Patent Grant
7752015
This invention relates generally to automated railroad operation, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for analyzing train bearing data to reduce false stops.
Modern railroad car wheel bearings are permanently lubricated sealed units designed to last for the life of the car. However, during operation, excess friction between the axle and the bearing may produce excess heat, resulting in a condition referred to as a hot box. Moreover, when a bearing begins to operate above a predetermined temperature, continued movement of the car may cause the bearing to seize. As a result, the railroad service industry has devoted significant resources to building detectors that automatically check passing trains for hot boxes and/or hot wheels. Such detectors are generally spaced along railroad tracks at about twenty to fifty mile intervals along main-line track, and many are necessarily located in remote places.
At least one known detector includes a sensing unit lens for focusing infrared radiation that is transmitted from passing railcar bearings onto an infrared sensor. The infrared sensor is coupled to electrical circuitry which develops a signal that is representative of the journal or wheel temperature. One sensing unit is placed along one rail of the tracks and a second sensing unit is placed along the other rail of a set of tracks, so that both sides of a train can be monitored. Electrical lines connect these trackside sensing units to processing circuitry which is generally located in a “bungalow” close to the tracks. The primary use of the detector is to detect overheated bearings and alert the train operator to prevent possible damage to the railcar bearings.
In operation, if the hot box detector detects a hot box condition, a signal that indicates that the temperature of a wheel journal exceeds a predetermined value is then transmitted. Specifically, when a hot box condition is detected, i.e. the signal triggers an alarm, the train car is stopped to manually inspect the suspect wheel bearing or hot box. However, under some operating conditions, microphonic noise, sunshots, and/or sensor misalignment, for example, may cause the sensing unit to transmit a signal indicative of a hot box condition when in fact a hot box condition has not occurred. In this case, as in the previous case, the train car is stopped to manually inspect the suspect wheel bearing or hot box. However since the bearing is determined to be operating under normal conditions, this event is classified as a Hot Box System Nothing Found (NF) Stop. After a NF stop is reported, railroad personnel manually evaluate the data captured in the hot box to identify the reason for the NF stop.
While this post event analysis is useful in identifying equipment maintenance or repair concerns, the NF stop still increases the man-hours and costs of delivering products in a timely manner to their final destination. As a result, an actual or anomalous signal that is transmitted by the sensing unit indicating that a hot box condition has occurred causes the train operator to stop the train and perform a bearing inspection.
In one embodiment, a method for reducing false train stops is provided. The method includes receiving inputs from a Hot Box Detection System, generating a bearing profile for each bearing passing the Hot Box Detection System, assigning a classification to each bearing profile, determining a quantity of bearing profiles assigned to each classification, and generating a maintenance alert if the quantity of bearings assigned to at least one classification exceeds a predetermined threshold.
In another embodiment, a hotbox detection system is provided. The hotbox detection system includes an infrared bearing scanner and a processing unit coupled to the infrared bearing scanner. The processing unit is programmed to receive inputs from the infrared bearing scanner, generate a bearing profile for each bearing passing the Hot Box Detection System, assign a classification to each bearing profile, determine a quantity of bearing profiles assigned to each classification, and generate a maintenance alert if the quantity of bearings assigned to at least one classification exceeds a predetermined threshold.
Many specific details of certain embodiments of the invention are set forth in the following description in order to provide a thorough understanding of such embodiments. One skilled in the art, however, will understand that the present invention may have additional embodiments, or that the present invention may be practiced without several of the details described in the following description.
System 10 also includes a first signal conditioning and amplification unit 16 that is coupled to and receives a signal from first bearing IR scanner 12. System 10 also includes second signal conditioning and amplification unit 18 that is coupled to and receives a signal from second bearing IR scanner 14. Each of signal condition units 16 and 18 are configured to condition and amplify the voltage component of the signal transmitted from each respective IR scanner 12, thereby measuring the voltage response of the IR Scanner to changes in the amount of infrared energy. In the exemplary embodiment, the output signal of the scanner 12 exhibits a linear response to passing objects traveling at speeds in the range of approximately 5 miles per hour to approximately 150 miles per hour.
The analog signal generated by each respective signal condition unit 16 and 18 are transmitted to a processing unit 24 which in the exemplary embodiment is a microcontroller. Processing unit 24 includes an analog to digital converter (A/D converter) (not shown), which converts the analog signal to a digital signal. All further signal processing and all instructions are performed digitally.
In the exemplary embodiment, processing unit 24 includes all of the circuits required for fetching, interpreting, and executing instructions that are stored in memory, whether volatile or nonvolatile. Processing unit 24 further includes a program counter, an instruction decoder, an arithmetic logic unit, and accumulators. Computer programs, or software, are stored in memory storage units. A suitable memory storage unit used in the preferred embodiment is an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (hereinafter “EEPROM”). Moreover, it is understood that other types of memory units could be utilized, such as simple read only memory (ROM), or programmable read only memory (PROM), or, if the ability to reprogram the ROM is desirable, erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), which are conventionally erased by exposure to ultraviolet light or FLASH memory.
System 10 also includes a train presence detector 26 which is configured to determine the presence of a train approaching system 10. In the exemplary embodiment, the processing unit 24 will energize or de-energize a shutter (not shown) that is utilized to cover and protect the IR sensor (not shown) contained in the bearing scanners 12 and 14 based upon the state of the train presence detector 26.
System 10 further includes a first wheel gate transducer 30 that is coupled on a railroad track (not shown) and connected to processing unit 24 via a first gate circuit 32. System 10 also includes a second wheel gate transducer 34 that is connected to processing unit 24 via a second gate circuit 36. Such transducers, referred to hereinafter as the gate on and gate off transducers respectively, typically are spaced apart longitudinally along the rails a distance of about 24 inches. The processing unit 24 determines the IR samples associated with a passing bearing using the gate on and gate off pulses generated by these transducers.
The length of time that the wheel component to be scanned is in the scanning zone will be referred to as the scanning period. The scanning period of the system 10 is sized to accommodate a range of rolling stock wheel sizes varying up to approximately 42 inches and for different train speeds. Accordingly, the wheel gate transducers 30 and 34 each transmit a signal to processing unit 24 when a train wheel passes over it. More specifically, each wheel gate transducer 30, 34 generates an analog signal that is transmitted to a respective gate circuit 32, 36 which converts the analog signal to a digital signal which is then transmitted to processing unit 24 to generate an interrupt signal.
In the exemplary embodiment, system 10 is configured to transmit a warning indication that is generated by processing unit 24. For example, the radio unit may be configured to transmit a signal to a radio unit 40 that is mounted in a passing train to alert the train operator that a hot box alarm has been generated. Moreover, system 10 may transmit information to a remote office 42 including train summary data, detailed train data, bearing profiles, warnings and alarm information.
The ambient temperature data generated by the ambient temperature probe 50 is utilized in reports, logging, and to announce ambient temperature to the train crew, for example.
However, as discussed above, conditions such as microphonic noise, sunshots, and/or scanner misalignment, for example, may cause the bearing scanner to transmit a signal indicative of a hot box condition when in fact a hot box condition has not occurred. In some cases, these conditions may cause the signal transmitted by bearing scanner 12 to include multiple peaks as shown in
To reduce and/or eliminate atypical signals transmitted from a bearing scanner 12 from being processed by processing unit 24 as alarms, and thus to facilitate reducing false stops, an exemplary algorithm or filter is programmed into processing unit 24. Specifically,
As used herein, a bearing profile is defined as a collection of sensor readings and their relationship to each other that are collected from a bearing scanner 12 during the scanning period. More specifically, during operation, system 10 collects data from scanner 12 and stores this collected data in a buffer that is within processing unit 24, for example. Moreover, during operation, a train wheel passes over a first wheel gate transducer 30, i.e. trips the first wheel gate transducer 30, then continues downstream and activates the second wheel gate transducer 34. Since, the distance between the first wheel gate transducer 30 and the second wheel gate transducer 34 is known, that is, this information has been previously stored in processing unit 24, processing unit 24 then utilizes this distance information to determine the speed and direction of the train wheel passing through the first and second wheel gate transducers and the location of the scanner data within the buffer. Once, the speed and direction of the train wheel has been determined, processing unit 24 retrieves the bearing scanner 12 data stored in the buffer to generate a bearing profile.
For example, at least one known system receives inputs from the bearing scanner 12, and if any of the inputs exceeds a predetermined threshold, an alarm condition is activated. However, as discussed herein, the known systems do not analyze the bearing profiles to determine whether the bearing profile has one or many peaks. Profiles containing multiple peaks 104 would be indicative of an atypical bearing profile that may cause a false stop condition to occur. In the exemplary embodiment, the bearing profile includes twenty-eight data points. However, it should be realized that the quantity of data points is determined based on the processing capabilities of processing unit 24, and as such, it should be realized that any number of data points, including more or less than twenty-eight points may be utilized to generate the bearing profile.
Referring again to
For example, algorithm 200 is programmed to detect and filter alarms, i.e. classify the bearing profile as atypical, when the bearing profile includes more than one significant waveform. A significant waveform within a portion of the profile is defined by an increase in temperature above a rising edge detect threshold 230 that is configurable by the operator, to a peak or plateau followed by a decrease in temperature below a falling edge detect threshold 232 that is configurable by the operator.
For example,
In the exemplary embodiment, profiles containing multiple significant waveforms can be classified as atypical. In another embodiment, profiles can be classified as atypical when the number of significant waveforms exceed a count threshold configurable by the operator.
In the exemplary embodiment, the level utilized by algorithm 200 to evaluate the rising and falling edge thresholds may be configurable by the operator or may be factory preset. For example, these thresholds may be selected as a temperature level between approximately 0 degrees Fahrenheit and approximately 255 degrees Fahrenheit above ambient.
In another embodiment, a delta threshold between the peak temperature and the valley temperatures contained in a bearing profile may be utilized to detect significant waveforms by algorithm 200 to categorize bearing profiles as either typical or atypical.
In another embodiment, algorithm 200 is further programmed to detect and filter alarms, i.e. classify the bearing profile as atypical, when the bearing profile has constant energy over a configurable threshold level for a large percentage of the profile. For example,
In another exemplary embodiment, algorithm 200 may be written to determine the bearing profile by analyzing the peaks contained within each bearing profile. For example, a bearing profile that includes a single peak may be classified as a typical bearing profile, whereas a bearing profile that include multiple peaks may be classified as an atypical bearing profile.
In another exemplary embodiment, the system collects and logs the results of the bearing profile analysis for each train. This log may include a time and a date of train passage, and/or a summary of statistics for each train indicating the number of typical and atypical bearings that may be further categorized by atypical bearing profile type.
In another exemplary embodiment, the system will generate maintenance alerts when the number of atypical profiles on a train exceed a configurable count threshold. The maintenance alerts may be configurable to broadcast system integrity warning or failure messages over the radio or via a message, report the alert to a central office, report the alert to a cell phone or pager, and/or report an alert to other wireless devices.
As discussed above, false stops may be reduced by generating a bearing profile for each bearing passing the hot box detection system and generating a maintenance alert when at least one of the bearing profiles is classified as an atypical bearing profile. Additionally, false stops may be reduced by using the hot box detection system to collect data from a single train or a plurality of passing trains. The collected data for a single train is then utilized to compare the data generated by a plurality of bearings to determine if the hotbox detection system failure has occurred. For example, a system failure may be detected by observing that a plurality of bearings on a single train are classified as atypical. Moreover, a system failure may be detected by observing that data from a plurality of trains exceed a predetermined threshold.
Accordingly,
For example, in the exemplary embodiment, the hot box detection system 10 may be configured to generate a train detail report that includes information relating to each bearing passing the hotbox detection system for each respective train passing the hot box detection system. For example, Table 1 illustrates a portion of an exemplary train detail report that may be generated for an exemplary train 77. The hotbox detection system is then configured to determine 304, for each respective train, the quantity of hot bearings, the quantity of warm bearings, the quantity of corrected bearings, the quantity of atypical bearings, the quantity of bearings that exceed a predetermined alarm setpoint, and/or a trainside average temperature for each passing train.
As discussed above, during operation each bearing passing the infrared sensor is scanned to generate a bearing profile 304 utilizing the received inputs. The bearing profile is then analyzed to determine if any portion of the bearing profile exceeds a predetermined alarm criteria. The bearing is then classified 306 as at least one of a typical bearing, an atypical bearing, a corrected bearing, a hot bearing, a warm bearing, etc.
The bearing profiles, are then stored within a database, for example within microprocessor 24, or alternatively, the may be maintained at a remote site that is accessible to the operator and/or the system provider. System 10 is then configured to utilize this stored information to generate the train detail report discussed above.
For example, Table I illustrates an exemplary train detail report for a single train, designated #77, that was generated using system 10 shown in
For example, Table 1 illustrates a portion of an exemplary train detail report that may be generated for an exemplary train 77. The hotbox detection system is then configured to assign a classification to each bearing profile 306. In addition, system 10 determines the quantity of hot bearings, the quantity of warm bearings, the quantity of corrected bearings, the quantity of atypical bearings, the quantity of bearings that exceed a predetermined alarm setpoint, and/or a trainside average temperature for each passing train.
For example, in Table 1, each row provides summary data collected by system 10 from an exemplary train (denoted by Indx # in Table I) For example, Table I illustrates summary information collected by the hotbox detection system 10 for a single train # 77. As shown in Table 1, the average bearing temperature for Channel 1 is 44° F. above ambient temperature and the average bearing temperature for Channel 2 is 46° F. above ambient temperature. It should be realized that the exemplary train detail report shown in Table 1 is only a partial train detail report and that an actual train detail report includes additional bearing temperatures and additional information that is not discussed herein. Moreover, Channel 1 designates the bearings on one side of the axle collected by a first sensor, and Channel 2 designates the bearings on the opposite side of each respective axle generated by a second sensor.
Additionally, bearings classified as at least one of a hot bearing, a warm bearing, a corrected bearing, and/or an atypical bearing are marked or “flagged” within the train detail report utilizing the symbols noted in the profile key above. Moreover, the train detail report further includes a summary illustrating the quantity of hot bearings, the quantity of warm bearings, the quantity of corrected bearings, and quantity of atypical bearings and the total quantity of bearings for the specific train. Additionally, the train detail report includes the trainside average bearing temperature for the specific train. More specifically, prior to flagging the affected bearings, each generated bearing profile is classified based on a predetermined classification criteria.
System 10 includes parameters that are configurable by an operator that includes temperature ranges and/or filter parameters to be utilized by system 10 to classify each bearing. For example, during operation, system 10 generates a bearing profile for each respective bearing, the bearing profile is then compared to a predetermined criteria stored within system 10 to enable system 10 to classify each bearing as at least one of at least one of a hot bearing, a warm bearing, a corrected bearing, and/or an atypical bearing. The affected bearings are then marked or “flagged” on the train detail report utilizing the symbols noted in the profile key above.
As can be seen in the above example, the train detail report enables an operator to quickly determine the exact bearing or quantity of bearings that are identified as something other than a typical bearing. Additionally, the system is programmed to generate an inspection maintenance alert if the quantity of “flagged” bearings exceeds a predetermined quantity. For example, an operator may choose to set the predetermined quantity such that any train passing over the sensors will cause an inspection maintenance alert to be automatically sent if more than ten bearings on a single train are flagged. Moreover, system 10 may be programmed to automatically notify maintenance personnel when the maintenance alert has been generated. For example, system 10 may be programmed to generate and transmit a visual indication or and audible indication when a maintenance alert is generated. The visual and/or audible indications may include sending a maintenance required indication that may be transmitted as a visual indication or may be transmitted as an automated voice broadcast or RR radio. Additionally, the visual and/or audible indications may include for example, sending an email or pager message to maintenance personnel, sending a message to a central reporting office, etc.
In another exemplary embodiment, the hot box detection system 10 may be programmed to generate a train summary report utilizing a plurality of train detail reports, and identifying each train that includes a flagged bearing. More specifically, the train summary report is a compilation of a plurality of train detail reports, wherein a single train detail report is generated for each respective train passing system 10.
For example, Table 2 illustrates an exemplary train summary report that was generated utilizing a plurality of train detail reports collected from trains designated by numbers 77-99.
As shown in Table 2, adjacent to the Index number (Indx #) a profile status flag may exist for the train. The profile status flags indicate or summarize events that occur during train passage that may be of interest. For example, as shown below, some of the profile status flags shown in the exemplary Table 2 include warm bearing events, alarm events, and corrected bearing events. Additionally, new flags may be added to include a flag indicating when atypical bearings are detected. More specifically, when a bearing is flagged in the train detail report shown above, this information is transferred to the train summary report shown below.
As shown in Table 2, system 10 has alarmed on three trains (see “^” next to index numbers 79, 87, and 89). Moreover, system 10 has flagged warm bearing profiles on ten trains (see “*” next to index numbers 77, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, and 92), and flagged corrected bearing profiles on two trains (see “$” next to index numbers 82, 83). Moreover, eight trains, had Channel 2 average temperatures more than five degrees higher than channel 1 (See ch2 temperature compared to ch1 temperature on index numbers 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88).
As discussed above, when an alarm is generated train crews are required to stop the train and inspect the particular axle for defects. Common types of alarms for train inspection systems are hot bearing, hot wheel, cold wheel, high/wide/shifted loads, and dragging equipment. In this example, Table 2 illustrates that three hot bearing alarms (see “^” next to index numbers 79, 87, and 89) generated were found to be false alarms by the train crew and as a result caused three false stops.
To further reduce false stops, system 10 is programmed to provide automatic Train Inspection System maintenance alerts to railroad personnel based upon algorithms that analyze primary sensor summary statistics to detect abnormal “highside” sensor readings. “Highside” readings are defined as sensor readings above a nominal threshold. Examples of “highside” readings in Hot Box detectors are bearing temperature readings above a warm bearing threshold temperature.
More specifically, as discussed above, detection system 10 is configured to monitor and analyze bearing temperatures for a single train that includes a plurality of cars each having at least two axles. Moreover, system 10 is configured to store this data for a plurality of trains within the database. As a result, system 10 is configured to automatically analyze the bearing data from a plurality of trains to determine if a hot box detection system 10 has failed or requires maintenance.
For example, Table 2 illustrates that a single system 10 has generated three hot bearing alarms (see “^” next to index numbers 79, 87, and 89) that resulted in three false stops. In this embodiment, system 10 is programmed to automatically analyze the data from a single train or a plurality of trains to determine whether a statistically high number of warm bearings or corrected bearing have occurred. If there is a statistically significant occurrence of flagged bearings, system 10 is programmed to generate a maintenance alert. Additionally, system 10, based upon configuration, may be programmed to inhibit alarm generation if a maintenance alert condition exists.
Warm bearing thresholds are configurable and are typically set at a level below the hot bearing threshold and are used as an early indicator of potential degradation of the bearing. Profiles flagged as warm may indicate a bearing elevated above a normal level but has not yet exceeded the hot bearing threshold.
Statistically, in normal operating conditions, it would be abnormal to detect a high number of atypical bearings, warm bearings, corrected bearing, or hot bearings on the same train.
Statistically, in normal operating conditions, it would be abnormal to detect an excessive number of trains in the group of trains with warm bearings, excessive hot bearings, excessive corrected bearings, or excessive atypical bearings.
Statistically, in normal operating conditions, it would be abnormal to detect a large variation in the train side average bearing temperature between scanner 12 and scanner 14. A large variation may indicate a loss of calibration or alignment both requiring system maintenance to resolve.
Moreover, system 10 is programmed to identify abnormal conditions that include, but are not limited to, excessive number of warm bearings identified on a train, excessive number of trains in the a group of trains with warm bearings, excessive atypical bearings, and/or excessive delta temperature between the calculated trainside average temperatures. Based upon configurable thresholds, these maintenance alerts can also be used to inhibit normal hot box alarm generation until maintenance personnel take corrective action. As a result, system 10 is enabled to automatically analyze the highside statistics and generate automatic maintenance alerts based upon the detection of abnormally high readings identified by statistical analysis of primary sensor data.
Configurable maintenance count thresholds based upon profile flags may be established for each profile flag or for a collection of flags.
Also maintenance count thresholds can be established for individual train analysis or for summary analysis on a group of trains.
Described herein is a method for reducing false train stops. The method includes receiving inputs from a sensor, generating a bearing profile using the received inputs, classifying the bearing profile as at least one of a typical bearing profile and an atypical bearing profile, and if the bearing profile is classified as a typical bearing profile, analyzing the typical bearing profile to determine if at least a portion of the typical bearing profile exceeds a predetermined threshold.
While the invention has been described in terms of various specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the claims.
This application is entitled to the benefit of, and claims priority to, provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/886,803 filed on Jan. 26, 2007, and entitled “Method and Apparatus for Monitoring Bearings”, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3629572 | Gallagher | Dec 1971 | A |
| 3646343 | Caulier et al. | Feb 1972 | A |
| 3697744 | Howell | Oct 1972 | A |
| 4068811 | Caulier | Jan 1978 | A |
| 4340886 | Boldt et al. | Jul 1982 | A |
| 4491290 | Douglas | Jan 1985 | A |
| 4659043 | Gallagher | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4805854 | Howell | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4928910 | Utterback et al. | May 1990 | A |
| 5060890 | Utterback et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5149025 | Utterback et al. | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5446451 | Grosskopf, Jr. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5446452 | Litton | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5659491 | Ichikawa et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5677533 | Yaktine et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5734579 | Sakaguchi | Mar 1998 | A |
| 6241196 | Steurer et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6405148 | Hayashi et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6688561 | Mollet et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6695472 | Nayer | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6813581 | Snyder | Nov 2004 | B1 |
| 6826489 | Scanlan et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6872945 | Bartonek | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6881951 | Bartonek | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 7024294 | Sullivan et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7026609 | Bartonek | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7139668 | Bechhoefer | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7140577 | Mollet et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 20030236598 | Villarreal Antelo et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20050194497 | Matzan | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20060131464 | Hesser et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20080281532 A1 | Nov 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60886803 | Jan 2007 | US |
