This invention generally relates to logging while drilling. More specifically this invention relates to a method, system, and apparatus for predicting curvature of a wellbore form bending moment measurements and for adjusting downhole steerable systems based on such measurements.
To obtain hydrocarbons such as oil and gas, boreholes are drilled by rotating a drill bit attached at a drill string end. A large proportion of the current drilling activity involves directional drilling, i.e., drilling deviated and horizontal boreholes, to increase the hydrocarbon production and/or to withdraw additional hydrocarbons from the earth's formations. Modem directional drilling systems generally employ a drill string having a bottomhole assembly (BHA) and a drill bit at end thereof that is rotated by a drill motor (mud motor) and/or the drill string. A number of downhole devices placed in close proximity to the drill bit measure certain downhole operating parameters associated with the drill string. Such devices typically include sensors for measuring downhole temperature and pressure, azimuth and inclination measuring devices and a resistivity measuring device to determine the presence of hydrocarbons and water. Additional downhole instruments, known as logging-while-drilling (“LWD”) tools, are frequently attached to the drill string to determine the formation geology and formation fluid conditions during the drilling operations.
Pressurized drilling fluid (commonly known as the “mud” or “drilling mud”) is pumped into the drill pipe to rotate the drill motor and to provide lubrication to various members of the drill string including the drill bit. The drill pipe is rotated by a prime mover, such as a motor, to facilitate directional drilling and to drill vertical boreholes. The drill bit is typically coupled to a bearing assembly having a drive shaft which in turn rotates the drill bit attached thereto. Radial and axial bearings in the bearing assembly provide support to the radial and axial forces of the drill bit.
Boreholes are usually drilled along predetermined paths and the drilling of a typical borehole proceeds through various formations. The drilling operator typically controls the surface-controlled drilling parameters, such as the weight on bit, drilling fluid flow through the drill pipe, the drill string rotational speed (r.p.m of the surface motor coupled to the drill pipe) and the density and viscosity of the drilling fluid to optimize the drilling operations. The downhole operating conditions continually change and the operator must react to such changes and adjust the surface-controlled parameters to optimize the drilling operations. For drilling a borehole in a virgin region, the operator typically has seismic survey plots which provide a macro picture of the subsurface formations and a pre-planned borehole path. For drilling multiple boreholes in the same formation, the operator also has information about the previously drilled boreholes in the same formation. Additionally, various downhole sensors and associated electronic circuitry deployed in the BHA continually provide information to the operator about certain downhole operating conditions, condition of various elements of the drill string and information about the formation through which the borehole is being drilled.
Typically, the information provided to the operator during drilling includes: (a) borehole pressure and temperature; (b) drilling parameters, such as WOB, rotational speed of the drill bit and/ or the drill string, and the drilling fluid flow rate. In some cases, the drilling operator also is provided selected information about the bottomhole assembly condition (parameters), such as torque, mud motor differential pressure, bit bounce and whirl etc.
The downhole sensor data is typically processed downhole to some extent and telemetered uphole by electromagnetic signal transmission devices or by transmitting pressure pulses through the circulating drilling fluid. Mud-pulse telemetry, however, is more commonly used. Such a system is capable of transmitting only a few (1-4) bits of information per second.
The BHA in a directional wellbore is subjected to bending moments due to side forces acting on the BHA. These side forces can be caused by gravity, drilling dynamic effects, and/or by contact between the borehole wall and the BHA. These bending moments cause deviations from the desired wellbore path that require corrections. In common directional systems, including MWD systems, a directional survey of azimuth and inclination is taken by sensors in the BHA after the drilling of each stand of drill pipe. The measurements allow the determination of a pointing vector having an inclination and direction, also called azimuth, associated with the BRA at each survey location. The difference in the three dimensional angle of the pointing vectors at successive survey stations divided by the path length between stations can be used as a measure of the irregularity of the borehole curvature known as dogleg severity. Common systems measures bending moment and transmit the values to the surface to determine the side forces and stresses in the BHA for a given borehole curvature determined from measured survey data. Commonly, high dogleg severity can cause difficulty in further drilling and/or installing production casing and other downhole equipment. The nature of taking measurements only after each stand exacerbates the problem.
There is a need for a system and method for taking substantially continuous bending measurements that can be used to provide substantially continuous borehole curvature estimates leading to improved borehole quality.
In one aspect, the present invention provides method for drilling a well, comprising extending a tubular member having a bottomhole assembly at a bottom end thereof into a wellbore. Bending of the bottomhole assembly is measured at a predetermined axial location along the bottomhole assembly. A borehole curvature is estimated from the measured bending.
In another aspect, a system for drilling a well comprises a tubular member having a bottomhole assembly at a bottom end thereof disposed in a wellbore. A first sensor is disposed in the bottomhole assembly at a predetermined axial location for detecting bending in a first axis and generating a first bending signal in response thereto, where the first axis is substantially orthogonal to a longitudinal axis of the bottomhole assembly. A second sensor is disposed in the bottomhole assembly at the predetermined axial location for detecting bending in a second axis and generating a second bending signal in response thereto, where the second axis is substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis. A processor receiving the first bending signal and the second bending signal and relating the first bending signal and the second bending signal to a borehole curvature according to programmed instructions.
The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to organization and methods of operation, together with the objects and advantages thereof, will be better understood from the following detailed description and the drawings wherein the invention is illustrated by way of example for the purpose of illustration and description only and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention, wherein:
a-2b show a longitudinal cross-section of a motor assembly having a mud motor and a non-sealed or mud-lubricated bearing assembly and one manner of placing certain sensors in the motor assembly for continually measuring certain motor assembly operating parameters according to the present invention;
c shows a longitudinal cross-section of a sealed bearing assembly and one manner of the placement of certain sensors thereon for use with the mud motor shown in
During drilling operations a suitable drilling fluid 31 from a mud pit (source) 32 is circulated under pressure through the drill string 20 by a mud pump 34. The drilling fluid 31 passes from the mud pump 34 into the drill string 20 via a desurger 36, fluid line 38 and the kelly joint 21. The drilling fluid 31 is discharged at the borehole bottom 51 through an opening in the drill bit 50. The drilling fluid 31 circulates uphole through the annular space 27 between the drill string 20 and the borehole 26 and returns to the mud pit 32 via a return line 35. A sensor S1 in the line 38 provides information about the fluid flow rate. A surface torque sensor S2 and a sensor S3 associated with the drill string 20 respectively provide information about the torque and the rotational speed of the drill string. Additionally, a sensor (not shown) associated with line 29 is used to provide the hook load of the drill string 20.
In some applications the drill bit 50 is rotated by only rotating the drill pipe 22. However, in many other applications, a downhole motor 55 (mud motor) is disposed in the drilling assembly 90 to rotate the drill bit 50 and the drill pipe 22 is rotated usually to supplement the rotational power, if required, and to effect changes in the drilling direction. In either case, the rate of penetration (ROP) of the drill bit 50 into the borehole 26 for a given formation and a drilling assembly largely depends upon the weight on bit and the drill bit rotational speed.
In one embodiment of
A surface control unit 40 receives signals from the downhole sensors and devices via a sensor 43 placed in the fluid line 38 and signals from sensors S1, S2, S3, hook load sensor and any other sensors used in the system and processes such signals according to programmed instructions provided to the surface control unit 40. The surface control unit 40 displays desired drilling parameters and other information on a display/monitor 42 and is utilized by an operator to control the drilling operations. The surface control unit 40 contains a computer, memory for storing data, recorder for recording data and other peripherals. The surface control unit 40 also includes a simulation model and processes data according to programmed instructions and responds to user commands entered through a suitable device, such as a keyboard. The control unit 40 is adapted to activate alarms 44 when certain unsafe or undesirable operating conditions occur. The use of the simulation model is described in detail later.
In one embodiment of the drilling assembly 90, The BHA contains a DDM device 59 in the form of a module or detachable subassembly placed near the drill bit 50. The DDM device 59 contains sensors, circuitry and processing software and algorithms for providing information about desired dynamic drilling parameters relating to the BHA. Such parameters may include bit bounce, stick-slip of the BHA, backward rotation, torque, shocks, BHA whirl, BHA buckling, borehole and annulus pressure anomalies and excessive acceleration or stress, and may include other parameters such as BHA and drill bit side forces, and drill motor and drill bit conditions and efficiencies. The DDM device 59 processes the sensor signals to determine the relative value or severity of each such parameter and transmits such information to the surface control unit 40 via a suitable telemetry system 72. The processing of signals and data generated by the sensors in the module 59 is described later in reference to
Referring back to
The formation resistivity measuring device 64 is coupled above the lower kick-off subassembly 62 that provides signals from which resistivity of the formation near or in front of the drill bit 50 is determined. One resistivity measuring device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,001,675, which is assigned to the assignee hereof and is incorporated herein by reference. This patent describes a dual propagation resistivity device (“DPR”) having one or more pairs of transmitting antennae 66a and 66b spaced from one or more pairs of receiving antennae 68a and 68b. Magnetic dipoles are employed which operate in the medium frequency and lower high frequency spectrum. In operation, the transmitted electromagnetic waves are perturbed as they propagate through the formation surrounding the resistivity device 64. The receiving antennas 68a and 68b detect the perturbed waves. Formation resistivity is derived from the phase and amplitude of the detected signals. The detected signals are processed by a downhole circuit that is placed in a housing 70 above the mud motor 55 and transmitted to the surface control unit 40 using a suitable telemetry system 72.
The inclinometer 74 and gamma ray device 76 are suitably placed along the resistivity measuring device 64 for respectively determining the inclination of the portion of the drill string near the drill bit 50 and the formation gamma ray intensity. Any suitable inclinometer and gamma ray device, however, may be utilized for the purposes of this invention. In addition, an azimuth device (not shown), such as a magnetometer or a gyroscopic device, may be utilized to determine the drill string azimuth. Such devices are known in the art and therefore are not described in detail herein. In the above-described configuration, the mud motor 55 transfers power to the drill bit 50 via one or more hollow shafts that run through the resistivity measuring device 64. The hollow shaft enables the drilling fluid to pass from the mud motor 55 to the drill bit 50. In an alternate embodiment of the drill string 20, the mud motor 55 may be coupled below resistivity measuring device 64 or at any other suitable place.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,325,714, assigned to the assignee hereof, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses placement of a resistivity device between the drill bit 50 and the mud motor 55. The above described resistivity device, gamma ray device and the inclinometer may be placed in a common housing that may be coupled to the motor in the manner described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,325,714. Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,456,106, assigned to the assignee hereof, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a modular system wherein the drill string contains modular assemblies including a modular sensor assembly, motor assembly and kick-off subs. The modular sensor assembly is disposed between the drill bit and the mud motor as described herein above. In one embodiment, the present invention utilizes the modular system as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,456,106.
Still referring to
The present system utilizes a formation porosity measurement device, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,144,126 which is assigned to the assignee hereof and which is incorporated herein by reference, which employs a neutron emission source and a detector for measuring the resulting gamma rays. In use, high energy neutrons are emitted into the surrounding formation. A suitable detector measures the neutron energy delay due to interaction with hydrogen atoms present in the formation. Other examples of nuclear logging devices are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,126,564 and 5,083,124.
The above-noted devices transmit data to the downhole telemetry system 72, which in turn transmits the received data uphole to the surface control unit 40. The downhole telemetry system 72 also receives signals and data from the uphole control unit 40 and transmits such received signals and data to the appropriate downhole devices. The present invention utilizes a mud pulse telemetry technique to communicate data from downhole sensors and devices during drilling operations. A transducer 43 placed in the mud supply line 38 detects the mud pulses responsive to the data transmitted by the downhole telemetry 72. Transducer 43 generates electrical signals in response to the mud pressure variations and transmits such signals via a conductor 45 to the surface control unit 40. Other telemetry techniques, such as electromagnetic and acoustic techniques or any other suitable technique, may be utilized for the purposes of this invention.
The drilling system described thus far relates to those drilling systems that utilize a drill pipe to conveying the drilling assembly 90 into the borehole 26, wherein the weight on bit, one of the important drilling parameters, is controlled from the surface, typically by controlling the operation of the drawworks. However, a large number of the current drilling systems, especially for drilling highly deviated and horizontal wellbores, utilize coiled-tubing for conveying the drilling assembly downhole. In such application a thruster is sometimes deployed in the drill string to provide the required to force on the drill bit. For the purpose of this invention, the term weight on bit is used to denote the force on the bit applied to the drill bit during drilling operation, whether applied by adjusting the weight of the drill string or by thrusters or by any other method. Also, when coiled-tubing is utilized the tubing is not rotated by a rotary table, instead it is injected into the wellbore by a suitable injector while the downhole motor, such as mud motor 55, rotates the drill bit 50.
A number of sensors are also placed in the various individual devices in the drilling assembly. For example, a variety of sensors are placed in the mud motor, bearing assembly, drill shaft, tubing and drill bit to determine the condition of such elements during drilling and the borehole parameters. One manner of deploying certain sensors in the various drill string elements will now be described.
One method of mounting various sensors for determining the motor assembly parameters and the method for controlling the drilling operations in response to such parameters will now be described in detail while referring to
The action of the pressurized circulating fluid flowing from the top to bottom of the motor, as shown by arrows 124, causes the rotor 116 to rotate within the stator 112. Modification of lobe numbers and geometry provides for variation of motor input and output characteristics to accommodate different drilling operations requirements.
Still referring to
To measure the rotational speed of the rotor downhole and thus the drill bit 50, a suitable sensor 126a is coupled to the power section 100. A vibration sensor, magnetic sensor, Hall-effect sensor or any other suitable sensor may be utilized for determining the motor speed. Alternatively, a sensor 126b may be placed in the bearing assembly 140 for monitoring the rotational speed of the motor (see
Each of the above-described sensors generates signals representative of its corresponding mud motor parameter, which signals are transmitted to the downhole control circuit placed in section 70 of the drill string 20 via hard wires coupled between the sensors and the control circuit or by magnetic or acoustic coupling devices known in the art or by any other desirable manner for further processing of such signals and the transmission of the processed signals and data uphole via the downhole telemetry. U.S. Pat. No. 5,160,925, assigned to the assignee hereof, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a modular communication link placed in the drill string for receiving data from the various sensors and devices and transmitting such data upstream. The system of the present invention may also utilize such a communication link for transmitting sensor data to the control circuit or the surface control system.
The mud motor's rotary force is transferred to the bearing assembly 140 via a rotating shaft 132 coupled to the rotor 116. The shaft 132 disposed in a housing 130 eliminates all rotor eccentric motions and the effects of fixed or bent adjustable housings while transmitting torque and downthrust to the drive sub 142 of the bearing assembly 140. The type of the bearing assembly used depends upon the particular application. However, two types of bearing assemblies are most commonly used in the industry: a mud-lubricated bearing assembly such as the bearing assembly 140 shown in
Referring back to
During the drilling operations, the radial bearings, such as shown in
Still referring to
Alternatively, a sensor 152′ may be placed in the bearing assembly housing 145 (upstream of the thrust bearings 160) or in the stator housing 110 (see
Sealed bearing assemblies are typically utilized for precision drilling and have much tighter tolerances compared to the mud-lubricated bearing assemblies.
As noted above, sealed-bearing-type drive subs have much tighter tolerances (as low as 0.001″ radial clearance between the drive shaft and the outer housing) and the radial and thrust bearings are continuously lubricated by a suitable working oil 179 placed in a cylinder 180. Lower and upper seals 184a and 184b are provided to prevent leakage of the oil during the drilling operations. However, due to the hostile downhole conditions and the wearing of various components, the oil frequently leaks, thus depleting the reservoir 180, thereby causing bearing failures. To monitor the oil level, a differential pressure sensor 186 is placed in a line 187 coupled between an oil line 188 and the drilling fluid 189 to provide the difference in the pressure between the oil pressure and the drilling fluid pressure. Since the differential pressure for a new bearing assembly is known, reduction in the differential pressure during the drilling operation may be used to determine the amount of the oil remaining in the reservoir 180. Additionally, temperature sensors 190a-c may be placed in the bearing assembly sub 170 to respectively determine the temperatures of the lower and upper radial bearings 176a-b and thrust bearings 177. Also, a pressure sensor 192 is placed in the fluid line in the drive shaft 172 for determining the weight on bit. Signals from the differential pressure sensor 186, temperature sensors 190a-c, pressure sensor 192 and displacement sensor 178 are transmitted to the downhole control circuit in the manner described earlier in relation to
The drilling assembly 255, like the drilling assembly 90 shown in
The drilling assembly 255 includes a number of non-magnetic stabilizers 276 near the upper end 257a for providing lateral or radial stability to the drill string during drilling operations. A flexible joint 278 is disposed between the section 280 containing the various above-noted formation evaluation devices and the non-rotating sleeve 262. The drilling assembly 256 which includes a control unit or circuits having one or more processors, generally designated herein by numeral 284, processes the signals and data from the various downhole sensors. Typically, the formation evaluation devices include dedicated electronics and processors as the data processing need during the drilling can be relatively extensive for each such device. Other desired electronic circuits are also included in the section 280. The processing of signals is performed generally in the manner described below in reference to
The multiplexer 430 passes the various received signals in a predetermined order to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 432, which converts the received analog signals to digital signals and passes the digitized signals to a common data bus 434. The digitized sensor signals are temporarily stored in a suitable memory 436. A second memory 438, for example an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM) stores algorithms and executable instructions for use by a central processing unit (CPU) 440. A digital signal processing circuit 460 (DSP circuit) coupled to the common data bus 434 performs majority of the mathematical calculations associated with the processing of the data associated with the sensors described in reference to
In one embodiment, measurement of the bending moment in BHA 90 (see
A mathematical model (either a closed form analytical model or a numerical Finite-Element-Model) may be used to determine hole curvature ( indicated as dogleg severity) from the measured bending moment. It should be noted that the curvature is in three dimensional space and may be indicated as a magnitude and direction. With known orientation of the bending moment, both build-rate (deviation in the vertical plane) and walk-rate (deviation in the horizontal plane) can be calculated. The following describes this procedure.
Application of Bending Moment Measurement:
Dog Leg Severity from Bending Moment Measurement:
Bending moment measurement from downhole data can be easily converted into units of hole/tool dogleg severities (DLS) at the measurement location on the BHA as follows:
Using the well known relation
Where M represents the combined bending moment, I the moment of inertia of the BHA, R the radius of curvature, E the Young's modulus, y is the distance of the sensor from a neutral axis of the tool and σ the stress at the bending sensors. Therefore from equation (1)
Where ε represents the strain at the sensors. The term EI in equation 2 is called “bending stiffness.”
Using equation 2: Consider a bottom hole assembly drilling in a curved borehole. Therefore, any changes in the inclination and azimuth, caused by changes in WOB, RPM, formation etc, while drilling, results in a change in the borehole curvature. As a result of curvature change a corresponding change in collar bending moment occurs, which can be detected by the bending sensors mounted on the collar. Also since the curvature changes in the collar, occur as a result of inclination and azimuth changes, these changes can be detected by accelerometers and magnetometers in the collar, previously described, from which inclination and azimuth of the collar can be determined. Therefore, assuming that the collar in the BHA containing the sensor bends with a radius of curvature of R. The change in angle δ over a collar length of 100 feet is therefore given by:
Therefore, on substituting in equation (3)
Where, the change in angle δ, defined above in radians/100 ft, is known as the ‘dog leg severity’ and is commonly given in the units of deg/100 feet (or deg/30 meter) when multiplied by the conversion factor
The moment of inertia I and bending moment M in equation (4) are given by
Where Mx and My represent the X & Y bending moments and do and di represent the collar outside and inside diameters.
Alternatively, it may be assumed that strain E is measured at a depth of y feet from the neutral axis of the tool. Then
This provides an alternative way of computing DLS.
A plot of δ with time (or depth) from equation (5) will look similar to the bending moment curve but will be in units of dogleg severity (degrees/100 ft), which is more practical in terms of the tool health. Different tool sizes are accounted for in the MI calculations.
(ii) Azimuth Change Using Known Inclination Data from Directional Measurements and the Bending Moment Data from Bending Measurements:
If β represent the overall change in angle in the well bore between two survey stations, located at (i−1) and i locations, where, β is a function of inclination and azimuth change, then β can then be expressed in terms of dogleg severity δ (in degrees/100 ft) or bending moment (M) by the relations:
β=cos−1(cos Δε sin αi sin αi−1+cos αi cos αi−1) (9)
β is related to dogleg severity δ ( in degrees/100 ft ) by the following relationship
li, li−1 and αi, αi−1 represent the depths and inclination at the i and i−1 locations. Since β can be computed from bending moment data using equation (11), the change in azimuth Δε can be estimated from equation (9):
Thus knowing azimuth at the initial location (i=0), the azimuth at successive locations can be easily determined using equation (12).
The walk rate wr of the BHA (in degrees/100 ft ) is therefore given by
It may be noted that in equation 12, the expression inside the brackets must have values between −1 and +1. It is possible that in case of errors in measurement of M, for example due to sudden impacts, the absolute value of Δε may be slightly greater than 1 and as such it cannot be evaluated at those locations, unless the value is made equal to 1.
The tool face angle γ can be calculated using the formula
Where β is the overall angle change from equation 10.
As examples, real-time bending moment (BM) measurements from field data from multiple locations were post processed using the methods described herein.
As indicated by
Application of Bending Moment Data to Improve Directional Accuracy
The measured bending moment data depends on the deformation of the Bottom Hole Assembly under the influence of gravity, weight on bit, steering forces and other side forces due to wall contacts and dynamic effects. As a result of this deformation, a directional sensor in the BHA typically centered on and parallel to the BHA axis will experience a misalignment to the borehole axis. In a 3D well profile this misalignment can happen both in the vertical plane (sag) as well as in the horizontal plane. These misalignment errors would result in an error in the placement of the well. Using bending moment data to compensate for misalignment error, a mathematical model can be used to describe the elastic deformation of the BHA and the direction of the already drilled hole (survey data and caliper if available). In this calculation the available bending moment measurements are extremely useful to limit the uncertainty involved in these mathematical models. The downhole information about both bending moment amplitude and orientation with respect to either gravitational high side or magnetic North in combination with the mathematical model, either downhole or at the surface, can provide continuous information about azimuth and inclination while drilling.
The combination of measured bending moment data and a mathematical BHA model provide information about the curvature (build rate and walk rate) of the wellbore. In combination with devices to change well path direction such as steerable motors or adjustable stabilizers, as discussed previously, the bending moment data can be used to control the hole curvature by changing the settings of the steerable devices. This can either be done in a surface loop involving personnel or computers at the surface or downhole in a controller in a closed control loop. As a practical example, both amplitude and direction of the steering force in a self-controlled directional system could be adjusted in order to reach and maintain target values for the bending moment in both amplitude and orientation.
As one skilled in the art will appreciate, directional sensors including magnetometers are commonly housed in a non-magnetic section of the BHA, such as a non-magnetic drill collar. Due to the requirements for spacing within a non-magnetic section of the BHA, the directional sensors providing the Azimuth of a wellbore are typically located a certain distance above the bit. As such, each directional measurement does not provide the direction of the hole being drilled at the bit but the direction of the borehole at the sensor location. The measurement of the bending moment amplitude and orientation with respect to high side (either gravity or magnetic) at one or more positions between the directional measurement point and the bit can be used to infer the wellpath direction from the point of the directional measurement to the bit position. Again a mathematical model is required to take the elastic deformation of the BHA into account. Information about steering history and hole caliper data can further increase the accuracy of the prediction. Such a model may be incorporated in a downhole closed loop system or, alternatively, the data may be transmitted to the surface for processing in a surface computer.
While the foregoing disclosure is directed to the preferred embodiments of the invention, various modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is intended that all variations of the appended claims be embraced by the foregoing disclosure.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/531,392, filed Dec. 19, 2003.
Number | Date | Country | |
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60531392 | Dec 2003 | US |