Patent Application
20150280629
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a method for controlling a generator of electric energy which is connected to an electric supply grid in a grid connection point. In addition, the present invention relates to such a generator of electric energy.
2. Description of the Related Art
Feeding electric energy into an electric supply grid, such as the European grid or the US power grid, is generally known. The electric supply grid as described below refers to the widely accepted AC voltage grid. This does not exclude the presence of DC voltage sections in the grid. Likewise, frequency-independent aspects may generally also refer to a DC voltage grid. Historically, energy is fed into an electric supply grid with a large power station that drives a synchronous generator using primary energy, such as coal, nuclear energy or gas. Depending on the number of pole pairs and the speed of the synchronous generator, this generator feeds into the supply grid with a certain frequency. The synchronous generator may be technically controlled so as, for example, to adjust the output. However, such adjustment process can take a long time.
With changing situations in the supply grid that is to be fed, the physical reaction of the synchronous generator often causes a change in the grid condition, at least for a short time. For example, the speed of the synchronous generator increases if the supply grid is not able to take the power completely that is or can be provided by the synchronous generator. This excess power then accelerates the synchronous generator, which results in an increased feeding frequency. Accordingly, the frequency in the supply grid may increase.
When feeding into a supply grid, the grid stability must also be taken into account. The loss of grid stability, i.e., the loss of the stability of the supply grid, may result in the feeding generator being powered off. Such a loss of stability, which is referred to as such and abbreviated as “LOS” among German-speaking experts, describes physical processes that no longer allow for a continued operation and must be terminated by cutoffs. In the case of power plants, this affects their output, and can thus contribute to an escalation of the so-called deficit output. In the worst case, this loss of stability leads to a total energy system failure due to error cascading and deficit accumulation. Such total failures are very rare; however, one occurred in Italy on 24 Sep. 2004.
Loss of grid stability, i.e., the so-called loss of stability, is a phenomenon which involves at first a loss of angular stability that may eventually cause a loss of voltage stability.
Overcurrents to be achieved are determined as stability criteria, which can be provided in the case of a loss of stability. This requires the systems to have a certain design. A new power plant, in particular a power plant that is to be newly built, is thus coordinated to the supply grid as is represented at the grid connection point to which the power plant is to be connected.
When connecting large power plants to an electric supply grid, the short circuit current ratio is an important criterion; this is known among German specialists as “short circuit radio” and abbreviated as “Scr”. This short circuit current ratio is the ratio of the short circuit power to the connected load. Short circuit power is the power that the respective supply grid on the considered grid connection point, to which the power plant is to be connected, can provide in the case of a short circuit. The connected load is the connected load of the power plant that is to be connected, in particular the nominal capacity of the generator that is to be connected.
To secure reliable operation, i.e., to avoid a loss of stability to the greatest extent possible, power plants are generally designed for the respective grid connection point in such a way that the short circuit current ratio is higher than 10, normally even higher than 15. The supply grid can then provide a relatively high short circuit power at the grid connection point. That means that the grid has a low grid impedance and is referred to as a strong grid.
In the case of a weak grid, in other words, in the presence of a high impedance, feeding is only possible with a low connected load, i.e., only a power plant with a low connected load can be connected. This usually leads to the fact that either a new power plant cannot be connected to such a grid connection point, or the grid has to be changed, particularly by equipping it with further, more powerful lines. This is generally referred to as grid reinforcement.
For feeding electric energy by decentralized generation units, in particular wind power installations, the problem of the grid's loss of stability is basically unknown. Already at the end of the nineties, first proposals were made to ensure that wind power installations also contribute to the electric support of the grid. This, however, does not take into account the cause of a loss of stability, in particular that feeding into the supply grid can cause a loss of stability.
For example, the German patent application U.S. Pat. No. 6,891,281 describes a method in which wind power installations can change and, in particular, reduce their power feed-in depending on the grid frequency. U.S. Pat. No. 7,462,946 suggests that in the case of a grid failure, particular in the case of a short circuit, a wind power installation limits the power that it feeds-in instead of being disconnected from the grid in order to achieve a grid support. U.S. Pat. No. 6,965,174 describes a method for supporting the grid by means of a wind power installation that, depending on the grid voltage, adjusts a phase angle of the fed-in electricity, and thus feeds reactive power into the grid depending on the voltage so as to support the grid. U.S. Pat. No. 6,984,898 also relates to a method for supporting the grid by means of a wind power installation in which the wind power installation reduces, depending on the grid voltage, the power that is to be fed into the grid, particularly so as to avoid a disconnection from the grid in order to support the grid by means of a wind power installation.
The fact that such decentralized generation units, such as wind power installations, may be the underlying cause for the loss of stability in the grid has not been taken into account. In the essay “Loss of (Angle) Stability of Wind Power Installations” by V. Diedrichs et al., submitted for and presented at the “10th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Grids for Offshore Wind Farms, Aarhus (Denmark), 25-26 Oct. 2011”. There, reference was basically made to the problem that the loss of stability in the grid can basically also occur for wind power installations that are connected to the supply grid for feed-in. This essay essentially raises awareness of the problem and is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In particular, its technical explanations also apply to the present application.
Basically, findings, experience and other knowledge of the operation and connection of large power plants to the electric supply grid cannot be transferred to wind power installations, including large wind parks with numerous wind power installations that are connected to the supply grid for feed-in. The responsible expert who connects a power plant to a supply grid in order to operate it there is already a different expert from the one wanting to connect a wind power installation to the supply grid in order to operate it there. Wind power installations—and much of the following also applies to decentralized generation units—depend on wind and must therefore take a fluctuating energy source into account; they usually do not feed into the supply grid with a synchronous generator that is directly coupled to the grid, but use a voltage-based inverter instead; they have a different size than large power plants, whereby their nominal capacity is usually 3 powers of ten below that of a large power plant; they are usually subject to other political laws which often ensure the acceptance of the provision of power by the operators of electric supply grids; they are usually decentralized; and, they usually feed into a medium-voltage grid, whereas large power plants usually feed into an extra high voltage grid.
The German Patent and Trademark Office has found the following prior art in the priority application for the present application: DE 10 2011 053 237 A1, WO 2010/060903 A1, US 2010/0148508 A1, DE 10 2007 044 601 A1, DE 10 2007 018 888 A1, US 2010/0237834 A1 as well as the article by Volker Diedrichs et al., “Loss of (Angle) Stability of Wind Power Plants—The Underestimated Phenomenon in Case of Very Low Short Circuit Ratio ”.
One or more embodiments of the present invention may address at least one of the problems mentioned above. One embodiment is directed to decentralized generation units, such as wind power installations, that can be operated in such a way as to consider the phenomenon of the supply grid's loss of stability. In particular, a solution is to be proposed in which decentralized generation units, such as wind power installations or wind parks, contribute to grid stability by preventing a loss of stability with regard to the grid. An alternative solution should at least be provided.
One embodiment is directed to a generator of electric energy connected to an electric supply grid on a grid connection point is controlled. As a purely precautionary measure, it is pointed out that a generator of electric energy converts existing energy to electric energy, which is here simply referred to as generation. According to the proposed control method, at least one grid characteristic of the electric supply grid is incorporated with regard to the grid connection point. The grid characteristic incorporated here is in particular the grid's behavior with regard to stability under different operating conditions of the grid and/or under different conditions for feed-in or boundary conditions for feed-in. In particular, grid characteristics are incorporated describing the supply grid behavior in the case of deviations from the nominal operating point.
In addition, it is proposed to feed electric power into the electric supply grid based on this incorporated grid characteristic. Thus, controlling the feed-in depends on the predetermined grid characteristic. This is to be distinguished from the technical design of the generator, in which the control does not take the grid characteristics into account. Control of the feed-in depending on the incorporated grid characteristics is also to be distinguished from the control depending on actual grid conditions. Equally, it is also advantageous, in addition to the control of the feed-in depending on the incorporated grid characteristic, to design the generator according to the incorporated grid characteristic and to perform the control depending on grid conditions, which is, however, not the primary subject matter of this application.
Pursuant to one or more embodiments of the invention, it was recognized that in particular considering the grid characteristic when designing the connected generator or the generator that is to be connected may be an incomplete consideration. This applies in particular to decentralized generation units or decentralized generators that are able to adapt dynamically to new situations. However, an adaption to new situations, i.e., to changed conditions in the supply grid, carries the risk that any current problems in the supply grid might not be completely resolved. Only if at least one previously incorporated grid characteristic is considered can the feed of electric power into the electric supply grid be proactively controlled. Such proactive control primarily aims at the early avoidance, or at least detection, of stability issues in the supply grid, particularly with regard to a loss of stability.
It is proposed to apply this control method preferably to a so-called decentralized generator and/or a wind power installation or a wind park containing several wind plants. A wind power installation is usually a decentralized generator, since it is installed at remote locations that depend in particular on wind conditions, and, due to their connected load, they cannot be viewed as a central energy source, as opposed to large power plants. The same usually also applies to a wind park with several wind power installations. In addition, wind power installations and small wind parks are basically connected to an existent supply grid. A connecting line or several connecting lines might be provided for a connection to this supply grid. However, the basic structure of the supply grid remains unchanged.
Until now, it had been assumed that a connection of such decentralized generators had no major impact on the basic characteristic and the basic structure of the respective supply grid. It was examined whether the respective grids had enough capacity for a connection of the decentralized supplier, i.e., whether they had sufficient capacity to transport the additional power to be fed in and which was expected from the decentralized generator. In particular, aspects of the grid stability established through the feed-in of this generator have practically been ignored. In particular, with regard to such decentralized generators, the extent to which their feed-in of electric energy could cause a loss of stability of the supply grid has been ignored. The present method is therefore directed in particular at such decentralized suppliers, in particular wind power installations and wind parks.
The feed-in, particularly by decentralized generators, is preferably performed by means of a voltage inverter. With such feed-in by means of a voltage inverter, an inverter is used to which the energy that is to be fed is provided, e.g., on a DC intermediate circuit, and the voltage inverter produces a voltage change signal that is as sinusoidal as possible. This voltage change signal, often by using a line choke, will lead to power that is to be fed into the supply grid. Further voltage transformations by means of one or several voltage transformers can be provided.
Here, a so-called full power conversion concept is particularly proposed, whereby all of the electric power that is to be fed is done so into the supply grid by means of this voltage inverter. Losses are not considered here. With regard to wind power installations, other concepts with a voltage inverter are to be considered, whereby the voltage inverter controls the feed-in of electric power indirectly via the control of a generator that generates the power, in particular a double-feed asynchronous generator.
Using a voltage inverter to feed-in electric power of a supply grid, in particular according to the full power conversion concept, is essentially different from feeding electric power through a large power plant. The voltage inverter can and/or has to constantly adapt the voltage amplitude and frequency of its feed-in, depending on the grid condition. As a result, it is able to react promptly to changes in the grid. This bears the risk that it becomes unstable quickly if this prompt reaction is performed incorrectly. It is this problem in particular that is addressed by one or more embodiments of the invention.
According to one embodiment, it is proposed that the generator be controlled in such a way that it is controlled in an operating point that depends on the incorporated grid characteristics. In particular, it not only depends on these incorporated characteristics, but also on the voltage amplitude and the frequency in the supply grid, namely on or near the grid connection point. Furthermore, it may depend on the currently fed-in active power and/or the currently fed-in reactive power. This results at first in a nominal operating point designed for this grid connection point with the respective incorporated grid characteristic and for the specific generator. With changing conditions of the grid or of the feed-in, another operating point may be selected which takes the previously incorporated grid characteristic into consideration. The generator's operating point on the grid connection point is preferably specified by the active power and/or the reactive power that the generator feeds into the supply grid.
According to one embodiment, it is proposed that at least one control characteristic, which depends on the incorporated grid characteristic, be applied to set the operating point. Such a control characteristic can also be multidimensional, i.e., it can depend on several input parameters and/or comprise several parameters for setting at the same time. In particular, the control characteristic, depending on the grid voltage at the grid connection point, determines the reactive power and/or the active power that is to be fed-in. The control characteristic is created on the basis of the at least one incorporated grid characteristic. In particular, the characteristic is selected so as to ensure that the operation of the generator does not lead to a loss of stability of the supply grid.
According to one proposal, it is provided to use a nonlinear controller, in particular a controller with a nonlinear and/or inconstant controller characteristic. In particular, it is proposed to avoid using a PID controller as the exclusive controller. It has been recognized that a PID controller is insufficient for some requirements and that it does not meet the requirements with optimum parameterization. A nonlinear controller can better adapt to the system that is to be controlled. A nonlinear controller may be a fuzzy controller, a controller that is based on a neural grid, a multiplying controller, a controller with a hysteresis function and/or a controller using a dead time characteristic.
According to one embodiment, a controller is used that results in the operating point being adjusted according to the control characteristic. For example, such a control characteristic may specify the fed-in reactive power Q depending on the fed-in active power P and the voltage U in the grid, as described by the formula Q=f(P,U).
Preferably, incorporating at least one grid characteristic, which can also be performed by calculating the grid characteristics, comprises the incorporation of a connection between fed-in reactive power and a grid voltage on the grid connection point. In addition or alternatively, it comprises the incorporation of a connection between the fed-in active power and the grid voltage at the grid connection point. Preferably, it comprises the incorporation of a connection between fed-in active power, fed-in reactive power and the grid voltage at the grid connection point, so that in this case, a three-dimensional connection is incorporated. Thus, a connection between reactive power, active power and grid voltage is incorporated, which reveals the supply grid's behavior with regard to this grid connection point, and may serve as a basis for the control of the generator when feeding into the supply grid.
According to one embodiment, it is proposed that incorporating the grid characteristic comprise the incorporation of a stability boundary. Such a stability boundary can be specified as a function of the grid voltage on the grid connection point, depending on the fed-in reactive power and the fed-in active power. This boundary is defined by three parameters, and can be illustrated three-dimensionally. In such a three-dimensional representation, the stability boundary basically has a curved or arched surface, namely a boundary surface. Accordingly, the respective operating points, and thus the characteristic provided by the operating points, are chosen on the stable side of the stability boundary. According to the expected dynamics of the supply grid and/or the generator, and thus in the case of a wind power Installation also of the wind, a small or great distance of the respective operating point from the stability boundary may be selected.
According to one embodiment, it is proposed that the at least one incorporated grid characteristic be calculated according to a model. For this purpose, a grid analysis of the supply grid is first performed, considering, for example, the line system, transformers in the supply grid, switching equipment, consumers, and generators. A transformer is hereinafter also simply referred to as a transformer. In particular, its values are entered into a calculation or simulation program. The grid analysis is specifically performed for the existent or planned grid connection point. Therefore, individual elements may be disregarded in the grid analysis if they are evidently no longer of significant relevance for the grid connection point. Respective grid sections can be considered through the use of equivalent models, in particular using substitute impedances. Then, a model of the supply grid is created, based on the grid analysis; this model can be edited and tested with a respective software for a grid analysis model. Next, in particular with such analysis software, and based on the grid model for the concrete grid connection point, a simulation of different operating points is performed, and the simulation results are recorded. The result of the simulation is the at least one incorporated grid characteristic. In particular, a plurality of the simulated individual operating points are determined or taken as a basis for this purpose.
It is noted that the term “supply grid” may also be used in its simple form “grid” or “grid”.
Preferably, the stability boundary resulting, for example, from the above simulation, can be stored in a table. In addition or alternatively, it can also be approximated with an analytical function. Intermediate values that were not recorded may also be determined by interpolation.
According to one embodiment, it is proposed that, when incorporating the at least one grid characteristic, characteristics, or at least one characteristic, of the generator are (or is) to be considered as well, and that a short circuit current ratio is to be incorporated. The grid characteristics of the connection node are also incorporated on this power supply in consideration of the characteristics of the generator. Preferably, it is proposed that the generator be controlled with a short circuit current ratio of <6. Preferably, the short circuit current ratio is hereby <4, and in particular <2. Thus, a control method is suggested for a short circuit current ratio that is smaller than usual. This often requires that this specific design be implemented or at least accepted. It is deliberately proposed to feed into a weak grid, namely in particular with a generator, the connected load of which is large compared to the short circuit power of the grid with regard to the connection point, namely larger than one sixth, larger than a quarter or even larger than half the short circuit power of the grid for this connection point. It has thereby been recognized that using a wind power installation with a voltage source converter can simply be referred to as a voltage converter, in particular with a full converter structure, the operation of which is facilitated in a weak grid. It is deliberately accepted that by choosing or accepting a low short circuit current ratio, operation will occur near a stability boundary. It has been recognized that a control with a voltage converter can secure a respective control, in particular a respective fast and accordingly precise control of the feed-in. As a result, the grid connection points that have so far been regarded as unsuitable can now be used to connect a generator.
According to one embodiment, it is proposed that the operating point of the generator be selected with a predetermined stability reserve with regard to the stability boundary. Therefore, a specific selection of the operating point is proposed, so as to secure stability. This is particularly different from a concept foreseeing a design with a very high short circuit current ratio, whereby a concrete operating point was not selected. In other words, an overly cautious design is avoided. The operating point is selected in a certain stability reserve, and thereby led with this stability reserve during control. With changing grid conditions or boundary conditions in the grid, which for example temporarily reduce the stability reserve, the operating point is adapted accordingly so as to observe again the stability reserve.
According to one embodiment, the stability reserve is a minimum permissible distance of the operating point to the stability boundary, if the values describing the operating point and the stability boundary are standardized. For example, the stability boundary and also the operating point can be defined by the value of the fed-in reactive power, the fed-in active power, and the voltage at the grid connection point. Then, the active power can be standardized to the nominal capacity of the generator, and the reactive power can also be standardized to the nominal capacity of the generator. The voltage is preferably standardized to the nominal voltage. As a result, the values are without unit, and can be compared with each other, which is usually not easily possible with different units.
In the mentioned example, the stability boundary is a curved surface in a space, namely in the space which is formed if the reactive power, the active power and the voltage form a Cartesian coordinate system. In this illustrative example, the stability reserve can be another curved surface, which has, for example, a distance of 0.1 in principle. The stability reserve then, also vividly described, forms something similar to a buffer layer.
In mathematical terms, such a minimum permissible distance can be calculated, for example, by the root of the sum of the squares of the differences of each individual standardized value.
Preferably, different operating points are to be provided for different stability reserves. For example, the stability reserve of an optimum operating point with nominal voltage in which rated active power but no reactive power is fed-in may be selected as small. With other operating points, it may be useful to provide a greater safety distance. The buffer layer, identified as such for illustrative purposes, then does not have a consistent thickness. Such a varying or constant distance is preferably at least 0.05, 0.1 or in particular at least 0.2.
Preferably, during operation, the stability reserve of the actual operating point is constantly observed and, in particular, the operating point is changed if the distance to the stability reserve is reduced, especially if it falls below the value of the respective stability reserve. This observation can be made online or quasi-online, i.e., with small time differences between the observation times and/or through a dynamic observer with a slight time delay. This can be used to respond quickly and at very short notice to changes which are relevant to stability, and thus to secure a stable operation even near the stability boundary.
Furthermore, a wind power installation is proposed which comprises an electric generator coupled with an aerodynamic rotor to generate electric energy from wind, and comprising a frequency converter apparatus to feed the electric energy into the supply grid, whereby the wind power installation is controlled according to at least one method of the above described embodiments. Here, the wind power installation is a generator and is controlled to feed into the supply grid. Preferably, the frequency converter apparatus comprises a rectifier which rectifies the alternating voltage of the electric generator and comprises an inverter to transform the DC voltage into AC voltage to be fed into the supply grid. Such a frequency converter apparatus in which—disregarding losses—all the electric energy produced is completely led through the rectifier and through the inverter can also be referred to as a full power conversion concept or full power conversion topology. Instead of a rectifier, it is also possible to provide a combination of several rectifiers, and/or instead of a single inverter, several inverters can be provided which, in each case, only invert a part of the energy.
Preferably, the wind power installation is connected to the grid connection point, the electric energy produced is fed into the supply grid on this grid connection point, and a short circuit current ratio of <10, preferably <6, even more preferably <4, and in particular <2) is selected. Such a selection of a very small short circuit current ratio is made possible together with the respective control of the generator, namely the wind power installation, during the feed-in. Therefore, wind power installations with high connected loads, in particular high nominal capacities, can be connected to comparatively weak grids, and thus can often be set up at remote locations. As a result, it is now possible to use installation sites which have been unsuitable up to now, since their supply grid would have had to be adjusted significantly.
Preferably, a threatening loss of stability on the grid connection point is detected and/or shown. This is to avoid an interruption of the feed-in, or to prepare the generator for a quick return feeding in case of a loss of stability.
The threatening loss of stability is preferably detected or shown if the amount of a partial discharge of grid voltage exceeds a predetermined active power limit according to the fed-in active power.
By taking the partial discharge of the grid voltage according to the active power into consideration, a grid sensitivity can be detected, and the result of the discharge can be used as an indication to select a more stable operating point.
Preferably, a threatening loss of stability is detected or shown on the basis of an amount of a partial discharge of grid voltage, and according to the fed-in active power, if this amount of partial discharge exceeds a predetermined reactive power limit. Here again, the grid sensitivity is considered or determined.
Preferably, the threatening loss of stability is detected or shown by analyzing a 3-phase voltage of the supply grid according to the method of a symmetrical component, whereby a threatening loss of stability is assumed if the amount of a co-voltage component is larger than a co-voltage limit. In addition and alternatively, it is proposed to assume a threatening loss of stability if the amount of a counter voltage component is larger than a counter voltage limit. The known method of the symmetrical components takes asymmetries particularly into consideration. If the amount of the co-voltage component is monitored, it is monitored to the extent, in simple terms, that the symmetrical portion of the 3-phase voltage system exceeds or falls below a value. Through a consideration of a counter voltage component, it can be recognized in particular whether an asymmetry value is too high and indicates a fault in the grid, which can be expected to result in a loss of stability.
The amount of a difference between a reference frequency and a nominal frequency can also be considered. A threatening loss of stability can be assumed if the difference exceeds or falls short of a predetermined frequency limit or exceeds this by its absolute value.
Equally, a wind park with several wind power installations is proposed, whereby each wind power installation comprises an aerodynamic rotor, an electric generator, and a frequency converter apparatus, as described above. Furthermore, the operation of the park is proposed by means of a method, as described above, according to one of the embodiments. In this respect, the whole park is regarded and operated as a generator in the meaning of the described methods. In particular, the short circuit current ratio relates to the short circuit power ratio of the supply grid of the connection point with regard to the connected load of the wind park, in particular the sum of the nominal capacities of all wind power installations of the relevant wind park. It is also proposed, according to one embodiment, to design this wind park so that it has a low short circuit current ratio, in particular <10, <6, <4, and in particular, preferably <2. Particularly by combining several wind power installations into one wind park, large connected loads can be achieved, as opposed to individual wind power installations. For this purpose, a solution is now proposed allowing for a connection to a comparatively weak grid with regard to the connection point.
The grid sensitivity is important information for the provided control of the generator in feeding electric energy into the grid. This grid sensitivity is a characteristic related in particular to the grid connection point. It depends on the grid characteristics, such as the grid topology, but also on current grid conditions. It basically shows the degree of sensitivity with which the voltage reacts to influences on the grid connection point. If the generator is a wind power installation or a wind park with several wind power installations, the fluctuating wind velocity is an external factor which can, through the wind power installation, influence the grid, and thus the voltage on the connection point. Fluctuations of the wind velocity may have a strong or weak influence on the voltage on the connection point, and accordingly, there will be a strong or weak grid sensitivity with regard to the wind sensitivity.
Further, the current grid condition can have an impact on the sensitivity of the voltage at the grid connection point. For example, if the grid is less sensitive to external factors, the voltage at the grid connection point is more stable if the grid, in particular with regard to the grid connection point, functions in a stable operating point. Conversely, the voltage on the grid connection point can be more easily influenced if the grid functions in a less stable operating point, such as an operating point at which, in the case of a wind power installation, the plant is already supporting the grid.
For example, a wind power installation can support the grid by feeding in reactive power. Preferably, it is therefore proposed that the grid sensitivity be determined in accordance with the partial discharge of the voltage at the grid connection point according to the fed-in reactive power. If there is a strong voltage change at the grid connection point with a change in the fed-in reactive power, the result is a high grid sensitivity, i.e., the voltage can be more easily influenced.
Alternatively or additionally, it is proposed to determine the grid sensitivity on the basis of a partial discharge of the voltage at the grid connection point of the power generated by the wind power installation, namely the active power. The active power generated and fed in by the wind power installation is a measurement for the existent wind velocity. If a change of this fed-in power leads to a strong voltage change at the grid connection point, there is a high sensitivity with regard to this power, and thus with regard to changes of the wind velocity.
Preferably, the grid sensitivity is to be a sum of both of these partial discharges, whereby the summation can be weighted in order to consider or accept influences of varying strength.
It is now preferably proposed to control the generator based on this grid sensitivity. In particular, a control behavior can or should be performed quickly or with amplification if there is high sensitivity and if, in the case of external interferences, a quick reaction is required. On the other hand, with weak sensitivity, a slow controller or a controller with little power can be sufficient.
The load flow calculation described below is used to analyze stationary operating conditions of energy supply systems. The underlying basis is
The classical grid analysis determines the grid via Ohm's law with the following linear equation system in matrix notation, which describes a correlation for n-knots.
Or in short: Y·U=I (linear equation system).
The aim is to determine voltages on each of the n-grid knots (→voltage maintenance).
As the currents in the grids are unknown but the (planned) feed-ins and electric falls are known, the currents are expressed as outputs.
Representing the grid equations via outputs results in the formation of a non-linear equation system.
This non-linear equation system is solved numerically (usually by Newton's method). When solving the equation system numerically, it must be linearized. This is done by the partial discharges of the matrix elements on the basis of the unknown, namely still the amplitude (U2 . . . Un and the angle (δ2 . . . δN) of the knot voltages here.
The matrix with the partial discharges is called a Jacobian matrix. In order to solve the equation system, this must be invertible, i.e., regular.
The invention is described in more detail below by embodiments as examples with reference to the accompanying figures.
Below, identical reference signs for similar, but non-identical elements may be provided, or they can also be provided for elements that are only illustrated schematically or symbolically, and that may have different details, but which are not relevant for the respective explanation.
Wind power installation 1 comprises generator 6, which is driven by the wind, thereby generating electric energy. In one of the embodiments, generator 6 is an electrically excited multiphase synchronous generator 6 with 2 respectively star-shaped interconnected 3-phase systems, which is illustrated by means of the two star symbols in generator 6 of
In particular, control unit 22 controls inverter 16 such that the manner of the feed into the grid 4 is controlled. Tasks are thereby performed, such as adjusting the power that is to be fed to the situation in grid 4, in particular the frequency, phase and amplitude of the voltage in the grid. In addition, control unit 22 is designed to control the portion of the active power P and reactive power Q of the power that is actually fed into grid 4. Here, measurements are performed in grid 4, in particular on grid connection point 2, and are evaluated accordingly. Among other things, the actual voltage in grid 4 is measured, in particular in the form of the actual effective value of the voltage, and compared with the default value for the voltage, namely default value VSET.
Accordingly, the illustrated system, and in particular inverter 16 with control unit 22, form a voltage control system, which is abbreviated as VCS.
To control the generator of the wind power installation, power control block 24 and power evaluation block 26 are provided in the area of the nacelle. In the example of the illustrated embodiment, power control block 24 particularly controls the excitation, namely the excitation current of the separately excited synchronous generator. Power evaluation block 26 evaluates the power led to rectifier 8, and compares it with the output power released by rectifier 8 over DC current line 10 to inverter 16. The result of this evaluation is forwarded to power control block 24.
The structure of
Finally, exciter control 24′ is provided, which can be fed with energy from the DC link that is represented by intermediate circuit capacitor 28′. Said exciter control 24′ controls the excitation current of separately excited generator 6′ and basically corresponds to power control block 24 of
Inverter 16′ can feed in active power P and/or reactive power Q.
To illustrate the weak grid, serial impedance 5′ is shown in front of grid connection point 2′. Said serial impedance 5′ exists only in this test structure or illustrating structure, and indicates the grid impedance. Therefore, the point shown directly next to transformer 18′ can also be referred to as grid connection point 2″. This differentiation between these two grid connection points 2′ and 2″ only results from this use of serial impedance 5′, and usually does not exist in this form in real grids.
The connection between grid connection point 2′ on the wind power installation side and connection point 2″ on the grid side cannot be ignored, and accordingly, the voltage VWP is reached on the wind power installation side on grid connection point 2′ on the wind power installation side, whereas the voltage Vgrid is reached on connection point 2″ on the grid side.
The voltage VWP on the wind power installation side is determined and evaluated in evaluation block 34 for control. The evaluation is at first performed in such a way that the measured values are recorded with measuring block 36. The measurement results are forwarded, amongst other things, to stability control block 38, which can also be referred to as SVCS (Stability Voltage Control System) block. Stability control block 38 calculates a default value QSet for the reactive power that is to be provided. This reactive power that is to be reached is then transferred as respective default value to both wind power installations 1, and accordingly would be transferred to all wind power installations in one amount. This default value can be transferred as an absolute value, in particular if wind power installations 1 have the same size and are subject to the same wind conditions. However, it can also be provided as a default value, such as a percentage value which refers to properties of the respective wind power installation, e.g., as the nominal capacity of the relevant wind power installation.
Further, measuring block 36 transmits the values to observer block 40, which calculates further conditions on the basis of the determined measurement values, such as the fed-in active power or the fed-in reactive power, and transmits its results to system model block 42. Observer block 40 can also obtain or derive information on the power demand, if necessary.
The system model of system model block 42 is used to determine a maximum active power Pmax that is to be fed in, and to feed it to wind power installations 1. This maximum active power that is to be fed in can be provided as an absolute or relative value. It is noted that the illustration of evaluation block 34 is to explain the structure. In general, it is not necessary that evaluation block 34 be physically designed as an independent apparatus.
The preset reactive power Qset and the maximum active power Pmax are then transferred to the FACTS control block 44 of each wind power installation 1. The term “FACTS” is also used in the German language and is an abbreviation for “Flexible AC Transmission System”. The FACTS control block 44 then implements the default values and controls inverter 16 accordingly, whereby it can also consider measurement values from the wind power installation conditions.
In particular, but not exclusively, evaluation block 34 can provide stability relevant defaults for a stable feed into grid 4. In particular, an operating point can be set that is favorable with regard to the amount of energy to be fed or with regard to the amount of power and stability. In particular, an operating point with a stability reserve can be determined here. Here, stability control block 38 can reach a stability reserve with regard to reactive power that is to be fed-in by means of a respective default of the reactive power Qset.
Changes in the active power result in particular from changes in the wind velocity ΔVW , which impacts wind power installation block 58. This wind power installation block 58 illustrates the influence of the change in wind velocity ΔVW upon the change in active power ΔP, whereby the control of the wind power installation is also to be considered, and is considered by this block 58.
The change in reactive power ΔQ can also depend on the wind power installation, or at least the control of the wind power Installation; however, it generally depends on other contexts that are independent of the wind velocity. Its change is illustrated by control block 60. For explanatory purposes, this control block 60 is divided into reactive power default block 62 and FACTS block 64. Control block 60, and thus reactive power default block 62, are initially dependent on a voltage deviation ΔV, namely on the grid connection point, less a predetermined voltage deviation ΔVSET. On the basis of this resulting voltage deviation, reactive power default block 62 determines a reactive power that is to be fed in or, depending on a voltage change, a predetermined change of the reactive power to be fed in. This is forwarded to FACTS block 64, which accordingly implements the feed-in of the reactive power or the change in the feed-in of the reactive power.
Wind power installation block 58 and control block 60 can also be understood as a transfer function of the respective input value, and reactive power default block 62 and FACTS block 64 can each be understood as individual transfer functions that are interlinked in control block 60.
For example, nominal voltage is achieved if 10% of reactive power Q and 50% of active power P is fed in with regard to short circuit power SSC.
The graph of
Usually, for the illustrated grid connection point of the grid example, a feed-in would be realized within a standard operating range 200. The feed-in would thus be realized with an active power P of approximately 10% of short circuit power SSC, with a feed-in of approximately 5% of the reactive power of short circuit power SSC. Under the idealized assumption that fed-in active power P corresponds to the rated power or connected load of the generator or the sum of the generators connected to the grid connection point, the feed-in of 10% of short circuit power SSC would mean that connected load PGen is 10% of the short circuit power SSC. Short circuit current ratio Scr=SSC/PGen is therefore approximately 10. This corresponds to approximately the center of the illustrated standard operating range 200.
According to one or more embodiments of the invention, however, it is proposed to feed in significantly more active power P, namely within the range of 60% to 70% of short circuit power SSC. Accordingly, a feed-in of 20% to 30% of reactive power Q related to short circuit power SSC is to be provided in order for this to maintain the voltage on the grid connection point within the range of 100 to 110% of the nominal voltage. As a precautionary measure, it is pointed out that the feed-in of 110% of the nominal voltage on the grid connection point does not mean that an increased voltage of 110% can be measured on the consumer side. Firstly, there is usually a considerable grid section between the grid connection point and the first relevant consumer. Secondly, step transformers can be provided in the grid, which can provide a balance to a certain extent. The measures to be taken thereon, which depend on the individual grid, including consumer and generator and various other framework conditions, cannot be addressed in this application. An expert is usually familiar with the required measures.
This proposed section is shown in
The illustration of
The preferred operating range, namely increased operating range 210, has a smaller distance to stability boundary 202 than standard operating range 200. However, it should be noted that no specific considerations or analyses were made with regard to the grid characteristics, as shown in
The proposed solution accurately analyzes the grid with regard to the provided grid connection point, in particular by quantitatively incorporating contexts as shown in FIG. 6—and preferably in
In addition, it is proposed that the wind power Installation be controlled in the meaning of a closed control loop, as is shown in particular in
The voltage sensitivity shown is the change in voltage with the change in active power pursuant to
With regard to the present embodiment, i.e., the exemplary configuration, the change in the standardized voltage related to a change in power P in MW or a change in reactive power Q in MVAr is described.
In particular, it is proposed to consider these values in the closed loop, as schematically realized by the elements shown in
Embodiments of the invention thus proposes in particular that a wind power installation, and finally also a wind park, no longer be connected according to the old principle of the grid parallel operation, assuming that the grid capacity is sufficient, but rather that the connection point be specifically analyzed and that the results already be considered prior to the operation, and that a customized wind power installation or wind power installation park then be connected there. Preferably, the control and the operating range that is to be chosen, in particular with regard to the reactive power Q and the active power P to be fed in, are customized and arranged closer to a stability boundary than was previously done by experts. In so doing, the benefits of a wind power installation are used in a targeted manner, namely to respond rapidly and in a targeted manner to changes, in particular changes in grid conditions. This is to avoid an excessively large size of the grid, in particular of the specific grid connection point, at least for the connection of wind power installations to the grid. Nevertheless, it is possible to maintain and even improve stability if the control or regulator recognizes the characteristics of the grid connection point or the grid very well with regard to the grid connection point, and if it observes grid conditions.
As a purely precautionary measure, it is pointed out that a regulator is basically understood as a closed loop with feedback, whereby a control basically refers to an open “loop”, i.e., a situation without feedback. Nevertheless, a control block that implements a control method, can be used in a control loop. With regard to the example in
The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments.
These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2012 212 364.4 | Jul 2012 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2013/064069 | 7/3/2013 | WO | 00 |
