Patent Application
20100066400
This patent disclosure relates generally to testing electrical systems and components within a machine and, more particularly to a method and apparatus for determining an operating condition of rotating diodes in a generator of an electric drive system.
Heavy machinery, such as off-highway trucking equipment, is commonly used in mining, heavy construction, quarrying, and other applications. Due to the substantial capital investment involved, tight tolerances with respect to the time allotted for completing tasks, and the expense of maintaining and operating heavy machinery, such as a mining truck, an entity can suffer significant monetary losses when the heavy machinery malfunctions. The complexity of modern heavy machinery often exacerbates this problem due to the need for skilled personnel to perform various tests on such machinery to trouble shoot such malfunctions. Even so, significant time is often spent locating the fault and then performing an appropriate repair.
One advance that has improved efficiency associated with the use of heavy machinery is the adoption of Alternating Current (AC) or electric drive systems. Electric drive systems typically require less maintenance and thus, have lower life cycle costs. When the heavy machinery malfunctions, however, the costs associated with determining the fault location and repair are often substantial.
Direct series electric drive systems for machines typically include a power circuit that selectively activates one or more drive motors at a desired torque. Each of the drive motors is connected to a wheel or other traction device that operates to propel the machine. A direct series drive system also includes a prime mover, for example, an internal combustion engine, that drives a power generator. The power generator produces electrical power that is often conditioned by a power circuit, and ultimately used to drive the motor. Conceptually, as the machine is propelled, mechanical power produced by the engine is converted into electrical power by the generator. This electrical power may be processed and/or conditioned by the power circuit before it is metered to the motors. The motors transform the electrical power back into mechanical power that drives the wheel and propels the machine.
One fault that can be difficult to detect and repair is the malfunction of rotating diodes that are located within the power generator. Typically, when a malfunction condition of the rotating diodes exists, the amount of power output by the electric drive may diminish but not altogether cease. The entire machine must then be examined to detect the malfunction. This requires that the operator shutdown the machine and remove it from its task. Often, when a rotating diode fails, the machine can still operate, although less efficiently, making it more difficult to detect that there is a fault and to determine where the fault exists. Thus, although the operator may continue to operate the machine, the machine often runs in an inefficient manner.
The disclosure describes, in one aspect, a method for determining an operating condition of rotating diodes located in a generator of an electric drive. In an illustrated embodiment, the electric drive includes a prime mover disposed to provide an output and a power circuit associated with a generator. The generator includes a rotating portion containing the rotating diodes coupled with the output of the prime mover, an input winding disposed to receive an input control signal, and an output winding that provides a generator output. A controller receives a set of generator operating parameters. The controller then receives a set of diagnostic values associated with the generator. The controller determines one or more expected operating values corresponding to at least a portion of the diagnostic values. The controller compares at least one of the diagnostic values to a corresponding expected operating value to determine a difference. If the magnitude of the difference is greater than a threshold, the controller provides a fault indication that a malfunction condition with respect to the one or more rotating diodes has occurred.
In another aspect, the disclosure describes a controller configured to determine an operating condition of rotating diodes within a generator associated with an electric drive system in a machine. The electric drive system includes an engine disposed to provide an output and a power circuit associated with a power generator. The power generator includes a rotating portion containing the rotating diodes coupled with the prime mover output, an input winding disposed to receive an input control signal, and an output winding disposed to provide a generator output. The controller includes a receiving portion that receives a set of diagnostic values associated with the generator and the engine. The controller includes a determination portion that determines an expected power output by the generator based on at least a portion of the set of diagnostic values. The controller also includes a comparison portion that compares the actual power with the expected power and determines a difference. The controller includes a fault indication portion that provides a fault indication that at least one of the rotating diodes has malfunctioned when the magnitude of the difference exceeds a threshold.
In yet another aspect, the disclosure describes an electric drive circuit configured to determine an operating condition of rotating diodes within a generator associated with the circuit. The electric drive system has a prime mover disposed to provide an output coupled with the generator. The circuit includes a rectifier circuit coupled to the output of the generator and a DC link that, in turn, is coupled to the rectifier circuit. The DC link exhibits a DC link voltage between a first DC rail and a second DC rail. A controller is configured to receive a set of generator inputs, a set of machine parameters associated with the prime mover, and a set of diagnostic values associated with the power circuit. Based on these data, the controller determines a set of expected operating values and one or more actual operating values. Next, the controller compares at least one of the set of expected values to at least one of the actual values and provides a difference. The controller provides a fault indication that a malfunction condition for the one or more rotating diodes has occurred when the magnitude of the difference exceeds a threshold.
This disclosure relates to systems and methods for determining an operating condition of rotating diodes in an electric drive machine or vehicle. The disclosure that follows uses an example of a direct series electric drive system having an engine connected to a generator for producing electrical power that drives the vehicle. In the exemplary embodiments presented, the generator associated with the machine is a multi-phase alternating current (AC) synchronous brushless generator having a rotating input coupled with the output of the engine. The generator includes a rotating rectifier assembly including three rotating diode pairs, and using a wye (Y) configuration for the windings. The systems and methods disclosed herein, however, also have applicability to other electric drive vehicles. For example, the generator associated with the machine or vehicle could use a delta (Δ) configuration for the windings.
A front view of the off-highway truck 101 is shown in
The off-highway truck 101 is a direct series electric drive machine, which in this instance refers to the use of more than one source or form of power to drive the drive wheels 108. A block diagram for the direct series electric drive system of the machine 100, for example, the off-highway truck 101, is shown in
When the off-highway truck 101 is propelled, the engine 202 generates mechanical power that is transformed into electrical power, which is conditioned by various electrical components. In an illustrated embodiment, such components are housed within a cabinet 114 (
Specifically, when the machine 100 is retarding, the kinetic energy of the machine 100 is transferred into rotational power of the drive wheels that rotates the motors 210, which act as electrical generators. The electrical power generated by the motors 210 has an AC waveform. Because the inverter circuit 208 is a bridge inverter, power supplied by the motors 210 is rectified by the inverter circuit 208 into DC power. Dissipation of the DC power generated by the motors 210 produces a counter-rotational torque at the drive wheels 108 to decelerate the machine. Dissipation of this DC power may be accomplished by passing the generated current rectified by the inverter circuit 208 through a resistance. To accomplish this, a retarder arrangement 213 may include a first resistor grid 214, described in greater detail below, that is arranged to receive current from the inverter circuit 208 via a switch 216. When the switch 216 is closed, the electrical power corresponding to the current generated by the motors 210 may pass through the first resistor grid 214 and dissipate as heat. Additionally, excess electrical power is also dissipated as heat as it passes through a second resistor grid 218, which is arranged to receive electrical power via a chopper circuit 220. The chopper circuit 220 operates to selectively route a portion of the developed electrical power through the second resistor grid 218. One embodiment for the drive and retard system is described in more detail below.
A block diagram of the direct series electric drive system of the off-highway truck 101, as one example for the machine 100, is shown in
In one embodiment, the generator 204 is a three-phase alternating current (AC) synchronous generator having a brushless, wound rotor. The generator 204 has an output 301 for each of three phases of alternating current being generated, with each output having a respective current transducer 306 connected thereto. The rotor of the generator 204 (shown in
In the illustrated embodiment, the rotating rectifier 302 includes a rotating exciter armature 302A that is connected to an array of rotating diodes 302B. The three current outputs of the generator 204, which are collectively considered the output of the generator 204, are connected to a rectifier 206. If one of the arrays of rotating diodes 302B fails, a greater current is required to develop a given voltage. Thus, the direct series electric drive system tends to operate less efficiently when such a malfunction occurs.
The rectifier 206 converts the AC power supplied by the generator 204 into DC power. Any type of rectifier 206 may be used. The rectifier 206 converts the AC power supplied by the generator 204 into DC power. Any type of rectifier 206 may be used. In the example shown, the rectifier 206 is a poly-phase diode bridge, and in particular is a three phase full bridge rectifier 206. The illustrated rectifier 206 includes three parallel pairs of power diodes 310, each pair being associated with a given phase of the output of the generator 204. Each such diode pair includes two power diodes 310 connected in series across the DC link 312, with the selected output of the generator 204 providing a power input between each pair.
When power is supplied from the output of the three phase generator 204, the rectifier 206 operates to provide full wave rectification of each of the phases of the three-phase alternating current. The rectifier 206 develops a voltage across a DC linkage or DC link 312. This DC link voltage is available at a first rail and a second rail of the DC link 312. The first rail is typically at a first voltage and the second rail is typically at a second voltage during operation. Either of the first and second voltages may be zero.
During operation, a voltage is developed across the first and second rails of the DC link 312 by the rectifier 206 and/or an inverter circuit 208. One or more capacitors 320 may be connected in parallel with one or more resistors 321 across the DC link 312 to smooth the voltage V across the first and second rails of the DC link 312. The DC link 312 exhibits a DC link voltage, V, which can be measured by a voltage transducer 314, and a current, A, which can be measured by a current transducer 316, as shown in
The inverter circuit 208 is connected in parallel with the rectifier 206 and operates to transform the DC voltage V into variable frequency sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal AC power that drives, in this example, two drive motors 210 (
The inverter circuit 208 can control the speed of the motors 210 by controlling the frequency and/or the pulse-width of the AC output. The drive motors 210 may be directly connected to the drive wheels 108 or may power the final drives that power the drive wheels 212. Final drives, as is known, operate to reduce the rate of rotation and increase the torque between each drive motor 210 and each set of drive wheels 212.
In alternative embodiments, the engine 202 and generator 204 are not required to supply the power necessary to drive the drive motors 210. Instead, such alternative embodiments use another source of power, such as a battery or contact with an electrified rail or cable. In some embodiments, one drive motor 210 may be used to power all drive wheels of the machine, while in other embodiments, any number of drive motors may be used to power any number of drive wheels, including all wheels connected to the machine.
Returning now to the block diagrams of
The generated AC electrical power can be converted into DC electrical power through the inverter circuit 208 for eventual consumption or disposition, for example, in the form of heat. In an illustrated embodiment, a retarder arrangement 213 consumes such electrical power generated during retarding. The retarder arrangement 213 can include any suitable arrangement that will operate to dissipate electrical power during retarding of the machine. In the exemplary embodiments shown in
When the machine 100 is to operate in a retarding mode, the first resistor grid 214 is connected between the first and second rails of the DC link 312 so that current may be passed therethrough. When the machine 100 is being propelled, however, the first resistor grid 214 is electrically isolated from the DC link 312 by two contactors or bipolar automatic switches (BAS) 216. Each BAS 216 may include a pair of electrical contacts that are closed by an actuating mechanism, for example, a solenoid (not shown) or a coil creating a magnetic force that attracts the electric contacts to a closed position. The BAS 216 may include appropriate electrical shielding and anti-spark features that can allow these items to operate repeatedly in a high voltage environment.
When the machine 100 initiates retarding, it is desirable to close both BAS 216 within a relatively short period such that the first resistor grid 214 is placed in circuit between the first and second DC rails to begin energy dissipation rapidly. Simultaneous actuation or actuation at about the same time, such as, within a few milliseconds, of the pair of BAS 216 may also advantageously avoid charging the first resistor grid 214 and other circuit elements to the voltage present at the rails of the DC link 312. The pair of BAS 216 also prevents exposure of each of the BAS 216 or other components in the system to a large voltage difference (the voltage difference across the DC link 312) for a prolonged period. A diode 334 may be disposed in parallel to the first resistor grid 214 to reduce arcing across the BAS 216, which also electrically isolate the first resistor grid 214 from the DC link 312 during a propel mode of operation.
When the machine 100 is retarding, a large amount of heat can be produced by the first resistor grid 214. Such energy, when converted to heat, must be removed from the first resistor grid 214 to avoid an overheating condition. For this reason, a blower 338, driven by a motor 336, operates to convectively cool the first resistor grid 214. There are a number of different alternatives available for generating the power to drive the motor 336. In this embodiment, a DC/AC inverter 340 is arranged to draw power from voltage-regulated locations across a portion of the first resistor grid 214. The DC/AC inverter 340 may advantageously convert DC power from the DC link 312 to 3-phase AC power that drives the motor 336 when voltage is applied to the first resistor grid 214 during retarding.
In the illustrated embodiment, the BAS 216 are not arranged modulate the amount of energy that is dissipated through the first resistor grid 214. During retarding, however, the machine 100 may have different energy dissipation requirements. This is because, among other things, the voltage V in the DC link 312 should be controlled to be within a predetermined range. To meet such dissipation requirements, the second resistor grid 218 can be exposed to a controlled current during retarding through action of the chopper circuit 220. The chopper circuit 220 may have any appropriate configuration that will allow modulation of the current supplied to the second resistor grid 218. In this embodiment, the chopper circuit 220 includes an arrangement of transistors 342 that can, when actuated according to a desired frequency and/or duration, modulate the current passed to the second resistor grid 218. This controls the amount of energy dissipated by the second resistor grid 218 during retarding. The chopper circuit 220 may additionally include a capacitor 344 that is disposed between the first and second rails of the DC link 312 and that regulates the voltage input to the chopper circuit 220. A switched diode 346 may be connected between the second resistor grid 218 and the DC link 312 to protect against short circuit conditions in the DC link 312 and to provide a device that can deactivate the DC link 312, for example, during service.
The passage of current through the second resistor grid 218 will also generate heat, necessitating cooling of the second resistor grid 218. In this embodiment, the first and second resistor grids 214 and 218 may both be located within the blower housing 116 (also shown in
The embodiment for a drive system shown in
A block diagram for an electronic controller for use in the drive system of an electric drive machine is shown in
In
The controller 500 may further receive information concerning the operation of the electric drive system of the machine 100. For example, in the embodiment of
The electronic controller 500 may operate in a logical fashion to perform operations, execute control algorithms, store and retrieve data, and so forth. In this embodiment, the electronic controller 500 may access a memory storage and retrieval device 512 that contains, for example, one or more tables (or other appropriate data organization) containing addressable elements of data. The memory storage and retrieval device 512 may be in the form of read only memory (ROM) or random access memory (RAM) or integrated circuitry that is accessible by the electronic controller 500, or integrated therewith.
In addition to its function of controlling various components and/or systems of the machine 100, the electronic controller 500 may further be disposed to diagnose fault conditions of various components and systems. More specifically, the electronic controller 500 may continuously monitor various operating parameters of the machine 100, compare them to respective expected values, and diagnose failures or fault conditions in various systems of the machine when the monitored parameters, or sets of parameters, diverge from expected values. In one embodiment, the electronic controller 500 may perform diagnostic operations when the machine is first started, or idle, such that various operating parameters are repeatable and stable. For example, various diagnostic operations may be performed when the electric drive system of the machine is operating and in an idle condition. An idle condition is meant to encompass any operating mode of the machine during which generator is operating but there is no power or very little electrical power being consumed. In such a condition, fault conditions may be detected by the electronic controller 500 and stored within the memory storage and retrieval device 512 for later retrieval and inspection by service personnel. These fault indications may be in the form of single bit data elements that, for example, are set at a zero value when no fault has been detected, and changed to a value of one when a fault has been detected. Other data values or variable types may also be used.
In one embodiment, the electronic controller 500 may include a register of diagnostic codes or a diagnostics portion 514. The diagnostics portion 514 includes a plurality of fault flags corresponding to certain malfunction or fault conditions detected by the electronic controller 500. These fault flags may include a rectifier diode failure diagnostic flag 516, a power generation failure diagnostic flag 518, a rotating diode diagnostic failure diagnostic flag 520, a DC link general short failure diagnostic flag 522, and others. These failure diagnostic flags 516, 518, 520, and 522, may represent values that may be selectively changed by one or more control algorithms operating within the electronic controller 500 and whose values may be stored in the RAM of the electronic controller 500 for later retrieval or inspection by service personnel.
Accordingly, the electronic controller 500 may acquire or receive data or signals indicative of alternator phase currents at a first stage 602. The electronic controller 500 may determine at a first decision stage 604 whether the alternator phase currents are balanced by considering, for example, the phase, shape, and magnitude of each phase current signal. When each of the current outputs of each phase of the alternator is balanced with the other phases, the controller 500 determines that the diodes 310 comprising the rectifier circuit 206 (
A common failure mode for a rectifier diode, such as the diode 310 shown in
Specifically, because the sum of the phase currents is zero, current flowing through the rectifier leg having a failed diode will increase while the currents flowing in the remaining legs will decrease. The phase currents will also transition from an AC current to a DC current. In an embodiment, the controller 500 calculates the RMS values of each of the 3-phases and then compares the ratio of the RMS values of the phases. When the ratio exceeds a threshold, such as when the ratio between a first phase and a second phase is, for example, greater than 1.2 (or less than 0.8), the controller 500 determines that one of the current phases is unbalanced. This determination may be indicative that one of the diode legs of the rectifier circuit has malfunctioned. Alternatively, or in addition, the controller 500 may attempt to isolate the particular diode that has failed. To perform such diagnosis, the controller 500 may determine in which of the legs of the rectifier current flow is in an opposite direction as compared to the remaining legs. The controller 500 may perform other permutations of the three phase currents to make this determination.
If the controller 500 determines at the first decision stage 604 that the phase current in one of the rectifier legs is unbalanced with respect to the other phase currents, the controller 500 activates a rectifier diode failure diagnostic flag at a second processing stage 606. Processing then continues to a next processing stage 608.
On the other hand, if the alternator phase currents are balanced, the method also proceeds to the third processing stage 608 and acquires the excitation signal value(s) with respect to the generator, the engine speed, and the voltage present across the DC link (DCLV). Specifically, the controller 500 obtains the voltage signal provided at node 502 (
The controller 500 may also determine that the engine speed, DCLV, and/or the excitation current do not correspond to the output current supplied by the generator. Specifically, as shown in
The controller 500 may compare the value for the DCLV acquired with the expected DCLV determined at the fourth processing stage 610. A relatively large divergence, for example, 30% or more, exists between the acquired and the expected DCLV values, the controller 500 may determine that one of at least two potential fault conditions may be present. The first fault condition is a failure in the power generation system, for example, the generator. The second fault condition is a current leakage or short circuit in one of the components that are connected to the DC link 312 (
At the sixth processing stage 616, the controller 500 acquires the DC link current. The controller 500 obtains the signal available at the second node 504 (
The method then proceeds to a seventh processing stage 618 at which the controller 500 determines theoretical or expected value of the DC link current. These theoretical values may depend on the drive condition of the system and various operator inputs, and indicate the current that should be present at the DC link under normal operating conditions. The expected DC link current values may be directly calculated by the controller 500 based on parameters that are available. These may include the engine speed, the excitation signal, and so forth. Alternatively, the expected DC link current values may be extrapolated from tabulated data.
The method proceeds to a third decision stage 620 and compares the DC link expected voltage and current, as well as the expected alternator phase current, with the respective measured parameters of DC link current and voltage, along with the expected alternator phase currents. This comparison may be performed according to any appropriate method. In one embodiment, the controller may calculate a respective difference between each measured and theoretical parameters, and compare each difference to a threshold value. Under conditions where a respective difference exceeds a threshold, meaning that the voltage or current in the DC link has sufficiently diverged from its expected value, and the alternator phase currents are close to their expected values, a DC link general short failure diagnostic flag may be set at an eighth processing stage 622.
A short circuit of the DC link may result from failure of both diodes of a leg in the rectifier circuit 206. In this case or in another instance of the presence of a short circuit in the DC link, the DC link voltage will decrease, while the phase current output by the generator 204 is likely to increase. At the same time, no current will be present in a portion of the DC link that is separated from a current transducer by the short circuit. If unabated, this condition may reduce the life of the capacitor 344, or may even bend the physical conductors comprising the DC link.
The electronic controller 500 may compare at a fourth stage 628 the actual DC link voltage acquired at the third processing stage 608 with the expected DC link voltage calculated at the at the fourth processing stage 610. This comparison may be accomplished by any appropriate method. In one embodiment, a difference between the actual and theoretical values of the DC link voltage may be calculated. The magnitude of this difference may be compared to a threshold value to determine the variance between the two values. Regardless of the comparison method used, the controller 500 sets a rotating diode failure diagnostic flag at an eleventh processing stage 630 based on a determination, at the fourth decision stage 628, that the actual DC link voltage is less than the theoretical DC link voltage, and/or the variance is greater than an allowable tolerance, for example, 5-10% lower than the expected DC link voltage. Such difference may increase if more than one rotating diodes have failed.
Setting the rotating diode failure diagnostic flag at the eleventh processing stage 630 when the actual or measured voltage at the DC link is sufficiently different than the expected voltage is based on an assumption that the generator is operating inefficiently. Such a failure is different than the general power generation failure that may be detected at the second decision stage 612. In this instance, the generator may be operating to produce balanced phase currents at its output, but an internal failure of a rotating diode will cause the magnitudes of the current outputs, and therefore the power conversion efficiency of the generator, to decrease. Whether or not a diagnostic flag is set at the eleventh processing stage 630, method then returns to the beginning and continues.
In an alternative embodiment, the electronic controller 500 may monitor for failures occurring in the rotating diodes by use of an energy or power determination. In such alternative embodiment, an energy balance calculation may be used to determine a theoretical electrical power output from the generator. The theoretical power output may be equal to the difference between the power input to the generator, in the form of mechanical power from the prime mover, the power conversion efficiency of the generator, and any losses of the system. The power input to the generator may be determined based on the speed and torque output of the engine driving the generator at any time. The power conversion of the generator may be a constant or variable that depends on the type of generator used and/or on the excitation signal received by the generator. The losses may depend on the temperature of the rotor bearings of the generator or any other aspects of the generator's design.
The resulting difference calculation may yield a theoretical power output for the generator, which can be compared to an actual power output of the generator. The actual power output of the generator may be determined from the electrical parameters available, for example, by considering the product between the DC link voltage and current. A deviation between the actual and theoretical power outputs of the generator may indicate that a rotating diode has failed.
The industrial applicability of the methods and systems for determining the operating condition of one or more rotating diodes in a generator as described herein should be readily appreciated from the foregoing discussion. The present disclosure may be included as part of an overall diagnostic scheme that monitors the operating condition of various circuit components in an electric drive system. That is, the diagnostic flags and/or alerts that are provided as a result of detecting a difference between expected and actual values may include the storage of diagnostic codes in memory that are later read out. Such diagnostic codes may take many different forms. For example, other operating data concerning the equipment and the time of the creation of the code or codes may also be stored and available for diagnosis. This arrangement is particularly suited for systems in which the number of available transducers is limited.
The disclosure, therefore, is applicable to many machines and many environments. One exemplary machine suited to the disclosure is an off-highway truck. Exemplary off-highway trucks are commonly used in mines, construction sites, and quarries. Entities that use these off-highway trucks often sustain significant monetary losses for unscheduled times that an off-highway truck is inoperable or is not operating at peak efficiency, as other operations may also be placed behind schedule.
Off-highway trucks, particularly those adapted to use electric, hybrid, or direct series electric drive systems, may require time-consuming processes to determine the source of a malfunction. Furthermore, it can often be difficult to determine with any certainty that such machines are functioning sub-optimally. Thus, a method and system that can reduce the amount of time that an off-highway truck is inoperable or is operating sub-optimally can save significant expenditures.
Further, the methods and systems described above can be adapted to a large variety of machines and tasks. For example, other types of industrial machines, such as backhoe loaders, compactors, feller bunchers, forest machines, industrial loaders, skid steer loaders, wheel loaders and many other machines can benefit from the methods and systems described.
It will be appreciated that the foregoing description provides examples of the disclosed system and technique. However, it is contemplated that other implementations of the disclosure may differ in detail from the foregoing examples. All references to the disclosure or examples thereof are intended to reference the particular example being discussed at that point and are not intended to imply any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure more generally. All language of distinction and disparagement with respect to certain features is intended to indicate a lack of preference for those features, but not to exclude such from the scope of the disclosure entirely unless otherwise indicated.
Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.
Accordingly, this disclosure includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the disclosure unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.
