The invention relates to internal combustion engines and, in particular, spray guided direct injection (SGDI) systems for the direct injection of fuel into the combustion chamber of such engines. Specifically, the invention relates to the flow of coolant within a cylinder head assembly of said internal combustion engine (ICE).
Spray guided direct injection systems for internal combustion engines provide a lean stratified combustion, which has the dual advantage of reducing emissions as well as improving fuel efficiency. SGDI systems are characterized by having a centrally mounted direct injector with the spark plug mounted in close proximity to the injector.
In order to achieve this close proximity, the injector and spark plug are often packaged together and located at the top of the cylinder head so as to be intermediate the valves. This arrangement also allows for a compact design for the cylinder head assembly. This packaging results in the spark plug and injector being aligned so as to define a longitudinal plane that is parallel to the line of cylinders within the engine or a transverse plane that is orthogonal to the line of cylinders within the engine.
Whilst the SGDI technology is directed to reducing emissions for practical application to mainstream vehicles, it will be necessary to also offer high performance vehicles. As a result, for an engine incorporating SGDI technology such engines are generally more compact which affects the flow of coolant within the engine. When faced with achieving emission control, this is less critical than an engine requiring a higher power output as is required for high performance vehicles. Thus, with the application of SGDI technology to mainstream vehicles, the need to address heat buildup for poor conditions of the coolant will be a significant impediment.
Currently, mainstream vehicles producing significant power output are not restricted by a compact design and therefore the flow of coolant around the engine to address heat buildup is less of an issue. Increasing the size of the engine to accommodate the power output allows greater coolant flow including an increase in the size of coolant chambers around the cylinder head. Further, because of the increase in size, a lack of efficiency in providing the coolant flow paths is inherent.
A more compact design not only emphasizes a lack of efficient flow characteristics, it is further limited in providing sufficient coolant flow which may lead to localize increases in heat buildup affecting the performance in longevity of the engine.
In a first aspect, the invention provides a water jacket for a cylinder head of an internal the flow of coolant within the water jacket. A coolant conduit is positioned to permit the flow of coolant proximate to a recess for receiving an exhaust valve mounted to the cylinder head, and the coolant conduit is in fluid communication with the coolant chamber. The coolant conduit is shaped as a complex curve.
Accordingly, in a first aspect, the invention seeks to provide a complex curve to the flow path around the exhaust valve bridge. The complex curve arrangement has two distinctive advantages being the removal of discontinuities in the flow path and the ability to shape the flow path around the exhaust valve bridge so as to minimize the material thickness between the valve and the coolant flow for better heat transfer characteristics.
With regard to discontinuities, typically a flow path according to the prior art involves drilling out a conduit and ensuring a sufficient size of the bore to allow the desired coolant flow rate. For large bore conduit, discontinuities are less critical than for compact engines such as those used in SGDI technology. Therefore, the use of a continuous flow path provided by a complex curve will reduce hydraulic losses that would otherwise impede the heat transfer effect.
Further, when drilling out a coolant conduit, the path must inherently be linear and so unable to follow the shape of the corresponding exhaust valve bridge recess cast into the cylinder head. It follows that whilst portions of a linear conduit may be at an optimum thickness, other portions will have a material thickness less than optimum and so being coolant conduit allows (i) a continuous flow path, (ii) the ability to optimize the material thickness, and (iii) the ability to optimize the bore of the conduit.
The complex curve may be a dual radius curve so as to flatten out the path as compared to a single radius curve.
Further, the complex curve may have several such curves applied therein having a finite radii. A further concern with the use of linear flow paths is the introduction of discontinuities between linear paths and between linear and curved paths. Unless specifically formed for the linear portion to be tangential, the interface between the linear portion and the curve portion will provide a discontinuous edge and consequently introduce hydraulic losses in the flow of the coolant. The interface between two linear paths will inevitably lead to a discontinuous surface.
Alternatively, the complex curve may be a double reverse curve to adjust the coolant path so as to emulate the shape of the exhaust valve bridge. Further still, the complex curve may be a spline, such as a Bezier spline, so as to best fit a continuous curve to the desired shape of the coolant path. This has the advantage of matching a desired arrangement of points along the coolant path whilst minimizing hydraulic losses and avoiding discontinuities. This may have the effect of optimizing the coolant path against a necessary shape of the water jacket, possibly due to size and shape restrictions within the engine.
In a still further embodiment, the complex curve may be two arcuate curves having a first radius in the range:
In a second aspect, the invention provides a water jacket for a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine, the water jacket including a pair of apertures arranged to receive a spark plug and a fuel injector, the apertures separated by a separating member, and a coolant chamber arranged to permit the flow of coolant about the apertures. The separating member includes a coolant channel in fluid communication with the coolant chamber so as to permit the flow of coolant between the apertures.
Accordingly, the introduction of a coolant channel into the separating member provides, not only the benefit of coolant within a portion of the cylinder head, but also for better general coolant circulation around the coolant chamber.
In one embodiment, the separating member, having the coolant channel therein, may be a separable part which can be part of the assembly of the cylinder head. This will have the advantage of ease of manufacture of the coolant channel. Alternatively, the more difficult to cast, this allows for precise placement of the coolant channel for better heat control.
It will be convenient to further describe the present invention with respect to the accompanying drawings that illustrate possible arrangements of the invention. Other arrangements of the invention are possible and consequently, the particularity of the accompanying drawings is not to be understood as superseding the generality of the preceding description of the invention.
In this arrangement, this could suit a water jacket for a cylinder head incorporating SGDI (Spray Guided Direct Injection) system for an internal combustion engine. In this case, the fuel injector and spark plug may be arranged in a substantially vertical position so as to provide a neater approach to the direct fuel injection. Consequently, the water jacket of
The water jacket shown in
Of particular concern for an area involved in heat generation is the element 17 located between the apertures 15, 20. For a compact design, this area can be a source of heat generation if SGDI technology is directed to higher power output.
The CFD analysis calculates the flow rate of the coolant across the coolant channels (also referred as water jacket) in the engine both on the cylinder block and cylinder head. Requirement of high flow rate is more stringent near the combustion chamber area where the hottest part of the engine resides. This necessitates good cooling design especially on the area of exhaust valve bridge. Normal coolant flow rate along the cylinder head is between the range of 0.5 to 1.5 m/s, but for the critically hot region, flow rate of more than 2 m/s is desirable. Nonetheless, the flow rate can't be too fast due to metal erosion taking place at the flow rate of between 4 to 5 m/s in Aluminum depending on the casting method chosen.
As discussed, for prior art SGDI systems the need for efficient coolant flow is less important than meeting the primary objective of low emission control. Further for conventional high performance vehicles the engines tend to be much larger and so accommodate larger coolant systems having greater flow rate of coolant but consequently less efficient.
For an SGDI system requiring a compact construction of the cylinder head to accommodate the proximity of the spark plug and injector, the coolant chamber and the consequential conduits are much smaller and therefore will suffer through inefficient flow characteristics. For SGDI systems which are adapted for high performance vehicles this inefficient flow characteristic inevitably leads to excessive heat build up within the cylinder head. The present invention seeks to provide better flow a double reverse curve or curves of multiple arcs. Such a complex curve arrangement has a number of advantages including:
To this end, the coolant conduit 130 includes shaped path 140 so as to guide the flow coolant into the coolant chamber 145. In this embodiment, the shape is formed from a dual radius curve R1 142 proximate the point of entry 125 and R2 143 proximate the point of exit 145. The dual radius curve is then shaped into the remaining coolant conduit through entry, intermediate and exit tangents 127, 132, 133.
Such an arrangement may have the radii in the relationship of:
The images shown in
The foregoing description is only exemplary of the principles of the invention. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than using the example embodiments which have been specifically described. For that reason the following claims should be studied to determine the true scope and content of this invention.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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PI 2012002725 | Jun 2012 | MY | national |
This application is a U.S. National Phase application of PCT Application No. PCT/MY2013/000110 filed on Jun. 18, 2013, which claims priority to Malaysian Application No. PI 2012002752 filed on Jun. 18, 2012.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/MY2013/000110 | 6/18/2013 | WO | 00 |