The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for in vitro testing of medical devices designed to be inserted into the vaginal cavity. The apparatus is capable of constant pressure and sudden pressure increases which mimic in vivo intra-abdominal pressures. Additionally, the apparatus may be used to test external products that collect bodily fluids discharged from the vagina.
Internal organs and tissues of the human body function while under normal body pressure. Generally, normal body pressure is a constant pressure, which may be altered by doing activities such as exercising, coughing, sleeping, etc. The change in pressure may occur gradually or suddenly.
The vagina is a collapsed tube-like structure which is surrounded by other organs such as the uterus, bladder and rectum. The vagina is also held in place by connective tissue, muscles and ligaments. The interaction of this suspension system allows the vagina to deform and be displaced, especially by the uterus during pregnancy. It is a very complex and dynamic system, one which complicates development of products designed to be inserted into the vaginal canal or worn externally adjacent the labia. In order for a product to function correctly, it must be flexible for the sudden or gradual change in the vagina when the vagina and surrounding tissues undergo increases in pressure.
A commercial tampon can be labeled to have a specific absorbency, which can be determined by a test developed by the FDA (37 CFR 801.430). This test is known as the Syngyna test and involves placing an unlubricated condom in a glass chamber filled with water pumped from a temperature controlled waterbath. Syngyna fluid is then pumped through an infusion tube to the tampon. During the test the tampon is under the pressure of the water within the glass chamber.
An in vitro apparatus and a test method for simulating menstruation and/or incontinence must take all the various issues discussed above into consideration. It must be robust enough to allow for real-life situations. For example, a woman may experience menstrual fluid gushes when she sneezes. Another woman with weak abdominal muscles may experience stress incontinence during a coughing spell. Menstrual fluid may flow differently through the vagina in a supine or sitting position.
Others have tried to address the needs of designing a biomechanical model that could be used as an vaginal model, which could be used for designing products for overcoming some of these issues. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,166,085 (Gann et al.) purports to disclose an apparatus for in vitro testing of a tampon and applicator systems. In this patent, there is a target placement position which is achieved by expelling a tampon contained within an applicator into the in vitro receptacle. The in vitro receptacle may be pressurized above ambient atmospheric pressure by use of compressed air. This creates resistance to delivering the tampon into the vagina. WO 2009002648 (Dougherty et al.) purports to disclose in vitro measurement of catamenial tampon systems. In this publication, there is a testing apparatus which includes a pressure vessel assembly, a stand, a pump for delivering fluid such as menses and a pressure regulator. The operating ranges of static pressure within the chamber of the assembly extend from a range of about 0 to 20 psig.
The present invention addresses the problems experienced by menstruating and incontinent women by providing an apparatus and method for designing products such as tampon and incontinence devices that can handle fluid issues resulting from dynamic intra-abdominal pressures.
We have invented a method and apparatus for simulating a female vagina for use in the in vitro testing of medical devices designed to be inserted into the vaginal cavity.
In one embodiment of the invention, an apparatus for simulating a female vagina includes a pressure chamber, a vaginal model disposed in a pressure chamber and means to deliver liquid into the vaginal model. The pressure chamber includes an interior, first means to provide fluid pressure to the pressure chamber, and second means to provide localized fluid pressure within the pressure chamber. The vaginal model includes a wall that (1) defines a vaginal lumen extending inwardly from a vaginal opening associated with a bore through an exterior surface of the pressure chamber to vaginal fornices adjacent a cervical port; (2) has an outer surface comprising an anterior vaginal surface and a posterior vaginal surface; and (3) has at least one passage for providing a fluid to the cervical port.
Another embodiment of the invention relates to a method for simulating fluid flow in a vaginal model disposed in a pressure chamber. The vaginal model has a wall that (1) defines a vaginal lumen extending inwardly from a vaginal opening associated with a bore through an exterior surface of the pressure chamber to vaginal fornices adjacent a cervical port, (2) has an outer surface comprising an anterior vaginal surface and a posterior vaginal surface, and (3) has at least one passage for providing a fluid to the cervical port. The method includes the steps of (a) providing a first pressure in the pressure chamber; (b) delivering liquid to the at least one passage for providing a fluid to the cervical port; and (c) providing a second pressure to the anterior vaginal surface.
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for testing and designing intravaginal products which may be more efficient in absorbing fluid in the presence of dynamic intra-abdominal pressures. The apparatus, a Simulated Incontinence and Menstruation Apparatus “SIMA,” may be used in conjunction with intravaginal tampons and their absorption of liquids such as bodily fluids. Additionally, the present invention may be utilized with incontinence device such as those as disclosed in U.S. Pub. Nos. 20080009662, 20080033230, 20080009931, and 20080009814, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
There are two types of pressures that are applied in SIMA: body pressure and intra-abdominal pressures. As used herein the specification and the claims, the term “body pressure” and variants thereof relate to the pressure that is in situ, hydrostatic pressure applied in the body, even at rest. This pressure has been measured to change depending on a woman's position (sitting, standing, supine, etc.). SIMA simulates this pressure by applying a constant pressure in the chamber. This pressure can also be changed to correspond with “real-life” changes or movements such as sitting, lying down, etc. This may also be considered to be generally static (for a given body position), background pressure.
In addition to the generally static, background body pressure, SIMA is capable of providing intra-abdominal pressures. As used herein the specification and the claims, the term “intra-abdominal pressures” and variants thereof relate to those dynamic pressures that are applied to the pelvic system in a downward manner. These pressures may include, without limitation, pressures relating to normal routine activities such as lifting, coughing, laughing, walking, deep breathing, sitting, sneezing, as well as intentionally generated pressures such as through a valsalva maneuver. A valsalva maneuver is typically defined as making a forceful attempt at expiration while holding one's breath and was originally used to clear the ears. Pushing to force a bowel movement or the contraction of the abdominal muscles during a cough or sneeze is included in this definition. This type of valsalva pressure varies from greater than 0 to over 220 cm H2O (0-3.129 psi) and causes the pelvic organs to descend (coughing generates about 100 cm H2O pressure). SIMA simulates these movement-derived pressures by applying a direct downward pressure towards the vaginal anatomy.
These movements may also be associated with “stress-type” events, which may result in stress-incontinence or gushing of menstrual fluid flow already resident in the vagina. The movements may be sudden (instantaneous) or of short time duration.
Body pressure varies with activity and position (sitting/standing/lying down). SIMA can simulate these variations in body pressures, from greater than 0 to over 220 cm H2O (0-3.13 psi). Body pressures for non-exerting activities are normally in the range between about 20 cm H2O to about 50 cm H2O. On average, body pressure for sitting is about 23 cm H2O, for standing is 27 cm H2O and for lying in a supine position, body pressure is about 2.4 cm H2O. It must be noted that various factors can affect body pressure. For example, body mass index (BMI) can affect body pressure; as BMI increases, body pressure in the abdomen also increases. This is thought to be due to increased gravitational pull on body mass above and around the abdomen bearing on the pelvis and organs located in the pelvic region.
Intra-abdominal pressure increases during exercising or jumping due to increased downward pressure exerted by muscles and or movement of body mass downward on the pelvic organs. This increase in intra-abdominal pressure may be exemplified by an average valsalva pressure of about 88 cm H2O (standing), and average pressures measured while climbing stairs of about 94 cm H2O. These values for body pressures and intra-abdominal pressures can be found in Cobb et al., Journal of Surgical Research, v. 129, pp. 231-235 (2005).
As stated above, intra-abdominal or instantaneous pressures result from sudden stress events such as sneezing/coughing and also from intense, slightly longer term pressures such as valsalva. These types of pressures can be simulated in the SIMA system. In SIMA, coughing may be simulated by applying pressure to the vaginal anatomy (75-150 cm H2O) (1.07-2.13 psi) over a short period of time, typically 1-2 seconds. However, SIMA can be programmed to apply pressure over less time, as low as 0.5 seconds or less. Valsalva maneuvers can be simulated by applying pressure to the vaginal anatomy (50-90 cm H2O) (0.71-1.28 psi) over a longer period of time (5-10 seconds). Of course, what is important is that the intra-abdominal pressure provides an increase in pressure for a relatively short period of time in regards to the static or background body pressure. These pressures may also be repeated within a period of time. For example, coughing may be replicated by a series of three 1 second bursts of pressure, each burst 2 seconds apart.
Simulating these intra-abdominal or instantaneous pressures is helpful to understand menstrual fluid flow and its interaction with the anatomy and medical device. Referring to
Intra-abdominal pressure is also important to simulate for testing of intravaginal incontinence devices for urinary stress incontinence. It is useful to model stress events such as coughing, laughing, or sneezing which often result in leakage of urine from the bladder and urethra in order to study urinary stress incontinence. Simulating downward intra-abdominal pressures exerted during these events is important to simulate in testing incontinence devices such as pessaries (e.g., to determine their ability to stay-in-place).
The SIMA system includes the vaginal anatomy which was replicated from a 3D computer model. The 3D model was reconstructed from 2D MRI. Having the actual geometry of the vaginal anatomy is an important aspect in understanding how intra-vaginal devices such as incontinence pessaries fit and stay in place in the vagina.
The location of an incontinence device in the vagina is an important factor in an efficacious device. The working section of the device should be applied to the desired portion of an adjacent urinary system. Applicators can be developed and tested in the SIMA system to determine whether they deliver a desired incontinence device to a desired location within the vaginal model. Some devices are designed to be placed at the urethra-vesical (UV) junction, while others may be placed to bear on a mid-urethral location. As SIMA has the full external labial to vaginal anatomy in a pressurized environment similar to an actual woman, SIMA is a useful simulation test method to test various applicator prototypes for its ability to deliver the device to this location.
As used herein, the term “medical device” shall mean those devices that can be inserted into a woman's body to perform a function. For example, vaginal tampons, suppositories, birth control devices such as IUDs and diaphragms, internal incontinence devices and pessaries, and douches, personal lubricant applicators and yeast infection applicators are all examples of medical devices that may be studied in conjunction with SIMA.
SIMA may also be used for the development of other external products such as napkins and liners. By controlling the amount of fluid and the flow of the fluid, napkins and pantyliner function may be investigated. In particular, modeling how a product like a napkin handles gushes of fluid may prove useful in developing a napkin having an improved system of rapid absorbent.
The SIMA system includes the external labial anatomy that is made out of a soft, transparent, and stretchable material. In a preferred embodiment, the labial anatomy was modeled from a woman and cast in the desired material. The movement of fluid along the labia and gushes are important aspects in understanding how external sanitary napkins interact with the anatomy. Fluid movement and gushes can be simulated in the SIMA system.
Examples of fluids that may be used in SIMA include, without limitation syngyna or suitable artificial menstrual fluid. Syngyna fluid is prepared as described in 21 CFR §801.430. Another example of a suitable fluid can be found in U.S. Pub. No. 20070219520 (Rosenfeld et al.). In this disclosure, test fluid was made of the following mixture to simulate bodily fluids: 49.5% of 0.9% sodium chloride solution (VWR catalog #VW 3257-7), 49.05% Glycerin (Emery 917), 1% Phenoxyethanol (Clariant Corporation Phenoxetol®) and 0.45% Sodium Chloride (Baker sodium chloride crystal #9624-05).
In this invention, SIMA includes at least (1) an in vitro vaginal model that is subjected to an initial pressure and (2) means to provide a secondary pressure. In order to use SIMA for medical device testing, the test device may be inserted while under the initial pressure. The secondary pressure will then be applied afterwards.
In another embodiment, SIMA includes 1) a pressure chamber, 2) means to provide body pressure, 3) means to provide intra-abdominal pressures, 4) a vaginal model, 5) means for providing and controlling of fluid flow to the vaginal model, 6) means to regulate both pressures, 7) means to visualize the effect of the fluid, and 8) means to control and record simulated event(s).
In one embodiment of the invention, recording and monitoring of all simulated events can be accomplished by applying a Data Acquisition System. Requirements of a data acquisition system may include 1) graphical user interface (“GUI”) terminal, 2) a local computer, such as a personal computer (“PC”), 3) a programmable logical controller (“PLC”), 4) associated sensors, and 5) control components. Sensor and control component signals are input into the PC/PLC inputs and outputs. Data may be read and processed by the PC/PLC. Data may be displayed on the GUI terminal automatically and in real time. Data may be saved by the PC into PC memory. One advantage to using a system having a PC is that all data can be saved and retrieved by the user enabling data management, archiving, graphical representation and report generation. Data acquisition includes but is not limited to measurements of 1) body pressure, 2) intra-abdominal pressure, 3) fluid flow, 4) timing and pulsation intervals, 5) date and time stamps, 6) test and user names, etc.
SIMA has the potential to initially have a constant uniform body pressure to replicate normal body pressures and also to replicate sudden intra-abdominal pressure increases, which can simulate coughs, sneezes, and any other movements such as valsalva maneuvers or other intra-abdominal pressure changes. By using the various electronic controllers, one can program SIMA to imitate a single cough or repeat a series of coughs. This ability allows an investigator to examine and study fluid flow through the vaginal model. This will be discussed in greater detail in the Example section.
Referring to
The in vitro vaginal model 20 (shown in detail in
The vaginal anatomy of the present invention was developed from MRI data of a live female subject. In particular, an MRI of a nulliparous (no vaginal births) woman was obtained in the supine position. Using commercially available software, the internal vaginal lumen and outer geometry of the vagina were traced from the introitus to the cervix. One example of such a software program capable of analyzing the imaging scans is the 3D-Doctor™ program, available from Able Software (Billerica, Mass.). The 3D-Doctor™ software provides advanced three-dimensional modeling, image processing, and dimensional analysis for various imaging applications including, but not limited to, MRI, CT, PET, microscopy, scientific, and industrial three-dimensional imaging. The 3D-Doctor™ software supports both grey scale and color images stored in DICOM and other image file formats and can create surface model images and volume renderings from two or more two-dimensional cross section images taken in real time on a computer having adequate graphic functions. By simple tracing, specific anatomical features can be viewed separately. The tracings were then lofted into 3D geometry and converted into an .stl file. This 3D model was then used to develop the mold for the vaginal part. MRIs of multiparous women may also be used to form the vaginal model. In the molding the actual vaginal model used in this apparatus, care was taken to provide a realistic model. Difficulties occurred in removal of the model from the mold after curing such that the lateral sides 26 (shown in
As indicated above, the vaginal model 20 is installed in the pressure chamber 30. This installation is shown in greater detail in
During operation, the pressure chamber 30 is appropriately sealed to maintain background air pressure, the body pressure discussed above. This pressure is established by application of air through one or more air supply ports 34.
Body pressure varies with activity and position (sitting/standing/lying down). SIMA can simulate these variations in body pressures, from greater than 0 to over 220 cm H2O (0-3.13 psi). Body pressures for non-exerting activities are normally in the range between about 20 cm H2O to about 50 cm H2O. On average, body pressure for sitting is about 23 cm H2O, for standing is 27 cm H2O and for lying in a supine position, body pressure is about 2.4 cm H2O. Preferably, the background pressure or first pressure in the SIMA system is maintained at greater than about 0 cm H2O, such as for a supine woman, more preferably, the background pressure is maintained at greater than about 20 cm H2O. Preferably, the background pressure is less than about 50 cm H2O. Thus a preferred first pressure range would be between greater than about 0 cm H2O and about 50 cm H2O. A more preferred range would be between about 20 cm H2O and about 50 cm H2O. The first pressure range is maintained relatively constant during a test simulation. Preferably, the first pressure range or background pressure range is maintained within about 5 cm H2O, more preferably, within about 2 cm H2O and most preferably, within about 1 cm H2O.
As shown in
The pressure chamber 30 is mounted on a pivoting support to permit the system to model a woman in a range or orientations from standing to supine or lying flat on her back. This is shown in
As detailed above and shown in the figures, the vagina can be characterized as a cone-shaped structure with the proximal end (upper fornices) being wider than the distal end (introitus). The anterior and posterior walls of the vagina are also collapsed together, even with an intra-vaginal device in place. These walls however can also open and close, depending on the woman's positioning, muscle structure, and activity. Intra-vaginal pressures help fluid move between these walls by compressing the walls together. The vagina is also curved in the sagittal (side) view. The vagina extends generally vertically from the introitus to a “vaginal flexure” at which it begins to curve to an angle α of about 40° from the horizontal. This vaginal flexure 27 is about 5 cm above the introitus in the SIMA model based upon the subject from which the vaginal model 20 was derived. This difference could affect how an intra-vaginal device is placed in the vagina and consequently the perceived wearing comfort of the device. Factors that affect the vaginal flexure of the vagina could include genetics, muscle structure and strength as well as ligaments and tendons joining the muscle structure, and pelvic bone structure. In a preferred embodiment shown in
Other embodiments may contain primiparous and/or mulitparous vagina, which differs from a nulliparous vagina in mainly the width and supporting structures (angle) of the vagina. MRI studies of mulitiparous women showed that the vaginal width at the widest part of the vagina (proximal end, near fornices) ranges from 3.5 to 5.7 cm. Supporting structures to the vagina can decrease in strength with damage to the pelvic floor muscles due to child birth, genetics, surgery, increased weight gain, and other factors. SIMA model can simulate this change in support structure by changing the angle of the in vitro vaginal model. In addition, the length of the vagina can vary widely from woman to woman. In other embodiments, SIMA system can simulate these anatomical differences in order to better understand how these factors affect menstrual fluid flow and its interaction with a tampon or the vaginal anatomy and an incontinence device.
Any materials may be used to create the final vaginal model. Materials that may be molded but retain a certain flexibility are preferred. Other materials useful for making the vaginal model may include but are not limited to silicones (including room-temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber), polyethylene, castable polyurethane, plasticized polyvinyl chloride, styrene-butadiene, thermoplastic elastomers, rubber latex, and the like. Preferred materials include thermoplastic elastomeric materials such as Santoprene™ brand thermoplastic vulcanates (TPV) (Supplier: Exxon Mobil Chemical, Houston, Tex., USA). In one preferred embodiment, the vaginal model is made from a 30:60 blend of DS-302 and DS-303 (California Medical Innovations, Pomona, Calif.). Materials that can be molded but are clear after curing are also preferred.
The materials may be heated until liquefied and then poured into the mold. The filled mold may be placed into an oven for curing for a period of time. The vaginal model is then released from the mold. Once it has cooled, it is mounted into the support platform.
The molded labia provide a resistance normally seen in women during insertion of a medical device. The vaginal model also provides realistic resistance to the medical device in that the model is provided at an angle (as in a female body) and the interior walls are a flat cone-like shape. The material chosen to make the vaginal model is important as the material may affect the flexibility of the molded labia and molded vagina. A medical doctor (urologist) performed a pelvic examination of the in vitro SIMA vagina and found it to be realistic to a typical female patient.
The following examples will detail how the vaginal model described above is used.
An example of SIMA was constructed for this example using the diagram shown in
In one preferred embodiment shown schematically in
As in
As shown in
A second proportional valve 45 having an integral pressure sensor for pressure regulation related to the intra-abdominal pressure system and delivered pressurized air via air line 46 to an accumulator tank 47. Again, the proportional valve regulates the pressure in the accumulator tank 47 to provide constant intra-abdominal pressure supply and to release pressure once testing is complete. The accumulator tank 47 was connected to the pressure chamber solenoid air valve (cough valve) 62 (
The SIMA pressurization system allows for precise control of air pressure inside the pressure chamber 30 (body pressure). As air was introduced into the pressure chamber 30 to simulate dynamic intra-abdominal pressure, the air pressure in the pressure chamber 30 (the body pressure) increased momentarily. Once the intra-abdominal pressure delivery ended, the body pressure gradually readjusted, automatically, to the original body pressure setting. Pressure relief valve 66 (
As shown in
One example of a suitable fluid pump is made by Watson-Marlow Model 520 Di with Pump Head Model 505L, which was used for this example. While for medical devices such as tampon, an artificial menstrual fluid is preferred, other fluids may be substituted.
As shown in
In vitro vaginal model 20 included vaginal lumen 21, cervical port 24, and labia 25. Intra-abdominal pressure nozzle 36 was disposed adjacent to the central portion of anterior vaginal surface 22 of the in vitro vaginal model 20 (
Synthetic menstrual fluid was delivered through the cervical port 24 via cannula 31, and it flowed within the vaginal lumen 21, and out through the labia 25 (
In the embodiment shown in the figures, the temperature was room temperature but additional controls may be put into place to elevate or lower the temperature of the interior of the box, which would include the vaginal model and fluid.
SIMA allows for two modes of operation—manual and automatic. These modes are further discussed in Examples 2 and 3.
Another advantage to a system like SIMA is the ability to capture data. It is also possible to monitor the test by video recording devices and/or taking photographs during the testing as the vaginal model can be transparent.
Whenever testing commences, the data acquisition system can also commence automatically. The data acquisition system is capable of, but not limited to, recording of events at specified sampling rate and recording the date, time, test name, user name, body pressure, intra-abdominal pressure at accumulating tank, intra-abdominal pressure delivered to the vaginal model, menstrual pump flow and menstrual pump flow events. During the recording period, the data is saved to the PC hard drive under an assigned file name. Data is saved in comma-delimited format, also referred to as comma-separated values (CSV) format and can be imported into an Excel spreadsheet. Data can be imported into an Excel spreadsheet to enable further data visualization, data management, data archiving, graphical representation and report generation.
During the data acquisition process, the acquired data can be viewed in real-time on the Graphical User Interface (GUI) terminal. It is possible to go forward and backward in time using the arrows to either side of the pause button. Pressing the pause button again will bring the trend screen back into real-time monitoring. The capability also exists to perform print screen function.
Step A—Prior to using the apparatus, artificial menstrual fluid is prepared according to patent publication US 20070219520. The computer, monitor, and fluid pump is turned on. The internal vaginal cavity is cleaned of any residual menstrual fluid from previous testing by using a cotton swab and the pump is flushed with water until the hosing is clean. Next, the vaginal cavity is primed with artificial menstrual fluid prior to testing. The fluid pump is calibrated and the cannula is placed within the cervix opening of the vaginal model. The box is then closed and set into the desired testing position (sitting, standing, or supine). A tampon is weighed without the cello wrap (example: commercial o.b.® tampon regular absorbency made by McNeill Consumer Products). A small amount (˜0.1-0.2 grams) of KY gel® is placed on the tip of the tampon (to facilitate insertion). The tampon is weighed tampon with KY and the weight recorded. The tampon is inserted into the opening of the labial portion. In some cases, it is preferred to place the tampon to the left side of the vagina as tampons are typically placed on the lateral wall of the vagina (either left or right). The placement of the tampon is recorded, as measured from the cervix. In a preferred embodiment, the tampon is placed about 10 mm below the cervix.
Step B—On the touch screen controls, the “Manual mode” of operation is selected. The desired body pressure is selected (in cm H2O). In a preferred embodiment, 27 cm H2O was selected to simulate a standing position. The green switch “On” (next to the heading “Body Pressure”) is depressed to engage body pressure. The cough pressure is selected (in cm H2O). In one preferred example, 146 cm H2O was selected. Additionally, the “cough on time” and “cough full cycle time” is selected. The “cough on time” represents the duration of the single cough and in a preferred embodiment, 1.0 second was selected. The “cough full cycle time” represents the time period during which the cough will occur. In a preferred embodiment, 10 seconds is selected. These settings will provide a 1 (one) second cough every 10 seconds for a cough pressure of 146 cm H2O. The green switch “ON” (Next to the heading Cough Pressure) is depressed to engage the cough pressure. Next the menstrual flow in mL/Min is entered. In a preferred embodiment, 1 mL/Min is entered. The “Flow On Time” is entered, which is the duration of the flow. In a preferred embodiment, 10 seconds is selected. The “flow full cycle time” is entered. In one preferred embodiment, 20 seconds is selected. This setting will provide 10 seconds of fluid flow every 20 seconds. The pump calibration value is entered and the green “ON” button (next to the heading “Menstrual Flow”) depressed to engage the menstrual flow.
Step C—The start button is depressed to start testing. Video recording and/or digital photographs may be obtained during testing. To stop testing, the Stop button is depressed.
Step D—At the conclusion of the test, the tampon is carefully removed and the stain pattern and weight is recorded. The internal vaginal anatomy of the vaginal model is cleaned by using a cotton swab and the fluid pump/hosing flushed with water.
Repeat Step A from Example 2
Step B—On the touch screen controls, press the “Automatic mode” of operation. This mode of operation allows a user to re-run a previously set up “recipe” or enter the parameters for a new one. As used herein, the term “recipe” shall mean the combination of pressures (body, intra-abdominal), time sequences, and flow, all of which happen at preset times intervals. If this is a first time recipe, the user inputs the information and creates a recipe name or number, which is then saved. For example, the conditions of Step B of the manual mode are inputted and saved as a new recipe. Parameters such as body pressure and step length (length of time you would like to run the entered body pressure in seconds) are entered. Likewise, the cough pressure recipe is selected, which includes the cough pressure in cm H2O, cough on time in seconds, full cycle time in seconds, count (number of times you would like to run the cycle), and the step length (count×full cycle time). The menstrual flow recipe is entered in mL/min, flow on time in seconds, full cycle time in seconds, count (number of times the cycle is to run), and the step length (count×full cycle time). The save button is engaged at the top of the screen to save this recipe.
Step C—The testing is begun by pressing the start button. Video recording and/or digital photographs may be obtained during testing. The system completes its cycle automatically, or it is manually stopped, as appropriate.
Step D—At the conclusion of the test, the tampon is carefully removed and the stain pattern and weight is recorded. The internal vaginal anatomy of the vaginal model is cleaned by using a cotton swab and the fluid pump/hosing flushed with water.
The user may also edit or run a previously entered “recipe”, which would include other cycles, trends, etc.
For both the manual and automatic mode of running SIMA, the instantaneous pressure may be manually repeated or automatically programmed to repeat at certain time intervals. For example, SIMA may be used to study the effects of coughing every 60 seconds, each cough being 1 second in duration. This means that the vaginal model of SIMA may be under a “body pressure” of 30 cm H2O for 60 seconds, with the “intra-abdominal pressure” reaching 150 cm H2O for 1 second. This trending seeks to replicate the body dynamics of a menstruating or incontinent woman when she cough—a body action which is intense and brief.
The SIMA system includes the external labial anatomy, which was casted from a woman, is made out of a soft, transparent, and stretchable material. The movement of fluid along the labia and gushes are important aspects in understanding how external sanitary napkins interact with the anatomy. Fluid movement and gushes can be simulated in the SIMA system.
The SIMA system is setup with the same parameters used in any of Examples 1-3. Body pressure is applied to the system at 27 cm H2O, cough pressure is set to 146 cm H2O (with a cough on time of 1 second and full cycle time of 10 seconds), and menstrual fluid flow is set to 1 mL/min with the flow on for 10 seconds over a 20 second cycle. Gushes (3 mL) are also introduced to the system after 3 minutes of flow using a syringe. A Stayfree® regular ultrathin napkin is manually applied against the SIMA system and the fluid movement and interaction with the anatomy is observed. Time to leak and add-on (in grams) are recorded. Observations are made on how the fluid moves along the body and interacts with the napkin. These observations are important in developing new insights into the absorbent system of napkins and how leakage can occur.
The SIMA system includes the vaginal anatomy which was replicated from a 3D vaginal computer model. The 3D model was reconstructed from 2D MRI. Having the actual geometry of the vaginal anatomy is an important aspect in understanding how intra-vaginal devices such as incontinence pessaries fit and stay in place in the vagina.
The SIMA system is set up with the same pressure parameters used in Examples 1-3. Body pressure is applied to the system at 27 cm H2O and cough pressure is set to 146 cm H2O (with a cough on time of 1 second and full cycle time of 10 seconds). Menstrual fluid flow is turned off for incontinence device testing. The incontinence device is inserted into the vagina and the device's ability to stay in place is recorded and observed.
The specification and embodiments above are presented to aid in the complete and non-limiting understanding of the invention disclosed herein. Since many variations and embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.