Patent Grant
6901221
This invention relates generally to light bending devices. More particularly, the invention relates to fiber optic modules.
Fiber optic modules interface optical fibers to electronic circuitry transducing communication by light or photons with communication by electrical signals. A fiber optic module may be a fiber optic receiver, transmitter or transceiver including both receive and transmit functions. The fiber optic receiver, transmitter and transceiver each have optical elements (OE) and electrical elements (EE). The fiber optic transmitter OE includes an emitter (such as a semiconductor LED or Laser) mounted in a package and an optical coupling element for coupling light or photons from the OE into the optical fiber. The type of semiconductor laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) may be a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). The fiber optic receiver OE includes a photodetector (such as a photodiode) mounted in a package and an optical coupling element for coupling light or photons from the optical fiber into the photodetector. The EE for each includes integrated circuits and passive elements mounted on a substrate such as a printed circuit board (PCB) or ceramic. The OE and EE are connected electrically at the emitter and photodetector.
Because of the high transmission frequencies utilized in fiber optic communication, crosstalk between receive and transmit signals is of concern. Additionally, electromagnetic interference (EMI) is of concern due to the high frequency of operation of the fiber optic modules. In order to reduce EMI, shielding of the electrical components is required which is usually accomplished by attaching a metal shield to the substrate of the fiber optic module and connecting it to ground. In order to avoid electronic crosstalk and EMI, the fiber optic transceiver usually employs separate components and separate shielding of fiber optic receiver and fiber optic transmitter components. In order to avoid optical crosstalk where light or photons can interfere between communication channels, the fiber optic transceiver usually employs separate optical elements for coupling light or photons into and out of the optical fiber for fiber optic receiver and fiber optic transmitter. Using separate optical elements requires additional components and increases the costs of fiber optic transceivers. It is desirable to reduce the component count of fiber optic transceivers such that they are less expensive to manufacture.
The form factor or size of the fiber optic module is of concern. Previously, the fiber optic transceiver, receiver, and transmitter utilized horizontal boards or substrates which mounted parallel with a system printed circuit board utilized significant footprint or board space. The horizontal boards provided nearly zero optical crosstalk and minimal electronic crosstalk when properly shielded. However, the horizontal boards, parallel to the system printed circuit board, required large spacing between optical fiber connectors to make the connection to the optical fibers. While this may have been satisfactory for early systems using minimal fiber optic communication, the trend is towards greater usage of fiber optic communication requiring improved connectivity and smaller optical fiber connectors to more densely pack them on a system printed circuit board. Thus, it is desirable to minimize the size of system printed circuit boards (PCBs) and accordingly it is desirable to reduce the footprint of the fiber optic module which will attach to such system PCBs. Additionally, the desire for tighter interconnect leads of fiber optic cables, restricts the size of the OE's. For example, in the common implementation using TO header and can, the header dimension of the interconnect lead is normally 5.6 mm. In small form factor optical modules, such as the MT family, the two optical fibers are separated by a distance of only 0.75 mm. This severely restricts the method of coupling light or photons from the OE into and out of fiber optic cables.
There are a number of types of fiber optic cables available. The types of fiber optic cables can vary by the mode or the frequencies supported (single or multimode), the diameter of the fiber, the type of index of refraction (graded, stepped, uniform, etc.), and other factors. Often times the received light from an optical fiber is nonuniform making the alignment between optical fiber and an optical element more critical. Additionally, the light output from a light transmitter is often a single mode or only having a couple modes and it is desirable to excite multiple modes in a multimode optical fiber. When multiple modes are coupled into a multimode fiber, photons propagate at different speeds in the fiber. Such a difference in speed causes an effect known as the differential mode delay (DMD) phenomenon in multimode optical fibers which can reduce the optical transmission distance within an optical fiber. To overcome this phenomenon, the beam is ordinarily off-center launched into the fiber to excite only higher order modes of the fiber. Fewer modes in the fiber will reduce the DMD effect. However, such a launch technique increases alignment difficulty in the assembly, and thus the cost of the module. It is therefore desirable to have a single design that can couple light into or receive light from various diameters of optical fibers with better alignment tolerance. Thus, it is desirable to improve the OEs of fiber optic modules for coupling or launching light into various fiber optic cables and for receiving light from various fiber optic cables.
Briefly, the present invention includes a method, apparatus and system for improved optical elements for vertical PCB fiber optic modules as described in the claims. Fiber optic transmitter and receiver electrical elements are implemented on two separate substantially parallel boards in a fiber optic transceiver modules. The parallel boards are mount substantially perpendicular to the base of the fiber optic module and the system printed circuit board to which it attaches, to reduce the footprint of the fiber optic module. In one embodiment, bending light or photons through ninety degrees, the light transmitter (a packaged type of emitter) and a light receiver (a packaged type of photodetector) are each mounted substantially perpendicular to the transmit and receive boards respectively such that their active areas are nearly facing each other but offset. A single optical block implements lenses and reflecting surfaces to minimize manufacturing costs. The light receiver and light transmitter are mounted offset from each other in the optical block in order to avoid optical cross talk. In a second embodiment, the light transmitter (emitter) and the light receiver (photodetector) are each mounted substantially parallel with the transmit and receive boards respectively and the connection to the optical fibers. The separate and substantially parallel receive and transmit boards are provided with ground planes on back sides in order to minimize electrical cross talk. A module outer shielded housing, manufactured out of metal or metal plated plastic, provides further shielding for EMI. The substantially parallel boards may be extended to support multiple channels or multiple parallel fibers such as in a ribbon optical fiber cable. Manufacturing steps of the boards for the fiber optic module are disclosed to provide reduced manufacturing costs.
In a third embodiment of the present invention, the light receiver and light transmitter are coupled to the receive board and transmit boards on an angle facing towards the optical fibers. The receiver and transmitter can be mounted directly across from each other without any offset in position because they do not face each other but are coupled at an angle and can avoid optical cross talk. A single optical block can provide the lenses and reflecting surfaces to minimize manufacturing costs. The reflecting surface for the transmitter may include a beam shaper to uniformly mix the spatial modes and increase the beam size to reduce the beam alignment sensitivity for coupling the light into the fiber, such that passive alignment need only be used. The beam shaper furthermore improves the launching of light or photons into a multimode optical fiber to stimulate other modes such that differential mode delay effect and modal noise is reduced. The separate and substantially parallel receive and transmit boards are provided with ground planes on back sides facing each other in order to minimize electrical cross talk. A module outer shielded housing, manufactured out of metal or metal plated plastic, provides further shielding for EMI.
In a fourth embodiment of the present invention, the light receiver and light transmitter are coupled to the receive board and transmit boards on an angle facing away from the optical fibers. The receiver and transmitter can be mounted directly across from each other without any offset in position because they do not face each other but are coupled at an angle and can avoid optical cross talk. A single optical block can provide the lenses and reflecting surfaces to minimize manufacturing costs. The reflecting surface for the transmitter may include a beam shaper to uniformly mix the spatial modes and the beam size to decrease the alignment sensitivity of the transmitter, such that passive alignment need only be used. The beam shaper furthermore improves the launching of light or photons into a multimode optical fiber to stimulate other modes such that differential mode delay effect is reduced. The separate and substantially parallel receive and transmit boards are provided with ground planes on back sides in order to minimize electrical cross talk. A module outer shielded housing, manufactured out of metal or metal plated plastic, provides further shielding for EMI.
In the following detailed description of the present invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be obvious to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances well known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the present invention.
The present invention includes a method, apparatus and system for improved optical elements for vertical PCB fiber optic modules. Briefly, fiber optic transmitter and receiver electrical elements are implemented on two separate substantially parallel boards in a fiber optic transceiver modules. The parallel boards are mounted substantially perpendicular to the base of the fiber optic module and the system printed circuit board to which it attaches, to reduce the footprint of the fiber optic module. In one embodiment, bending light or photons through ninety degrees, the light transmitter (a packaged type of emitter) and a light receiver (a packaged type of photodetector) are each mounted substantially perpendicular to the transmit and receive boards respectively such that their active areas are nearly facing each other but offset. A single optical block implements lenses and reflecting surfaces to minimize manufacturing costs. The light receiver and light transmitter are mounted offset from each other in the optical block in order to avoid optical cross talk. In a second embodiment, the light transmitter (emitter) and the light receiver (photodetector) are each mounted substantially parallel with the transmit and receive boards respectively and the connection to the optical fibers. The separate and substantially parallel receive and transmit boards are provided with ground planes on back sides in order to minimize electrical cross talk. Preferably the ground planes on the back sides of the printed circuit boards face each other. A module outer shielded housing, manufactured out of metal or metal plated plastic, provides further shielding for EMI. The substantially parallel boards may be extended to support multiple channels or multiple parallel fibers such as in a ribbon optical fiber cable. Manufacturing steps of the boards for the fiber optic module are disclosed to provide reduced manufacturing costs.
In a third embodiment of the present invention, the light receiver and light transmitter are coupled to the receive board and transmit boards on an angle facing towards the optical fibers. The receiver and transmitter can be mounted directly across from each other without any offset in position because they do not face each other but are coupled at an angle and can avoid optical cross talk. A single optical block can provide the lenses and reflecting surfaces to minimize manufacturing costs. The reflecting surface for transmission may include a beam shaper to mix the spatial modes uniformly and to reduce beam alignment sensitivity for coupling the light into the fiber, such that passive alignment need only be used. The beam shaper furthermore improves the launching of light or photons into a multimode optical fiber to stimulate other modes such that differential mode delay effect and modal noise is reduced. The separate and substantially parallel receive and transmit boards are provided with ground planes on back sides facing each other in order to minimize electrical cross talk. A module outer shielded housing, manufactured out of metal or metal plated plastic, provides further shielding for EMI.
In a fourth embodiment of the present invention, the light receiver and light transmitter are coupled to the receive board and transmit boards on an angle facing away from the optical fibers. The receiver and transmitter can be mounted directly across from each other without any offset in position because they do not face each other but are coupled at an angle and can avoid optical cross talk. A single optical block can provide the lenses and reflecting surfaces to minimize manufacturing costs. The reflecting surface for the transmitter may include a beam shaper to uniformly mix the spatial modes and increase the beam size to decrease the alignment sensitivity of coupling light into the fiber, such that passive alignment need only be used. The beam shaper furthermore improves the launching of light or photons into a multimode optical fiber to stimulate other modes such that differential mode delay effect and modal noise are reduced. The separate and substantially parallel receive and transmit boards are provided with ground planes on back sides facing each other in order to minimize electrical cross talk. A module outer shielded housing, manufactured out of metal or metal plated plastic, provides further shielding for EMI.
Referring now to
Each of the optoelectronic devices, receiver 111 and transmitter 110, have terminals to couple to thruholes of the PCBs 106 and 108. The transmit PCB 106 includes electrical components 112 (transmitter integrated circuit (laser driver), resistors, capacitors and other passive or active electrical components), pins 113, and a ground plane 114. The electrical components 112 control the transmitter 110 and buffer the data signal received from a system for transmission over an optical fiber. The receive PCB 108 includes electrical components 116 (receiver integrated circuit (transimpedance amplifier and post amplifier), resistors, capacitors and other passive or active electrical components), pins 117, and a ground plane 118. The electrical components 116 control the receiver 111 and buffer the data signal received from an optical fiber. The ground planes 114 and 118 and the shielded housing 119 are coupled to ground. The electrical components 116 and pins 117 are sandwiched between the ground plane 118 and the shielding 119 to shunt electromagnetic fields to ground and avoid crosstalk in the receive PCB 108. Electrical components 112 and pins 113 are sandwiched between the ground plane 114 and the shielded housing 119 to shunt electro-magnetic fields generated by these components to ground and avoid crosstalk in the transmit PCB 106. Optional internal shielding 109 further provides additional crosstalk protection between printed circuit boards. If ground planes 114 and 118 are not used, then internal shielding 109 is required to reduce the electromagnetic fields that may be generated.
The optical block 102 includes lenses 120-123 and reflectors 124-125. Lenses 120-123 may be any culminating lenses including aspheric lenses, ball lenses, and GRIN lenses. Lenses 121-123 may be symmetric (circular symmetry) or asymmetric to provide optical steering. Lens 123 is for collimating the light or photons diverging from the transmitter 110 and lens 122 is for focussing the collimated light or photons into an optical fiber. Lens 120 is for collimating the light or photons diverging out from the end of an optical fiber and lens 121 is for focusing the collimated light or photons into the receiver 111. Reflectors 124-125 may be facets formed in the optical block having angles to provide total internal reflection between the optical block material and the atmosphere. Preferably they are forty five degree angle facets. Alternatively, they may be facets coated with a reflective surface or mirror surface to reflect light or photons off the reflective coated surface or facets having an optical grating surface to reflect photons. The optical block 102 is constructed of a thermoplastic or polycarbonate which is clear to the desired wavelengths of light or photons. The reflectors 124-125, lenses 120-123 and other elements of the optical block 102 described below are formed through injection molding of the desired material.
Referring to
For coupling to a fiber optic connector, the fiber optic module 100 has a nose 202 and a nose shield 203. The nose 202 includes a optical fiber opening 222 and a latch opening 223. The latch opening 223 receives the optical fiber connector and holds the optical fiber substantially fixed in place and aligned with the optical opening 217 of the alignment plate 201. The nose shield 203 includes an opening 224 for insertion over the nose 202 and shield tabs 225 for coupling to the ground plane of the package. The nose shielding 203 further reduces EMI.
After assembling the nose pieces to the optical block 102, the transmitter 110 and receiver 111 may be aligned to provide optimal light or photon output and reception. Alignment of the transmitter 110 and receiver ill in optical block 102 is performed by active alignment where the receiver 111 and transmitter 110 are powered up to detect and emit photons. By moving them in and out by their headers, the receiver 111 and transmitter 110 are properly aligned in the optical block 102 to provide maximum photon detection from or coupling into fiber 101. The tacking holes 215 extend into the openings 213 and 214 such that epoxy may be poured in to hold the optoelectronic devices to the optical block. After alignment is complete, the epoxy is UV cured and allowed to set such that the receiver 111 and transmitter 110 are substantially coupled to the optical block 102.
After the epoxy has set, the receive PCB 108 and the transmit PCB 106 may be attached to the receiver 111 and transmitter 110 respectively. Receiver thruholes 232 in the receive PCB 108 are aligned and slid over terminals 211 of the receiver 111. The terminals 211 are then soldered to make an electrical connection on the component side (opposite the side of the ground plane 118) of the receive PCB 108. Transmitter thruholes 233 in the transmit PCB 106 are aligned and then slid over the terminals 210 of the transmitter 110. The terminals 210 are then soldered to make an electrical connection on the component side (opposite the side of the ground plane 114) of transmit PCB 106. Ground planes 114 and 118 have sufficient material removed around the transmitter thruholes 233 and the receiver thruholes 232 respectively to avoid shorting the terminals of the transmitter 110 and receiver 111 to ground.
After coupling the PCBs 108 and 106 to the receiver 111 and transmitter 110 respectively, the assembly is inserted into the shielded housing 119. The optional internal shield 109 is next assembled into the shielded housing 119 between the PCBs 106 and 108. The optional internal shield 109 has pin slots 230 to surround the pins 113 and 117 and avoid shorting thereto. The shielded housing 119 includes clips 236 at each corner for mating to a base 205. The base 205 includes PCB slots 240, clip openings 238 into which the clips 236 may be inserted, and base pin holes 242 into which the PCB pins 113 and 117 may be inserted. The base 205 includes a guide post 244 for mounting the fiber optic module into a system printed circuit board. The bottom of the base mounts parallel to the printed circuit board of the system such that when horizontal, the receive PCB 108 and the transmit PCB 106 are vertical and substantially perpendicular in reference to the printed circuit board of the system and the base 205. Next in assembly, the base 205 has its base pin holes 242 slid over the PCB pins 113 and 117, the printed circuit boards 106 and 108 are guided to mate with the PCB slots 240, and the clips 236 of the shielded housing 119 are guided into the clip openings 238. The receive PCB pins 113 and the transmit PCB pins 117 are vertical and substantially perpendicular in reference to the printed circuit board of the system and the base 205. After coupling the base 205 to the shielded housing 119, the clips 236 are bent, twisted, or otherwise changed in order to hold the base 205 in place. As an alternative to clips 236 and clip openings 238, the shielded housing 119 may use plastic clips, or a ridge, integrated into each side that couples to base 205 appropriately. The shielded housing 119, which is coupled to ground, encases the PCBs 106 and 108 to reduce the electro-magnetic fields generated by the electrical components coupled thereto by shunting the electric fields to ground to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI).
Referring now to
Light or photons, incident from a fiber optic cable coupled to the fiber optic module 100, is received through the optical port 217 of the MT alignment plate 201. Light or photons from the fiber optic cable are aligned to be incident upon the lens 120. Lens 120 collimates the incident light or photons from a fiber optic cable onto the reflector 124 at an incident angle I2 of substantially forty five degrees. Reflector 124 reflects incident light or photons at a refractive angle R2 equivalent to incident angle I2 of substantially forty five degrees towards lens 121. Lens 121 focuses the light or photons received from a fiber optical cable onto the detector 304. Light or photons incident from a fiber optic cable, defining a second optical axis, are substantially perpendicular to the light or photons incident upon the detector 304.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Lenses 820-823 of the optical block may be any culminating lenses including aspheric lenses. Lenses 820-823 may be symmetric (circular symmetry) or asymmetric to provide optical steering. Lens 823 is for collimating the light or photons diverging from the transmitter 110 and lens 822 is for focussing the collimated light or photons into an optical fiber. Lens 820 is for collimating the light or photons diverging out from the end of an optical fiber and lens 821 is for focusing the collimated light or photons into the receiver 111. Reflectors 824-825 may be facets formed in the optical block having angles to provide total internal reflection between the optical block material and the atmosphere for incident light. Preferably the reflectors 824-825 are on a thirty degree angle with the fiber axis. The fiber axis is an axis or line emanating from the circular center of a perfectly coupled optical fiber. Alternatively, the facets may be coated with a reflective or mirror surface to reflect light or photons off the reflective coated surface to reflect photons. Additionally, the reflector 825 may be a beam shaper to form a more uniform light pattern for more efficient optical fiber coupling. The reflector 825 may include an optical grating surface or a prism as the beam shaper. The optical block 802 is constructed from similar materials and in a similar method as optical block 102.
Referring now to
Light or photons emitted by the transmitter 110 are coupled into lens 823 and collimated onto the reflector 825 at an incident angle I3 (angle with the perpendicular to reflector 825 surface) not equal to forty five degrees. Reflector 825 reflects the incident light or photons on a reflective angle R3 (angle with the perpendicular to reflector 825 surface). If reflector 825 is only a reflective surface, the reflective angle R3 is equivalent to the incident angle I3. If reflector 825 is a beam shaper the reflective angle R3 may not be equal to the incident angle I3. With a beam shaper, the reflective angle R3 may be off the fiber axis by the angle L1, referred to as the launch angle. The launch angle L1 ranges between zero and thirty degrees. The reflected light or photons travel towards the lens 822. Lens 822 focuses the light or photons from the transmitter 110 into an aligned optical fiber through the optical port 417A. Thus with optical block 802, light or photons coupled or launched into an optical fiber, are non-orthogonal to the light or photons emitted and incident upon lens 823 from the transmitter 110.
Light or photons, incident from a fiber optic cable coupled to the fiber optic module 800, is received through the optical port 417A. Light or photons from the fiber optic cable are aligned to be incident upon the lens 820. Lens 820 collimates and focuses the incident light or photons from a fiber optic cable onto the reflector 824 at an incident angle I4. Reflector 824 reflects incident light or photons at a reflective angle R4. The reflective angle R4 is equivalent to the incident angle I4. Lens 821 focuses the light or photons received from a fiber optical cable into the receiver 111. Thus with optical block 802, light or photons incident from a fiber optic cable are non-orthogonal to the light or photons incident upon the receiver 111.
Similar to optical block 102 illustrated in
Lenses 1120-1123 of the optical block may be any culminating lenses including aspheric lenses. Lenses 1120-1123 may be symmetric (circular symmetry) or asymmetric to provide optical steering. Lens 1123 is for collimating the light or photons diverging from the transmitter 110 and lens 1122 is for focussing the collimated light or photons into an optical fiber. Lens 1120 is for collimating the light or photons diverging out from the end of an optical fiber and lens 1121 is for focusing the collimated light or photons into the receiver 111. Reflectors 1124-1125 are facets formed in the optical block. Preferably the reflectors 1124-1125 are on a sixty degree angle with the fiber axis. Alternatively, the facets need to be coated with a reflective or mirror surface to reflect light or photons off it. Additionally, the reflector 1125 may be a beam shaper to form a more uniform light pattern for more efficient optical fiber coupling. The reflector 1125 may include an optical grating surface or a prism as the beam shaper. The optical block 1102 is constructed from similar materials and in a similar method as optical block 102.
Referring now to
Light or photons emitted by the transmitter 110 are coupled into lens 1123 and collimated onto the reflector 1125 at an incident angle I5 (angle with the perpendicular to reflector 1125 surface) not equal to forty five degrees. Reflector 1125 reflects the incident light or photons on a reflective angle R5 (angle with the perpendicular to reflector 1125 surface). If reflector 1125 is only a reflective surface, the reflective angle R5 is equivalent to the incident angle I5. If reflector 1125 is a beam shaper the reflective angle R5 may not be equal to the incident angle I5. With a beam shaper, the reflective angle R5 may be off the fiber axis by the angle L1, referred to as the launch angle. The launch angle L1 ranges between zero and thirty degrees. The reflected light or photons travel towards the lens 1122. Lens 1122 focuses the light or photons from the transmitter 110 into an aligned optical fiber through the optical port 417A. Thus with optical block 1102, light or photons coupled or launched into an optical fiber, are non-orthogonal to the light or photons emitted and incident upon lens 1123 from the transmitter 110.
Light or photons, incident from a fiber optic cable coupled to the fiber optic module 1100, is received through the optical port 417A. Light or photons from the fiber optic cable are aligned to be incident upon the lens 1120. Lens 1120 collimates and focuses the incident light or photons from a fiber optic cable onto the reflector 1124 at an incident angle I6. Reflector 1124 reflects incident light or photons at a reflective angle R6. The reflective angle R6 is equivalent to the incident angle I6. Lens 1121 focuses the light or photons received from a fiber optical cable into the receiver 111. Thus with optical block 1102, light or photons incident from a fiber optic cable are non-orthogonal to the light or photons incident upon the receiver 111.
Similar to optical block 102 illustrated in
The reflecting surface includes a beam shaper in order to mix the spatial modes. The uniformly mixed modes reduce the effect known as the modal noise. The off-angle launching reduces the differential mode delay phenomenon in multimode optical fibers which can reduce the optical transmission distance within an optical fiber. Using a beam shaper, the beam can also be collimated without using lenses in order to save valuable physical space within the fiber optic modules. Additionally, uniformly distributed modes decrease the alignment sensitivity of the optical coupling of the transmitter such that passive alignment need only be used. The beam shaper furthermore improves the launching of light or photons into a multimode optical fiber to stimulate other modes, referred to as a multi-mode conditional launching. This reduces the phenomena known as the differential mode delay effect.
The previous detailed description describes fiber optic modules as including a receiver and transmitter. However, one of ordinary skill can see that a fiber optic module may be a receiver only or a transmitter only such that only one board may be substantially perpendicular to the base. Additionally, the previous detailed description described one PCB board for receive and transmit functions. However, the present invention may be extended to a plurality of PCB boards substantially in parallel for providing transmit or receive functionality or both into parallel fiber optic cables.
As those of ordinary skill will recognize, the present invention has many advantages over the prior art. One advantage of the present invention is that the alignment of optoelectronic devices is simplified such that manufacturing costs are reduced. Another advantage of the present invention is that vertical PCBs provide a narrower width of fiber optic module to provide a coupling to narrower optical fiber connectors. Another advantage of the present invention is that orientation of the optoelectronics eliminates optical cross talk. Another advantage of the present invention is that the physical separation of the receive and transmit optical elements and electrical elements provides superior isolation and minimizes optical and electrical cross-talk.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention for METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR IMPROVED OPTICAL ELEMENTS FOR VERTICAL PCB FIBER OPTIC MODULES are thus described. While the present invention has been described in particular embodiments, the present invention should not be construed as limited by such embodiments, but rather construed according to the claims that follow below.
This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/320,409, filed May 26, 1999 by inventors Wenbin Jiang et al, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR VERTICAL CONSTRUCTION OF FIBER OPTIC TRANSMITTERS, RECEIVERS AND TRANSCEIVERS”, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,213,651 B1, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, verbatim and with the same effect as though it were fully and completely set forth herein.
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