outside the active areas of the tablet is a copper shield border 46. Beneath the copper shield border 46 is a layer 43 of dielectric material. The electrode layer 44, comprising the X, Y and B electrodes, menu electrodes, junction electrodes, and connecting conductors (as shown in FIGS. 7A-7C of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 28,495), is applied directly on the dielectric layer. An insulating layer 45 lies beneath the electrode layer 44.
In one embodiment of the digitizer, the digitizer tablet is connected to the electronic circuitry by a multi-conductor cable 48, a shown in FIG. 3. FIGS. 3 and 4 depict the basic structure of the X, Y and B electrodes. The electrode layer 46 of the digitizer tablet 40 includes a patterned electrode 50 which varies in the X direction, a patterned electrode 60 which varies in the Y direction, and a patterned electrode 70 arranged between the X and Y electrodes for providing a balance (B) signal. The electrodes 50, 60, 70 are laid out in a substantially coplanar and rectangular overall configuration and may be surrounded in the same plane by a shield electrode 80. FIG. 3 does not show the menu electrodes incorporated in the tablet in accordance with the invention of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 28,495.
The X electrode 50 includes a plurality of strips, e.g. strips 51, 52, 53, 54, which are connected together along one edge of the electrode layer 46 by an x-axis bus 58. The strips extend in the y direction from one side of the bus 58. The strips are substantially parallel to each other and have center lines spaced apart at substantially equal intervals. However, the individual strips increase progressively in width in the x direction from one side of the tablet 40 to the other side. Thus, the strip 52 is wider than the next strip 51, and strip 53 is wider than strip 52, and so forth across the surface. Electrical signals which are accumulated on any of the strips are conducted by way of the bus 58 to an x-axis signal lead 59, which becomes part of the multi-conductor digitizer tablet cable 48.
The y electrode 60 has a sawtooth or wedge pattern with similar individual wedges interleaved with the strip pattern of the X electrode 50. The Y electrode 60 includes plurality of wedges 61 extending in the Y direction, the wedges 61 being connected together by a y-axis bus 68. Each individual wedge 61 comprises an elongated substantially triangular area having edges 62 and 63, which converge as the wedge extends from the bus 68 to a narrow terminal end 64 adjacent to the x-axis bus 58. The wedges 61 are evenly spaced intermediate to adjacent strips such that the wedges and strips are interleaved. The Y electrode 60 has its bus 68 connected to the digitizer electronics 100 by way of a signal lead 69 which becomes part of the multi-conductor cable 48.
The electrode layer 46 of the digitizer tablet 40 also incorporates a balance (B) electrode 70, which substantially covers the area of the electrode layer 46 between the areas covered by the X and Y electrodes 50, 60, except for the gap which remains between adjacent electrodes. The B electrode 70 takes the form of elongate legs, e.g. 71, 72, 73, which are arranged in a serpentine manner between the interleaved wedges and strips and between the tips of the wedges and strips and the opposing respective bus. For example, legs 71 and 72 flank strip 51, and legs 72 and 73 flank wedge 61. The legs of the B electrode are connected together by connecting sections adjacent to the x-axis bus 58 and y-axis bus 68, e.g. legs 71 and 72 are connected by section 74 between the end of strip 51 and the y-axis bus 68. The B electrode 70 is connected to the digitizer electronics 100 of the digitizer by means of a signal lead 75 which becomes part of the multi-conductor cable 48.
The electrode layer 46 further comprises a shield electrode 80, which is deployed about the perimeter of the X, Y and B electrodes. The shield electrode 80 may be connected to the shield of the cable 48, as indicated in FIG. 3.
The electrodes 50, 60 and 70 are electrically isolated from each other as the result of the gap separating the electrodes. The gap between electrodes is more clearly illustrated in FIG. 4, which is an enlarged fragmentary view of the electrode layer 46 illustrated in FIG. 3. The small spacing or gap provided between all of the adjacent electrode edges is indicated by the letter S. The spacing is generally constant for a given electrode layer 46 but will vary between production sources and production runs.
It should be understood that FIG. 4 is illustrated in enlarged scale and schematically for purposes of illustration. Actual strips, wedges and spacing S are much finer than are illustrated in this drawing. In an embodiment which performed satisfactorily, there were five x-axis pattern strips and five y-axis pattern wedges per inch. The increase in width from one x-axis strip to the adjacent x-axis strip, for example, between strips 52 and 53 of FIG. 3, was approximately 0.001 inch.
The digitizer tablet 40 has a useful coordinate determination surface confined to the area of the wedges and strips, respectively, of the X and Y electrodes 50, 60, and the useful digitizing surface generally does not include the x-axis bus 58 and y-axis bus 68.
The coupling electrode 30 of the cursor 20 (see FIG. 2) and the coupling electrode (anode) of the pressure-sensitive stylus (not shown) are sized and spaced from the tablet 40 such that the coupling electrode is capacitively coupled to a plurality of strips and wedges, preferably at least five, during driving of the X and Y electrodes. Thus, at any given time, several elements of each of the X, Y and B electrodes are coupled to the coupling electrode.
The X electrode 50, Y electrode 60, and B electrode 70 may be formed of copper, silver, conductive ink or any other conductive material deposited on a printed circuit board material, wherein the printed circuit board forms the dielectric layer 43 of the digitizer tablet 40. Other fabrication techniques include printing the electrodes in conductive ink on a thin film of Mylar or similar material, and affixing the film with the electrodes printed thereon to either the top surface of dielectric layer 43 or the bottom surface of plastic cover 42 of the digitizer tablet 40.
The wedge-and-strip digitizer operates by capacitive coupling between the coupling electrode 30 of the cursor 20 and the patterned X, Y and B electrodes of the digitizer tablet 40. In one embodiment, a driving signal input to the cursor 20 is coupled to the electrodes 50, 60, 70 of the tablet 40, and the resultant signals output from the tablet electrodes are processed to determine the x and y coordinates of the cursor position on the tablet surface 41.
The electronic circuitry utilized in this embodiment of the wedge-and-strip digitizer is illustrated in block form in FIG. 5. The x coordinate is calculated from the signal coupled from the cursor 20 to the X electrode 50 and the summed signal coupled from the cursor 20 to the X, Y and B electrodes. The y coordinate is given by the signal coupled by the cursor 20 to the Y electrode 60 and the summed signal. The B electrode 70 provides a balance signal. The digital value C.sub.sum, representing A.sub.sum -B.sub.sum (see Eq. (5)), gives the strength or magnitude of the total signal coupled from the cursor 20. The C.sub.sum value will vary in dependence on the orientation of the coupling electrode of the cursor or stylus relative to the electrode layer 46 and the distance of the coupling electrodes from the electrode layer 46.
As already discussed, the absolute x and y coordinates are determined using Eqs. (1) and (2), where X.sub.in =2C.sub.X /C.sub.sum and Y.sub.in =2C.sub.Y /C.sub.sum, C.sub.sum =C.sub.X +C.sub.Y +C.sub.B, and C.sub.X, C.sub.Y and C.sub.B are respectively functions of the capacitively coupled signals output from the X, Y and B electrodes during driving of the coupling electrode of the cursor or stylus. This ratiometric measurement technique eliminates the error otherwise caused by variation in distance between the coupling electrode 30 and the electrode layer 44 of tablet 40.
Again referring to FIG. 5, the electronic circuitry for carrying out the foregoing ratiometric measurement comprises a square wave oscillator 105 providing a square wave output signal at a fixed frequency, preferably in the range of 10 kHz to 1 MHz. The square wave oscillator 105 drives a tuned LC circuit comprised of inductor 106 and capacitor 107, with the output signal of the square wave oscillator passing through a resistor 108 for limiting the loading on the oscillator 105. The tuned circuit elements 106 and 107 provide a multiple voltage gain to drive the coupling electrode 30 of cursor 20 through conductor 26 of cord or cable 25.
The driving signal on the coupling electrode 30 induces signals in the X, Y and B electrodes 50, 60, 70, with the strength of the signals induced in the X and Y electrodes being dependent upon the coordinate position of the cursor 20 on the tablet 40. More particularly, in accordance with the arrangement of the electrodes illustrated in FIG. 4, a greater Y electrode signal is provided when the cursor 20 is near the lower edge of the tablet, where the wedges of the Y electrode 60 are wider. Similarly, the X electrode signal is larger for cursor positions toward the right-hand side of the tablet shown in FIG. 4, where the strips of the X electrode 50 are wider.
The signals from the X, Y and B electrodes 50, 60, 70 are provided on conductors 59, 69, 75 respectively, and these signals are processed as illustrated in FIG. 5. The X electrode signal processing 120 is indicated in some detail, and it will be appreciated that the Y electrode signal processing circuitry 140 and the B electrode signal processing circuitry 145 are similar.
The signal from the X electrode 50, provided on conductor 59, is amplified by a charge amplifier 122 and this amplified signal passes through a band-pass filter including capacitor 123 and resistors 126, 127 to reject any 60 Hz frequency noise. This filter is centered at the drive frequency. This filtered AC signal is synchronously switched at the frequency of the square wave oscillator 105 by a switch 130, the filtered AC signal being applied through the switch 130 as the input to an operational amplifier 131.
By operating the switch 130 at the same frequency as the square wave oscillator 105, which is also generating the input signal to the cursor 20, noise or other pick-up at all other frequencies is rejected. This produces a very high signal-to-noise ratio and high accuracy in the determination of the coordinate position of the cursor 20 on the digitizer tablet 40.
A capacitor 132 and resistor 133 act as a filter to reduce AC ripple on the output of the operational amplifier 131, whereby a stable DC voltage signal indicative of the x coordinate of the cursor 20 is produced. The voltage gain is primarily determined by a ratio of the value of the resistor 133 to the value of the resistor 126.
The Y and B electrode signals are processed similarly. The outputs of the respective signal processing circuits are further processed in a microprocessor 150. More particularly, the signals are converted from analog values to digital values (i.e. C.sub.X, C.sub.Y, C.sub.sum) via an analog-to-digital converter 155 which operates on the three signals sequentially by means of switches 151, 152, 153, which are controlled by the microprocessor 150. The rate of sampling may coincide with the report rate of the microprocessor 150 to the computer 2, typically 10-120 Hz. The microprocessor 150 calculates the coordinate position of the cursor in accordance with the ratiometric measurement technique, utilizing the background values B.sub.X, B.sub.Y and B.sub.sum to compensate for noise and the offset, and utilizing correction factors f.sub.x and f.sub.y to compensate for resolution distortion as set forth above. The microprocessor 150 computes correction factors f.sub.x and f.sub.y using the data acquired from the phantom cursor.
The calculation of the correction factors is based on the algorithm discussed below. The resolution R is defined as the number of counts per inch of tablet. (Note: In tablets having arrays of parallel lines, R is defined as the number of lines per inch.) The digitizer can be programmed to have whatever value R is required by the user. Assume a tablet having width w and height h, where w and h are given in inches. Then ideally the value representing the processed x coordinate, hereinafter referred to as X.sub.out, will vary from 0 at x=0 to R.sub.w at x=w on the active area (see FiG. 9). Similarly the value representing the processed y coordinate, hereinafter referred to as Y.sub.out, will vary from 0 at y=0 to Rh at y=h on the active area.
Assuming that X.sub.in =0.5 and Y.sub.in =0.5 at the center point of the data tablet (x.sub.ctr =w/2, Y.sub.ctr =h/2), and that X.sub.in and Y.sub.in at the position on the tablet overlying the phantom cursor (x.sub.p.c., Y.sub.p.c.) are respectively equal to X.sub.in and Y.sub.in, then the counts X.sub.out and Y.sub.out at any point P on the table can be calculated in accordance with the following equations:
X.sub.out =X.sub.range X.sub.in -b.sub.1 (6)
Y.sub.out =Y.sub.range Y.sub.in -b.sub.2 (7)
where X.sub.in and Y.sub.in are computed in accordance with Eqs. (1)-(5), ##EQU1## x.sub.d =x.sub.ctr -x.sub.p.c. =w/2-x.sub.p.c., y.sub.d =y.sub.ctr -y.sub.p.c. =h/2-y.sub.p.c., k is a constant, and b.sub.1 and b.sub.2 are the values representing the signals respectively induced in or by the X and Y electrodes when the stylus or cursor is respectively located over the margins x=0 and y=0. X.sub.out and Y.sub.out are respectively values corresponding to the x and y coordinates of the cursor or stylus.
During the calibration cycle (i.e. stylus disabled and phantom cursor enabled), the microprocessor acquires the values C.sub.X, C.sub.Y and C.sub.B, which are used to calculate X.sub.in and Y.sub.in. The correction factors f.sub.x and f.sub.y are then computed using X.sub.in.sup.p.c and Y.sub.in.sup.p.c and the stored data for x.sub.ctr, y.sub.ctr, x.sub.p.c., y.sub.p.c, X.sub.in.sup.ctr, and Y.sub.in.sup.ctr. Upon calculation of the correction factors f.sub.x and f.sub.y and selection of the resolution R, the microprocessor can compute X.sub.range and Y.sub.range, as shown in FIG. 11B. During a part of the digitization cycle for which the stylus and the phantom cursor are disabled, the values B.sub.X, B.sub.Y and B.sub.sum (i.e. the background readings) are obtained. During the part of the digitization cycle for which the stylus is enabled, the X, Y and B electrodes are driven in accordance with a predetermined pattern, as a result of which the microprocessor acquires A.sub.X, A.sub.Y and A.sub.sum dependent on the location P of the stylus on the active area of the tablet. The microprocessor then computes X.sub.in and Y.sub.in. At this point the microprocessor has all the information necessary to calculate X.sub.out and Y.sub.out in accordance with Eqs. (6) and (7) for each point P during travel of the stylus or cursor on the tablet surface.
In an alternative embodiment of a wedge-and-strip type digitizer, a stylus of the type comprising a coupling electrode in the shape of a ring or other suitable shape surrounding a pointer of pen-like shape may be used in place of the cursor 20, if desired, provided that the stylus electrode is sufficiently spaced from the electrode layer 46. Thereby an averaging effect with respect to any particular strip or wedge is achieved.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the electrodes 50, 60, 70 and associated menu electrodes (not shown) of the digitizer tablet 40 are driven by a square wave oscillator in sequence and signals coupled to the cursor are provided to the electronic circuit shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B for processing on a sequential basis to determine the x, y coordinates of the cursor position on the tablet 40 or alternatively to determine the function or mode selected by the user from the menu (not shown).
A phantom cursor electrode 240 is arranged on the printed circuit board for the processing electronics shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B. The rest of the processing circuitry is shielded from the electrode 44 by a shielding layer (not shown). The phantom cursor electrode is located such that it can be capacitively coupled a portion of the electrode layer 44 near a corner of the tablet. The center of the phantom cursor electrode has predefined x, y coordinates. The phantom cursor electrode comprises a circular conductive plate opposing electrode layer 44, with an air space therebetween, and has dimensions such that the plate underlies at least one wedge and one strip. The phantom cursor 240 is also indicated by the dashed circle on the tablet of FIG. 3. It should be understood that the size of the phantom cursor, although enlarged relative to the tablet dimensions in FIG. 3, is shown in a roughly accurate scale relative to the widths of the wedges and strips. This is due to the fact that the wedges and strips are also not shown in their true size relationship to the tablet. Although a tablet may, for example, be 12 inches on a side, the base of each wedge is, for example, only 0.021 inch and the diameter of the phantom cursor is 0.042 inch in working prototypes. Thus, each digitizer tablet in accordance with the invention has many more wedges and strips than the number depicted in FIG. 3.
The phantom cursor electrode 240 is directly connected to the digitizer electronics by line C1 as shown in FIG. 6A. The area and contours of the phantom cursor electrode need not correspond with the area and shape of the coupling electrode 30 in the cursor 20 because the quantities of concern are the ratios C.sub.X and C.sub.X to C.sub.sum. In the preferred embodiment, the phantom cursor electrode takes the form of a circular plate, although other regular shapes would be suitable, e.g. a square.
The digitizer tablet is expanded to include a menu in addition to the coordinate determination area, as fully disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 28,495. This menu comprises a plurality of menu electrodes which are respectively driven by the same driving signals which drive the X, Y and B electrodes. Although the menu electrodes arranged in an expanded tablet could be connected to junctions along conductors 50, 69, 75 (FIG. 3), in the preferred embodiment, the menu electrodes and X, Y and B electrodes are connected to a zebra strip arrangement as detailed below.
FIG. 7 shows the preferred connection between the digitizer electronics 100 and the digitizer tablet 40 in accordance with the invention. In contrast to the embodiment depicted in FIGS. 1 and 3, the digitizer electronics and tablet are not connected by a multi-line cable, but rather are connected by a zebra strip 280 which consists of a multitude of alternating conducting and insulating layers 281 and 282 stacked in sandwich fashion. Each layer is made of flexible material, e.g. metal foil and plastic. A first plurality of the conducting layers 281 of zebra strip 280 connect conductive junction electrodes 220 and 270, a second plurality connect conductive junction electrodes 222 and 272, a third plurality connect conductive junction electrodes 224 and 274, and a fourth plurality connect conductive junction electrodes 226 and 276. Each junction electrode comprises a conductive plate. The junction electrodes 220, 222, 224 and 226 are respectively connected to driving circuits 214, 216, 218 and ground (see FIG. 6A). The driving signals from driving circuits 214, 216 and 218 are conducted by junction electrodes 220, 222 and 224 respectively, by zebra strip 280, and by junction electrodes 270, 272, and 274 respectively.
The junction electrodes 270, 272 and 274 in the preferred embodiment are respectively electrically connected to the X, B and Y electrodes. Junction electrodes 270, 272 and 274 are also respectively electrically connected to the menu electrodes (not shown).
The junction electrodes 220, 222, 224 and 226 are mounted on the printed circuit board 236 of the digitizer electronics 100. Printed circuit board 236 is made of dielectric material. On the other side of P.C. board 236, conductive plates 228, 230, 232 and 234 are arranged in opposition to junction electrodes 220, 222, 224 and 226 respectively. The respective pairs of opposing plates separated by the dielectric P.C. board 236 form an array of capacitors. Therefore, when the driving signals from driving circuits 214, 216 and 218 pass through junction electrodes 220, 222 and 224 respectively, corresponding signals are capacitively induced in plates 228, 230 and 232 respectively.
The structure of the hardware according to the preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B.
The digitizer electronics includes a microprocessor 200 comprising an 8031 chip manufactured by Intel. However, it would be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art that other 8-bit microprocessors could be substituted for the 8031 chip. Microprocessor 200 controls driving of the X, Y and B electrodes, mode selection, integration of the cursor output signal, transmission of the position coordinates, and resetting and enabling of the counting, switching, latching and memory chips to be described in detail below.
Pins P0.0 to P0.7 of microprocessor 200 are connected to pins D1-D8 of buffer 204. The address logic enable (ALE) pin of microprocessor 200 is connected to the latch enable (LE) pin of buffer 204. The output terminals Q1-Q8 of buffer 204 (i.e. pins Q1-Q8) are respectively connected to pins A0-A7 of external memory chip 206. Pins P2.0-P2.4 of microprocessor 200 are respectively connected to pins A8-A12 of external memory chip 206. The output terminals (i.e. pins Q0-Q7) of memory chip 206 are respectively connected to the lines of data bus 202. The lines of data bus 202 are respectively connected to the lines connecting microprocessor 200 and buffer 204. Pin PSEN of microprocessor 200 is connected to the output enable (OE) pin of external memory chip 206. External memory chip 206 has program instructions stored therein. A listing of some of these program instructions is annexed hereto as Appendices A and B. These program instructions respectively correspond to the flowcharts depicted in FIGS. 9 and 10, to be discussed in detail hereinafter.
The lines of data bus 202 are also respectively connected to the output terminals (i.e. pins Q1-Q8) of buffer chip 208. The output enable (OC) pin of buffer chip 208 is connected to the read (RD) pin of microprocessor 200. The input terminals (i.e. pins D1-D8) of buffer chip 208 are respectively connected to the output terminals (i.e. pins Q1-Q8) of counter 210. The reset terminal (R) of counter 210 is connected to pin P1.6 of microprocessor 200. Pin CLK of counter 210 receives clocking signals from oscillator 201 by way of AND gate 250.
Oscillator 201 is also connected to the CLK pin of counter 212. Clock 212 divides the 11.0592-MHz signal from oscillator 201 and outputs an 86-kHz signal at pin Q7. This 86-kHz signal takes the form of a square wave oscillation which is directly provided to drivers 214, 216 and 218. Drivers 214, 216 and 218 are respectively connected to conductive plates (i.e. junction electrodes) 220, 222 and 224 arranged on one side of the printed circuit board. A fourth conductive plate 226 is connected to ground.
As clearly shown in FIG. 7, conductive plates 220, 222, 224 and 226 are respectively opposed by conductive plates 228, 230, 232 and 234. These opposing plates form the anode and cathode of respective capacitors and are separated by a layer of dielectric material 236. The conductive plates 228, 230, 232 and 234 are connected in series to pin 15 of switching circuit 238.
The phantom cursor 240 is connected to pin 4 of switching chip 238. The stylus or cursor is connected to terminal 3 of connector J2, which is in turn directly linked to pin 14 of switching chip 238. Switching circuit 238 is switched under the control of microprocessor 200 such that a selected one or neither of the signals received at pins 4 and 14 is output to the negative terminal of preamplifier 242. The switching state of switching chip 238 will depend on the control bit data received at pins 9, 10, and 11, which are directly connected to output pins Q5, Q6 and Q7 of latching chip 244.
Latching chip 244 receives an eight-bit signal (at pins D1-D8) from microprocessor 200 by way of data bus 202. As previously mentioned, three bits of this eight-bit signal control the switching stage of switching chip 238. Three other bits control which of the driving circuits 214, 216 and 218 will be activated. The latch enable (LE) pin of latching circuit 244 is directly connected to the write (WR) pin of microprocessor 200.
The output of preamplifier 242 is connected to the positive terminal of amplifier 246. The output terminal of amplifier 246 is in turn connected to the negative terminal of amplifier 248 by way of switch SW1 of switching circuit 250. The output terminal of amplifier 248 is connected to the positive terminal of comparator 252. The output terminal of amplifier 248 is fed back to the negative input terminal by way of capacitor C33. Amplifier 248 and capacitor C33 form an integrator. The output terminal of comparator 252 is connected to the clocking terminal CLK of counter 210. In response to the signal from amplifier 248 attaining a predetermined level, comparator outputs a signal which stops the clocking of counter 210. The output terminal of comparator 252 is also connected to pin P1.4 of microprocessor 200.
The switching circuit 250 comprises four switches SW1-SW4 which are effectively controlled by microprocessor 200. For example, pin 12 of switching circuit 250, which controls switch SW4, is directly connected to pin P1.7 of microprocessor 200. Pin 5 of switching circuit 250, which controls switch SW3, is directly connected to pin 3.5 of microprocessor 200. Pin 6 of switching circuit 250, which controls switch SW2, is connected to pin P1.6 by way of driver 254. Finally, pin 13 of switching circuit 250, which controls switch SW1, is connected to AND gate 256, the input terminals of which are operatively connected to pin Q7 of counter 212 and pin P0.0 of microprocessor 200 by way of latching circuit 244. Switching circuit 250 controls the charging, discharging and resetting of capacitor C33, which is connected in parallel with amplifier 248.
EEPROM 258 is connected to pins P1.0-P1.3 of microprocessor 200. This programmable memory provides the capability for storing special routines to be executed by the microprocessor.
Finally, the transmit (TXD) pin of microprocessor 200 is connected to pin C of level shifter 262. Pin Z of level shifter 262 is connected to terminal 7 of jack J1. Terminal 7 is utilized to transmit signals in accordance with the RS232 protocol to an external device. Pin TXD of microprocessor 200 is also connected to terminal 4 of jack J1 by way of inverter 264. Terminal 4 of jack J1 is used to transmit data to a TTL device. The receive (RXD) terminal of microprocessor 200 is connected to port 5 of jack J1 by way of resistor R18 and inverter 266.
The calibration of a wedge-and-strip type digitizer in accordance with the invention will now be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 8-10, 11A and 11B.
The digitizer electronics 100 is capable of operating in two different modes: (1) processing the signals received from the cursor or stylus (the digitization mode); and (2) processing the data signals received from the phantom cursor (the calibration mode). In these modes, the respective signals from the stylus and the phantom cursor are induced in response to the driving signals.
A typical sampling cycle in the digitization mode (see FIG. 8) includes at least the following: (1) driving of the X electrode alone and sampling of the cursor or stylus output signal; (2) driving of the X, Y and B electrodes simultaneously and sampling of the cursor or stylus output signal; and (3) driving of the Y electrode alone and sampling of the cursor or stylus output signal. If a pressure-sensitive stylus is used in conjunction with the tablet, then the stylus output signal can be sampled during a fourth sampling cycle to determine the amplitude of a signal which is a function of the pressure being exerted on the stylus tip. The output signal from the stylus is transmitted to input pin 14 of switching chip 238 (see FIG. 6A). In switching chip 238, the signal from the stylus is switched to either output pin 12 or 13 depending on the control signal (see STYLUS OUTPUT SWITCH CONTROL signal in FIG. 8) received by switching chip 238 at pin 11 for latching chip 244. When the stylus output control signal is high, input pin 14 is connected to output pin 12, whereby the stylus output signal is transmitted to preamplifier 242. When the stylus output control signal is low, input pin 14 is connected to output pin 13, whereby the stylus output signal is transmitted directly to amplifier 248. As can be seen in FIG. 8, the stylus output in response to the X, SUM and Y driving cycles is switched to preamplifier 242 and the stylus output in response to the pressure pulse sent to the stylus is switched to amplifier 248. In a fifth sampling cycle, one or more of the X, Y and B electrodes are driven and the signal input into amplifier 248 is measured for the purpose of determining the level of background noise. During this fifth sampling cycle, the stylus output switch control signal is low.
The sampling cycle for the preferred embodiment of FIGS. 6A and 6B is shown in FIG. 8. The period of each cycle is 13.9 ms. The output of the integrator (amplifier 248 and capacitor C33) is shown in the top portion of FIG. 8. First, the X electrode is driven for a time T and then the capacitor C33 discharges. The counter 210 starts to count when the capacitor C33 starts to discharge and counter 210 stops when the integrator output attains a predetermined level. Second the X, Y and B electrodes are driven simultaneously for a time T/2, following which capacitor C33 again discharges. Again the counter 210 measures the time of discharge. Third, the Y electrode is driven for a time T and the discharge time of capacitor C33 is measured by counter 210.
For these first three stages, the stylus is enabled, i.e. capacitively induced current is output from the stylus. In the fourth and fifth stages, the stylus is disabled and no capacitively induced current is output from the stylus.
In the fourth stage and pressure being exerted on the tip of the stylus by the user is measured. This stage is only necessary in those applications where the coordinates of a stylus is being used. The coordinates are acquired for those positions of the stylus at which the stylus is being pressed with at least a predetermined pressure against the tablet. In particular, pressure information is required when a stylus and tablet are used in connection with a signature verification system.
In the fifth stage, a background reading is taken while the stylus is disabled and while one or more of the electrodes are driven. Due to inherent and environmental noise and an offset reflecting the difference between the reference potentials of the integrator (VR1) and the comparator (VR2), even when no capacitively induced current is output from the stylus, the capacitor C33 will have charge stored therein, which charge will produce a finite discharge time. Since the discharge time is being used as a measure of the signal output from the stylus, the finite discharge time due to noise and the offset must be subtracted from the actual discharge time measured when the stylus is enabled. This finite discharge time is represented by the counts B.sub.X, B.sub.Y and B.sub.sum in Eqs. (3)-(5). In the cycle shown in FIG. 8, the background signal is being measured while only the X electrode is driven. In the next cycle (not shown), the background signal is measured while the X, Y and B electrodes are driven. And in the cycle following the next cycle (not shown), the background signal is measured while only the Y electrode is driven. These background readings are used to correct the respective A.sub.X, A.sub.sum and A.sub.y values obtained in the first three stages of each cycle.
The output of the integrator during a background reading is graphically depicted in FIG. 10. At time t.sub.0 the capacitor C33 is discharged in response to a discharge enable signal output from microprocessor 200 and the counter 210 is started. When the integrator output reaches the threshold level VR2, the comparator 252 outputs a signal which stops the counter at time t.sub.stop. The digital value at which the counting is stopped (i.e. t.sub.stop) will correspond to B.sub.X, B.sub.Y or B.sub.sum depending on whether the X, the Y or the X, Y and B electrodes were driven prior to the background reading.
In response to successive driving of the X electrode alone, the X, Y and B electrodes simultaneously and the Y electrode alone, the values C.sub.X, C.sub.sum and C.sub.Y are thus acquired. In theory, the ratios 2C.sub.X /C.sub.sum and 2C.sub.Y /C.sub.sum are used to determine the x and y coordinates of the cursor position. However, in practice the x and y coordinates obtained using these ratios deviate from the true coordinates of the cursor or stylus due to the aforementioned gaps between the electrodes. The data at any point and the relationships of data between points which are being digitized are modified by the space which is required between the electrodes in order to prevent electrical conduction between them. Discrepancies in results between actual digitizing and the results of calculation differ depending upon the gap spacing, whether it be, for example, 10 mil spacing, 15 mil spacing, etc. By placement of the phantom cursor 240, for example, near a corner of the tablet, at a precisely known spot, actual measured data can be combined with mathematically predicted data to determine the amount of resolution distortion due to the spacings. Correction factors can be computed in accordance with Eqs. (6)-(9). These factors, when applied to the incoming signals, correct the output data for the spacing or gap between the digitizer tablet electrodes 50, 60, 70. These correction factors allow manufacturing variability because the gap tends to be uniform over a given tablet electrode layer 46, but may differ in different production runs. Such differences in gap are readily compensated by means of the phantom cursor.
In summary, deviations between actual interelectrode spacing and mathematically predicted spacing are overcome by the use of a phantom cursor which is fixed at a permanent known position of the digitizer tablet 40. The phantom cursor 240, having a known position and known geometric relations between the X, Y and B electrodes at that position, provides correction factors which compensate for the physical gap which is necessary between the electrodes 50, 60, 70, to maintain separation between the electrical signals.
The flowchart of the calibration routine in accordance with the invention is shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B. The calibration routine itself is attached as Appendix B.
In the calibration mode the phantom cursor 240 is enabled (see block 301 in FIG. 11A) by a signal sent from latching chip 244 to switching chip 238 (see FIG. 6A). In response to this signal, switch 238 is switched to connect input pin 4 to output pin 3, which is connected to preamplifier 242. At the start the signals output from the phantom cursor are integrated for one unit of integration time (see block 301), which is the minimum amount of integration time, one unit being T/2=277.8 microseconds (see T/2 in FIG. 8). The count representing the discharge time is compared with a threshold level. This threshold level represents the minimum acceptable signal magnitude for achieving a predetermined signal-to-noise ratio.
The signals from the phantom cursor are obtained in response to the driving cycle shown in FIG. 8. The program listing for controlling the charging and discharging of capacitor C33 (FIG. 6B) during the driving cycle is annexed as Appendix A (lines 877-1208). The driving cycle is the same regardless of which capacitively coupled electrode (i.e. the stylus or the phantom cursor) is enabled.
The background readings B.sub.x, B.sub.y and B.sub.sum are subtracted from the raw readings A.sub.x, A.sub.y and A.sub.sum, as already described (see lines 1218-1240 of Appendix A).
As indicated in block 302 of FIG. 11A, the microprocessor waits 0.5 second before reading the data in order to allow transients to die out.
After the 0.5 second delay, the data collection vectors of Appendix A are carried out 72 times in one second. The background-compensated X, Y and SUM readings are skew-corrected (see block 303). The 72 samples of skew-corrected background-compensated X, Y and SUM readings (C.sub.X, C.sub.Y and C.sub.sum) are then used to form the ratios X.sub.in and Y.sub.in, which are then processed by a one-pole IIR digital low-pass filter. The digital filter filters out high-frequency changes in the digital values of the computed ratios, which high frequencies are due to noise. The final ratios are then stored when processing by the digital filter is completed.
In the next step (block 304), the stored C.sub.sum value is tested to determine if it is greater than a predetermined value (e.g. 3840) required to achieve a predetermined signal-to-nose ratio. If C.sub.sum is not greater than 3840, the program carries out step 307, whereby it is determined whether number of integration time units exceeds 4. As already noted, the initial number of integration time units is 1. Since the number of integration time units is not greater than 4 during this initial stage, the number of units is incremented by unity (block 308). Then the steps generally denoted by blocks 302-304 are repeated, this time with an integration time of 2 units, which will produce a greater value for C.sub.sum. If C.sub.sum is still not greater than 3840, the integration time will be increased to 3 units, and if necessary, to 4 and then 5 units. If after an integration time of 5 units, the C.sub.sum value still fails to attain the minimum level (i.e. 3840), then the calibration is deemed to be a failure (block 309). The integration time is set equal to 2 units and the slopes and intercepts are set equal to zero. In this case, although the digitizer system will still be able to interface with the host computer, any position coordinate determined will be invalid.
If the C.sub.sum value meets the threshold requirement, the calibration is deemed successful and the C.sub.sum value is stored for later use in the "out of proximity" calculation (block 305).
Thereafter the X.sub.in and Y.sub.in values (referred to as the X ratio and Y ratio respectively in FIGS. 11A and 11B) are subtracted from X.sup.ctr and Y.sup.ctr respectively (block 306).
The calibration continues as shown in FIG. 11B. The X.sub.range and Y.sub.range values are calculated in accordance with the equations in blocks 310 and 311 respectively, where x.sub.d and y.sub.d are the differences between the x and y coordinates respectively of the mechanical center of the tablet and the phantom cursor (see lines 1563-1579 of Appendix B). X.sub.range and Y.sub.range are the factors used in accordance with Eqs. (6) and (7) to compensate for resolution distortion. In addition, the X.sub.offset and Y.sub.offset values are calculated in accordance with the equations in blocks 312 and 313. X.sub.offset and Y.sub.offset are factors used to tell the microprocessor where the margins of the active coordinate determination area should be located.
Next the "out of proximity" threshold level is computed in accordance with the equation in block 314. R6 is an initial number which can be adjusted up or down, as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 28,495 entitled MENU FOR A CHARGE RATIO DIGITIZER, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,788,386.
Finally, a residual reading of the pressure is taken when no pressure is being applied on the stylus. This residual reading is stored and later subtracted from the reading obtained when the stylus is being pressed against the tablet, whereby a reading representing the true pressure is obtained.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment is presented for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. Modifications may be readily effected by one having ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventive concept herein disclosed. ##SPC1## ##SPC2##

Claims

1. In a digitizer comprising:
a digitizer tablet having a generally planar top surface and first and second electrodes lying in a plane parallel to said top surface, said first electrode having a first geometric pattern, said first pattern varying with a first coordinate in a two-coordinate system, and said second electrode having a second geometric pattern, said second pattern varying with the second coordinate in said two-coordinate system, said first and second electrodes being made of electrically conductive material; and
a coupling means movable on said digitizer tablet top surface, said coupling means including a coupling electrode for electrostatic coupling with said first and second electrodes;
the improvement comprising
a phantom cursor electrode fixedly arranged in said digitizer tablet and electrostatically coupled to said first and second electrodes, said phantom cursor electrode being arranged on the side of said plane opposite from said digitizer tablet top surface and having a point with predefined first and second coordinates;
signal generating means for outputting a driving electrical signal to one of said coupling electrode and said phantom cursor electrode, application of said driving signal causing electrostatic coupling of the driven electrode with said first and second electrodes;
electronic means for receiving and processing signals generated in said first and second electrodes in response to said driving signal to determine the first and second coordinates of a point on said coupling means when said coupling means is in proximity to said tablet; and
switching means for sequentially connecting said phantom cursor electrode and said coupling electrode to said signal generating means for causing electrostatic coupling of first said phantom cursor electrode and then said coupling electrode with said first and second electrodes.
2. The digitizer as defined in claim 1, wherein a first dielectric layer separates said first and second electrodes from said coupling electrode when said coupling means is positioned on said tablet surface, and wherein a second dielectric layer separates said first and second electrodes from said phantom cursor electrode.
3. The digitizer as defined in claim 1, wherein said coupling means comprises a cursor.
4. The digitizer as defined in claim 1, wherein said coupling means comprises a stylus.
5. The digitizer as defined in claim 1, wherein said phantom cursor electrode comprises an electrically conductive plate.
6. The digitizer as defined in claim 1, wherein said first electrode is comprised of a plurality of wedge shaped portions and said second electrode is comprised of a plurality of strip shaped portions, and further comprising a third electrode serpentinely arranged and substantially filling the spaces between said first and second electrodes, except that said third electrode is separated from said first and second electrodes by spacing means comprising insulating material.
7. The digitizer as defined in claim 6, wherein said electronic means for receiving and processing signals is coupled to said first, second and third electrodes and comprises means for storing predetermined values based on the geometry of said first, second and third electrodes, means for comparing said predetermined values with processed values determined from actual signals generated in said first, second and third electrodes by said driven phantom cursor electrode, and means for generating correction factors proportional to deviations between said processed values and said predetermined values, said correction factors compensating for resolution distortion caused by said spacing means.
8. The digitizer as defined in claim 7, wherein said means for generating correction factors comprises a memory having a calibration routine stored therein.
9. The digitizer as defined in claim 7, wherein said electronic means further comprises means for computing the first and second coordinates of said point of said coupling means utilizing said correction factors.
10. In a digitizer tablet system comprising:
a first layer made of dielectric material and having a generally planar top surface,
a second layer having first and second electrodes lying in a plane parallel to said top surface, said first electrode having a first geometric pattern, said first pattern varying with a first coordinate in a two-coordinate system, and said second electrode having a second geometric pattern, said second electrode pattern varying with the second coordinate in said two-coordinate system, said first and second electrodes being made of electrically conductive material;
the improvement comprising
a phantom cursor electrode fixedly arranged in said digitizer tablet, a point on said phantom cursor electrode having predefined first and second coordinates, said phantom cursor electrode being arranged on the side of said plane opposite from said first layer;
said phantom cursor electrode and said second layer being separated by dielectric material, the thickness and dielectric characteristic of said dielectric material being such that said phantom cursor electrode is electrostatically coupled to said first and second electrodes.
11. The digitizer tablet system as defined in claim 10, further comprising:
signal generating means for outputting a driving electrical signal to said phantom cursor electrode, application of said driving signal causing electrostatic coupling of the phantom cursor electrode with said first and second electrodes; and
electronic means for receiving and processing signals generated in said first and second electrodes in response to said driving signal to determine digital values corresponding to measured first and second coordinates of said point on said phantom cursor electrode.
12. The digitizer tablet system as defined in claim 10, further comprising:
signal generating means for outputting a driving electrical signal to said first and second electrodes, application of said driving signal causing electrostatic coupling of said first and second electrodes with said phantom cursor electrode; and
electronic means for receiving and processing signals generated in said phantom cursor electrode in response to said driving signal to determine digital values corresponding to measured first and second coordinates of said point on said phantom cursor electrode.
13. The digitizer tablet system as defined in claim 10, wherein said phantom cursor electrode comprises an electrically conductive plate.
14. The digitizer tablet system as defined in claim 10, wherein said first electrode is comprised of a plurality of wedge shaped portions and said second electrode is comprised of a plurality of strip shaped portions, and further comprising a third electrode serpentinely arranged and substantially filling the spaces between said first and second electrodes, except that said third electrode is separated from said first and second electrodes by spacing means comprising insulating material.
15. The digitizer tablet system as defined in claim 14, wherein said electronic means for receiving and processing signals is coupled to said first, second and third electrodes and comprises means for storing predetermined values based on the geometry of said first, second and third electrodes, means for comparing said predetermined values with processed values determined from actual signals generated in said first, second and third electrodes by said driven phantom cursor electrode, and means for generating correction factors proportional to deviations between said processed values and said predetermined values, said correction factors compensating for resolution distortion caused by said spacing means.
16. In a digitizer comprising:
a digitizer tablet having a generally planar top surface and first and second electrodes lying in a plane parallel to said top surface, said first electrode having a first geometric pattern, said first pattern varying with a first coordinate in a two-coordinate system, and said second electrode having a second geometric pattern, said second pattern varying with the second coordinate in said two-coordinate system, said first and second electrodes being made of electrically conductive material;
a coupling means movable on said digitizer tablet top surface, said coupling means including a coupling electrode for electrostatic coupling with said first and second electrodes;
the improvement comprising
a phantom cursor electrode fixedly arranged in said digitizer tablet at a known location for electrostatic coupling with said first and second elctrodes, said phantom cursor electrode being arranged on the side of said plane opposite from said digitizer tablet top surface and having a point with predetermined first and second coordinates;
signal generating means for outputting a driving electrical signal to at least one of said first and second electrodes, application of said driving signal causing electrostatic coupling of the driven electrode with said coupling electrode and said phantom cursor electrode;
electronic means for receiving and processing signals generated in said coupling electrode and said phantom cursor electrode in response to said driving signal to determine the first and second coordinates of a point on said coupling means when said coupling means is in proximity to said tablet; and
switching means for sequentially connecting said phantom cursor electrode and said coupling electrode to said electronic means.
17. A method of calibrating a digitizer system including a wedge-and-strip type digitizer tablet, said tablet having a layer comprising a plurality of patterned electrodes for determining the coordinates of a movable coupling means placed on an operative surface of said tablet, each patterned electrode comprising electrically conductive material, said movable coupling means including a coupling electrode for electrostatically coupling with said patterned electrodes when at least one of said patterned electrodes is driven and said coupling means is in proximity to said operative surface, said tablet further including a fixed phantom cursor electrode comprising an electrically conductive plate, a first layer of dielectric material arranged between said patterned electrodes and said phantom cursor electrode, a second layer of dielectric material arranged between said patterned electrodes and said movable coupling means, signal generating means for outputting a driving electrical signal to at least one of said patterned elctrodes, electronic processing means for receiving and processing signals generated in said phantom cursor electrode and said coupling electrode in response to said driving signal to determine first and second coordinates of a point on said coupling means when said coupling means is in proximity to said tablet, and switching means for sequentially connecting said phantom cursor electrode and said coupling electrode to said electronic means, said method comprising the following steps:
(a) predefining the actual coordinates of a point on said phantom cursor electrode relative to a two-coordinate dimensional system on said operative surface;
(b) applying driving signals to said patterned electrodes in accordance with a predetermined sequence;
(c) measuring the signals generated in said phantom cursor electrode as the result of electrostatic coupling with said driven patterned electrodes;
(d) determining the measured coordinates of said point on said phantom cursor electrode relative to said two-coordinate dimensional system; and
(e) forming first and second correction factors based on said actual and measured coordinates.
18. The method as defined in claim 17, further comprising the following steps:
(f) applying driving signals to said patterned electrodes in accordance with said predetermined sequence;
(g) measuring the signals generated in said coupling electrode as the result of electrostatic coupling with said driven patterned electrodes;
(h) determining the measured coordinates of a point on said coupling means relative to said two-coordinate dimensional system; and
(i) computing the actual coordinates of said point on said coupling means relative to said two-coordinate dimensional system using said first and second correction factors,
whereby resolution distortion due to the spacing between said patterned electrodes is compensated for.
19. A method of calibrating a digitizer system including a wedge-and-strip type digitizer tablet, said tablet having a layer comprising a plurality of patterned electrodes for determining the coordinates of a movable coupling means placed on an operative surface of said tablet, each patterned electrode comprising electrically conductive material, said movable coupling means including a coupling electrode for electrostatically coupling with said patterned electrodes when at least one of said coupling electrode is driven and is in proximity to said operative surface, said tablet further including a fixed phantom cursor electrode comprising an electrically conductive plate, a first layer of dielectric material arranged between said patterned electrodes and said phantom cursor electrode, a second layer of dielectric material arranged between said patterned electrodes and said proximal coupling means, signal generating means for outputting a driving electrical signal to at least one of said coupling and phantom cursor electrodes, electronic processing means for receiving and processing signals generated in said patterned electrodes in response to said driving signal to determine first and second coordinates of a point on said coupling means when said coupling means is in proximity to said tablet, and swtiching means for sequentially connecting said phantom cursor electrode and said coupling electrode to said signal generating means, said method comprising the following steps:
(a) predetermining the actual coordinates of a point on said phantom cursor electrode relative to a two-coordinate dimensional system on said operative surface;
(b) applying driving signals to said phantom cursor electrode in accordance with a predetermined sequence;
(c) measuring the signals generated in said patterned electrodes as the result of electrostatic coupling with said driven phantom cursor electrode;
(d) determining the measured coordinates of said point on said phantom cursor electrode relative to said two-coordinate dimensional system; and
(e) forming first and second correction factors based on said actual and measured coordinates.
20. The method as defined in claim 17, further comprising the following steps:
(f) applying driving signals to said coupling electrodes in accordance with said predetermined sequence;
(g) measuring the signals generated in said patterned electrodes as the result of electrostatic coupling with said driven coupling electrodes;
(h) determining the measured coordinates of a point on said coupling means relative to said two-coordinate dimensional system; and
(i) computing the actual coordinates of said point on said coupling means relative to said two-coordinate dimensional system using said first and second correction factors,
whereby resolution distortion due to the spacing between said patterned electrodes is compensated for.
21. A digitizer tablet system comprising: first and second electrodes lying in a plane, said first electrode having a first geometric pattern, said first pattern varying with a first coordinate in a two-coordinate system, and said second electrode having a second geometric pattern, said second pattern varying with the second coordinate in said two-coordinate system, said first and second electrodes being made of electrically conductive material;
signal generating means for outputting a driving signal to at least one of said first and second electrodes in response to a first enabling signal;
port means for receiving an analog signal from outside said tablet;
amplifying means for amplifying said analog signal;
switching means connected between said port means and said amplifying means for switchably enabling and disabling the sending of said analog signal from said port means to said amplifying means in response respectively to a second enabling signal and a disabling signal;
analog-to-digital conversion means connected to convert said amplified analog signal into a digital signal in response to a third enabling signal; and
control means connected to output control signals to said signal generating means, to said switching means and to said analog-to-digital conversion means,
wherein said control means comprises means for outputting said first enabling signal to said signal generating means during a first time interval, said third enabling signal to said analog-to-digital conversion means during a second time interval subsequent to said first time interval, and said disabling signal to said switching means during said first and second time intervals.
22. The digitizer tablet as defined in claim 21, further comprising memory means connected to store a digital signal output by said analog-to-digital conversion means in response to said third enabling signal from said control means.
23. A method of calibrating a digitizer system including a wedge-and-strip digitizer tablet, said tablet having a layer comprising a plurality of patterned electrodes for determining the coordinates of a movable coupling means placed on an operative surface of said tablet, each patterned electrode comprising electrically conductive material, said movable coupling means including a coupling electrode for electrostatically coupling with said patterned electrodes when at least one of said patterned electrodes is driven and said coupling means is in proximity to said operative surface, signal generating means for inputting a driving signal to at least one of said patterned electrodes, electronic processing means for receiving and processing analog signals generated in said coupling electrode in response to said driving signal to determine first and second coordinates of a point on said coupling means when said coupling means is in proximity to said tablet, and switching means for selectively enabling and disabling the transmission of output signals from said coupling electrode to said electronic processing means, said processing means including analog-to-digital conversion means, said method comprising the following steps:
(a) applying driving signals to at least one of said patterned electrodes during a first time interval;
(b) outputting a signal to said switching means which disables transmission of output signals from said coupling electrode during said first time interval;
(c) generating and storing a first digital signal corresponding to the analog signal received by said analog-to-digital conversion means during said first time interval;
(d) applying driving signals to said at least one of said patterned electrodes during a second time interval;
(e) outputting a signal to said switching means which enables transmission of output signals from said coupling electrode during said second time interval; and
(f) generating a second digital signal corresponding to the analog signal received by said analog-to-digital conversion means during said second time interval.
24. The method as defined in claim 23, further comprising the following steps:
(g) subtracting said first digital value from said second digital value to obtain a third digital value; and
(h) determining the measured coordinates of said point on said coupling means relative to said two-coordinate dimensional system utilizing said third digital value.

US Referenced Citations (7)

Number	Name	Date
4650926	Nakamura et al.	Mar 1987
4661656	Rodgers et al.	Apr 1987
4678869	Kable	Jul 1987
4705919	Dhawan	Nov 1987
4710595	Kimura	Dec 1987
4733023	Tamaru et al.	Mar 1988
4740660	Kimura	Apr 1988

Method and apparatus for calibration of a charge ratio digitizer

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