1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of downhole fluid analysis in hydrocarbon producing wells. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for using a chemometric equation to estimate fluid density, viscosity, dielectric constant, and resisitivity from flexural mechanical resonator data obtained downhole in a borehole during monitoring while drilling or during wireline operations.
2. Background of the Related Art
There is considerable interest in measuring density, viscosity, dielectric constant, resistivity and other parameters for formation fluids. It is particularly useful to perform these measurements downhole at reservoir conditions of high temperature and high pressure during formation sampling, producing or drilling operations. Numerous technologies have been employed toward the end of measuring fluid parameters such as viscosity downhole. U.S. Pat. No. 6,182,499 discusses systems and methods for characterization of materials and combinatorial libraries with mechanical oscillators. U.S. Pat. No. 5,734,098 (the '098 patent) discusses a method for monitoring and controlling chemical treatment of petroleum, petrochemical and processes with on-line quartz crystal microbalance sensors. The '098 patent invention utilizes thickness shear mode (TSM) resonators, which simultaneously measure mass deposition and fluid properties such as viscosity and or density of a fluid. U.S. Pat. No. 6,176,323 (the '323 patent) discloses drilling systems with sensors for determining properties of drilling fluid downhole. The '323 patent discloses a plurality of pressure sensors positioned at different depths to determine a fluid gradient. U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,962 (the '962 patent) discloses a method and apparatus for analyzing a formation fluid using acoustic measurements.
The '962 patent invention acoustically determines density and compressibility from acoustic impedance and sound speed. U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,223 (the '223 patent) discloses a method and apparatus for characterizing formation fluid samples utilizing differential pressure measurements. The '223 patent discloses an apparatus that provides two pressure gauges at different depths to determine density from a fluid pressure gradient. U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,845 describes an invention that uses differential fluid pressure at two depths to determine fluid density. U.S. Pat. No. 5,361,632 discloses a method and apparatus for determining multiphase hold up fractions using a gradiometer and a densiometer to provide a pressure gradient to determine fluid density. U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,529 discloses a method and apparatus for measuring borehole fluid density, formation density and or borehole diameter using back-scattered gamma radiation to determine fluid density.
Flexural mechanical resonators have been used in the laboratory for rapid characterization of large numbers of fluid samples. See L. F. Matsiev, Application of Flexural Mechanical Resonator to High Throughput Liquid Characterization, 2000 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, Oct. 22-25, 2000 San Juan, Puerto Rico, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; L. F. Matsiev, Application of Flexural Mechanical Resonator to High Throughput Liquid Characterization, 1999 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, Oct. 17-20, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; L. F. Matsiev, Application of Flexural Mechanical Resonator to High Throughput Liquid Characterization, 1998 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, Oct. 5-8, 1998, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The use of mechanical resonators are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,455,316 B1 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; U.S. Pat. No. 6,393,895 B1 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; U.S. Pat. No. 6,336,353 B2 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; U.S. patent Publication No. 2003/0041653 A1 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; U.S. patent Publication No. 2003/0000291 A1 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; U.S. Pat. No. 6,401,591 B2 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,6,528,026 B2 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
An example of a method and apparatus for determining down fluid characteristics using flexural mechanical resonators is described in the parent application, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/144,965 filed on May 14, 2002 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Downhole Fluid Characterization Using Flexural Mechanical Resonators.” (the '965 patent application). The '965 patent application describes a method or apparatus utilizing a flexural mechanical resonator to determine density, viscosity or other fluid properties in a downhole environment. An example of a suitable algorithm for use in association with the method and apparatus described in the '965 patent application is a Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) non-linear least squares fit. The LM fit uses an initial estimate for determination of a fluid parameter. If the initial parameter estimate is too far from the actual parameter values, the LM algorithm may take a long time to converge or fail to converge at all. Thus, there is a need for a method and apparatus for accurately estimating the initial parameter inputs for the LM algorithm in determining fluid parameters.
The present invention provides chemometric equations to estimate fluid properties such as density, viscosity, dielectric constant and resistivity for a formation fluid sample in real time downhole from impedance-versus-frequency data of a mechanical resonator immersed in the fluid. These chemometric estimates can be used directly as estimates of fluid density, viscosity, dielectric constant and resistivity for a downhole formation fluid sample. The chemometric estimates also can be used as initial estimates of these parameters in a Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) iterative non-linear least squares fit of the theoretical model to the measured data. Good initial estimates are important to LM fits because, if the initial parameter estimates are too far from the actual parameter values, the LM algorithm may take a long time to converge or may fail to converge at all. The present invention provides an initial estimate of a parameter to the LM algorithm that results in a high probability that the LM algorithm will converge to a proper global minimum.
The present invention provides a chemometric equation to estimate fluid density, viscosity, dielectric constant, and resistivity for a formation fluid sample downhole from the impedance-versus-frequency data of a mechanical resonator. The chemometric estimates can be used directly or as initial parameter estimates in a Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) non-linear least squares fit of the theoretical model to the measured data. Good initial estimates are important to LM fits because, if the initial parameter estimate is too far from the actual parameter values, the LM algorithm may take a long time to converge or fail to converge at all.
The parent '965 patent application describes a downhole method and apparatus using a mechanical resonator, for example, a tuning fork to provide real-time direct measurements and estimates of the viscosity, density and dielectric constant for formation fluid or filtrate in a hydrocarbon producing well.
The present invention enhances the implementation of a resonating tuning fork downhole used to estimate fluid density, viscosity, dielectric constant and resistivity. Mechanical resonators respond to the product of the density and viscosity of a fluid into which they are immersed. Symyx Technologies Incorporated of Santa Clara, Calif. has developed a model for a miniature tuning fork resonator, which, in combination with a non-linear least squares fit, enables separate determination of density and viscosity of fluid, rather than merely the product of these two properties. Prior resonators could only determine the product of density and viscosity and thus viscosity or density could not be independently determined. The present invention provides a tuning fork or flexural resonator, which is excited, monitored and its response processed using a chemometric equation or the combination of a chemometric equation and a LM non-linear least squares fit. The processing determines not only the density and viscosity of a fluid, but also the dielectric constant, resistivity and other parameters of a fluid downhole.
The present example of the invention is implemented using a resonating tuning fork downhole to estimate fluid density, viscosity, dielectric constant, and resistivity. The present invention measures the impedance versus frequency (impedance spectrum) for a flexural mechanical resonator in the vicinity of its resonant frequency. To convert this direct measurement to density, viscosity, dielectric constant and resistivity, the present invention determines a best fit between a theoretical spectrum and the measured impedance spectrum for the resonator, e.g., tuning fork, using a Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) nonlinear least squares fit algorithm. The fitting parameters provide density, viscosity, dielectric constant and resistivity values. If the initial parameter value estimates for the fitting parameters are too far from the actual parameter values, the LM fitting algorithm may take a long time to converge or may fail to converge entirely. Even if the LM algorithm does converge, it may converge to a local minimum rather than a global minimum. When logging a well in real time, the operator does not want to wait a long time for an answer nor does the operator want the algorithm to converge to the wrong answer at a local rather than a global minimum.
The present invention computes a result quickly, uses less computing resources and thus provides more useful and accurate initial estimates for the LM fitting parameters. The initial estimates provided by the present invention are robust, they do not require iteration, and they are quickly computed. The present invention uses chemometrics to obtain the initial estimates of fitting parameters. These chemometric estimations can then be used directly as estimates of a fluid parameter value or property or provided to the LM algorithm. The chemometric estimations provided to the LM algorithm provide a high probability of allowing the LM algorithm to converge quickly to the correct global minimum for the fluid parameter value estimation.
Traditional chemometrics can be defined as multiple linear regressions (MLR), principle components regressions (PCR), or partial least squares (PLS). Chemometrics can be applied either to an original data set or to a preprocessed version of the original data such as a Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothed curve or its derivatives. When using these traditional chemometric techniques, the property-prediction equation is usually just an offset constant plus the dot product of a weights vector with the measured resonator impedance spectrum. This is a straightforward calculation that requires a relatively small amount of computer time as the calculation is non-iterative. However, chemometric equations can also be based on minimum, maximum, or zero-crossing values or other similarly derived properties of the data. In some cases, the chemometric predictions or the fits to the synthetic data are sufficiently accurate to use directly without going to the second step of applying a LM fitting algorithm.
If the probe 418 is pulled away from the bore hole wall the fluid entering the tool is well bore fluid rather than formation fluid. Thus, the fluid can come from the formation or from the well bore. The processor performs a function which applies derived chemometric equations to the resonator's measured impedance versus frequency spectrum associated with the fluid to determine the fluid's viscosity, density, dielectric constant, resistivity and other fluid parameters for which chemometric equations are derived. The chemometrically determined fluid parameter values are used directly for an estimation of the fluid's viscosity, density, dielectric constant, resistivity and other fluid parameters. The chemometrically determined fluid parameter values are also used as input to the LM algorithm as an initial estimation of the fluid's viscosity, density, dielectric constant, resistivity and other fluid parameters.
Turning now to
When a chemometric equation is available, applying it is both quicker and simpler than an iterative approach. In this example, the X and Y values of the lowest experimental data point are P2 and P3, respectively, and P1 simply equals one-half of the second derivative of these data points. Because the data points are evenly spaced along the X-axis, a 5-consecutive-point numerical second derivative can be obtained by standard Savitzky-Golay methods (A. Savitzky and M. Golay, “Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures,” Anal. Chem. vol. 36, No. 8, July, 1964, pp. 1627-1639). Then, P1=(2xm−2−xm−1−2xm−xm+1+2xm+2)/14, where xm−2 to 2xm+2 are five consecutive experimental data points, preferably ones near the minimum of the parabola where experimental error would have the least effect on the calculated value of P1.
Typically one fluid property dominates over the other properties in its influence on a particular feature of the impedance plot of a tuning fork immersed in a fluid. Therefore, we can make rough qualitative assessments of fluid properties from a simple visual inspection of the features of such plots.
Unfortunately, these are only the dominant effects. Each property of the fluid has an effect on every characteristic feature in the impedance plot. Therefore, to obtain quantitative values for the properties of the fluid, the example of the present invention applies chemometrics and/or a non-linear least squares fit to the impedance data as explained in this invention.
To help the reader visualize the synthetic data described in this invention,
The present invention is utilized to provide density, viscosity, dielectric constant, resistivity and other measured, calculated or derived fluid parameter information about a downhole fluid. The tool of the present invention provides the fluid parameter information to a processor or intelligent completion system (ICS) at the surface. The ICS is a system for the remote, intervention less actuation of downhole completion equipment has been developed to support the ongoing need for operators to lower costs and increase or preserve the value of the reservoir. Such a system is described in The Oil and Gas Journal, Oct. 14, 1996. At times called “SmartWells,” these completion systems enable oil and gas companies to study and control individual zones without well intervention. This can dramatically lower operating expenditures by reducing downtime. Also, it can allow enhanced hydrocarbon recovery via improved reservoir management. ICSs enable the operator to produce, monitor and control the production of hydrocarbons through remotely operated completion systems. These systems are developed with techniques that allow the well architecture to be reconfigured at will and real-time data to be acquired without any well intervention.
The operator, located at the surface and having access to over ride the processor/ICE 30 may make his own decisions and issue commands concerning well completion based on the measurements provided by the present invention. The present invention may also provide data during production logging to determine the nature of fluid coming through a perforation in the well bore, for example, the water and oil ratio.
The present invention has been described as a method and apparatus operating in an oil rig environment in the example embodiment, however, the present invention may also be embodied as a set of instructions on a computer readable medium, comprising ROM, RAM, CD ROM, Flash or any other computer readable medium, now known or unknown that when executed cause a computer to implement the method of the present invention. An example of an embodiment of the invention has been shown by the above example. This example, however, is for purposes of example only and not intended to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the following claims.
The patent application is a continuation in part and claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/144,965 filed on May 14, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,938,470 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Downhole Fluid Characterization Using Flexural Mechanical Resonators” by Rocco DiFoggio which is incorporated herein by reference and claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/291,136 filed on May 15, 2001 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Downhole Fluid Characterization Using Flexural Mechanical Resonators” by Rocco DiFoggio.
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Child | 10801267 | US |