Patent Grant
8084891
This invention relates in general to the field of synchronous switching operations in power lines. In particular, the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for optimizing synchronous switching operations executed by a switching device operatively coupled to an AC power line.
As it is well known, power systems for transmitting and distributing electricity from power sources to various loads and users are equipped with several types of protecting switchgear, such as high-voltage circuit breakers. Such switchgear are typically adapted for intervening under determined operating conditions so as to ensure a proper functioning of an associated power line and of loads/users connected therewith.
Voltage and current transients generated during opening/closing switchgear operations are of increasing concern for the electric utility industry. These concerns include both power quality issues for voltage-sensitive customer loads, and excessive stresses on power system equipment. Some proposed solutions for reducing switching transients include circuit breaker pre-insertion devices, such as resistors or inductors, and fixed devices such as arresters and current limiting reactors.
A solution finding increasing popularity is the so-called synchronous switching method, sometimes also referred to as the point-on-wave switching. Synchronous switching is performed by dedicated electronic devices, indicated in the art as synchronous switching devices, which control the operations of the associated switchgear. Upon receiving a close or a trip command, a synchronous switching device delays the energization of the circuit breaker control coils by a few milliseconds. In this way, the current inception in the case of a close command, or the contact separation in the case of an opening or trip command, is expected to coincide with or be in a narrow window around a certain point on the AC wave which is known to reduce switching transients. For synchronous closing, this point is often the voltage zero crossing. Applications where it is beneficial to close the contacts on or near the voltage zero crossing include the energizing of capacitor banks and energizing of unloaded lines or cables. For opening synchronous switching operations, the targeted point-on-wave is a point on the current wave chosen to minimize the probability of unwanted restrikes or reignitions, for instance two milliseconds after a zero crossing. Synchronous opening can be employed for shunt reactors de-energizing as an example.
Two conditions must be met to successfully employ the concept of synchronous switching. First, the targets or points-on-wave that will result in the desired reduction of switching transients must be identified. Second, a method must be used to ensure that current inception (or contact separation) for each phase occurs as close as possible to the selected targets. This latter involves algorithms for the prediction of the future course of waveforms, as well as algorithms for the calculation of exact switchgear operating times for each pole based on past operations and/or external parameters, such as temperature, control voltage, hydraulic pressure etc.
The identification of the targets or points-on-wave that will result in the desired reduction of the switching transients is traditionally performed a-priori using system studies or general knowledge of the equipment being energized (or de-energized), such as capacitor banks, transformers, transmission lines, shunt reactors etc. These targets are programmed into the synchronous switching device and usually remain unchanged as long as the synchronous switching device is used for the same application. Some implementations of synchronous switching adapt the target for synchronous closing depending on dielectric properties, in particular the rate of decrease of dielectric strength (RDDS), of the circuit breaker.
However, in spite of theoretical knowledge and system studies performed to identify the targets on the voltage (or current) AC waveform for each pole to close (or open) that will result in the desired reduction of switching transients, some switching transients may still occur due to deviations of the theoretical behavior of the system from its practical behavior.
Hence, there is a potential to further reduce the severity of switching transients or even completely eliminate them and it would be desirable to provide a solution which allows to further optimize the selection of the targets on the AC waveform. This solution is provided by the method and apparatus of the present invention.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for optimizing switching operations executed by a switching device operatively coupled to an AC power line, the method comprising:
a) acquiring signals related to the waveform of the electrical phases of said AC power line;
b) when a command for executing a switching operation on at least one of said electrical phases is issued, storing signals acquired for said at least one of said electrical phases for a predetermined period of time;
c) calculating first data indicative of the time occurred for the executed switching operation;
d) based on the signals stored, calculating second data indicative of the severity of switching transients occurred during the executed switching operation;
e) based on at least said first and second data calculated for the executed switching operation, determining if a predefined parameter representative of a target point on the waveform for executing future switching operations substantially synchronous with said waveform has to be adjusted.
Further, the present invention provides an electronic device suitable for controlling switching operations executed by an associated switching device devised to be coupled to an AC power line, comprising:
a processor;
one or more storing units for storing signals;
software program instructions which are stored in one or more of said storing units and when executed by the processor cause the electronic device to perform a method comprising:
a) acquiring signals related to the waveform of the electrical phases of said AC power line;
b) when a command for executing a switching operation on at least one of said electrical phases is issued, storing signals acquired for said at least one of said electrical phases for a predetermined period of time;
c) calculating first data indicative of the time occurred for the executed switching operation;
d) based on the signals stored, calculating second data indicative of the severity of switching transients occurred during the executed switching operation;
e) based on at least said first and second data calculated for the executed switching operation, determining if a predefined parameter representative of a target point on the waveform for executing future switching operations substantially synchronous with said waveform has to be adjusted.
The present invention also provides a power system comprising:
a high voltage switchgear operatively connected to an AC power line, said high-voltage switchgear comprising two associated contacts which can be switched between a first position where they are coupled and a second position where they are separated;
an electronic device which is operatively coupled to said high-voltage switchgear for causing switching of said contacts between said first and second positions substantially synchronously with said power line, wherein said electronic device comprises:
a processor
one or more storing units for storing signals;
software program instructions which are stored in one or more of said storing units and when executed by the processor cause the electronic device to perform a method comprising:
a) acquiring signals related to the waveform of the electrical phases of said AC power line;
b) when a command for executing a switching operation on at least one of said electrical phases is issued, storing signals acquired for said at least one of said electrical phases for a predetermined period of time;
c) calculating first data indicative of the time occurred for the executed switching operation;
d) based on the signals stored, calculating second data indicative of the severity of switching transients occurred during the executed switching operation;
e) based on at least said first and second data calculated for the executed switching operation, determining if a predefined parameter representative of a target point on the waveform for executing future switching operations substantially synchronous with said waveform has to be adjusted.
Finally, the present invention provides a computer readable medium having computer instructions stored thereon for execution by a microprocessor of an electronic device operatively coupled to a switching device to perform a method comprising:
a) acquiring signals related to the waveform of the electrical phases of an AC power line coupled to said switching device;
b) when a command for executing a switching operation on at least one of said electrical phases is issued, storing signals acquired for said at least one of said electrical phases for a predetermined period of time;
c) calculating second data indicative of the time occurred for the executed switching operation;
d) based on the signals stored, calculating second data indicative of the severity of switching transients occurred during the executed switching operation;
e) based on at least said first and second data calculated for the executed switching operation, determining if a predefined parameter representative of a target point on the waveform for executing future switching operations substantially synchronous with said waveform has to be adjusted.
The features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:
It should be noted that in the detailed description that follows, identical components have the same reference numerals, regardless of whether they are shown in different embodiments of the present invention. It should also be noted that in order to clearly and concisely disclose the present invention, the drawings may not necessarily be to scale and certain features of the invention may be shown in somewhat schematic form.
The switchgear 1 comprises a casing 2 which is connected to two bushings 3 each housing an electrical terminal for input/output connections with the corresponding phase of the power line 40. Inside the casing 2 there is positioned a circuit breaker (or interrupter) 4 which comprises a pair of separable arcing contacts. The arcing contacts comprise usually a first fixed contact 5 and a movable contact 6. In some types of switchgear also the first contact 5 can be movable.
As is well known, during switching operations of the switchgear 1, i.e. opening/closing maneuvers, the movable contact 6 is moved by suitable actuating means which comprise for example a trip element, such as an energizing coil (not shown) and an actuating rod 7. Accordingly, the arcing contacts 5-6 are switched between a first position where they are coupled to each other and a second position where they are separated from each other. Those skilled in the art would appreciate that other types of high-voltage switchgear other than that illustrated in
An electronic device 10, preferably a synchronous switching device, is operatively coupled to each pole of the switchgear 1, and in particular of the corresponding circuit breaker 4. Typically, a synchronous switching device 10 is an intelligent electronic device (IED) which comprises, as is shown in
Further, as illustrated in
An example of a suitable synchronous switching device 10 is the ABB Switching Control Sentinel (SCS), or the ABB Synchronous Control Unit (SCU). However, it would be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any other IED available on the market suitable for executing synchronous switching operations can be used.
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
When a close (or trip) command for executing a switching operation on at least one of the electrical phases is detected by the device 10, the device 10 at step 103 individually energizes the control coil 13 of the circuit breaker 4 associated with the phase subjected to the switching operation. The coil 13 is energized at such point in time that, under consideration of the individual circuit breaker predetermined operating time, the current inception (or contact separation) will substantially coincide with a predefined target or point on the phase waveform. Such targets or points-on wave are predefined target points on the waveform of the phase so that an ongoing switching operation is executed substantially synchronous with the waveform itself.
Further, the processor 11 of the device 10 continues to sample (step 104) the signals acquired for the waveform of the phase subject to the switching operation for a predetermined period of time; the sampled signals are stored (step 105) in one or more of the buffers 12. The processor 11 stores those sampled signals which are acquired from a predefined first instant before the opening or closing command is issued and up to a predefined second instant after the opening or closing command is issued. In particular, when a trip or close command is issued, the sample rate of the acquired signals is increased, for example from 2 kSamples/second of the normal sampling rate to 5 kSamples/second, for a certain period of time, e.g. 120 ms. The samples acquired at the higher sampling rate overwrite an equivalent number of samples acquired previously at a lower rate. At the end of the higher speed sampling period, the acquisition buffer contains a certain number of low speed samples covering a period before and up to the instant when the command is issued, for example by a control cabinet, and detected by the device 10, e.g. 50 ms, and a certain number of high speed samples covering an interval of time after the command is issued and detected, e.g. 120 ms. Further, at step 105 the processor can still store the waveforms for the other phases of the AC power lines not subject to the switching operation in case this data may be of interest for a customer
Before the processor 11 returns to sampling continuously with the lower sampling rate, to prevent the acquisition buffer used that now contains a record of the last operation from being overwritten, the firmware switches to the next acquisition buffer. In this way, the synchronous switching device 10 ensures that waveform samples that have been acquired immediately before, during and after the time of command and breaker operation are not overwritten but instead saved. The captured waveforms can be also available to the end-user for data download. Preferably, the sampled signals of the captured waveform are permanently stored for a predetermined number of future switching operations of the same type, i.e. opening or closing, following the executed switching operation. For example, signals related to twenty more operations for each of which the above described steps are likewise performed can be stored. Hence, in this condition, samples are stored for a period of time longer than the above indicated first limited interval of time during which the samples acquired under normal operating conditions are stored. Once the size of the memory allocated for storing the samples related to switching operations of the same type is exhausted, samples related to a new operation will overwrite some samples previously stored. For example, samples related to the oldest recorded operation can be overwritten or replacement will be decided based on where data is needed. For instance, if there are more data points recorded in the vicinity of a certain target, e.g. 1 ms, but no points are available for other zones, e.g. between 2 ms and 3 ms, the processor will overwrite one of the data points in the 1 ms vicinity or replace it with an average.
At step 106 the processor 11 calculates first data indicative of the time occurred for the executed switching operation. The first data can be calculated either on the basis of the signals stored or independently there from. In particular, for a trip or opening command, the processor 11 calculates as the first data the time of arcing contacts 5-6 separation, while for a close command it calculates as the first data the time of current inception. The “time of current inception” is hereby meant as the time calculated by the processor 11 from a voltage zero crossing of the phase waveform to the time the absolute value of the current measured passes through a predefined threshold, e.g. 160 A, wherein the mentioned voltage zero crossing is the one closest to but preceding the current inception.
The time of arcing contacts separation is hereby meant as the time from the occurrence of a current zero crossing closest to but preceding arcing contacts separation to the occurrence of arcing contacts separation.
In particular, the arcing contacts separation can be calculated by the processor 11 as follows. During a commissioning or test phase of the equipment, one of the settings of the switching device 10 is previously assigned with a representative value indicative of a predefined operating condition, i.e. a test condition. For example, a user can set the nominal voltage setting equal to zero. In this way, the user indicates to the device 10 that operations are performed using low-voltage and low-current. “Low-voltage” as used herein means operations with nominal voltage below 1 kV. Then, a separation of the arcing contacts 5 and 6 is executed under the predefined operating condition, i.e. the arcing contacts 5-6 are separated under a low voltage condition. The executed predefined operating condition can be for example the so-called light bulb test which, as well known, is a typical part of the commissioning phase of a high-voltage switchgear, in particular a high-voltage circuit breaker controlled by a switching electronic device. While performing a light bulb test, the interrupter (or circuit breaker) 4 is used to switch standard light bulbs (ratings around 120V, 100 W) in order to create AC signals that can be fed into the synchronous switching device 10 for test purposes. The synchronous switching device 10 can extract the time of current interruption from this signal when the circuit breaker operates. The separation of the arcing contacts 5-6 is clearly marked by the interruption of current. Hence, since the time of current interruption does coincide with the separation time of the arcing contacts 5-6, the time of current interruption is measured for the occurred arcing contacts separation. The measured time of current interruption is assigned equal to the separation time of the arcing contacts 5-6. “Separation time of the arcing contacts” as used herein means the time interval lapsing from the time the synchronous switching device 10 outputs a command signal to the actuating means, e.g. to a trip unit such as an energizing coil, up to when the movable arcing contact 6 is not any more in mechanical contact with the fixed arcing contact 5.
As above indicated, the separation of the arcing contacts causes also the separation of the auxiliary contacts 21-22, and the time of this separation is also measured by the processor 11. “Separation time of the auxiliary contacts 21-22” as used herein means the time interval lapsing from the time the synchronous switching device 10 outputs a command signal to the actuating means, e.g. a trip unit such as an energizing coil, up to when the movable auxiliary contact 22 is not any more in mechanical contact with the fixed auxiliary contact 21.
The processor 11 then calculates the time delay between the measured separation time of the arcing contacts 5-6 and the measured separation time of the auxiliary contacts 21-22 for the executed predefined operating condition (test condition). After the predefined test condition is performed, the setting previously assigned with the value indicative of the predefined operating condition, e.g. as stated above the assigned nominal voltage equal to zero, can be changed to a different value.
When the command for executing a switching operation other than a test operation is issued for one or more phases of the power line, the switchgear 1 opens and the arcing contacts 5-6 separate. The processor 11 first measures the separation time of the auxiliary contacts 21-22 for the occurred operating condition other than the predefined operating condition, and then calculates the separation time of the arcing contacts 5-6 as the difference between the separation time of the auxiliary contacts measured during the operating condition other than the predefined operating condition and the previously calculated time delay.
At step 107, the processor 11 calculates, based on the signals stored, second data indicative of the severity of switching transients occurred during the executed switching operation. It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that steps 106-107 can be executed in whatever order with respect to each other.
In particular, at step 107 the processor 11 extracts, from the stored signals, signals representative of the switching transients occurred during the executed operation. More in detail, the processor 11 subtracts signals representative of the steady state of the phase waveform from the stored signals, thus obtaining signals representing the transient signal, as for example illustrated in
In particular, to obtain a single number describing the severity of a switching transient, a root-mean-square calculation is performed:
where S is the severity of the transient, x is the recorded waveform (voltage or current); xsteady
An alternative method is to use the peak value of the transient signal as a measure for the severity of a transient:
where Salt is the severity of the transient; max denotes the maximum value from the specified set of samples. The other variables have the same meaning as defined above.
At step 108, the processor 11 adds the first data and the second data calculated to the existing collection of first and second data, if any. In particular, also first and second data for each executed switching operation can be permanently stored in one or more of the storing unit 12 for a desired predetermined number of future switching operations of the same type following the executed switching operation. In this way a collection of available data is built up. Then, as previously described, once the size of the memory allocated for storing the first and second data related to switching operations of the same type is exhausted, data related to a new operation will overwrite some data previously stored. For example, data related to the oldest recorded operation can be overwritten or replacement will be decided based on where data is needed.
At step 109, based on at least the first and second data calculated for the last executed switching operation, the processor 11 determines if a pre-defined parameter has to be adjusted.
This predefined parameter, constituted in practice by a measure of time, is representative of and related to a target point on the waveform of the phase for executing future switching operations substantially synchronous with the waveform itself. An opening or closing operation is considered substantially synchronous if it is ideally completed exactly on the predefined target point on the waveform or in any case within a narrow window around it. In particular, when the system is put into service, the initial parameter is defined in a start step 110 wherein a few switching operations are executed in order to set-up the first initial target and quantify a related severity of switching transients which will be used as starting terms of comparison for the following operations. Hence, the processor 11 compares the data calculated for the last operation with the previously defined parameter, and decides whether to keep the parameter equal to the one previously defined or to adjust it on the basis of the newly calculated parameters. In the latter case, the new adjusted parameter becomes the predefined parameter for the next switching operation of the same type. In this way the synchronous switching device 10 performs synchronous switching operations in a better way, resulting in a further reduction or even complete elimination of switching transients.
When a command for executing a switching operation is issued for more than one of the electrical phases, e.g. for all three phases of the power line 40, samples are captured and stored at steps 104-105 for the waveform of each phase as previously described. Further, the first data and the second data are also calculated at steps 106 and 107, respectively, for each phase. Then, based on at least the first and second data calculated for the executed switching operation on each phase, the processor 11 determines, if the respective predefined parameter has to be adjusted. If this is the case, it proceeds and adjusts the predefined parameter for each electrical phase for which a command for executing a switching operation was issued.
In particular, depending on the applications, the processor 11 can adjust the predefined parameter for each electrical phase by assigning to this parameter a value whose amount is equal for all the electrical phases or the processor 11 can adjust the predefined parameter of each phase independently from the other phases. For instance, if a synchronous closing operation is executed for a grounded capacitor bank, it can be assumed that the relationship between time of current inception and severity of transients is substantially the same for all phases and hence the parameter can be adjusted by the same amount for all phases.
Further, if desired, the processor 11 can be programmed to decide whether to adjust or not the previously defined parameter for each phase based not only on the data calculated for the last executed operation but also on data calculated for previously executed operations of the same type for the same phase. Also the processor 11 could be also programmed to use data calculated for the same type of operation on the other phases. Whether or not to treat all phases combined or separately could be controlled by a user setting.
As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, the present invention may be embodied as or take the form of the method and system previously described, an electronic device as well as of a computer readable medium having computer-readable instructions stored thereon which, when executed by a processor, carry out the operations of the present invention as previously described and defined in the corresponding appended claims. In particular, the computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the user-interface program instruction for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and may by way of example but without limitation, be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium or other suitable medium upon which the program is printed. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readable medium would include: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, an electronic memory, a portable compact disc (CD), an optical storage device, a transmission media such as those supporting the Internet or an intranet, or a magnetic storage device. Computer program code or instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be written in any suitable programming language provided it allows achieving the previously described technical results.
It is to be understood that the description of the foregoing exemplary embodiment(s) is (are) intended to be only illustrative, rather than exhaustive, of the present invention. Those of ordinary skill will be able to make certain additions, deletions, and/or modifications to the embodiment(s) of the disclosed subject matter without departing from the spirit of the invention or its scope, as defined by the appended claims.
This application claims the priority of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/972,263 filed on Sep. 14, 2007, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Optimizing Synchronous Switching Operations in Power Systems” the contents of which are relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, and the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) is hereby claimed.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5629869 | Johnson et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5636134 | Johnson et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5638296 | Johnson et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090073627 A1 | Mar 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60972263 | Sep 2007 | US |
