Patent Application
20240338769
The following sections I-X provide a guide to interpreting the present application.
The term “product” means any machine, manufacture and/or composition of matter, unless expressly specified otherwise.
The term “process” means any process, algorithm, method or the like, unless expressly specified otherwise.
Each process (whether called a method, algorithm or otherwise) inherently includes one or more steps, and therefore all references to a “step” or “steps” of a process have an inherent antecedent basis in the mere recitation of the term ‘process’ or a like term. Accordingly, any reference in a claim to a ‘step’ or ‘steps’ of a process has sufficient antecedent basis.
The term “invention” and the like mean “the one or more inventions disclosed in this application”, unless expressly specified otherwise.
The terms “an embodiment”, “embodiment”, “embodiments”, “the embodiment”, “the embodiments”, “one or more embodiments”, “some embodiments”, “certain embodiments”, “one embodiment”, “another embodiment” and the like mean “one or more (but not all) embodiments of the disclosed invention(s)”, unless expressly specified otherwise.
The term “variation” of an invention means an embodiment of the invention, unless expressly specified otherwise.
A reference to “another embodiment” in describing an embodiment does not imply that the referenced embodiment is mutually exclusive with another embodiment (e.g., an embodiment described before the referenced embodiment), unless expressly specified otherwise.
The terms “including”, “comprising” and variations thereof mean “including but not limited to”, unless expressly specified otherwise.
The terms “a”, “an” and “the” mean “one or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise.
The term “plurality” means “two or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise.
The term “herein” means “in the present application, including anything which may be incorporated by reference”, unless expressly specified otherwise.
The phrase “at least one of”, when such phrase modifies a plurality of things (such as an enumerated list of things) means any combination of one or more of those things, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the phrase “at least one of a widget, a car and a wheel” means either (i) a widget, (ii) a car, (iii) a wheel, (iv) a widget and a car, (v) a widget and a wheel, (vi) a car and a wheel, or (vii) a widget, a car, and a wheel. The phrase “at least one of”, when such phrase modifies a plurality of things does not mean “one of each of” the plurality of things.
Numerical terms such as “one”, “two”, etc. when used as cardinal numbers to indicate quantity of something (e.g., one widget, two widgets), mean the quantity indicated by that numerical term, but do not mean at least the quantity indicated by that numerical term. For example, the phrase “one widget” does not mean “at least one widget”, and therefore the phrase “one widget” does not cover, e.g., two widgets.
The phrase “based on” does not mean “based only on”, unless expressly specified otherwise. In other words, the phrase “based on” describes both “based only on” and “based at least on”. The phrase “based at least on” is equivalent to the phrase “based at least in part on”.
The term “represent” and like terms are not exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the term “represents” does not mean “represents only”, unless expressly specified otherwise. In other words, the phrase “the data represents a credit card number” describes both “the data represents only a credit card number” and “the data represents a credit card number, and the data also represents something else”.
The term “whereby” is used herein only to precede a clause or other set of words that express only the intended result, objective, or consequence of something that is previously and explicitly recited. Thus, when the term “whereby” is used in a claim, the clause, or other words that the term “whereby” modifies do not establish specific further limitations of the claim or otherwise restricts the meaning or scope of the claim.
The term “e.g.” and like terms mean “for example”, and thus does not limit the term or phrase it explains. For example, in the sentence “the computer sends data (e.g., instructions, a data structure) over the Internet”, the term “e.g.” explains that “instructions” are an example of “data” that the computer may send over the Internet, and also explains that “a data structure” is an example of “data” that the computer may send over the Internet. However, both “instructions” and “a data structure” are merely examples of “data”, and other things besides “instructions” and “a data structure” can be “data”
The term “respective” and like terms mean “taken individually”. Thus if two or more things have “respective” characteristics, then each such thing has its own characteristic, and these characteristics can be different from each other but need not be. For example, the phrase “each of two machines has a respective function” means that the first such machine has a function and the second such machine has a function as well. The function of the first machine may or may not be the same as the function of the second machine.
The term “i.e.” and like terms mean “that is”, and thus limits the term or phrase it explains. For example, in the sentence “the computer sends data (i.e., instructions) over the Internet”, the term “i.e.” explains that “instructions” are the “data” that the computer sends over the Internet.
Any given numerical range shall include whole and fractions of numbers within the range. For example, the range “1 to 10” shall be interpreted to specifically include whole numbers between 1 and 10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . 9) and non-whole numbers (e.g., 1.1, 1.2, . . . 1.9).
Where two or more terms or phrases are synonymous (e.g., because of an explicit statement that the terms or phrases are synonymous), instances of one such term/phrase does not mean instances of another such term/phrase must have a different meaning. For example, where a statement renders the meaning of “including” to be synonymous with “including but not limited to”, the mere usage of the phrase “including but not limited to” does not mean that the term “including” means something other than “including but not limited to”.
The term “determining” and grammatical variants thereof (e.g., to determine a price, determining a value, determine an object which meets a certain criterion) is used in an extremely broad sense. The term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and therefore “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, and the like.
The term “determining” does not imply certainty or absolute precision, and therefore “determining” can include estimating, extrapolating, predicting, guessing and the like.
The term “determining” does not imply that mathematical processing must be performed and does not imply that numerical methods must be used and does not imply that an algorithm or process is used.
The term “determining” does not imply that any particular device must be used. For example, a computer need not necessarily perform the determining.
Where a limitation of a first claim would cover one of a feature as well as more than one of a feature (e.g., a limitation such as “at least one widget” covers one widget as well as more than one widget), and where in a second claim that depends on the first claim, the second claim uses a definite article “the” to refer to the limitation (e.g., “the widget”), this does not imply that the first claim covers only one of the feature, and this does not imply that the second claim covers only one of the feature (e.g., “the widget” can cover both one widget and more than one widget).
When an ordinal number (such as “first”, “second”, “third” and so on) is used as an adjective before a term, that ordinal number is used (unless expressly specified otherwise) merely to indicate a particular feature, such as to distinguish that particular feature from another feature that is described by the same term or by a similar term. For example, a “first widget” may be so named merely to distinguish it from, e.g., a “second widget”. Thus, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” does not indicate any other relationship between the two widgets, and likewise does not indicate any other characteristics of either or both widgets. For example, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” (1) does not indicate that either widget comes before or after any other in order or location; (2) does not indicate that either widget occurs or acts before or after any other in time; and (3) does not indicate that either widget ranks above or below any other, as in importance or quality. In addition, the mere usage of ordinal numbers does not define a numerical limit to the features identified with the ordinal numbers. For example, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” does not indicate that there must be no more than two widgets.
When a single device, article or other product is described herein, more than one device/article (whether or not they cooperate) may alternatively be used in place of the single device/article that is described. Accordingly, the functionality that is described as being possessed by a device may alternatively be possessed by more than one device/article (whether or not they cooperate).
Similarly, where more than one device, article or other product is described herein (whether or not they cooperate), a single device/article may alternatively be used in place of the more than one device or article that is described. For example, a plurality of computer-based devices may be substituted with a single computer-based device. Accordingly, the various functionality that is described as being possessed by more than one device or article may alternatively be possessed by a single device/article.
The functionality and/or the features of a single device that is described may be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices which are described but are not explicitly described as having such functionality/features. Thus, other embodiments need not include the described device itself, but rather can include the one or more other devices which would, in those other embodiments, have such functionality/features.
Neither the Title (set forth at the beginning of the first page of the present application) nor the Abstract (set forth at the end of the present application) is to be taken as limiting in any way as the scope of the disclosed invention(s), is to be used in interpreting the meaning of any claim or is to be used in limiting the scope of any claim. An Abstract has been included in this application merely because an Abstract is required under 37 C.F.R. § 1.72 (b).
The title of the present application and headings of sections provided in the present application are for convenience only and are not to be taken as limiting the disclosure in any way.
Numerous embodiments are described in the present application and are presented for illustrative purposes only. The described embodiments are not, and are not intended to be, limiting in any sense. The presently disclosed invention(s) are widely applicable to numerous embodiments, as is readily apparent from the disclosure. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the disclosed invention(s) may be practiced with various modifications and alterations, such as structural, logical, software, and electrical modifications. Although particular features of the disclosed invention(s) may be described with reference to one or more particular embodiments and/or drawings, it should be understood that such features are not limited to usage in the one or more particular embodiments or drawings with reference to which they are described, unless expressly specified otherwise.
Though an embodiment may be disclosed as including several features, other embodiments of the invention may include fewer than all such features. Thus, for example, a claim may be directed to less than the entire set of features in a disclosed embodiment, and such claim would not include features beyond those features that the claim expressly recites.
No embodiment of method steps or product elements described in the present application constitutes the invention claimed herein, or is essential to the invention claimed herein, or is coextensive with the invention claimed herein, except where it is either expressly stated to be so in this specification or expressly recited in a claim.
The preambles of the claims that follow recite purposes, benefits, and possible uses of the claimed invention only and do not limit the claimed invention.
The present disclosure is not a literal description of all embodiments of the invention(s). Also, the present disclosure is not a listing of features of the invention(s) which must be present in all embodiments.
All disclosed embodiment are not necessarily covered by the claims (even including all pending, amended, issued and canceled claims). In addition, an embodiment may be (but need not necessarily be) covered by several claims. Accordingly, where a claim (regardless of whether pending, amended, issued, or canceled) is directed to a particular embodiment, such is not evidence that the scope of other claims do not also cover that embodiment.
Devices that are described as in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. On the contrary, such devices need only transmit to each other as necessary or desirable and may actually refrain from exchanging data most of the time. For example, a machine in communication with another machine via the Internet may not transmit data to the other machine for long period of time (e.g. weeks at a time). In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries.
A description of an embodiment with several components or features does not imply that all or even any of such components/features are required. On the contrary, a variety of optional components are described to illustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of the present invention(s). Unless otherwise specified explicitly, no component/feature is essential or required.
Although process steps, algorithms or the like may be described or claimed in a particular sequential order, such processes may be configured to work in different orders. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be explicitly described or claimed does not necessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of processes described herein may be performed in any order possible. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step). Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to the invention(s), and does not imply that the illustrated process is preferred.
Although a process may be described as including a plurality of steps, that does not imply that all or any of the steps are preferred, essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of the described invention(s) include other processes that omit some or all of the described steps. Unless otherwise specified explicitly, no step is essential or required.
Although a process may be described singly or without reference to other products or methods, in an embodiment the process may interact with other products or methods. For example, such interaction may include linking one business model to another business model. Such interaction may be provided to enhance the flexibility or desirability of the process.
Although a product may be described as including a plurality of components, aspects, qualities, characteristics and/or features, that does not indicate that any or all of the plurality are preferred, essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of the described invention(s) include other products that omit some or all of the described plurality.
An enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. Likewise, an enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are comprehensive of any category, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the enumerated list “a computer, a laptop, a PDA” does not imply that any or all of the three items of that list are mutually exclusive and does not imply that any or all of the three items of that list are comprehensive of any category.
An enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are equivalent to each other or readily substituted for each other.
All embodiments are illustrative, and do not imply that the invention or any embodiments were made or performed, as the case may be.
It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the various processes described herein may be implemented by, e.g., appropriately programmed general purpose computers, special purpose computers and computing devices. Typically a processor (e.g., one or more microprocessors, one or more microcontrollers, one or more digital signal processors) will receive instructions (e.g., from a memory or like device), and execute those instructions, thereby performing one or more processes defined by those instructions. Instructions may be embodied in, e.g., one or more computer programs, one or more scripts.
A “processor” means one or more microprocessors, central processing units (CPUs), computing devices, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, or like devices or any combination thereof, regardless of the architecture (e.g., chip-level multiprocessing/multi-core, RISC, CISC, Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages, pipelining configuration, simultaneous multithreading).
Thus a description of a process is likewise a description of an apparatus for performing the process. The apparatus that performs the process can include, e.g., a processor and those input devices and output devices that are appropriate to perform the process.
Further, programs that implement such methods (as well as other types of data) may be stored and transmitted using a variety of media (e.g., computer readable media) in a number of manners. In some embodiments, hard-wired circuitry or custom hardware may be used in place of, or in combination with, some or all of the software instructions that can implement the processes of various embodiments. Thus, various combinations of hardware and software may be used instead of software only.
The term “computer-readable medium” refers to any medium, a plurality of the same, or a combination of different media, that participate in providing data (e.g., instructions, data structures) which may be read by a computer, a processor or a like device. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks and other persistent memory. Volatile media include dynamic random access memory (DRAM), which typically constitutes the main memory. Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a system bus coupled to the processor. Transmission media may include or convey acoustic waves, light waves, and electromagnetic emissions, such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read.
Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying data (e.g., sequences of instructions) to a processor. For example, data may be (i) delivered from RAM to a processor; (ii) carried over a wireless transmission medium; (iii) formatted and/or transmitted according to numerous formats, standards or protocols, such as Ethernet (or IEEE 802.3), SAP, ATP, Bluetooth™M, and TCP/IP, TDMA, CDMA, and 3G; and/or (iv) encrypted to ensure privacy or prevent fraud in any of a variety of ways well known in the art.
Thus a description of a process is likewise a description of a computer-readable medium storing a program for performing the process. The computer-readable medium can store (in any appropriate format) those program elements which are appropriate to perform the method.
Just as the description of various steps in a process does not indicate that all the described steps are required, embodiments of an apparatus include a computer/computing device operable to perform some (but not necessarily all) of the described process.
Likewise, just as the description of various steps in a process does not indicate that all the described steps are required, embodiments of a computer-readable medium storing a program or data structure include a computer-readable medium storing a program that, when executed, can cause a processor to perform some (but not necessarily all) of the described process.
Where databases are described, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that (i) alternative database structures to those described may be readily employed, and (ii) other memory structures besides databases may be readily employed. Any illustrations or descriptions of any sample databases presented herein are illustrative arrangements for stored representations of information. Any number of other arrangements may be employed besides those suggested by, e.g., tables illustrated in drawings or elsewhere. Similarly, any illustrated entries of the databases represent exemplary information only; one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the number and content of the entries can be different from those described herein. Further, despite any depiction of the databases as tables, other formats (including relational databases, object-based models and/or distributed databases) could be used to store and manipulate the data types described herein. Likewise, object methods or behaviors of a database can be used to implement various processes, such as the described herein. In addition, the databases may, in a known manner, be stored locally or remotely from a device which accesses data in such a database.
Various embodiments can be configured to work in a network environment including a computer that is in communication (e.g., via a communications network) with one or more devices. The computer may communicate with the devices directly or indirectly, via any wired or wireless medium (e.g., the Internet, LAN, WAN or Ethernet, Token Ring, a telephone line, a cable line, a radio channel, an optical communications line, commercial on-line service providers, bulletin board systems, a satellite communications link, a combination of any of the above). Each of the devices may themselves comprise computers or other computing devices, such as those based on the Intel® Pentium® or Centrino™ processor, that are adapted to communicate with the computer. Any number and type of devices may be in communication with the computer.
In an embodiment, a server computer or centralized authority may not be necessary or desirable. For example, the present invention may, in an embodiment, be practiced on one or more devices without a central authority. In such an embodiment, any functions described herein as performed by the server computer or data described as stored on the server computer may instead be performed by or stored on one or more such devices.
Where a process is described, in an embodiment the process may operate without any user intervention. In another embodiment, the process includes some human intervention (e.g., a step is performed by or with the assistance of a human).
The present disclosure provides, to one of ordinary skill in the art, an enabling description of several embodiments and/or inventions. Some of these embodiments and/or inventions may not be claimed in the present application but may nevertheless be claimed in one or more continuing applications that claim the benefit of priority of the present application.
Applicants intend to file additional applications to pursue patents for subject matter that has been disclosed and enabled but not claimed in the present application.
In a claim, a limitation of the claim which includes the phrase “means for” or the phrase “step for” means that 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, applies to that limitation.
In a claim, a limitation of the claim which does not include the phrase “means for” or the phrase “step for” means that 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6 does not apply to that limitation, regardless of whether that limitation recites a function without recitation of structure, material or acts for performing that function. For example, in a claim, the mere use of the phrase “step of” or the phrase “steps of” in referring to one or more steps of the claim or of another claim does not mean that 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, applies to that step(s).
With respect to a means or a step for performing a specified function in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, the corresponding structure, material, or acts described in the specification, and equivalents thereof, may perform additional functions as well as the specified function.
Computers, processors, computing devices and like products are structures that can perform a wide variety of functions. Such products can be operable to perform a specified function by executing one or more programs, such as a program stored in a memory device of that product or in a memory device which that product accesses. Unless expressly specified otherwise, such a program need not be based on any particular algorithm, such as any particular algorithm that might be disclosed in the present application. It is well known to one of ordinary skill in the art that a specified function may be implemented via different algorithms, and any of a number of different algorithms would be a mere design choice for carrying out the specified function.
Therefore, with respect to a means or a step for performing a specified function in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 6, structure corresponding to a specified function includes any product programmed to perform the specified function. Such structure includes programmed products which perform the function, regardless of whether such product is programmed with (i) a disclosed algorithm for performing the function, (ii) an algorithm that is similar to a disclosed algorithm, or (iii) a different algorithm for performing the function.
Where there is recited a means for performing a function that is a method, one structure for performing this method includes a computing device (e.g., a general purpose computer) that is programmed and/or configured with appropriate hardware to perform that function.
Also included is a computing device (e.g., a general purpose computer) that is programmed and/or configured with appropriate hardware to perform that function via other algorithms as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.
Numerous references to a particular embodiment do not indicate a disclaimer or disavowal of additional, different embodiments, and similarly references to the description of embodiments which all include a particular feature do not indicate a disclaimer or disavowal of embodiments which do not include that particular feature. A clear disclaimer or disavowal in the present application shall be prefaced by the phrase “does not include” or by the phrase “cannot perform”.
Any patent, patent application or other document referred to herein is incorporated by reference into this patent application as part of the present disclosure, but only for purposes of written description and enablement in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 1, and should in no way be used to limit, define, or otherwise construe any term of the present application, unless without such incorporation by reference, no ordinary meaning would have been ascertainable by a person of ordinary skill in the art. Such person of ordinary skill in the art need not have been in any way limited by any embodiments provided in the reference.
Any incorporation by reference does not, in and of itself, imply any endorsement of, ratification of, or acquiescence in any statements, opinions, arguments or characterizations contained in any incorporated patent, patent application or other document, unless explicitly specified otherwise in this patent application.
In interpreting the present application (which includes the claims), one of ordinary skill in the art shall refer to the prosecution history of the present application, but not to the prosecution history of any other patent or patent application, regardless of whether there are other patent applications that are considered related to the present application, and regardless of whether there are other patent applications that share a claim of priority with the present application.
An exchange may include one or more computer system and/or computer components configured to match orders for financial instruments and facilitate execution of trades that fulfill the matching orders. An exchange may include an alternative trading system such as LiquidNet alternative trading system or Aqua Equities alternative trading system. One example of an alternative trading system is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/257,499 filed Oct. 24, 2008, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. An exchange may include a primary exchange through which initial offerings and/or secondary trading may occur, such as the New York Stock Exchange, and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.
A financial instrument should be understood to include an instrument that evinces ownership of dept or equity, and/or any derivative thereof, including equities, stocks, fixed income instruments, bonds, debentures, certificates of interest or deposit, warrants, options, futures, forwards, swaps, or generally any security.
Participants 103 may include any entity that participates in trading activity through the exchange 101. For example, a participant may include an algorithmic trading system. Such an algorithmic trading system may monitor information and request that various trades be executed by the exchange 101 based on changes to the information. A participant may include a proprietary trader. Such a proprietary trader may request that trades be executed by the exchange 101 for the participant's own accounts. An example of such a trader may include a hedge fund. Yet another example of a participant may include a broker. A broker may request that trades be executed by the exchange 101 on behalf of clients 105 of the broker. In some implementations, a client 105 may communicate with a broker through a communication network 107. Such a communication network, may include, for example, a telephone network for traditional brokerage services, a computer network for electronic brokerage services, and/or any other communication network (e.g., the Internet, a private network, etc.).
It should be recognized that participants may include any combination of computer(s) and human(s). For example, internet brokers such as E*TRADE may act as a participant directed by a human investor, traditional brokers may interface with direct connections to an exchange, algorithmic traders may involve a computer performing an algorithm based on data and producing orders based on the output of the algorithm with little or no input from humans, investment banks may include highly skilled investment professionals that analyze companies and produce orders based on that information (e.g., through an intermediary or directly to an exchange, and so on.
In some embodiments, participants 103 may communicate with the exchange 101 through a communication network 109. Communication network 109 may include, for example, the Internet, a data bus, a dedicated wired or wireless communication link, and/or any other communication network. Communication network 109 may allow one or two way communication. Communication network 109 may enable communication using, for example TCP/IP. Information may be passed though communication networks in any form, including for example as multiple data packets.
In some embodiments, one or more participants may communicate information relating to trading intentions to the exchange. For example, an order may be transmitted in the form of an electronic message from the participant through communication network 109 to the exchange. The order may define a side of a trade for a financial instrument.
One example set of communications that involving the linking of multiple orders for execution through an exchange is described U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/627,705 filed on Jul. 28, 2000, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
In some embodiments, an exchange may communicate that a matching order is found to a participant. For example, the exchange may transmit an electronic message identifying that a match to an order has been located. In some implementations, if a match is found, the order may be executed, and such an indication may be transmitted. In some implementations, if a match is found, a participant may be asked to confirm an order before a trade is executed, and indications may be translated to facilitate such an exchange.
In some embodiments, a participant may communicate information relating to one or more events on which an order may be conditioned. For example, in some implementations, an electronic message may indicate that an order should be placed if an event occurs. An event may include an event related to a financial instrument for which the order is placed, an event related to a different financial instrument, an event not related to a financial instrument, and/or any other event. An event may include an existence of a condition (e.g., it is between 7 AM and 9 PM), a change in a value of a second financial instrument, a change in a trading volume of a second financial instrument, a release of earnings by a company, a change to regulations that regulate an industry, a change in credit rating of a company, and/or any other occurrence, happening, and so on. In some implementations, an event may relate to an occurrence that may or may not happen.
In some embodiments, an exchange may communicate information related to events to a participant. For example, in some implementations, an exchange may transmit electronic messages that indicate that events have occurred and/or have not occurred.
In some embodiments, communicating through communication network 109 may include a delay. The delay may include the time it takes for information to travel from a source of the information to a destination of the information. For example, a delay may include time for routing of information through a network, time for information to travel through wires, time for information to be processed by intermediate systems and so on. Delay may result in suboptimal trading results in some circumstances, such as when a multiple participants enter into a race to trade after an event happens.
Information source 111 may include one or more providers of information that may be relevant to decisions regarding trading. Information source 111 may part of exchange 101 and/or may be a separate entity. Information may include, for example, information about trades that have occurred, information about orders that are pending (e.g., in an order queue), information about a trading volume, information about a price change, information about a financial instrument, information about an index, information about a type of financial instrument, information about an industry, information about a political event, information about a regulatory change, and/or information about any other event. Such information may be useful, for example for algorithmic trading systems that make decisions about orders based on such information as well as for human investors that make decisions about trading based on a variety of information. In some implementations, information that relates to events on the exchange (e.g., a trading stack, trade executions, etc.) may be reported by an exchange with smaller delays than from an intermediary that processes such information because of fewer communication delays, though may still be delayed based on communication delay through the communication network, for example.
As illustrated, exchange 201 may be coupled to participants 203 through communication network 205. Some example participants and communication networks are described above with respect to
Matching engine 207 may include one or more machine components. In some implementations, a matching engine may include one or more processors. Such processors may include general purpose processors configured to matching orders. Such configuration may be made via hardware and/or software (e.g., programming and/or wiring). A matching engine may be dedicated to a particular financial instrument, a particular event, a particular order type, a particular financial instrument type, a particular event type, and so on as desired. In some implementations, a matching engine may include a machine component (e.g., a processor) that determines matches among orders for a financial instrument and executes trades that fulfill matching orders. In some implementations, a matching engine may maintain a queue of buy orders and a queue of sell orders that maintain a priority order for matching so that if multiple buy orders match a single sell order, the buy order with the highest priority in the queue is chosen as the matching buy order.
Matching engine 207 may include a queue of buy orders 217 for a financial instrument. The queue of buy orders may include a prioritized collection of orders to buy a financial instrument. Orders may be prioritized in any desired method. For example, orders may be prioritized based on a time in which they are placed in the queue, a time at which they are received by an exchange, a time in which they are created, a time in which they are received by the matching engine, a time associated with an event that triggered the creation of the order, a size of an order, a price of an order, and so on. In one implementation, for example, a queue may be primarily prioritized so that buy orders for the highest price per financial instrument are put at highest priority. In some implementations, the queue may be secondly prioritized so that buy orders for the same price are prioritized based on when the order is placed in the queue. It should be recognized that any prioritizing may be used in various embodiments. It should be recognized that a queue may include any collection that is prioritized in any way and that the word queue should not be read to need any additional properties than described herein nor to necessarily be exclusive of such properties.
Matching engine 207 may include a queue of sell orders 219 for the financial instrument. The queue of sell orders may include a prioritized collection of orders to sell a financial instrument. Orders may be prioritized in any desired method. For example, orders may be prioritized based on a time in which they are placed in the queue, a time at which they are received by an exchange, a time in which they are created, a time in which they are received by the matching engine, a time associated with an event that triggered the creation of the order, a size of an order, a price of an order, and so on. In one implementation, for example, a queue may be primarily prioritized so that sell orders for the lowest price per financial instrument are put at highest priority. In some implementations, the queue may be secondly prioritized so that sell orders for the same price are prioritized based on when the order is placed in the queue. It should be recognized that any prioritizing may be used in various embodiments.
In some implementations, a queue may include memory (e.g., RAM, registers, solid state memory, hard disk drives, etc.). In some implementations, an ordering of elements in the memory may correspond to an ordering of priority in the queue. In some implementations, for example, a set of memory locations that include orders may be prioritized by a linked list by linking from a first prioritized memory location to a next memory location, and so on. In other implementations, physical memory locations may have static priority. In other implementations, any other method of ordering memory and/or storing and/or prioritizing orders may be used
In some implementations, multiple queues of buy orders and/or multiple queues of sell orders may be used. For example, in some implementations, a separate queue may be used for very large orders than for other orders, a separate queue may be used for limit orders than for market orders, multiple queues may be used to balance a load of orders, and so on.
In some embodiments, a matching engine may receive an indication of an order. Such an indication may be received through a bus, through another communication network, from a remote system, from an event engine, and so on. The matching engine (e.g., in response to receiving the indication of the order) may add the order to an appropriate queue at an appropriate priority level. For example, if the order is a buy order, the order may be added to the queue of buy orders at a priority level according to the priority procedures of the matching engine. In some implementations, an instruction to add the order to the queue may be added to an instruction stack. An instruction stack may include a collection of instructions that the matching engine has been asked to process in some priority order (e.g., FIFO). When the matching engine finishes processing other instructions that have a higher priority in the instruction stack, the matching engine may process the instruction to add the order to the queue, which may cause the matching engine to add the order to the queue.
In some embodiments, the matching engine may include an arithmetic logic unit and/or other processing element that performs processing for the matching engine. For example, such a processing unit may execute instructions from the instruction stack. Such a processing element may make a determination regarding whether two orders are matching. Such a processing element may take actions if two orders are matching. A matching engine may have any number of such processing elements that may be generalized and/or specialized for desired purposes. For example, in some implementations, a matching engine may include a processing element that adds orders to the queues and a processing element that determines if matches exist in the queues and takes actions accordingly.
In some embodiments, the matching engine may determine whether orders in buy order queue and orders in the sell order queue match. For example, a processing element may determine if a highest priority buy order matches a highest priority sell order. In some implementations, multiple orders may match a single order. In some implementations, multiple orders may match multiple orders. An order may match another order, for example, if the orders are for opposite sides of a trade for the same financial instrument and are for a same price and/or overlapping price range. In some implementations, orders may match if they are for a similar quantity (e.g., an order may match only orders that are for at least 10% of the quantity of the order). In some implementations, multiple smaller orders may match a single larger order. In some implementations, orders may be partially matched. A partially matched order may be removed from the queue, left in the queue with the unmatched portion, and so on.
In some embodiments, in response to determining that a first and second order match, the matching engine may execute a trade that fulfills at least a portion of each of the two orders. Execution may include, for example, transmitting an indication that the execution should be performed. In some implementations, execution may include altering information about the orders stored, for example on a database, to indicate that the orders are executed against one another. In some implementations, execution may include clearing, transferring money, transferring ownership, backend processing, and so on. In some implementations, some or all of the action involved in execution may be performed by a remote system, the exchange, the matching engine, people, and so on. It should be recognized that any actions that cause a transfer of ownership of a financial instrument may be used in various embodiments as an execution.
As mentioned above, exchange 201 may include an interface 209. Interface 209 may facilitate communication of information between the exchange and outside the exchange (e.g., to and from communication network 205). The interface may include a network interface, as is well known. The interface may process incoming communication and direct communication to various components of the exchange, such as the event engine and the matching engine. The interface 209 may accept indications of exchange events (e.g., a trade execution) and direct the information to a destination over the communication network 205.
In some embodiments, interface 209 may receive information about events related to the exchange. For example, such information may include information about order queues, information about prices, information about volatility, information executions, information about trading volumes, and so on. Such information may also be received from other elements of the exchange (e.g., the matching engine, the event engine, etc.) and/or from outside of the exchange (e.g., from an information source). Such information may be reported outside of the exchange. Accordingly, the exchange may act as an information source regarding such information. By obtaining information about events that occur on an exchange from the exchange rather than an outside information source, delay regarding the information may be decreased.
In some embodiments, interface 209 may include one or more machine components. Such components may include one or more processors, memory, and so on. It should be recognized that interface 209 is given as an example only, and that any or no interface and/or information source components may be included in other embodiments.
Communication network 211 may facilitate communication among components of the exchange 201. Communication network 211 may include a data bus of a single machine, and/or any other communication network (e.g., a LAN, etc.).
As mentioned above, exchange 201 may include an event engine 213. Event engine 213 may include one or more computer components. For example, event engine 213 may include a processor, a memory, and/or any other component. In some embodiments, an event engine may include a machine component (e.g., a processor) that determines when conditions are met based on the occurrences of events. In some embodiments, a condition may include a prerequisite that may occur before the condition is satisfied. A condition may include one or more events that may occur before the condition is satisfied. Any number of actions may be dependent on the condition being satisfied.
Event engine 213 may receive information identifying one or more events and information identifying one or more orders that may be conditioned on all or some of the events occurring. In some implementations, an order may be conditioned on one or more conditions if the action is to be taken when the conditions are satisfied. The event engine 213 may store information about the orders and events (e.g., in a database, in a memory, etc.). In one example implementation, event engine 213 may receive an electronic message through communication network 211 that was sent from participant 203. It should be understood that the message may undergo any number of transformations, may be broken into many packets or sub messages, may be received as multiple separate or connected messages, and so on. In one example, the message may indicate that an order to buy 100 shares of ESpeed should be placed on the exchange if a trading volume for shares of ESpeed reach a threshold level. It should be recognized that embodiments are not limited to simple market orders, but that various embodiments may include any type of orders.
In some implementations, such information may be processed and/or stored in such a way that analyzing whether an event occurred and/or determining what if any orders to place if an event occurs is easy. For example, a database in which such information is stored may be keyed based on event such that when an event occurs, all orders conditioned on that event may be easily looked up in the database.
In some embodiments, an event engine 213 may receive information regarding an occurrence of one or more events. Such events may include, for example, events occurring on the exchange, events occurring off the exchange, and so on. For example, information about events may be received through communication network 211. Such information may be received from an outside information source, from a matching engine of the exchange, from a remote machine of the exchange, and so on. In one example, an electronic message may indicate an event such as a value of trading volume of a stock for ESpeed.
In some embodiments, an event engine may determine if information received about events satisfies one or more conditions on which orders are conditioned. In some implementations, the event engine may make such a determination in response to receiving event information, periodically, randomly, and/or at any other time. In some implementations, such a determination may be made, for example by referencing stored information about conditions and/or orders. In some implementations in which an order may be conditioned on multiple events, if an event occurs, then a flag may be set (e.g., in a database) to indicate that an event has occurred. If all conditions become flagged, the conditions may be satisfied. If an event occurs such that a condition is no longer satisfied (e.g., trading volume decrease) then a flag may be unset. It should be recognized that some orders may be conditioned on some and/or all conditions being satisfied. For example, an order may be conditioned on a complicated set of conditions such as (Condition A AND Condition B) OR (Condition C BUT NOT Condition D) OR (Condition E) in some implementations.
In some embodiments, an event engine may determine if conditions on which an order is conditioned are satisfied. For example, if an order is only conditioned on ESpeed trading volume reaching a particular level, and event information is received indicating that such a level has been reached, then the event engine may determine that conditions on which the order is conditioned have been satisfied. In more complicated conditioning, an event engine may determine if a set of conditions that trigger the order have been satisfied (e.g., from the example above, if A and B are true, if C is true but D is not, or if E is true).
In some embodiments, for one or more orders which have satisfied conditions, the event engine may facilitate placement of one or more respective orders. In the ESpeed order example, the event engine 213 may facilitate placement of an order to buy 100 shares of ESpeed stock. The order may be placed in accordance with any other information received regarding the order as described above. It should be recognized that multiple orders may be placed when conditions are satisfied in some implementations, even though in this example only one order is placed.
In some embodiments, facilitating the placement of an order by the event engine may include causing the matching engine 207 to add the order to a queue of orders. In the ESpeed stock example, the event engine may cause an order to buy 100 shares of ESpeed stock to be added to a queue of buy orders of the matching engine.
In some implementations, by processing event occurrences by an event engine that is part of an exchange, delays regarding the placement of orders conditioned on the event occurrences may be decreased. For example, if instead of such information being processed by event engine 213, it were processed off site by a participant 203, delays regarding receiving the event information may be increased (e.g., if the event information relates to events occurring at the exchange, if the participant has a slower connection to an information source than the exchange does, etc.), delays regarding placement of orders may be increased (e.g., by transmission through communication network 205, etc.), and so on.
In some implementations, a delay regarding transmitting the order to the matching engine may be based on a communication network through which the information about the order is transmitted to the matching engine. In various implementations, a length of the communication network may be decreased to decrease such delay, a bandwidth of the communication network the be increased to decrease such delay, order information may be prioritized on the communication network to decrease such delay, a communication network may be dedicated to such functionality to decrease such delay, and so on.
In some embodiments, communication network 215 may include a data bus. The data bus may allow communication from the event engine to the matching engine. The data bus may be a specialized buy that allows such communication. Such communication may be one way or two way. In some implementations, such a bus may directly couple event engine and matching engine in a same machine. In some implementations, the data bus may include an event injection bus. In some implementations, orders received through the bus may act as interrupts for to the matching engine. In some implementations, an indication of an order transmitted through the bus to the matching engine may be added to an instruction queue so that it is processed before at least one other pending instruction. For example, an instruction to process the order may be added to the top of the instruction stack so that the order is the next thing processed by the matching engine. In some implementations, an instruction to process the order may be added before instructions to process other pending orders. In some implementations, such an instruction may be added such that it is processed before orders received from other sources (e.g., orders not received from an event engine, orders received from a participant 203, etc.). In some implementations a separate instruction queue may be maintained for orders from the event engine which may be processed before other orders.
In some embodiments, a data bus may include a communication network that is used to transport information among/between/to/from component(s) of a machine. In some implementations, a data bus may provide much faster data transfer rates than communication networks that involve communication among multiple remote machines. In some implementations, a data bus can also provide direct memory and direct register access so that data and events may be injected from one machine component to another machine component.
In some implementations, by placing orders received from an event engine at a higher priority than orders received from other sources, those orders may be processed and added to an order queue sooner than and/or with a higher priority than those other orders. Such addition may occur even if the other orders were received by the matching engine before the order from the event engine.
In some implementations, prioritizing orders from the event engine may decrease a delay between an event happening and an order being added to a queue of orders. Such prioritizing may increase a priority level that the order receives if the matching engine is configured to prioritize orders based on when they are added to queues of orders.
In some embodiments, orders may be time-stamped. Such time stamping may be used to aid prioritizing in an order queue by a matching engine. In some implementations, for example, an order transmitted from the event engine may be time-stamped with a time relative to an event occurring such as a time when the event occurred, a time when an indication of the event occurrence is processed by the event engine, and/or any other desired time. The matching engine may process the order using the time stamp to place the order in a place in the queue regardless of when the order was received by the matching engine. Accordingly, in some such implementations, even if the order is received and processed by the matching engine after an order from another source, the order from the event engine may be prioritized in an order queue above the other order based on a time stamp. The other order, for example, may have a later time stamp, and/or may not be time stamped. If the other order is not time stamped, it may be treated as if it had a time stamp equal to when it was added to a queue, or and other event occurred.
It should be recognized that descriptions of individual components of
As mentioned above, a matching engine may be dedicated to one or more financial instruments, one or more types of orders for a financial instrument, one or more size ranges of orders, and so on. Accordingly, to provide more service for trading regarding a single financial instrument, and/or multiple financial instruments, multiple matching engines may be included in an exchange. Each matching engine may be tasked with a particular subset of the totality of the orders in the exchange in some implementations. In other implementations, matching engines may operate in parallel for the same set of orders to share the load of order processing such as for very liquid instruments.
In some embodiments, one or more event engines 303 may be coupled to a plurality of matching engines 305. The event engine 303 shown as one engine here, may provide orders to the matching engines based on event occurrences as described above with respect to
In one example implementation, event engine 303 may process orders for financial instruments of ESpeed. Matching engines may each process one of bonds for ESpeed, preferred stock for ESpeed, common stock for ESpeed, and futures for ESpeed stock, respectively. The event engine may process orders related to all of such instruments. The event engine may process events related to such instruments and/or any other events.
Communications network 307 may include a data bus, as described above. The data bus may be a shared bus among the plurality of matching engines as shown. In other implementations, a dedicated data bus may couple each of the matching engines to the event engine.
Order clusters 403 may include any number of matching engines and event engines, coupled in any way, as discussed above. An order cluster may be implemented on a blade, a server, etc. An order cluster may process orders and/or events related to a particular financial instrument, event type, and/or order type. An exchange may have any number and/or configuration of order clusters.
An order cluster may include an event engine that is coupled to a communications network so that event information may be received and/or transmitted (e.g., from other event engines to other event engines, from outside sources to outside sources, to an event controller 405, from an event controller 405, etc.). Such a communication network is illustrated as event network 407 in
In some embodiments, an event controller 405 may receive information about events and transmit that information to one or more order cluster through an event network or any other communications network. In some embodiments, no event controller may be included. In some embodiments, no event engine may be included in a cluster, but instead the event controller may act as an event engine. In some embodiments, an event engine may provide any desired event processing, such as intermediate event processing, variable setting, communication of event information outside the network, etc.
In some embodiments, an order cluster may include an interface for communicating information, such as receiving orders, receiving conditions for orders, etc. Such an interface may couple with a communication network 411. Communication network 411 may act as a general communication network between components of an exchange. In other embodiments any configuration of communication network(s) may be used.
Interface 409 may interface between outside sources, such as participants, information sources, etc. and an exchange. Information may be received and transmitted through communication network 411 allowing components of the exchange to communicate with outside sources.
Addition components 413 may include any other desired components of an exchange. For example, such components may include clearing houses, credit facilities, security facilities, and so on.
It should be recognized that this example exchange is non limiting, and that any configuration of exchange components may be combined in any way in various embodiments. In some embodiments, for example, multiple configurations such as illustrated in
As indicated at block 501, method 500 may include receiving an indication of a condition. The indication may be received from a remote computer. The condition may define one or more events. A condition may be satisfied, as discussed above when the event occurs.
As indicated at block 503, method 500 may include receiving an indication of an order. The indication may be received from a remote computer. The remote computer may be the same computer from which the indication of the condition is received. The indication of the condition and the indication of the order may be received together (e.g., in one electronic message, at the same time, etc.), may be one indication, may be separate indications, and so on. The order may define a side of a trade for a financial instrument.
As indicated at block 505, method 500 may include determining that the event has occurred. Such a determination may be made by a processor. For example, such determination may be made by an event engine of an exchange. In some implementations, for example, such a determination may occur when an indication that the event occurred is received (e.g., from an outside source, from a matching engine, from another component of an exchange, etc.), may occur when a database of events is searched, may occur when an event occurs on an exchange (e.g., when a matching engine executes a trade, etc.), and so on. In some implementations, an indication of an event occurring may be received and/or transmitted by and/or to components of an exchange and/or outside sources.
As indicated at block 507, method 500 may include transmitting an indication of the order to a matching engine. Such an indication may be transmitted through a communication bus. The communication bus may couple the processor (e.g., an event engine) to another processor (e.g., a matching engine). Transmitting such an indication may occur in response to the determination of block 505.
As indicated at block 509, method 500 may include adding the order to a queue of orders. The queue of order may be part of a processor (e.g., a matching engine). The matching engine may be configured to determine matches among orders and execute trades to fulfill the matching orders, as described above.
It should be recognized the method 500 is an example only and that other method may include any set of acts. For example, time stamping, execution of orders, clearing or orders, adding to instruction stacks, reporting of orders, and so on may be included in various embodiments.
As indicated at block 601, method 600 may include receiving an indication that an event occurred. Such an indication may be received from a remote computer, such as an information source outside of an exchange. Such an indication may be received from a processor, such as a matching engine, an event controller and so on. Such an indication may be received from any source of information desired.
As indicated at block 603, method 600 may include determining that conditions on which an order is conditioned are satisfied. The order may define a side of a trade for a financial instrument. The determination may be made by a processor of an exchange. The determination may be made by an event engine. The determination may be made by searching stored information, such as a database in which order and condition information is stored.
As indicated at block 605, method 600 may include transmitting an indication to add the order to a queue of orders. The queue of orders may be maintained by a matching engine of an exchange. The transmitting may be performed through a data bus. The data bus may couple processor of an exchange (e.g., an event engine performing the method and a matching engine that maintains the queue). The transmitting may be performed in response to the determination of block 603.
It should be recognized that method 600 is an example only and that other method may include any set of acts. For example, time stamping, receiving of orders, storing of orders, storing of conditions, searching of stored information, execution of orders, clearing or orders, adding to instruction stacks, reporting of orders, reporting of events, and so on may be included in various embodiments.
The following should be interpreted as example embodiments, and not as claims.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/086,330 filed Dec. 21, 2022, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/454,285 filed Jun. 27, 2019 (now U.S. Pat. No. 11,544,790 issued Jan. 3, 2023), which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/399,570 filed Mar. 6, 2009 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,380,689 issued Aug. 13, 2019), each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 18086330 | Dec 2022 | US |
| Child | 18744768 | US | |
| Parent | 16454285 | Jun 2019 | US |
| Child | 18086330 | US | |
| Parent | 12399570 | Mar 2009 | US |
| Child | 16454285 | US |
