Patent Application
20190005164
This disclosure relates to the field of injection molding and computer modeling of fluid flow in a cavity. More particularly, this disclosure relates to molding an object according to the computer modeling of an injection molding process.
Injection molding of parts includes injecting material into a mold, packing and cooling of the material in the mold to form the desired part, and ejecting the finished part from the mold. Parameters such as the flow rate, temperature, and pressure will affect the time it takes to fill the mold during the injection phase, and the time it takes to cool the material. Table data has been used to optimize the fill time.
Computer aided engineering simulation can be used advantageously to provide design and manufacturing engineers with visual and numerical feedback as to what is likely to happen inside the mold cavity during the injection molding process, allowing them to better understand and predict the behavior of contemplated component designs so that the traditional, costly trial and error approach to manufacturing can be eliminated substantially.
In one embodiment, a method of modelling and then physically forming an object includes building a computer model of a mold for the object. The step of building the computer model of the mold includes inputting parameters related to the object and the mold. The method also includes identifying sensor locations in the computer model of the mold that correspond to locations where physical sensors would be located in a physical mold, and placing virtual sensors in the computer model at the sensor locations. The method further includes inputting parameters related to an injection material and an injection machine and creating a simulated injection by simulating flow of the injection material into the computer model of the mold. The method also includes determining a desired flow rate profile of the injection material during the simulated injection and creating pressure, volume, and temperature curves for the desired flow rate profile of the injection material at the sensor locations. The method additionally includes providing a physical mold corresponding to the computer model of the mold, where the physical mold has physical sensors at the sensor locations. The method further includes injecting the injection material into the physical mold at a physical flow rate corresponding to the desired flow rate profile, monitoring pressure, volume, and temperature of the injection material by the physical sensors, and controlling the physical flow rate when the monitored pressure, volume, or temperature of the injection material deviates from the pressure, volume, and temperature curves.
In another embodiment, a method of molding includes providing a physical mold having a plurality of physical sensors at sensor locations and providing pressure, volume, and temperature curves for a desired flow rate profile of an injection material at the sensor locations. The method also includes injecting the injection material into the physical mold at a physical flow rate corresponding to the desired flow rate profile and monitoring pressure, volume, and temperature of the injection material by the physical sensors. The method further includes controlling the physical flow rate when the monitored pressure, volume, or temperature of the injection material deviates from the pressure, volume, and temperature curves.
In yet another embodiment, a system includes a cavity, an injection nozzle configured to inject material into the cavity, and a plurality of sensors at sensor locations. Each of the plurality of sensors is configured to sense a pressure, volume, and temperature of the material at one of the sensor locations. The system further includes a controller configured to control a flow rate of the injection of material into the cavity. The controller is configured to receive information from the plurality of sensors related to the pressure, volume, and temperature of the material and compare the received information to pressure, volume, and temperature curves. The controller is configured to control the flow rate when the pressure, volume, or temperature of the injection material deviates from the pressure, volume, and temperature curves.
In still another embodiment, a system includes a cavity, an injection nozzle configured to inject material into the cavity, and a plurality of sensors at sensor locations. Each of the plurality of sensors is configured to sense a pressure, volume, and temperature of the material at the sensor locations. The system also includes a controller configured to control a flow rate of the injection of material into the cavity and a finite element analysis (“FEA”) run time module. The FEA run time module and the plurality of sensors are configured to use solvers to generate a learning database. The FEA run time module employs the learning database to autonomously control the system for molding a component.
In the accompanying drawings, structures are illustrated that, together with the detailed description provided below, describe exemplary embodiments of the claimed invention. Like elements are identified with the same reference numerals. It should be understood that elements shown as a single component may be replaced with multiple components, and elements shown as multiple components may be replaced with a single component. The drawings are not to scale and the proportion of certain elements may be exaggerated for the purpose of illustration.
In the illustrated embodiment, the injection molding device 100 is configured to fill a first mold 110a and a second mold 110b simultaneously. The injection molding device 100 includes a gate 120 having a large diameter portion 130 and a reduced diameter portion 140 that leads to a main passageway 150. The main passageway terminates at a first arm 160a and second arm 160b, each of which is orthogonal to the main passageway 150. The first arm 160a leads to a first exit nozzle 170a that is orthogonal to the first arm 160a and terminates at the first mold 110a. The second arm 160b leads to a second exit nozzle 170b that is orthogonal to the second arm 160b and terminates at the second mold 110b.
Injection material is forced through the injection molding device 100 using a press, reciprocating screw, or other driving mechanism (not shown). The injection material may be a thermoplastic material such as ABS, polypropylene, polyoxmethylene, polycarbonate, PVC, nylon, acrylic, styrene, polyether imide, or blends of the aforementioned material. It should be understood that these materials are merely exemplary and any injection material may be employed. The injection material may be provided in the form of thermoplastic pellets that are placed in a hopper (not shown). The thermoplastic pellets are then melted and forced through the gate 120 by the driving mechanism.
Sensors are employed at various locations on the injection molding device 100 or molds 110 to measure temperature and pressure inside the device. Sensors are also employed to measure the velocity of the injection material as it flows through the injection molding device 100 or molds 110. In one embodiment, sensors are located at the exit nozzles 170 and at the fill ends of the molds 110. However, sensors may be employed at any location. Additionally, the position and velocity of the driving mechanism is also measured by an encoder or other measuring device. The fill time and cooling time are also measured during the injection molding process.
Prior systems have attempted to optimize filling time and cooling time by relying on table data that relates a given measurement to adjustments in the speed of the driving mechanism or to other adjustments. In the presently disclosed system, real data is acquired from real time measurements and additional parameters are mathematically calculated. The real time measurements and calculated parameters are used to adjust the speed of the driving mechanism on the fly.
Sensor locations are identified during the building of the solid model. The sensor locations correspond to locations where physical sensors would be located in a physical mold. A single sensor location may be identified, or two or more sensor locations may be identified. In one embodiment, at least two sensor locations are identified, including a first location at a nozzle and a second location at an end of a fill location. However, it should be understood that any number of sensor locations may be employed.
After the sensor locations are identified, virtual sensors are placed in the solid model at the sensor locations. The virtual sensors are nodal points at which information is gathered during simulations.
With the resultant finite element model or other discretized solution domain defined, a user specifies boundary conditions for the analysis. The boundary conditions are parameters related to the object being molded, the material being used in the molding process, the mold itself, or the machine providing the material. More specifically, in an injection mold, the boundary conditions are parameters related to the part, the injection material, the injection mold, or the injection machine.
As can be seen in
Part parameters 210a include the estimated weight of the part, the heat transfer area of the part, nominal wall thickness, other part geometries, surface finish, and the minimum and maximum wall thickness of the part. Part parameters 210a may also include the final temperature at which the part is removed from the mold 110. The final temperature may be selected by the operator, or otherwise determined as the temperature at which the part maintains its shape.
Material parameters 210b include mass density, molar heat capacity, fluid composition, and thermal conductivity. The injection material may be a blend of multiple materials, each having different material properties. Each constituent material has a known mass density, molar heat capacity, and thermal conductivity. The material property of the resulting material may be determined from these constituent values and the weight percentage of the constituent materials.
Material parameters 210b may include table data stored in a database. Exemplary table data includes the data shown in Table 1 below. This data is merely exemplary, and is presented to illustrate the type of data that may be stored for various materials. As can be seen below, the material properties are shown for a given temperature or pressure, but those properties may change as the temperature and pressure changes. Thus, the table data may include data for a range of temperatures and pressures. Material characterization at the right places at the right time usable for monitoring and control in real time.
Mold parameters 210c include mold temperature, cavity dimensions, cavity configuration, mold parting plane, the mold volume, the construction of the mold (e.g., the materials used to construct the mold, or the material properties of the mold), or heating or cooling assumptions related to the mold. Additional part parameters include any heating or cooling elements that aid in heat transfer.
Machine parameters 210d include the applied temperature, fluid injection location, fluid injection temperature, fluid injection pressure, fluid injection volumetric flow rate, and melt pressure. The operator may vary the temperature or vary the position or velocity of the driving mechanism to adjust the flow rate. The temperature may be measured both within the injection molding device 100 and within the mold 110.
Machine parameters 210d also include the geometry of the machine. As the injection material is forced through the injection molding device 100, the geometry of the injection molding device affects the flow rate of the injection material. For example, in the
As the injection material passes through the main passageway 150, the arms 160, and the exit nozzles 170, the injection material experiences additional shears and changes in pressure, further affecting the flow rate of the injection material. Likewise, as the injection material experiences further shears and changes in pressure as it flows through the molds 110.
The injection material may also experience a change in temperature as it flows through the injection molding device 100 and the molds 110. The material may cool as it travels away from the heat source. However, friction may heat the material as it travels along its path. Such changes in temperature may affect the viscosity of the material and further affect the flow rate. These changes may be negligible, however. The change in temperatures may be mitigated or accelerated based on the heat conductivity of the materials selected for the injection molding device 100 and the molds 110, or with the use of heating or cooling elements along the pathway of the injection material.
The multi-physics FEA processor calculates additional parameters based on the part parameters 210a, material parameters 210b, mold parameters 210c, and machine parameters 210d. For example, the heat deflection temperature or heat distortion temperature (i.e., the temperature at which a polymer or plastic sample deforms under a specified load) may be determined from the material, machine, and mold parameters.
The multi-physics FEA also runs simulated injection molding processes and measures and calculates additional parameters during the simulations. The calculated parameters include, without limitation: the mass density of the injection material, the mass heat capacity of the injection material, the molar average heat capacity of the injection material, the molecular weight, the volume, the screw stroke, the relative viscosity, the absolute viscosity, the Reynold's number at a given location, the thermal conductivity of the injection material, the thermal diffusivity, the Prandtl at a given location, the relative shear, the relative shear rate, the melt flow index, the viscosity as a function of molecular weight, the viscosity as a function of shear, the mass as a function of shear rate, the determined stress as a function of position, the determined mass in the part as a function of position, the minimum and maximum polydispers in the part as a function of position, the theoretical cooling time, economics leading indicators, dynamic melt pressure, volumetric flow rate, bulk elastic modulus, flow velocity, Cauchy numbers, and density.
From these simulations, an optimal flow is determined by the multi-physics FEA processor 220, and pressure, volume, and temperature curves are created for the virtual sensor locations. Likewise, curves representing other data may also be generated. The curves may reflect measured data, calculated data, or retrieved data. For example, a temperature curve may reflect the temperature measured by sensors or virtual sensors. A curve representing material properties may reflect a table entry for a given property for a given material at the measured temperature. A curve representing relative shear may be calculated from measure data or table data using solvers.
The curves may be generated and read at run time 230, as the parameters are adjusted automatically on the fly. In another embodiment, the FEA calculations will be performed first, and the curves will be determined by reading the readings from the physical sensors and using the pre-calculated curves to determine what feed-forward profile to use for controlling the melt by pressure, screw velocity, or a combination profile to achieve the optimal plastic material flow.
The same parameters 210 are used in the process controls 240 of a molding system. As the molding system injects material into the cavity, the process controls 240 compare the pressure, volume, and temperature at sensor locations to the pressure, volume, and temperature curves. The pressure, volume, and temperature curves will be used in the actual molding operations to adjust the pressure, screw velocity, and temperature during the molding process so that the PVT readings of the physical sensors matches the PVT curves of the virtual sensors.
As one or more parameters change during the molding process, these changes affect other parameters. For example, an increase in temperature affects certain material properties, which in turn affects the volumetric flow rate of the material. Thus, during the molding process, the parameters are constantly monitored, measured, and re-calculated. By measuring and calculating these parameters in real time, the system provides feedback to the controller, which may then adjust other parameters (such as screw velocity) to finely control the molding process. Thus, the system may be characterized as having self-controlling injection capabilities.
The controller may employ machine learning or deep learning capabilities to control the molding process. In such an embodiment, while algorithms and solvers may be employed to calculate certain parameters, the controller employs machine learning techniques to read the real time inputs and make appropriate adjustments to the system.
When the system is used to simulate an injection molding process, data is recorded at each of the sensor locations. Such data recordation may be referred to as data capture by the virtual sensors in the solid model. Specifically, the pressure, volume, and temperature are recorded at the sensor locations during the simulation, so that pressure, volume, and temperature curves can be created. The pressure, volume, and temperature curves can represent the change of pressure, volume, and temperature over time or the change of pressure, volume, and temperature per unit of displacement of the injection material.
Upon completion of the analysis, the analytical results may be output in a variety of manners. For example, the relevant variables may be displayed in a graphics format, overlaying the solid model for visual review by the user, or may be output electronically for further processing or analysis. If the results of the filling phase and the packing phase are deemed to be acceptable, the simulation terminates and the user can proceed to release the design to manufacturing. Because the specified boundary conditions included information related to the configuration of the injection mold and the process parameters, the design can be released for machining of the injection mold and the injection molding process operation sheets generated directly. The pressure, volume, and temperature curves can also be released to an operator, for use with the physical mold during the molding process.
If, however, the user determines that the results of the simulation are unacceptable or less than optimal, the user has the option of modifying one or more of the boundary conditions or discretization of the model solution domain and thereafter repeating simulation iteratively, until such time as the user is satisfied with the results. Examples of unacceptable results include analytical instability of the model or process failures such as short shots, wherein the mold cavity is incompletely filled, or generation of excessive temperatures, velocities, or pressures during filling which could degrade component polymer material properties or introduce excessive residual stresses in the components which would adversely affect production yields and could lead to premature component failure. By providing this highly accurate analytical simulation capability early in the design process, significant costs and delays downstream during initial production runs can be avoided.
Alternatively, the analytical results may be fed directly into the multi-physics FEA processor, without displaying the results to an operator. The multi-physics FEA processor may review the analytical results in real time, or it may review the results after each simulation. The multi-physics FEA processor may adjust parameters on the fly, in the same manner described above, based on the measured and calculated parameters. Thus, the system provides a self-controlling injection simulation. Or after a simulation, the multi-physics FEA processor may review the results and suggest changes for a subsequent simulation. In either embodiment, the multi-physics FEA process may employ deep learning or machine learning capabilities to control the simulation.
The graph 300 may be generated in the context of a computer simulation of an injection molding process, or may be produced as a result of a physical injection molding process.
Line 310 represents the Internal Melt Pressure (“IMP”) signal, which represents the pressure within the melt as result of mold resistance, partial solidification and air resistance during fill, pack and hold. This signal is computed from two real time measurements from physical sensors of melt pressure and temperature. The first sensor is located at the nozzle and the second sensor is located at the last place to fill in the cavity. The IMP signal is used as feedback for close loop control of injection. As can be seen in the simulation illustrated in
Line 320 represents the change in hydraulic injection pressure over time. The hydraulic injection pressure is the pressure generated by the driving mechanism. As can be seen in the simulation illustrated in
Line 330 represents the change in cavity pressure, (i.e., the pressure inside of the molds 110) over time. As can be seen in the simulation illustrated in
Line 340 represents the change in melt pressure over time. The melt pressure is the pressure within the melt as result of mold resistance, partial solidification and air resistance during fill, pack and hold stages of injection. As can be seen in the simulation illustrated in
Line 350 shows the change in the position of the driving mechanism (i.e., the screw position) over time. As can be seen in the simulation illustrated in
Line 360 shows the change in the cavity temperature over time. As can be seen in the simulation illustrated in
With the resultant finite element model or other discretized solution domain defined, a user specifies boundary conditions in step 430 for the analysis. The boundary conditions include the parameters 210 as well as the calculated parameters discussed above.
Once the boundary conditions have been entered, the multi-physics FEA executes the instructions in accordance with the simulation model to first calculate or solve relevant filling phase process variables in step 440. As discussed above, such variables can include fluidity, mold cavity fill time, pressure, shear rate, stress, velocity, viscosity, and temperature. Calculations are not limited to these variables; however these are basic variables that can be used to solve other variables included in calculations of such things as crystallization kinetics and fiber orientation distributions.
In this system, the multi-physics FEA is able to create melt characterization in real time using solvers. Notably, the system calculates volume as a function of time (V(t)) rather than simply measuring volume. The system characterizes melt from the beginning to the end of the process to examine the relationship between volume and flow. In one embodiment, the system employs volumetric solvers to calculate the volume filled in the cavity. Volumetric solvers require the solution of second order differential equations: ∫∫0n f (x, y)d(x). By using such volumetric solvers, one is able to identify when a stopping point is reached.
Further, filling can also be solved as a compressible fluid, in which case mass terms included in the packing phase calculations (e.g. density, mass, and volumetric shrinkage) can also be calculated in the filling phase. According to one embodiment, the simulation can be based on the assumption that the fluid is incompressible in the filling phase and compressible in the packing phase. According to another embodiment, it can be assumed that the fluid is compressible in both the filling and packing phases. However, it is not mandatory to solve for fluidity before pressure, velocity, and viscosity, nor is it necessary to solve for fluidity at all.
Once the simulation reaches the stage in the analysis where it is determined that the mold cavity has been filled, the computer executes the instructions in accordance with the simulation model to next calculate or solve relevant packing phase process variables for the nodes in step 450. Such variables can include the mass properties of the component produced in accordance with the simulation model such as density and volumetric shrinkage, in addition to fluidity, packing time, pressure, shear rate, stress, velocity, viscosity, and temperature.
During the simulation, data is recorded at each of the sensor locations. Such data recordation may be referred to as data capture by the virtual sensors in the solid model. Specifically, the pressure, volume, and temperature are recorded at the sensor locations during the simulation, so that pressure, volume, and temperature curves can be created. The pressure, volume, and temperature curves can represent the change of pressure, volume, and temperature over time or the change of pressure, volume, and temperature per unit of displacement of the injection material.
Upon completion of the analysis, the analytical results may be output in step 460 in the form of graphs, such as the graph 300, or in any variety of manners. For example, the relevant variables may be displayed in a graphics format, overlaying the solid model for visual review by the user, or may be output electronically for further processing or analysis.
If the user determines that the results of the simulation in step 470 are unacceptable or less than optimal, the user has the option in step 480 of modifying one or more of the boundary conditions or discretization of the model solution domain and thereafter repeating simulation steps 440 through 460 iteratively, until such time as the user is satisfied with the results. Examples of unacceptable results include analytical instability of the model or process failures such as short shots, wherein the mold cavity is incompletely filled, or generation of excessive temperatures, velocities, or pressures during filling which could degrade component polymer material properties or introduce excessive residual stresses in the components which would adversely affect production yields and could lead to premature component failure. By providing this analytical simulation capability early in the design process, significant costs and delays downstream during initial production runs can be avoided.
If the results of the filling phase and the packing phase are deemed to be acceptable in step 470, the simulation terminates in step 490 and the user can proceed to release the design to manufacturing. Because the specified boundary conditions included information related to the configuration of the injection mold and the process parameters, the design can be released for machining of the injection mold and the injection molding process operation sheets generated directly. The pressure, volume, and temperature curves can also be released to an operator, for use with the physical mold during the molding process.
After the analytical results are deemed acceptable, and the design and pressure, volume, and temperature curves are released, a physical mold is built that has physical sensors at sensor locations corresponding to the sensor locations of the virtual sensors in the solid model. The physical sensors monitor the pressure, volume, and temperature at each sensor location. The physical mold also has a cavity and an injection nozzle configured to inject material into the cavity. The controller 240 is configured to control a flow rate of the injection of material into the cavity.
The controller 240 is configured to receive pressure, volume, and temperature information from the sensors. The controller 240 compares this received information to pressure, volume, and temperature curves. If the monitored pressure, volume, or temperature of the injection material deviates from the pressure, volume, and temperature curves by more than a predetermined amount, the controller 240 can adjust the flow rate of the injection material. For example, the controller 240 can adjust the physical flow rate by adjusting at least one of a pressure, a screw velocity, and a temperature. The controller 240 may also control material melt by pressure, screw velocity, or a combination profile. The controller 240 and injection molding device 100 thus act as a “self-driving” injection molding device.
At 520, pressure, volume, and temperature curves are provided for a desired flow rate profile of an injection material at the sensor locations. At 530, injection material is injected into the physical mold at a physical flow rate corresponding to the desired flow rate profile.
The physical sensors continuously monitor the pressure, volume, and temperature of the injection material. If the sensed pressure, volume and temperature does not match the pressure, volume temperature curves (at 540), the physical flow rate is adjusted (at 550), and material is continuously injected into the mold (at 530). If the sensed pressure, volume and temperature does match the pressure, volume temperature curves (at 540), material is continuously injected into the mold (at 560) until the cavity is filled (at 570) and the process ends (at 580).
To the extent that the term “includes” or “including” is used in the specification or the claims, it is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as that term is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “or” is employed (e.g., A or B) it is intended to mean “A or B or both.” When the applicants intend to indicate “only A or B but not both” then the term “only A or B but not both” will be employed. Thus, use of the term “or” herein is the inclusive, and not the exclusive use. See, Bryan A. Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage 624 (2d. Ed. 1995). Also, to the extent that the terms “in” or “into” are used in the specification or the claims, it is intended to additionally mean “on” or “onto.” Furthermore, to the extent the term “connect” is used in the specification or claims, it is intended to mean not only “directly connected to,” but also “indirectly connected to” such as connected through another component or components.
While the present application has been illustrated by the description of embodiments thereof, and while the embodiments have been described in considerable detail, it is not the intention of the applicants to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the application, in its broader aspects, is not limited to the specific details, the representative apparatus and method, and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departing from the spirit or scope of the applicant's general inventive concept.
This application is a non-provisional application and claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/526,559, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62526559 | Jun 2017 | US |
