The present disclosure is generally related to mobile communications and, more particularly, to network energy saving techniques in spatial domain with respect to user equipment and network apparatus in mobile communications.
Unless otherwise indicated herein, approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims listed below and are not admitted as prior art by inclusion in this section.
The fifth-generation (5G) network, despite its enhanced energy efficiency in bits per Joule (e.g., 417% more efficiency than a 4G network) due to its larger bandwidth and better spatial multiplexing capabilities, may consume over 140% more energy than a 4G network.
Considering of this, how to achieve network energy saving becomes an important issue for the newly developed wireless communication network. Therefore, there is a need to provide proper schemes for network energy saving.
The following summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be limiting in any way. That is, the following summary is provided to introduce concepts, highlights, benefits and advantages of the novel and non-obvious techniques described herein. Select implementations are further described below in the detailed description. Thus, the following summary is not intended to identify essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended for use in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
An objective of the present disclosure is to propose solutions or schemes that address the aforementioned issues pertaining to network energy saving with respect to a communication apparatus (e.g., a user equipment (UE)) and network apparatus (e.g., a network node or a base station (BS), such as a next generation Node B (gNB)) in mobile communications.
In one aspect, a method may involve a communication apparatus receiving a report configuration from a network apparatus. The report configuration comprises a list of sub-configurations, and each sub-configuration corresponds to an antenna port subset which indicates one or more enabled or disabled antenna ports of a plurality of antenna ports of the network apparatus. The method may also involve the communication apparatus transmitting a measurement report of a channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) based on the report configuration.
In one aspect, a communication apparatus may involve a transceiver which, during operation, wirelessly communicates with at least one network apparatus. The communication apparatus may also involve a processor communicatively coupled to the transceiver such that, during operation, the processor performs following operations: receiving, via the transceiver, a report configuration from the network apparatus; and transmitting, via the transceiver, a measurement report of a channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) based on the report configuration. The report configuration comprises a list of sub-configurations, and each sub-configuration corresponds to an antenna port subset which indicates one or more enabled or disabled antenna ports of a plurality of antenna ports of the network apparatus.
In one aspect, a method may involve a network apparatus determining an enabled or disabled status of a plurality of antenna ports for one or more antenna port subsets and transmitting a report configuration to a communication apparatus. The report configuration comprises a list of sub-configurations, and each sub-configuration corresponds to one antenna port subset.
It is noteworthy that, although description provided herein may be in the context of certain radio access technologies, networks and network topologies such as Long-Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Pro, 5th Generation (5G), New Radio (NR), Internet-of-Things (IoT) and Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), and 6th Generation (6G), the proposed concepts, schemes and any variation(s)/derivative(s) thereof may be implemented in, for and by other types of radio access technologies, networks and network topologies. Thus, the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the examples described herein.
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of the present disclosure. The drawings illustrate implementations of the disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. It is appreciable that the drawings are not necessarily in scale as some components may be shown to be out of proportion than the size in actual implementation in order to clearly illustrate the concept of the present disclosure.
Detailed embodiments and implementations of the claimed subject matters are disclosed herein. However, it shall be understood that the disclosed embodiments and implementations are merely illustrative of the claimed subject matters which may be embodied in various forms. The present disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments and implementations set forth herein. Rather, these exemplary embodiments and implementations are provided so that description of the present disclosure is thorough and complete and will fully convey the scope of the present disclosure to those skilled in the art. In the description below, details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the presented embodiments and implementations.
Implementations in accordance with the present disclosure relate to various techniques, methods, schemes and/or solutions pertaining to spatial elements adaptation (spatial domain (SD) adaptation or antenna port adaptation) for network energy saving (or network power saving) in mobile communications. According to the present disclosure, a number of possible solutions may be implemented separately or jointly. That is, although these possible solutions may be described below separately, two or more of these possible solutions may be implemented in one combination or another.
An antenna architecture typically may have a plurality of physical antennas and the number of physical antennas may be greater than the number of transceivers. This means that each transceiver may comprise multiple physical antennas. Logical antenna ports may be specified rather than physical antennas in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Specifications. Specific transmissions may use specific antenna ports which are mapped onto one or more physical antennas.
In addition, the 5G New Radio (NR) may support the long-term channel measurements. The UE may derive long-term channel quality indicator (CQI), layer 1 signal to interference plus noise ratio (L1-SINR), or L1-reference signal received power (RSRP) values by measuring multiple synchronization signal block (SSB) or channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) occasions. The number of SSBs or CSI-RSs may be determined based on the UE implementation.
In some implementations, the network apparatus with an antenna architecture may have a plurality of physical antennas which associates with a plurality of antenna ports. The network apparatus may perform spatial elements (e.g., the antenna ports) adaptation (e.g., muting or unmuting one or more antenna ports, or, enabling or disabling one or more antenna ports) in a dynamic or semi-static manner.
In some implementations, to achieve spatial elements adaptation for network energy saving, the network apparatus may update the configuration of number of ports (e.g., the information element (IE) nrofPorts in the radio resource control (RRC) resource mapping configuration: CSI-RS-ResourceMapping). In some implementations, the network apparatus may update the configuration in a dynamic or semi-static manner based on indication of downlink control information (DCI) or a media access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE) or RRC configuration.
In some implementations, the network apparatus may save energy more efficiently with a cell-wise spatial elements adaptation. In some implementations, the network apparatus may indicate a cell-wise parameter, such as “maximum number of ports”. For example, the parameter may be indicated through a paging signal, or a paging early indication (PEI), or a system information block (SIB) based (SIB-based) signal.
In some implementations, the network apparatus may apply the indicated parameter “maximum number of ports” to a CSI-RS resource configuration. In some implementations, to apply the indicated “maximum number of ports” to a CSI-RS resource configuration, the IE nrofPorts under CSI-RS-ResourceMapping may be configured as a list. The maximum value smaller or equal to the indicated “maximum number of ports” may apply for this CSI-RS resource configuration. For example, in an event that the IE nrofPorts is configured as {8, 16, 32}, and the indicated “maximum number of ports” is set to 10, then the configuration 8 of the IE nrofPorts becomes effective instead of 32.
In some implementations, for each element defined in the list of the IE nrofPorts, which subset of antenna ports are to be enabled or disabled may be defined. In addition, for each element in the list of the IE nrofPorts, how other impacted CSI-RS configuration parameters are to be changed (or not) may be further defined. For example, the parameter nrOfAntennaPorts (which defines the codebook-subset restriction) under the configuration CodebookConfig under the RRC configuration CSI-ReportConfig may be different for different elements (values) in the list of the IE nrofPorts.
In some implementations, the network apparatus may determine an enabled or disabled status (e.g., the corresponding spatial adaptation pattern) of a plurality of antenna ports for one or more antenna port subsets and transmit a report configuration (e.g., the RRC configuration CSI-ReportConfig) to the communication apparatus. The report configuration may comprise a list of sub-configurations, which may be provided by a higher layer parameter. That is, one report configuration may contain multiple CSI report sub-configurations. Each sub-configuration may be identified by a sub-configuration ID and may correspond to one antenna port subset (or correspond to one spatial adaptation pattern or one or more CSI-RS resources).
In some implementations, the network apparatus may determine the spatial adaptation pattern(s) (for example, determine the number of antenna ports to be enabled or disabled or which antenna ports are to be enabled or disabled) based on one or more previous CSI measurement reports received from the communication apparatus, the cell loading of the network apparatus, the power saving mechanism or algorithm of the network apparatus, or any determination rules defined by the network apparatus.
In some implementations, the network apparatus may further define a specific spatial adaptation pattern in which all of the antenna ports are enabled, and the list of sub-configurations may comprise a specific sub-configuration corresponding to the specific spatial adaptation pattern (as well as corresponding to a specific antenna port subset which indicates an all-enabled status of the antenna ports).
For the communication apparatus wirelessly communicates with the network apparatus, the communication apparatus may receive the report configuration from the network apparatus. The report configuration may comprise the list of sub-configurations. Each sub-configuration may be identified by a sub-configuration ID and may correspond to one antenna port subset (or correspond to one spatial adaptation pattern or one or more CSI-RS resources).
In some implementations, the report configuration may be transmitted by the network apparatus (as well as received by the communication apparatus) through an RRC signaling.
In some implementations, the communication apparatus may measure the CSI-RS based on the report configuration, generate a measurement report of the CSI-RS according to a result of the measuring of the CSI-RS and transmit the measurement report of the CSI-RS based on the report configuration.
In some implementations, an additional bitmap in RRC configuration may be used for the selection of subset of antenna ports to be disabled or enabled (i.e., to be muted or kept). In some implementations, each sub-configuration may comprise a bitmap parameter. Each sub-configuration may be configured with an antenna port subset using the higher layer bitmap parameter. The bitmap parameter may comprise a bit sequence, such as the bit sequence p0, p1, . . . , pPm-1, where po is the most significant bit (MSB) and pPm-1 is the least significant bit (LSB). Each bit in the bit sequence may correspond to at least one antenna port. As an example, the bit pi corresponds to antenna port 3000+i, and Pm is the number of ports IE nrofPorts configured for the CSI-RS resources(s) within a non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resource set which may be contained in a CSI resource configuration for channel measurement that corresponds to the report configuration (e.g., the RRC configuration CSI-ReportConfig).
For example, based on the port configuration shown in
In some implementations, a predefined bit value of the bit in the bit sequence may indicate that the corresponding antenna port is disabled for the corresponding sub-configuration. For example, as in the 32-bit bitmap example provided above, the bit value 0 may indicate that the corresponding antenna port is disabled for the sub-configuration, whereas the bit value 1 may indicate that the corresponding antenna port is enabled and belongs to the antenna port subset for the sub-configuration.
In some implementations, the list of sub-configurations may be provided to the communication apparatus through the report configuration (e.g., the RRC configuration CSI-ReportConfig) before the selection of one antenna port subset for implementing the spatial elements adaptation.
In some implementations, each sub-configuration may comprise an indication of codebook subset restriction corresponding to the antenna ports, for example, N1, N2, and Ng (multi-panel case).
In addition to using a bitmap, in some implementations, for the selection of subset of antenna ports to be disabled or enabled (i.e., to be muted or kept), an RRC configured or pre-defined table may be used to define which antenna ports are to be disabled or enabled, based on the chosen of the IE nrofPorts corresponding to indicated parameter “maximum number of ports” mentioned above. An additional muting indication may be transmitted by DCI or MAC-CE to specify which muting setting would be applied.
In some implementations, the communication apparatus may report N CSI(s) in one reporting instance where N CSI(s) are from L sub-configuration(s), and where N and L are positive integers and 1≤ N≤L.
In addition to using a bitmap or a configured or pre-defined table, in some implementations, for the selection of subset of antenna ports to be disabled or enabled (i.e., to be muted or kept), a pre-defined rule may be used to determine which antenna are to be disabled or enabled. For example, to adapt antenna port number from 32 to 8, two possible pre-defined rules are listed below: (1) The corresponding 8 antennas with the lowest port index are kept, and (2) The corresponding 8 antennas with the highest port index are kept.
In some implementations, for the definition of how other impacted CSI-RS configuration parameters are to be changed, similar approaches may be applied, including: (1) an RRC based indication (e.g., using a bitmap), (2) an RRC configured or pre-defined table with additional indication by DCI or MAC-CE, and (3) using one or more pre-defined rules.
In some implementations, to allow the communication apparatus to provide CSI feedback for different spatial adaptation patterns based on one CSI-RS resource configuration, the DCI-based triggering or the MAC-CE-based triggering are supported. As an example but not limited to, for aperiodic-CSI (A-CSI) and semi-persistent CSI (SP-CSI) on physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) report, the DCI-based triggering may be supported, where a trigger state (or, triggering state) corresponds to N sub-configurations is indicated; while for SP-CSI on physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) report, the MAC-CE-based triggering may be supported (e.g., an indication to select to N sub-configurations in a MAC-CE is supported).
In some implementations, for a reporting setting for which the RRC configuration CSI-ReportConfig contains a list of sub-configurations provided by the higher layer parameter, one or more trigger states may be configured with each indicating one or more of the sub-configurations.
In some implementations, the network apparatus may further transmit an indication to select one or more sub-configurations to the communication apparatus via the DCI or the MAC-CE. In some implementations, the indication may be a trigger state to trigger a report of measurement. In some implementations, the trigger state may be represented in a form of a small bitmap with fewer bits, a table index, or the likes to indicate a result of sub-configuration selection by the network apparatus.
In some implementations, the trigger state corresponding to the selected one or more sub-configurations is initiated using a request field (e.g., a CSI request field) in the DCI.
In some implementations, for communication apparatus side multiple-CSI report enhancement, the IE nrofPorts under the resource mapping configuration CSI-RS-ResourceMapping may be configured as a list. For each element in the list of the IE nrofPorts, which subset of antenna ports are to be enabled or disabled (i.e., which sub-configuration) may be further defined. For one element (value) in the list of the IE nrofPorts, one or multiple antenna port subsets (i.e., sub-configurations) maybe defined.
In some implementations, the network apparatus may use DCI or MAC-CE to indicate which elements in the list of the IE nrofPorts or which subsets of antenna ports should be reported in CSI report. Alternatively, the indication may be based on a cell-wise signal, e.g., a paging signal or a paging early indication (PEI), or a SIB-based signal.
The communication apparatus 410 may be a part of an electronic apparatus, which may be a UE such as a portable or mobile apparatus, a wearable apparatus, a wireless communication apparatus or a computing apparatus. For instance, the communication apparatus 410 may be implemented in a smartphone, a smartwatch, a personal digital assistant, a digital camera, or a computing equipment such as a tablet computer, a laptop computer or a notebook computer. The communication apparatus 410 may also be a part of a machine type apparatus, which may be an IoT, NB-IoT, or IIoT apparatus such as an immobile or a stationary apparatus, a home apparatus, a wire communication apparatus or a computing apparatus. For instance, the communication apparatus 410 may be implemented in a smart thermostat, a smart fridge, a smart door lock, a wireless speaker or a home control center. Alternatively, the communication apparatus 410 may be implemented in the form of one or more integrated-circuit (IC) chips such as, for example and without limitation, one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, one or more reduced-instruction set computing (RISC) processors, or one or more complex-instruction-set-computing (CISC) processors. The communication apparatus 410 may include at least some of those components shown in
The network apparatus 420 may be a part of a network device, which may be a network node such as a satellite, a base station, a small cell, a router or a gateway. For instance, the network apparatus 420 may be implemented in an eNodeB in an LTE network, in a gNB in a 5G/NR, IoT, NB-IoT or IIoT network or in a satellite or base station in a 6G network. Alternatively, the network apparatus 420 may be implemented in the form of one or more IC chips such as, for example and without limitation, one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, or one or more RISC or CISC processors. The network apparatus 420 may include at least some of those components shown in
In one aspect, each of the processor 412 and the processor 422 may be implemented in the form of one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, or one or more CISC processors. That is, even though a singular term “a processor” is used herein to refer to the processor 412 and the processor 422, each of the processor 412 and the processor 422 may include multiple processors in some implementations and a single processor in other implementations in accordance with the present disclosure. In another aspect, each of the processor 412 and the processor 422 may be implemented in the form of hardware (and, optionally, firmware) with electronic components including, for example and without limitation, one or more transistors, one or more diodes, one or more capacitors, one or more resistors, one or more inductors, one or more memristors and/or one or more varactors that are configured and arranged to achieve specific purposes in accordance with the present disclosure. In other words, in at least some implementations, each of the processor 412 and the processor 422 is a special-purpose machine specifically designed, arranged and configured to perform specific tasks including autonomous reliability enhancements in a device (e.g., as represented by communication apparatus 410) and a network (e.g., as represented by network apparatus 420) in accordance with various implementations of the present disclosure.
In some implementations, the communication apparatus 410 may also include a transceiver 416 coupled to the processor 412 and capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data. In some implementations, the communication apparatus 410 may further include a memory 414 coupled to the processor 412 and capable of being accessed by the processor 412 and storing data therein. In some implementations, the network apparatus 420 may also include a transceiver 426 coupled to the processor 422 and capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data. In some implementations, the network apparatus 420 may have a plurality of physical antennas which associates with a plurality of antenna ports. In some implementations, the network apparatus 420 may further include a memory 424 coupled to processor 422 and capable of being accessed by the processor 422 and storing data therein. Accordingly, the communication apparatus 410 and the network apparatus 420 may wirelessly communicate with each other via the transceiver 416 and the transceiver 426, respectively. To aid better understanding, the following description of the operations, functionalities and capabilities of each of the communication apparatus 410 and the network apparatus 420 is provided in the context of a mobile communication environment in which the communication apparatus 410 is implemented in or as a communication apparatus or a UE and the network apparatus 420 is implemented in or as a network node or a network device of a communication network.
In some implementations, the processor 412 of the communication apparatus 410 may receive a report configuration from the network apparatus 420 via the transceiver 416. The report configuration may comprise a list of sub-configurations. Each sub-configuration may correspond to an antenna port subset which indicates one or more enabled or disabled antenna ports of a plurality of antenna ports of the network apparatus 420. The processor 412 may transmit a measurement report of a CSI-RS based on the report configuration via the transceiver 416.
In some implementations, the processor 412 may measure the CSI-RS based on the report configuration. The measuring of the CSI-RS associated with said one or more disabled antenna ports is not performed. The processor 412 may generate the measurement report of the CSI-RS according to a result of the measuring of the CSI-RS.
In some implementations, each sub-configuration may comprise a bitmap parameter. The bitmap parameter may comprise a bit sequence. Each bit in the bit sequence may correspond to at least one antenna port. A predefined bit value of the bit indicates that the corresponding antenna port is disabled for the corresponding sub-configuration.
In some implementations, each sub-configuration may comprise an indication of codebook subset restriction corresponding to the antenna ports.
In some implementations, the report configuration may be received from the network apparatus 420 through an RRC signaling.
In some implementations, the processor 412 may receive, via the transceiver 416, an indication to select one or more sub-configurations from the network apparatus 420 via a DCI or a MAC-CE.
In some implementations, a trigger state corresponding to said one or more sub-configurations may be initiated using a request field in the DCI.
In some implementations, the processor 422 of the network apparatus 420 may determine an enabled or disabled status of a plurality of antenna ports for one or more antenna port subsets and transmit a report configuration to the communication apparatus 410 via the transceiver 426. The report configuration may comprise a list of sub-configurations, and each sub-configuration may correspond to one antenna port subset.
In some implementations, each sub-configuration may comprise a bitmap parameter. The bitmap parameter may comprise a bit sequence. Each bit in the bit sequence may correspond to at least one antenna port. A predefined bit value of the bit indicates that the corresponding antenna port is disabled for the corresponding sub-configuration.
In some implementations, each sub-configuration may comprise an indication of codebook subset restriction corresponding to the antenna ports.
In some implementations, the report configuration may be transmitted through an RRC signaling.
In some implementations, the processor 422 may transmit, via the transceiver 426, an indication to select one or more sub-configurations to the communication apparatus 410 via a DCI or a MAC-CE.
In some implementations, a trigger state corresponding to said one or more sub-configurations may be initiated using a request field in the DCI.
At 510, the process 500 may involve the processor 412 of the communication apparatus 410 receiving a report configuration from the network apparatus 420. The report configuration may comprise a list of sub-configurations, and each sub-configuration may correspond to an antenna port subset which indicates one or more enabled or disabled antenna ports of a plurality of antenna ports of the network apparatus. The process 500 may proceed from 510 to 520.
At 520, the process 500 may involve the processor 412 transmitting a measurement report of a CSI-RS based on the report configuration.
In some implementations, the process 500 may involve the processor 412 measuring the CSI-RS based on the report configuration and generating the measurement report of the CSI-RS according to a result of the measuring of the CSI-RS. The measuring of the CSI-RS associated with said one or more disabled antenna ports is not performed.
In some implementations, each sub-configuration may comprise a bitmap parameter. The bitmap parameter may comprise a bit sequence. Each bit in the bit sequence may correspond to at least one antenna port. A predefined bit value of the bit indicates that the corresponding antenna port is disabled for the corresponding sub-configuration.
In some implementations, each sub-configuration may comprise an indication of codebook subset restriction corresponding to the antenna ports.
In some implementations, the report configuration may be received from the network apparatus 420 through an RRC signaling.
In some implementations, the process 500 may involve the processor 412 receiving an indication to select one or more sub-configurations from the network apparatus 420 via a DCI or a MAC-CE.
In some implementations, a trigger state corresponding to said one or more sub-configurations may be initiated using a request field in the DCI.
At 610, the process 600 may involve the processor 422 of the network apparatus 420 determining an enabled or disabled status of a plurality of antenna ports for one or more antenna port subsets. The process 600 may proceed from 610 to 620.
At 620, the process 600 may involve the processor 422 transmitting a report configuration to the communication apparatus 410. The report configuration may comprise a list of sub-configurations, and each sub-configuration may correspond to an antenna port subset.
In some implementations, each sub-configuration may comprise a bitmap parameter. The bitmap parameter may comprise a bit sequence. Each bit in the bit sequence may correspond to at least one antenna port. A predefined bit value of the bit indicates that the corresponding antenna port is disabled for the corresponding sub-configuration.
In some implementations, each sub-configuration may comprise an indication of codebook subset restriction corresponding to the antenna ports.
In some implementations, the report configuration may be transmitted through an RRC signaling.
In some implementations, the process 600 may involve the processor 422 transmitting an indication to select one or more sub-configurations to the communication apparatus 410 via a DCI or a MAC-CE.
In some implementations, a trigger state corresponding to said one or more sub-configurations may be initiated using a request field in the DCI.
The herein-described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.
Further, with respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.
Moreover, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims, e.g., bodies of the appended claims, are generally intended as “open” terms, e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc. It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to implementations containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an,” e.g., “a” and/or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more;” the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number, e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations. Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention, e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc. In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention, e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc. It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various implementations of the present disclosure have been described herein for purposes of illustration, and that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the various implementations disclosed herein are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.
The present disclosure is part of a non-provisional application claiming the priority benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 63/485,569, filed 17 Feb. 2023 and U.S. Patent Application No. 63/485,576, filed 17 Feb. 2023, the content of which herein being incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Number | Date | Country | |
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63485569 | Feb 2023 | US |