Patent Application
20060067704
The present invention relates to optical communications, and more particularly to dispersion compensation for high spectral-efficiency wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical communication systems.
Dispersion management is important for high-speed (e.g., 10-Gb/s and above) WDM optical transmission systems to reduce the penalties resulting from chromatic dispersion and fiber nonlinearity. To reduce the nonlinear penalty due to inter-channel cross-phase-modulation (XPM), some amount of residual chromatic dispersion per transmission span (RDPS), after compensation by a dispersion-compensating fiber (DCF), is usually needed.
Long-haul (LH) and ultra-long-haul (ULH) optical networks are becoming more and more transparent with each signal channel originating and terminating almost anywhere in the network. Re-configurable optical add/drop multipliers (R-OADMs) are widely used to add channels into and drop channels off from the network. This can cause widely varying accumulated dispersions for signals traveling through different transmission paths in a network (i.e. different paths=>different distances=>different accumulated dispersion) and thus requires receivers to have large tunable dispersion compensation capability.
While widely tunable dispersion compensators (TDCs) are becoming available for 10-Gb/s signal transmission, commercially viable solutions are not available for 40-Gb/s signal transmission. In addition, the cost of a TDC increases quickly with an increase of its tunability range. Consequently, TDCs with a wide tunable range (required for 40-Gb/s signal transmission) can be prohibitively expensive.
Currently, there is a trend toward “converged” transmission platforms that supports both 10-Gb/s and 40-Gb/s signal transmissions. However, the dominating nonlinear penalties for transmission over 10-Gb/s channels are usually different from those over 40-Gb/s channels, and the dispersion map for systems transmitting 10-Gb/s signals may not be suitable for systems transmitting 40-Gb/s signals. Therefore, there is a challenge to find a suitable dispersion management scheme (or dispersion map) that fulfils the following requirements:
Solutions have been proposed for systems that support both 10-Gb/s and 40-Gb/s channels with 50-GHz channel spacing, and for dispersion management schemes using periodic-group-delay (PGD) dispersion-compensation modules (DCMs) to mitigate inter-channel XPM penalties. (See U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/331299, entitled “Dispersion Compensation Method And Apparatus”, filed Dec. 30, 2002, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/869431, entitled “Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer Having An Alternated Channel Configuration”, filed Jun. 1, 2004, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.). However, the useful bandwidth of the proposed PGD-DCMs is usually limited (e.g. to approximately half of the channel spacing). This bandwidth limitation essentially prevents operating such a system at high SE (e.g., SE of about 0.4), and is therefore incompatible with platforms that support both 10-Gb/s and 40-Gb/s channels with 50-GHz channel spacing.
The present invention provides a dispersion compensation method and apparatus employing interleavers and periodic-group-delay dispersion compensation modules (PGD-DCMs). The dispersion compensation method and apparatus allow for high-SE WDM transmission, and effectively eliminate distance-dependent dispersion accumulation. Using PGD-DCMs in accordance with the invention, inter-channel XPM (an important nonlinear penalty for 10-Gb/s channels) and intra-channel four-wave-mixing (IFWM) (a key nonlinear penalty for 40-Gb/s channel) are significantly reduced.
Dispersion management using dispersion compensator apparatus in accordance with the present invention is an attractive solution for high-SE WDM systems with different data rates (e.g., 10-Gb/s and 40-Gb/s) because it offers a relatively simple, cost-effective dispersion management solution with good transmission performance.
In one preferred embodiment the dispersion compensator apparatus includes a first interleaver for de-interleaving even and odd channels of a WDM signal onto a first output port and a second output port. A first DCM is coupled to the first output port, and a second DCM is coupled to the second output port. At least one of the DCMs is a periodic-group-delay (PGD) DCM for providing dispersion compensation for one or more of the even or odd channels of the WDM signal. A second interleaver is coupled to the DCMs for interleaving even and odd channels of the WDM signal.
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings embodiments that are presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.
In the drawings:
FIGS. 6A-C are the simulated eye diagrams for dense WDM optical transmission over 4000 km of 10 Gbit/s return-to-zero (RZ) on-off-keyed (OOK) optical signals for three different dispersion maps;
FIGS. 7A-D are simulated eye diagrams for dense WDM optical transmission over 4000 km of 10 Gbit/s RZ-OOK optical signals for RPDS=20 ps/nm (
FIGS. 8A-C are simulated eye diagrams for dense WDM optical transmission over 1600 km of 40 Gbit/s carrier-suppressed RZ (CSRZ) on-off-keyed (OOK) optical signals for three different dispersion maps;
The following acronyms are used herein:
DCF dispersion-compensating fiber
DCM dispersion compensation module
DMS dispersion-managed soliton
DPSK differential phase-shift-keyed
DPGD-DCM dispersion provided by the PGD-DCM
Dpre pre-dispersion compensation
DRX overall dispersion at a receiver
EDFA erbium-doped fiber amplifier
LH long haul
NRZ non-return-to-zero
OADM optical add/drop multiplexer
OOK on-off keying
PC polarization controller
PGD periodic-group-delay
RDPS residual dispersion per transmission span after compensation by a DCF
RZ return-to-zero
SE spectral-efficiency
TDC tunable dispersion compensator
WDM wavelength division multiplexing (or multiplexed)
XPM cross phase modulation
IFWM intra-channel four-wave-mixing
Reference herein to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments.
A first dispersion compensation module (DCM) 215a is coupled to the first output port 212a, and a second DCM 215b is coupled to the second output port 212b. The pass-band center frequencies of the first DCM 215a are preferably aligned with the center frequencies of the even channels. Similarly, the pass-band center frequencies of the second DCM 215b are preferably aligned with the center frequencies of the odd channels.
Preferably, at least one of the first DCM 215a and the second DCM 215b is a periodic-group-delay (PGD) DCM for providing dispersion compensation for one or more of the even or odd channels of the WDM signal 202. Where the first DCM 215a and the second DCM 215b are both PGD-DCMs, the DCMs 215a, 215b preferably have substantially the same period (in the frequency domain) and their passbands are offset by about one-half of the period.
The PGD-DCMs (e.g. DCM 215a and/or DCM 215b) are preferably Gires-Tournois reflective etalon filter based devices, all-pass ring resonator filter based devices, waveguide grating router based devices, or devices that use virtually imaged phased arrays. Alternatively, a conventional DCF-based DCM can be used in place of one of the DCMs 215a, 215b.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or both of the DCMs 215a, 215b may be integrated with one or both of the first interleaver 212 and the second interleaver 232. The integrated apparatus (not shown) would provide both group-delay ripple compensation and dispersion compensation. For example, several etalon-based dispersion compensators can be connected with the output ports and/or input port of an interleaver to achieve the needed group-delay and dispersion compensations.
A second interleaver 232 is coupled to the first and second DCMs 215a, 215b for interleaving the even and odd channels of the WDM signal 202 to generate an output WDM signal 204.
The WDM signal 202 may include channels with a bit rate of 10 Gb/s, and channels with a bit rate of 40 Gb/s. The channel spacing of the 10 Gb/s channels and the 40 Gb/s channels is about 50 GHz and about 100 GHz, respectively. The WDM signal 202 may have an RZ or NRZ transmission format, and an OOK or DPSK modulation format.
In one embodiment of an optical transmission system according to the invention a plurality of dispersion compensator apparatus as discussed above with reference to
Each dispersion compensator apparatus in a DCM node is preferably adapted to compensate for the dispersion accumulated in a transmission link between that DCM node and a previous DCM node. More preferably, each dispersion compensator apparatus fully compensates for the accumulated dispersion in the transmission link between the DCM nodes.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more of the DCM nodes may be an OADM node wherein the dispersion compensator apparatus is integrated into an OADM, as discussed below with reference to
The optical transmission system may further comprise one or more pre-dispersion compensator(s) for providing pre-dispersion compensation of one or more optical signals added (e.g. at an OADM) for transmission in the system. The pre-dispersion compensation provided by the pre-dispersion compensator is preferably independent of the transmission distance. Preferably, the pre-dispersion compensation value is about −⅓ of the dispersion of a transmission span in a transmission link.
The optical transmission system may further comprise one or more post-dispersion compensator(s) for providing post-dispersion compensation-of one or more optical signals being dropped (e.g. at an OADM) from transmission in the system. The post-compensation provided by the post-dispersion compensator is also preferably independent of the transmission distance.
Preferably, the overall dispersion of WDM signals transmitted in the system upon optical-to-electrical conversion (e.g. at a receiver) is about zero.
FIGS. 6A-C shows the simulated eye diagrams at 4000 km in dense WDM with 10 Gbit/s RZ OOK channels spaced 50 GHz apart, with all channels co-polarized, and with no ASE, for three different dispersion maps, (1) a plain map (
In the simulations, the transmission fiber nonlinear coefficient is assumed to be 1.3 /W/km, and its loss is 0.2 dB/km. Bi-directional Raman pumping provides 4 dB forward Raman gain and 16 dB backward Raman gain to compensate for the fiber loss. Each transmission fiber span (100 km) is compensated by a DCF to obtain a certain RDPS. The DCF has a loss of 0.6 dB/km, and is backward Raman pumped to transparency. The signal powers at the beginning of the transmission fiber and the DCF are −5 dBm and −9 dB per channel, respectively. A total of 10 WDM channels with 50-GHz spacing are simulated, and the eye diagrams shown are for the 5-th channel. When the dispersion compensator apparatus is used, it is preferably used every 4 spans. Evidently, the timing-jitter for the plain map with zero RDPS is so large that the eye is almost completely closed. The DMS map gives better performance, but the optimal DRX after 4000 km transmission is ˜600 ps/nm, which is large and distance-dependent. The best transmission performance is achieved by systems using dispersion compensator apparatus and having the map according to the present invention.
In real systems, the RDPS may not be identical for all the WDM channels due to the imperfect dispersion-slope matching between the transmission fiber and the DCF. It is important to assess the transmission performance under different RDPS values. FIGS. 7A-D show the simulated eye diagrams at 4000 km in dense WDM with 10 Gbit/s RZ-OOK channels spaced 50 GHz apart, with all channels co-polarized, with no ASE, and with RDPS=20 ps/nm (
It is also important to ensure that the dispersion map for systems according to the invention also allows good transmission performance for 40-Gb/s signals.
The dispersion map for systems in accordance with the invention is also found to outperform a conventional “symmetric” dispersion map (in which the |Dpre| increases with the increase of distance so that the distance-dependent dispersion excursion is “symmetric” about zero) by reducing the IFWM penalty. Furthermore, the dispersion map for systems in accordance with the invention is robust against the variation of RDPS in 40-Gb/s transmissions.
Since the XPM is much stronger between co-polarized channels than between orthogonally polarized channels, the inter-channel XPM penalty between the even channels and the odd channels can be further reduced by rotating the relative polarization between the two groups. This can be achieved in dispersion compensator apparatus according to the invention by inserting a polarization controller (PC) in one or more of the two paths (i.e. the even channel path or the odd channel path).
It is understood that the relative time delay between the even channels and the odd channels in each dispersion compensator apparatus may not be exactly the same in actual commercial implementations. In effect, the random time offsets between the even and odd channels at different dispersion compensator apparatus in a system further scramble the collisions between two groups and cause the timing jitters to add up more randomly. Thus, the overall assessment of the transmission performance in systems with a dispersion map in accordance with the invention predicted by simulations is valid.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the dispersion compensator apparatus 200 of
As can be understood from
OADM 1000 operates by directing WDM signals applied to main input port 1002 through a first interleaver 1012, which de-interleaves the input WDM channels into even channels and odd channels, which are offset in frequency by the minimum channel spacing of the WDM channels. The odd and even channels are output from the interleaver at a first output port 1012a and a second output port 1012b, respectively, or vice versa. The odd and even channels are routed to drop ports 1006a-b through splitters 1014a-b, e.g., for distribution to local receivers, or main output port 1004, (e.g., for further transmission over the network). The signals dropped at drop ports 1006a-b are blocked from reaching main output port 1004 using wavelength blockers 1016a-b.
Some or all of the previously unused WDM channels and/or WDM channels corresponding to the dropped signals may then be used to transmit optical signals applied to add ports 1008a-b, e.g., from local transmitters.
Optical signals applied to add ports 1008a-b are combined using combiners 1034a-b with optical signals received at main input port 1002 that are not dropped at drop ports 1006a-b.
Optical signals received at ports 1032a and 1032b (i.e. even channels and odd channels, respectively) are interleaved using a second interleaver 1032 and output at main output port 1004.
DCMs 1015a and 1015b, similar to DCMs discussed above with reference to
Although the present invention has been described in accordance with the embodiments shown, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that there could be variations to the embodiments and those variations would be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, many modifications may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
