Patent Application
20160135447
The present invention relates to a method as well as an apparatus for collecting and preserving biological specimens such as human and animal tissues, cell types and subcellular materials for sample cryopreservation for biobanking and molecular studies. More specific, the present invention relates to an innovative method and apparatus to improve and standardize the snap freezing procedure in collecting samples for biobanking and molecular studies.
A biobank is a type of biorepository that stores biological samples (usually human) for use in research. Since the late 1990s, biobanks have become an important resource in medical research supporting many types of contemporary research such as genomics and personalized medicine.
Biobanks give researches access to data representing larger numbers of people than could be analyzed before. Furthermore, samples in biobanks and the data derived from those samples can often be used by multiple researchers for multiple purposes. Large collections of samples representing tens or hundreds or even thousands of individuals are necessary to conduct these kinds of studies so that researchers may perform such studies only with large numbers of samples. Many researchers struggle to acquire sufficient samples prior to the advent of biobanks.
Biobanks are heterogeneous in their design and use, and they range in size. They may contain data and samples from family studies, or from patients with a specific disease, or they may be part of large-scale epidemiologic collections, or collections from clinical trials of new medical interventions. The samples collected will typically include whole blood and its fractions, extracted genomic DNA, whole cell RNA, urine, as well as, variously, saliva, nail clippings, hair and a variety of other tissues and material relevant to the design of specific studies.
Inevitably, data and samples are collected under different conditions to different standards and for different purposes. Some biobanks take a highly centralized approach to the collection, processing and archiving of samples, but are shipped to a central processing and storage facility. While ensuring robust quality control and data integrity and security, this approach inevitably introduces a delay between collection and cryopreservation that may result in the loss of labile species in the samples. Conversely, other large studies will aim to collect and process participant samples as quickly as possible. Here, samples are collected at fundraising events and in workplace settings and are processed within a few hours by local laboratories before low-temperature archiving. The challenges here are to maintain consistency of collection, shipping and processing. A hybrid approach is taken in other studies where a proportion of the participant samples are processed and stored locally, with a second set stored in a centralized archive.
The first and most important process of stabilizing biological material at cryogenic temperatures suitable for molecular studies is called cryopreservation, a practical application of cryobiology, or the study of life at low temperatures. Advances in cryopreservation technology have led to methods that allow low temperature maintenance of a variety of tissues, cell types and subcellular materials. Techniques are available for the preservation of microorganisms, tissues, primary cells, established cell lines, small multicellular organisms, complex cellular structures such as embryos as well as nucleic acid and proteins.
The object of cryopreservation is to minimize damage to biological materials during low temperature freezing and storage. The ultimate goal is to provide a continuous source of tissues and genetically stable living cells for a variety of purposes, including research and biomedical processes.
Water, the major component of all living cells must be present for chemical reactions to occur within a cell. During cryopreservation, the water changes to ice and cellular metabolism ceases. Dehydration also occurs, changing the concentration of salts and other metabolites and creating an osmotic imbalance that can be detrimental to cell recovery.
The freezing process involves complex phenomena that, even after decades of research, are not yet fully understood. Cryobiological studies have led to speculation on what occurs during the freezing of living cells and how adverse phenomena can be overcome.
Since water is the major component of all living cells and must be available for the chemical processes of life to occur, cellular metabolism stops when all water in the system is converted to ice. Ice forms at different rates during the cooling process.
Slow cooling leads to freezing external to the cell before intercellular ice begins to form. As ice forms external to the cell, water is removed from the extracellular environment and an osmotic imbalance occurs across the cell membrane leading to water migration out of the cell. The increase in solute concentration outside the cell, as well as intracellularly as water leaves the cell, can be detrimental to cell survival. If too much water remains inside the cell, damages due to ice crystal formation and recrystallization during warming can occur and is usually lethal.
Rapid cooling minimizes the solute concentration effects as ice forms uniformly, but leads to formation of more intracellular ice since water has not migrated out of the cell. As already mentioned, slow cooling on the other hand results in a greater loss of water from the cell and less internal ice being formed, but results in an increase in the solution effects. Cell permeability affects the rate of water loss; more permeable cells are able to tolerate rapid cooling better than less permeable cells. Scientific literature indicates that ice crystal formation and solution effect both play a role in cell damage.
For these reasons, it is assumed that a key element of a good cryopreservation program is standardization of the processes employed. Because of the complexity of the preservation process, small variations in processing and storage can lead to sublet changes in the biological materials. By standardizing the methodologies there is greater assurance that search results will be consistent and comparable. Therefore, once a successful cryopreservation regimen is established, efforts should be made to carefully document and methodology.
As today, snap freezing is a standard cryopreservation technique in which a sample is rapidly frozen. This is usually supported by using dry ice, a dry ice/ethanol slurry or liquid nitrogen. Snap freezing reduces the chance of water present in the sample forming ice crystals during the freezing process, and better maintains the integrity of the sample. In the case of tissues, snap freezing slows the actions of proteases and nucleases to inhibit degradation of molecules such as RNA or proteins. Typically, snap freezing is performed either directly in dry ice or in a bath containing dry ice with ethanol or isopropanol. Liquid nitrogen is also commonly used for snap freezing tissue pieces.
The major drawback of present snap freezing processes is the uncontrolled cooling rate, as the tissues are suddenly dropped to a very low temperature environment, typically at about −80° C.
It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a method and an apparatus for collecting and preserving biological tissue samples for biobanking cryopreservation which optimizes the currently known techniques and can result in a standardized technique procedure for collecting human and animal tissues for biobanking and molecular studies.
This object is achieved by the subject-matter of the independent claims. The dependent claims study further the central idea of the present invention.
According to a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method for collecting and preserving biological specimens, such as human and animal tissues, cell types and subcellular materials for biobanking cryopreservation. The method comprises the following steps:
In a first step, the specimen is placed in a cooling fluid pre-set at a first predetermined temperature of between −10° C. and −60° C. for snap freezing—i.e. rapidly freezing—the specimen. In a preferred embodiment, the first predetermined temperature is set between −20° C. and −50° C., more preferred between −35° C. and −45° C., most preferably at −40° C. In a most preferred embodiment, the first predetermined temperature is set at a temperature between −20° C. and −40° C. It is noted that the first predetermined temperature is set according to the type of sample (cells, tissues, etc.) to be cryo-preserved to allow for a rapidly (snap) freezing of the specimen. The temperature of the specimen before being placed in the cooling fluid being pre-set at the first predetermined temperature usually is room temperature.
In a second step of the method according to the invention, the temperature of the cooling fluid is reduced to a second predetermined temperature which temperature is suitable for preserving said specimen. In other words, the second predetermined temperature is lower than the first predetermined temperature and is preferably between −70° C. and −90° C., more preferably between −75° C. and −85° C., and most preferably at about −80° C.
According to the invention, the reduction of the temperature in the second step of the method is performed by a predetermined cooling profile. The predetermined cooling profile is preferably performed with a predetermined cooling rate of between 0.5° C. per minute and 3° C. per minute, most preferable of 1° C. per minute. The predetermined cooling profile can be linear, non-linear or stepwise.
In a preferred embodiment, the temperature of the cooling fluid and/or preferably the specimen is directly or indirectly measured, preferably continuously measured. The temperature reduction in the second step of the method is controlled by a PID algorithm (proportional integral derivative algorithm) using a PID controller. By using the PID algorithm and based on the measured and stored temperatures, a control point or control value will be determined which will then be transferred into an on/off control of the cooling process; i.e. an on/off control of a corresponding cooling means.
The specimen in the first step is directly placed in the cooling fluid or it is placed in a container like a cryovial or basket, preferably made of PDFE, which is then placed in the cooling fluid.
The first step of the inventive method may also comprise the step of placing a plurality of specimens successively or all at once in the cooling fluid (either directly or indirectly) and only after a predefined number of specimens (preferably all specimens) are placed in the pre-cooled cooling fluid for snap freezing of the specimen up to the first predetermined temperature, the second step of the method is carried out.
The cooling fluid is preferably a cooling liquid. Said cooling liquid preferably does not freeze during the process. The cooling fluid or liquid can be isopentane or a non-flammable substitute cooling liquid like NOVEC™ 7000 of 3M™.
The method according to the invention thus consists in keeping the initial cooling fluid or freezing agent in a cooling means like an (aluminum) reservoir or container, at a first pre-set temperature. This pre-set temperature can be set at a temperature to allow for snap freezing or rapidly freezing the specimen. According to the type of the sample (cell, tissues, etc.) to be cryo-preserved, this initial first predetermined and pre-set temperature can be set, preferably, between −20° C. and −40° C. As soon as the samples are immersed or at least placed in the freezing agent stored in a receiving means of a corresponding apparatus—and preferably not before reaching a desired (freezing) temperature in the specimen—the second step of the method is carried out, e.g. in that the operator can activate a predefined cooling procedure via a software interface. Then, the apparatus control, by the PID software, drops the freezing agent temperature to about −80° C. or any other suitable temperature for preserving said specimen with a predetermined cooling profile preferably having a controlled cooling rate of 1° C. per minute. To facilitate the handling and operations, the samples can be either placed in cryo-vials (i.e. for fragile tissues or cells) or in a dedicated PTFE basket or the like and then dropped into the cooling liquid.
The method thus includes the possibility to create a snap freezing standardized protocol with an initial pre-set temperature for freezing the specimen and a following cooling profile to the desired final storage temperature with a precise cooling rate of, for instance, 1° C. per minute for overcoming the drawbacks of the known technique. Hence, it is possible by the initial snap freezing step to cool the specimen up to a desired temperature to reduce the chance of water present in the sample forming ice crystals during the freezing process thus better maintaining the integrity of the sample while on the other hand the subsequent controlled cooling profile with predetermined cooling rates allows for a minimization of the variables of low cell recovery due to hydration or ice crystal formation to ensure maximum viability for a wide variety of cells. Programmed uniform cooling rates are effective for a variety of freezing applications, including stem cells, embryos, hard valves and cord blood. Hence, presently known detrimental effects when freezing biological materials with different techniques can be minimized or even overcome by the method according to the present invention.
According to another aspect, the present invention refers to an apparatus for collecting and preserving biological specimen such as human and animal tissues, cell types and subcellular materials for biobanking cryopreservation. The apparatus comprises a receiving means for receiving a cooling fluid and said specimen as well as a cooling means to cool said fluid in said receiving means. According to the present invention, the apparatus further comprises a controller which is configured for keeping the temperature of said cooling fluid at a first predetermined temperature of between −10° C. and −60° C. for snap freezing—i.e. rapidly freezing—said specimen when said specimen is placed in said receiving means containing said cooling fluid. The controller is further configured to reduce—in a subsequent step following the first step—the temperature of said cooling fluid to a second predetermined temperature suitable for preserving said specimen with a predetermined cooling profile after the specimen has been placed in the receiving means. The controller is configured to control the cooling means by a PID algorithm as already defined above and is thus a PID controller.
The receiving means preferably comprises at least one or a plurality of reservoirs for receiving the cooling fluid and also for receiving a specimen and/or a container like a cryovial or a basket, preferably made of PTFE, carrying the specimen and to be placed in the cooling fluid. Further, the receiving means may comprise a working means like a working plate being in (thermal and preferably also physical) contact with the at least one reservoir and, preferably, also with the cooling means. According to one alternative, the reservoir is integrally formed with the working means. According to another alternative, the reservoir is preferably removably placed on or attached to the working means. Also, a combination of these two alternatives on the same working means is possible. Preferably, the receiving means may further comprise a transfer means thermally connecting the working means and the cooling means and/or reservoir(s). The cooling means can thus alternatively or additional be in contact (direct physical or at least thermal contact) with the reservoir(s).
The receiving means can be made of a material having a high thermal conductivity. Such materials can be, for instance, metals like aluminum or stainless steel, while the present application is not limited to these materials.
In a preferred embodiment, the cooling means is a stirling cooler preferably using argon gas. The cooling means, preferably the stirling cooler, can have a cooling part which is in thermal contact with at least a part of the receiving means or at least the reservoir(s), preferably in direct physical contact therewith. Using a stirling cooler rather than a common compressor has the advantage that the temperature cycles of common compressors can oscillate various degrees as the cooling mechanism is slow while a stirling cooler allows for a precise temperature adjustment only having a temperature deviation of at most +/−1° C.
Furthermore, the apparatus may comprise a cover to provide a closed working area at least enclosing the receiving means or reservoir(s) and to keep the working area thermally insulated from the external environment. The apparatus may further comprise a defrost arrangement like an air pump and a reverse heating element to defrost the working area preferably at pre-set cycles.
According to the present invention, there is thus provided a specific apparatus for carrying out the before-mentioned method and being provided in order to quickly manage the temperature condition and cooling profile of the cooling fluid (i.e. cooling liquid or freezing agent), such as isopentane or alternative non-flammable substitutes, preferably contained in a dedicated reservoir like a container.
One component of the apparatus hardware is the cooling means which preferably is a stirling (engine) cooler, i.e. a specific type of compressor that is able to quickly bring and maintain a preset temperature preferably through the utilization of Argon gas in a sealed piston cylinder.
To precisely follow the cooling temperature profile, the cooling means or stirling cooler is preferably controlled by a PID algorithm of a dedicated apparatus system software.
In order to quickly transmit the low temperature generated by the cooling means, a cooling part—e.g. the top tip of the cylinder of the stirling cooler—is in direct (thermal or even physical) contact with preferably all the surfaces to be cooled, in particular to the (dedicated) reservoirs or containers where the freezing agent is stored in. To ensure a very rapid temperature transfer and control, the parts in direct thermal or even physical contact with the stirling engine cooler cylinder container are preferably made by aluminum material or any other material suitable for high thermal conduction.
The stirling cooler may have a cooling capacity of about 80 watt in case of a total sample volume (liquid cooling medium and specimen) of 50 ml. The specimen could then have a total volume of about 1 ml or 1 mg.
Further advantages and specific features will now be described with respect to the accompanied figures, which show:
The receiving means 2 can comprise at least one or even a plurality of reservoirs 3 for receiving the cooling fluid. A first kind of such a reservoir 3 could be a vessel 30. This vessel 30 can be covered by a cover 31 which is, preferably, made of PTFE. In this vessel 30, the cooling fluid can be provided/stored at least for the process and preferably also for preservation of a particular specimen.
The specimen can be placed in the cooling fluid (stored in the cooling vessel 30) either directly or it is placed in a basket 32, preferably made of PTFE, carrying the specimen and which is adapted to be placed in the cooling fluid, e.g., provided in the vessel 30. This layout is depicted in
There may also be provided a receptacle 35 for receiving the containers 36 (e.g. cryovials) carrying the specimens which were or will be placed in the cooling fluid in the reservoir 3, 30. The receptacle 35 can be provided as a block. The receptacle thus serves as a storage area for a particular number of containers 36. According to
The receiving means 3 may thus comprise at least one or a plurality of reservoirs 3, 30 for receiving the cooling fluid and for receiving the specimen and/or a container like a cryovial 36 or a basket 32, preferably made of PTFE, carrying the specimen and which can be placed in the cooling fluid stored in the respective reservoir 3, 30.
As shown in
According to a further alternative embodiment, the reservoir 3 can also be integrally formed with the working means 4. Therefore, the working means 4 can comprise dents, i.e. can have one or more recesses forming the reservoirs 3 for receiving the cooling fluid.
Within the working area W and preferably on top of the working means 4 there can be provided a working member 12. This working member 12 can be made of PTFE or the like. The working member 12 is preferably removably placed on the working means 4. The working member 12 can be used for placing the basket 32 or any other feature thereon before, during or after the process. The working member 12 may comprise a projecting edge portion 120 as a leakage or overfill protection.
The apparatus 1 further comprises a cooling means 5 being shown in
To ensure a quick and precise temperature transfer from the cooling means 5 to the cooling fluid and thus to the specimen to be treated, a cooling part 50 of the cooling means 5 is preferably in thermal contact with at least a part of the receiving means 2 or at least the reservoir 3, 30, preferably in direct physical contact therewith. For storage purposes, also the receptacle 35 can be in thermal or even direct physical contact with the cooling part 50. To allow for a sufficient thermal transfer, the cooling part 50 is preferably in flat contact with the features to be cooled 3, 30, 35. For design or any other reasons, it can also be suitable that the receiving means 2 further comprises a transfer means 6 for thermally connecting the cooling means 5 (or cooling part 50 thereof) and the working means 4 and/or the reservoirs 3, 30 and/or the receptacle 35. Therefore, all the respective parts are preferably in flat physical contact with each other. Moreover, all the parts in thermal contact with each other, like the receiving means 2 comprising the reservoirs 3, 30, the receptacle 35, the working means 4 and the transfer means 6 are preferably made of a material having a high thermal conductivity. Such materials can be, for instance, metals like aluminum or stainless steel, while the present application is not limited to these materials.
As can be derived from
To easily move the cover between the mentioned closed position and an opened position to access the working area W, the cover 7 can be pivotally supported. Therefore, the cover 7 is preferably pivotally connected via hinges 71 or the like to a base 8. The cover 7 may comprise a handle 73 for easily manipulating, i.e. opening and closing, the cover 7.
The base 8 can carry most of the components of the apparatus 1 like the receiving means 2 and the cooling means 5. To provide a sufficiently insulated closed working area W when the cover 7 is in its closed position, the base 8 can also comprise an insulation member 80 which at least partially surrounds or encloses the receiving means 2 and has an upper opening 81 to access the working area W. The insulation member 80 may also comprise a bottom opening through which extends a part of the receiving means 2 (e.g. transfer means 6) and/or the cooling means 5 (e.g. cooling part 50). Moreover, the insulation member 80 of the base may comprise a profiled rim portion 82 which preferably corresponds with a corresponding profiled rim portion 72 of the insulation member 70 of the cover 7 to provide a sealed working area W when the cover 7 is in its closed position.
For design reasons, the base 8 can comprise a casing 83 to cover the interior of the apparatus 1. At least one of the sides of the base 8 can comprise an openable wall member 84 to access the interior of the apparatus 1 where, for instance, the cooling means 5 is positioned. There can also be provided ventilation slots 85 to allow for an air exchange of the internal area of the base 8 enclosing, e.g., the cooling means 5.
The apparatus 1 further comprises a controller 10 which is configured to keep the temperature of the cooling fluid at a first predetermined temperature of between −10° C. and −60° C. for (snap or rapidly) freezing the specimen when the specimen is placed in the receiving means 2 (i.e. the reservoir 3, 30 or the like) containing said cooling fluid. The controller 10 is further configured such that after the specimen is placed in the receiving means 2 to reduce with a predetermined cooling profile the temperature of the cooling fluid to a second predetermined temperature suitable for preserving the specimen. The controller 10 is preferably configured to control the cooling means 5 by a PID algorithm preferably performing a predetermined cooling profile with a cooling rate of between 0.5° C. per minute and 3° C. per minute, more preferred 1° C. per minute. The apparatus 1 including the cooling means 5 as well as the controller 10 is driven by a power supply 9.
The apparatus 1 may further comprise a display 11 preferably having a touch screen for controlling the apparatus 1. Such a display 11 is exemplarily shown in
Because most of the parts of the apparatus 1, particularly the cooled parts like the receiving means 2, are made of metal material, these metal parts when being cooled at very low temperatures (like −40° C. to −80° C.) and further exposed to ambient air are exposed to quick generation of moisture and condensations. The condensations can create practical problems to perform the freezing procedure of the invention. To avoid this problem, the apparatus 1 may further comprise a defrost arrangement like an air pump and a reverse heating element to defrost the working area W preferably at preset cycles. These components of the defrost arrangement can also be driven by the power supply 9.
With respect to
The apparatus 100 according to the second embodiment comprises two separate working areas W while also only one (first embodiment) or even three or more are also possible. These working areas W can be processed simultaneously. It is also possible to use one of the working areas W1 (in
In the following, a method for collecting and preserving biological specimens, such as human and animal tissues, cell types and subcellular materials for biobanking cryo-preservation is described.
In a first step of this method, a specimen is placed in a cooling fluid pre-set at a first predetermined temperature of between −10° C. and −60° C. for snap freezing—i.e. rapidly freezing—the specimen. In a preferred embodiment, the predetermined temperature is set at a temperature between −20° C. and −50° C., more preferably between −35° C. and −45° C., most preferably at about −40° C. It is noted that the desired effect of the present invention can only be obtained if the specimen is sufficiently cooled down (frozen) in the first step. It is well known that down to about −5° C., the cells and their surrounding medium remain unfrozen mainly because of supercooling but also because of the depression of the freezing point by the protective solutes that are frequently present. Hence, a sufficient temperature of (or temperature drop to) a desired temperature within the given temperature range (dependent on the type of sample) is required at which the specimen got at least partially frozen to obtain the advantages of snap freezing without the disadvantages of a sudden temperature drop down to a very low (preservation) temperature.
The specimen can be either directly placed in the cooling fluid of, for instance, a removable reservoir 3 like the vessel 30 shown in
According to a second step of the method, following the first step of the method, the temperature of the cooling fluid is reduced to a second predetermined temperature suitable for preserving said specimen which has been placed in the cooling fluid in the first step of the method. This second predetermined temperature can be a temperature between −70° C. and −90° C., preferably between −75° C. and −85° C., most preferably of about −80° C. The reduction of the temperature in the second step of the method is performed by a predetermined cooling profile which is preferably performed with a predetermined cooling rate of between 0.5° C. per minute and 3° C. per minute, most preferably of 1° C. per minute.
Preferably, in the first step of the method, the specimen is placed by an operator in the cooling fluid and then, the operator can start the cooling process of the second step of the method (e.g. by pressing a corresponding button on the display/touch screen 11) manually.
The temperature of the cooling fluid is preferably constantly measure. Therefore, a dedicated number of temperature sensors are provided in the apparatus 1 to constantly measure the temperature of the cooling fluid and/or the specimen placed therein. The temperature can either be measured directly or indirectly with corresponding sensors. It is thus also possible that the second step of the method is automatically started once the cooling fluid or specimen has reached the desired temperature or once the specimen has been placed into the cooling fluid; if necessary or required after a predetermined time after placing the specimen in the cooling fluid and/or after reaching the desired temperature has lapsed.
The temperature reduction in the second step of the method is controlled by a PID algorithm of the PID controller 10. The predetermined cooling profile can be linear, non-linear or stepwise. This is dependent on the type of sample to be cryo-preserved. The refrigerated parts can thus be kept or set at a precise temperature. Thanks to the predetermined cooling profile and thus the dedicated temperature monitoring circuit and preferably also the stirling cooler, the (PID) software of the unit controller 10 is preferably able to maintain the desired temperature within, e.g., +/−1° C. which makes it possible to ensure a perfect procedure reproducibility. The use of the method having the dedicated two steps and the predetermined cooling profile for the second step makes it possible when dealing with cryo-preservations to ensure perfect procedure reproducibility and thus a standardization of this process.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the first step of the method comprises placing a plurality of specimen successively or all at once in the cooling fluid and only after a predefined number of specimens are placed in the pre-cooled cooling fluid, the second step is carried out.
The present invention is not limited to the embodiments as described above. All the features in the embodiments can of course be interchangeably combined as long as being covered by the appended claims. In particular, the layout of the reservoir as well as the thermal transfer from the cooling means, the cooling means type and the whole dimensions of the apparatus are not limited.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14 193 239.2 | Nov 2014 | EP | regional |
