1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to methods and apparatus for the photothermal treatment of tissue and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for photothermal treatment of at least a selected region of tissue located starting at a depth at about the boundary zone of dermal and subdermal tissue and extending therebelow.
2. Description of the Related Art
The benefits of being able to raise and/or lower the temperature in a selected region of tissue for various therapeutic and cosmetic purposes has been known for some time. For instance, heated pads or plates or various forms of electromagnetic radiation, including microwave radiation, electricity, infrared radiation and ultrasound have previously been used for heating subdermal muscles, ligaments, bones and the like to, for example, increase blood flow, to otherwise promote the healing of various injuries and other damage, and for various therapeutic purposes, such as frostbite or hyperthermia treatment, treatment of poor blood circulation, physical therapy, stimulation of collagen, cellulite treatment, adrenergic stimulation, wound healing, psoriasis treatment, body reshaping, non-invasive wrinkle removal, etc. The heating of tissues has also been utilized as a potential treatment for removing cancers or other undesired growths, infections and the like. Heating may be applied over a small localized area, over a larger area, for example to the hands or feet, or over larger regions of tissue, including the entire body.
Since most of the techniques described above involve applying energy to tissue at depth through the patient's skin surface, peak temperature generally occurs at or near the patient's skin surface and decrease, sometimes significantly, with depth. Further, while microwaves or ultrasonic and other acoustic radiation have been used in the past for certain heating treatments at depth, as disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,524 to Knowlton, U.S. Pat. No. 5,769,879 to Richards, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,507,790 to Weiss, or U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,063 to Fellner, since such radiation, particularly microwaves, are potentially mutagenic and can otherwise result in cell or systemic damage and, particularly for acoustic sources, are relatively expensive, and may not be practical for large-area treatment, these techniques have had limited use for the heating of tissues.
While optical and near infrared (NIR) radiation (collectively referred to hereinafter as “optical radiation” is generally both less expensive and, being non-mutagenic, safer than microwaves radiation, the use of optical radiation has heretofore not been considered suitable for most applications involving heating of tissue at depth, the term “tissue at depth” as used herein meaning tissue at the border zone of the dermis and hypodermis, some of which tissue may be in the lower dermis, mostly at a depth deeper than 1 mm, and tissue below this border zone to a depth of up to about 50 mm The reason why this radiation has not been considered suitable is because such radiation is both highly scattered and highly absorbed in surface layers of tissue, precluding significant portions of such radiation from reaching the tissue regions at depth to cause heating thereof. In view of the energy losses due to scattering and absorption, substantial optical (including NIR) energy must be applied in order for enough such energy to reach a region of tissues at depth to have a desired effect. However, such high energy can cause damage to the surface layers of tissue, making it difficult to achieve desired photothermal treatments in tissue regions at depth. For these reasons, optical radiation has heretofore had at most limited value for therapeutic and cosmetic treatments on tissue at depth.
Further, while heating of tissue at depth alone is useful for many treatments, there are treatments, for example to relieve pain and stiffness in muscles or joints, where heating in conjunction with massage or other mechanical stimulation, ultrasound or other acoustic stimulation or electrical stimulation of the tissue may also be useful.
Thus, a need exists for improved method and apparatus for photothermal treatment of tissue regions at depth, and in particular for treatment of subdermal regions of tissue, and for method and apparatus for combining heating with stimulation in such regions for various treatments.
The present invention generally relates to methods and apparatus for photothermal treatment, both therapeutic and cosmetic, of tissue located at depth in a patient's body, as this term has previously been defined. Optical radiation utilized in practicing the invention is at a wavelength or wavelength band which is neither highly scattered in the patient's skin nor highly absorbed by water in tissue so that the maximum quantity of such radiation can reach the treatment region at depth. The wavelength utilized typically is between about 600 nm and about 1850 nm, more preferably between about 800 nm and about 1350 nm, and most preferably between about 1050 nm and about 1250 nm. Other potential ranges for certain depths of tissue are set forth in Table 1. The longer the wavelength, the lower the scattering; however, outside of the indicated bands, water absorption is so high that little radiation can reach tissue at depth. While the tissue to be treated may be a chromophore at the wavelength(s) utilized within the above bands, this is not a limitation on the invention, and absorption by water, and to a lesser extent fat or lipid, in the region is generally sufficient to achieve the desired heating. In some applications, absorption at certain wavelengths can be increased by delivering a suitable chromophore to the treatment region. The optical radiation source utilized may be a monochromatic source, such as a laser or light emitting diode (LED), or may be a wide spectrum source such as a halogen lamp or arc lamp. Where a wide spectrum source is used, filtering or shifting of wavelengths outside the above bands may be performed. The source may also be a pulsed source or a continuous wave (CW) source. Natural light sources such the sun can also be used to practice this invention. Where the source is a pulsed source, the source typically remains over a treatment region for the duration of each pulse, or a train of pulses may be applied. Where the source is a (CW) source, it is typically moved over the surface of the patients skin at a selected rate, the rate of movement determining the dwell time over a given treatment region.
The invention also requires that cooling be applied to the patient's skin surface concurrently with the application of optical radiation thereto. While the radiation reaches the tissue at depth to be treated quickly to begin the heating thereof, cooling propagates as a cold wave protecting tissue above the treatment region and moving the depth of maximum heating further into the skin. Ideally the cooling wave propagates to a depth just above the treatment region, but does not extend to the treatment region at least until sufficient energy has been delivered to the treatment region to effect the desired treatment Cooling may also be applied to the patient's skin prior to the application of radiation thereto to more effectively protect tissue above the treatment region and to more rapidly result in maximum heat being at or near the desired depth. This may also permit higher energy and shorter duration for the radiation source. The head used to apply the radiation may also be used to apply cooling.
Another feature of the invention is that the radiation is applied at low power for an extended time, the time varying with the depth of treatment and with the treatment being performed. For example, the time may vary from approximately 2 seconds to approximately 2 hours for depths of approximately 1 mm to 50 mm respectively. Depending on depth, the treatment being performed and other factors, the power density may vary from approximately 0.2 to 50 W/cm2, more preferably from approximately 0.5 to 20 W/cm2, and most preferably from 0.5 to 10 W/cm2 or 0.5 to 5 W/cm2.
Other advantages, novel features, and objects of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which are schematic and which are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the figures, each identical, or substantially similar component that is illustrated in various figures is represented by a single numeral or notation. For purposes of clarity, not every component is labeled in every figure, nor is every component of each embodiment of the invention shown where illustration is not necessary to allow those of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention.
Non-limiting embodiments of the present invention will be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Applications in which the invention may be useful include the treatment of various diseases, particularly, cellulite and subcutaneous fat treatment, physical therapy, muscle and skeletal treatments, including relief of pain and stiffness for muscles and joints, and treatment of spinal cord problems, and treatment of cumulative trauma disorders (CTD's) such as carpel tunnel syndrome (CTS), tendonitis and bursitis, fibromyalgia, lymphedema and cancer therapy.
More specifically with respect to cancer therapy, hyperthermia resulting from utilizing the teachings of this invention may be utilized to treat various skin cancers including, but not limited to, basel cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma and possibly treatment (palliative) of melanoma. Hyperthermia may also enhance the efficacy of radiation, for example x-ray, therapy, chemotherapy, therapy with immunmodulators such as ALDARA or PDT therapy. Such combination therapy may for example reduce required treatment time.
The tissue to be treated may be a collagen-rich tissue. Collagen-rich tissues that may be treated include superficial cortical bone, synovium joint capsules, tendon sheaths, menisci, myofascial interfaces, periosteum, fibrotic muscle, or major nerve trunks. The device may also be used for reshaping procedures such as non-invasive wrinkle removal through stimulation of collagen production in a subsurface region of tissue. Heating of the subsurface region of tissue to a temperature of between 37.5 and 45° C. may stimulate generation of new collagen and/or elastin. For example, expression of HSP70 (“Heat Shock Protein”) may be stimulated when the tissue is heated to between 41 and 42° C. for between 20 and 30 minutes. Other proteins, cytokins and/or growth factors may also be stimulated or released in response to heating. Significant new collagen deposition, formation or rearrangement may be possible, which may improve skin appearance or texture, allowing wrinkles, fine lines, scars, stretch marks or other indicators to be removed. In general, there exists a relation between the temperature reached and the time of application that is necessary to stimulate new collagen deposition and prevent irreversible damage. Additionally, multiple treatments may be used in some treatment modalities.
Hypothermia resulting from utilizing the teachings of this invention may also be utilized for hair growth management, and for treatment of psoriasis, scars, rosacea and various conditions of toe and finger nails. For hair growth management, which includes temporary and permanent hair removal and control of hair growth, a dermal or subdermal temperature rise of a few degrees, for example to 42-45° C. can produce an anagen effluvium. This could be particularly useful for hair grow management on hairs containing little or no melanin, for example gray, white or blond hairs. The efficacy of such treatment may be enhanced by using wavelengths absorbed by melanin or by performing the treatment in conjunction with other hair removal techniques. Hypothermia may also be used to treat psoriasis, including psoriasis plaques and nail psoriasis. The teachings of this invention may thus be used to treat psoriasis, either alone or conjunction drug treatment, light treatment, for example with an excimer laser, flashlamp, uv or pulse dye laser, or other existing treatment. Scars, having different crosslinking and different denaturation thresholds then normal tissue, may be treated by hypothermia to, for example, reduce turnover, turnover being significantly enhanced for scar tissue. A special handpiece with an aperture adjustable to the shape of the scar may be desirable for treating scars. Hypothermia induced in accordance with the teachings of the invention may also be used to kill demodex mites resident in follicles which cause rosacea. Finally, hypothermia induced by this invention may be used to enhance or control growth rate of toe or finger nails or to otherwise treat conditions of these nails, for example nail fungus and dystrophic nails. The nail (matrix) is relatively accessible to light treatment. The nails can be cooled by emergence in a water bath and exposed to the light. The mechanism for enhanced nail growth may be enhanced metabolism, blood supply (vasodialation by heat and light) or biostimulation.
The application of thermal energy to tissue may also be used, for example, in physical therapy treatments, such as to enhance or accelerate wound healing or relieve pain. Beneficial effects may include a decrease in joint stiffness, an increase in joint extensibility of collagenous structures such as tendons and scar tissue, pain relief, blood-flow changes, or a decrease in muscle spasm and increase in muscle tone. As another example, large protein molecules may have high absorption coefficients, and the heating of protein-rich collagenous tissues may contribute to healing. A wide variety of conditions may be treated using this invention, for example, but not limited to, strained tendons, tenosynovitis, torn ligaments, tendonitis, bursitis, torn joint capsules, or torn muscles. As yet another example, other processes may be activated or deactivated within the tissue during heating. For example, heating of the tissue may be used to enhance or modify the activity of a pharmaceutical or another bioactive substance or to facilitate the delivery thereof through the skin. Mechanical or electrical stimulation, such as massage, may be used in conjunction with heating to achieve benefits greater then can be achieved by either alone. Pressure may also be applied to the skin surface above the treatment region to facilitate the treatment.
In another example, when tissue is heated to greater then the damage temperature of the tissue, irreversible changes to the tissue may occur, up to and including cell death, apoptosis or the like. The damage temperature is the temperature by which cells, collagen, or other tissue components may be irreversibly damaged. The damage temperature may be useful in certain therapeutic situations, for example, to damage unwanted cells or other structures, such as collagen, malignant or benign tumors, hair bulb, deep pigmented lesions or fat. Further, by heating tissue to a temperature above the body temperature (typically 37° C.), but below the damage temperature, it may be possible to change the dynamics of various biological processes, such as metabolism.
Where the tissue is a tumor, it may be desired to use heat in accordance with the teachings of this invention to kill the tumor, or at least a portion thereof, such as a necrotic center. Where the tissue is an artificially created tissue, such as a tissue-engineered scaffold, preferential heating of the center of the artificial tissue may be used, for example, to stimulate cell division within the tissue, to promote cell division or cell growth within the artificial tissue structure.
In certain embodiments, the present invention may be used for non-invasive or non-destructive reduction of localized fat deposits. For example, the invention may be used to heat fat or adipose cells past their damage temperature, causing cell damage and/or necrosis. Alternatively, the treated cells may undergo apoptosis, resulting in cell death. The dead cells may then be removed or resorbed into the body, for example, by the body's phagocytic or lymphatic systems. Fat reduction may also be achieved by heating fat or adipose cells to an elevated temperature, but below the damage temperature. For example, the fat cells may be heated to a temperature of between about 41° C. and about 45° C. Under these conditions, applying heat to subcutaneous fat may activate lipases or metabolize lipids contained within the adipose tissue found within the subcutaneous fat layer, or blood flow may increase to the heated area. Additionally, “lipolysis,” or the process of breaking down fat in the body, may be regulated by enzymes sensitive to temperature, such as HSL (“hormone-sensitive lipase”). Thus, elevating the temperature of the adipose cells may increase the lipolysis rate, and thus contribute to a reduction in subdermal fat in the area being treated. This temperature can be below the temperature for vascular/lymph damage so damaged fatty cells and fatty acids can be easily removed from the treatment region. Additionally, application of the present invention may be used in combination with other fat-reduction techniques, such as medication, exercise, or adrenergic stimulation Heating of subcutaneous fat may also result in increased dermal thickness. Thus, fatty tissue may be replaced by fibrous and dermal tissue, this resulting in improved skin appearance. Thermal activation of lymph systems in subcutaneous fat can also be used to treat cellulite by removing proteins from extra cell spaces.
Stated another way, fat and/or cellulite reduction may be achieved utilizing the teachings of this invention by providing an elevated (but below damage threshold ˜43-48° C.) temperature in the targeted region at depth. The mild hyperthermia initiates biological response through one or several of the following pathways:
The net result is a shift of balance between fat and connective tissue in hypodermis toward the latter and improved appearance of skin.
In some embodiments of the invention, energy source 1, optical device 2 and/or filter 3 may also require a cooling mechanism. This cooling mechanism may or may not be the same as or connected to cooling mechanism 4 that cools tissue 31 through contact plate 8, as indicated by arrows 32 in
Energy source 1 may produce electromagnetic radiation, such as near infrared or visible light radiation over a broad spectrum, over a limited spectrum or at a single wavelength, such as would be produced by a light emitting diode or a laser. In certain cases, a narrow spectral source may be preferable, as the wavelength(s) produced by the energy source may be targeted towards a specific tissue type or may be adapted for reaching a selected depth. In other embodiments, a wide spectral source may be preferable, for example, in systems where the wavelength(s) to be applied to the tissue may change, for example, by applying different filters, depending on the application.
As previously indicated, in order to minimize both scattering and absorption of the applied optical radiation, the optical radiation produced by energy source 1 should be radiation with a wavelength which is minimally scattered and absorbed, the available wavelengths decreasing with increasing depth as generally indicated in Table 1.
Certain wavelengths may be preferentially absorbed by the tissue to be treated. As one example, if the tissue to be treated includes subcutaneous fat, certain wavelengths may be absorbed more effectively by the fat or adipose cells than by the surrounding tissues. For example, optical radiation having wavelengths around 925 nm, 1206 nm, 1730 nm and 2300 nm may be desirable (see for example copending application Ser. No. 09/277,307, which is incorporated herein by reference, for suitable ranges); however, only the lower three of these ranges would typically provide sufficient penetration for use in practicing this invention. Using electromagnetic radiation of these wavelengths, the coefficient of absorption by this radiation in the lipids, and in particular the triglycerides located within the adipose tissue may be greater than that of the absorption coefficient of these wavelengths in water. Thus, these wavelengths when applied to a tissue sample, will preferentially be absorbed by the fat tissue, thus resulting in the preferential heating of this tissue. The selective heating of the fatty tissue can be enhanced by the lower heat capacity of fatty tissue vs. aqueous tissue. Also, the decreased blood perfusion of the subcutaneous fat vs. the dermis can be used to enhance selective heating of the fatty tissue. Compression sufficient to reduce blood flow within the target area can minimize unwanted heat convection, and therefore heat leakage, from the target area. The compression to the subdermal target area can be made selective by forming a skin fold and applying skin pressure sidewise. This results in compression of the subcutaneous fat and of skin outside the field of optical exposure. The skin on top of the skin fold, which skin is exposed to the optical radiation, is not compressed, and therefore the blood flow therein is not appreciably reduced so long as the length of the skin fold does not exceed a critical length. Blood flow within the part of the dermis exposed to optical radiation can help to remove unwanted excessive heat in this skin component.
Where optical device 2 is a focusing device, it may be any suitable device able to focus at least a portion of energy 30 arriving from energy source 1 at tissue 31, and in particular at a selected depth in tissue 31. For example, device 2 may include mirrors, prisms, reflectors, lenses such as Fresnel lenses, collimating lenses or focusing lenses, diffraction gratings, or other optical device.
Filter 3 may be any suitable filter able to select, or at least partially select, certain wavelengths or wavelength bands from energy source 1. In certain types of filters, a specific set of wavelengths may be blocked by the filter. It is also possible that undesired wavelengths in the energy from source 1 may be wavelength shifted in ways known in the art so as to enhance the energy available in the desired wavelength bands indicated above and in Table 1. Thus, filter 3 may include elements designed to absorb, reflect or alter certain wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. For example, filter 3 may be used to remove certain types of wavelengths that are absorbed by surrounding tissues. For instance, dermis and epidermis tissues are primarily composed of water, as is much of the rest of the human body. By using a filter that selectively removes wavelengths that excite water molecules, the absorption of these wavelengths by the body may be greatly reduced, which may contribute to a reduction in the amount of heat generated by light absorption in these molecules. Thus, by passing radiation through a water-based filter, those frequencies of radiation which may excite water molecules will be absorbed in the water filter, and will not be transmitted into tissue 31. Thus, a water-based filter may be used to decrease the amount of radiation absorbed in tissue above the treatment region and converted into heat.
In other embodiments, filter 3 may be combined with other elements of the device, for example, cooling system 4 or cooling mechanism 7. Thus, water may both attenuate energy 30 arising from energy source 1, as well as cool the contact plate, and tissue in contact with the contact plate, or various other components of the device. More than one filter or filter type may also be present.
In certain cases, cooling mechanism 4 may be used to maintain the surface temperature of tissue 31 at its normal temperature, which may be, for example, 37 or 32° C., depending on the type of tissue being heated. In other embodiments, cooling mechanism 4 may be used to decrease the temperature of the surface of tissue 31 to a temperature below the normal temperature of that type of tissue. For example, cooling mechanism 4 may be able to decrease the surface temperature of tissue 31 to, for example, a range between 25° C. and −5° C.
In some embodiments of the invention, such as shown in
Contact plate 8 may be made out of a suitable heat transfer material, and also, where the plate contacts tissue 31, of a material having a good optical match with the tissue. Sapphire is an example of a suitable material for plate 8. In some embodiments, contact plate 8 may have a high degree of thermal conductivity, for example, to allow cooling of the surface of the tissue by cooling mechanism 4. In other embodiments, contact plate 8 may be an integral part of cooling mechanism 4, or be absent. Contact plate 8 may be made out of a deformable or viscoelastic material in some embodiments of the invention, for example, a gel such as a hydrogel. In other embodiments, contact plate 8 may be made of a solid material, such as a glass, a crystal such as sapphire, or a plastic. In some embodiments of the invention, such as shown in
In certain embodiments of the invention, various components of system 100 may require cooling. For example, in the embodiment shown in
One or more of energy source 1, optical device 2, filter 3, cooling mechanism 4, or cooling mechanism 7 may be electronically controlled. For example, sensors embedded in cooling mechanism 4 or contact plate 8 may determine the amount of energy reaching tissue 31, and may direct energy source 1 to produce more or less energy or may direct cooling mechanism 4 to increase or decrease cooling, depending on the application. Other sensors and the like may be embedded in any of the components illustrated herein. The controls may be, for example, electronically preprogrammed, or manually operable.
The present invention is not limited to treating a specific region or area of tissue. For example, as illustrated in
In
A different type of cooling mechanism is illustrated in
In certain embodiments of the invention, contact plate 8 may be absent. For example, in the embodiment shown in
More than one device 100 of this invention may be used simultaneously. For example, in
Where optical source 1 is a continuous wave (CW) or other long duration source, device 100 for various of the embodiments may be slid or scanned over the surface of the patient's skin to overlie successive treatment regions, the dwell time, and thus the treatment duration, for each such region being a function of the rate at which the device is moved The device may also include a cooling mechanism ahead of the portion of the device under source 1 to precool skin above the treatment region (see for example issued U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,273,884 and 6,511,475, which are incorporated herein by reference).
Any of the embodiments can include a contact sensor to assure good optical and thermal coupling, and systems operating in the sliding mode may also include one or more motion sensors to control radiation delivery, cooling and other functions dependent on scanning speed, to enhance system safety and for other reasons.
In addition to coupling the deep heating treatment of this invention with deep cooling to enhance treatment of fat, bone, muscle, etc., device 100 may also include a massager, vibrator or other mechanical stimulation device or a DC or other suitable electrical stimulation source. It has been found that such mechanical or electrical stimulation is more effective for hot tissue. Similarly, the effect of deep heating may be enhanced by massage or other stimulation because both heat and cold generally penetrates better in compressed skin and subdermal tissue. Thus, the combination of deep heating and mechanical or electrical stimulation may provide significantly better results then either one alone. Heating may also be enhanced by supplementing the optical heating with, for example electro-stimulation by AC/DC, or additional heating by RF, etc. Tensioning or pressure applied to the skin overlying the treatment region may also enhance treatment effect.
The teachings of this invention may also be utilized for hair removal treatments by targeting the hair bulb, which is generally located in the subcutaneous layer 6. The treatment would be done at low power sufficient to raise the temperature of the fat surrounding the hair bulb, and thus the hair bulb, to roughly 45° C. and should be performed for a relatively long time period, for example, 15 minutes. The hair bulb also contains high proliferation water cells which react strongly with the applied radiation to increase bulb temperature, leading to the destruction thereof.
The function and advantages of these and other embodiments of the present invention will be more fully understood from the following examples. These examples are intended to be only illustrative in nature and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
This example illustrates theoretical calculations corresponding to one embodiment of the invention as applied to human skin.
Initially, a model of the skin was prepared. This model included two layers of tissue possessing distinct optical and thermal properties: dermis and subcutaneous fat (
Starting with the problem of light transport within the tissue, scattering in both tissue layers predominated strongly over absorption, allowing the diffuse approximation to be applied. This approach was particularly valid within the wavelength range of 600 nm to 1400 nm, which may also be referred to as the “therapeutic window”. The one-dimensional light transport problem in the diffusion approximation for the two-layered tissue model of
ψ1(z)=F0·τcol·[V1·exp(−κ1·z)+V2·exp(κ1·z)−V3·exp(−μt1·z)], z≦hd,
ψ2(z)=F0·τcol·[V4·exp(−κ2·(z−hd))−V5·exp(−μt2·(z−hd))], z>hd, (1)
where indices 1 and 2 stand for dermis and subcutaneous fat, respectively. κ=√{square root over (3·μa·μtr)} and μt=μa+μs are the diffusion and extinction coefficients for light in the corresponding layers, and
is the attenuation coefficient of the collimated light at the surface. Flux amplitudes V1 to V5 were determined by the boundary and interface conditions. In particular, if the coefficients of refraction of both layers are the same, the interface condition at z=hd is such that both the radiance and the total light flux should be continuous functions of depth.
Turning to the problem of heat conduction within the two-layered tissue model, the time dependent equation of heat conduction in the k-th layer was:
yielding the following steady-state equation:
where αk was the thermal diffusivity of the k-th layer (k=1,2). The heat source term Qk in these equations describes the generation of heat due to light absorption in the tissue. In the steady-state case, the source term is:
where μak, ρk and ck are the coefficient of absorption, density, and specific heat of the k-th layer, respectively.
Boundary conditions were assumed to be T(0)=Ts,T(h)=Th. The solution of Equation (3) was then found to be:
where parameters A and B have to be found from the interface conditions. For the case of perfect thermal contact:
where and k1 and k2 are the thermal conductivities of dermis and fat, respectively.
The analytic expression for the temperature, T(z), was then obtained by substituting Equation (3) into Equations (4) and (5).
A simpler expression for the temperature distribution was obtained for a homogenous medium with no layered structure. In this case, the radiance distribution took the following general form:
ψ(z)=F0τcol[exp(−μtz)+φd(z)], (7)
where the first term was the collimated radiance and the second one was the diffuse radiance given by:
φd(z)=V2·exp(−κ·z)−V1·exp(−μtz). (8)
The temperature distribution was:
Differentiating Equation (9) with respect to z yields the following implicit expression for the depth zmax, the localized tissue depth at which maximum temperature occurs:
Tmax=Th−Ts is maximum temperature rise in the tissue at the depth zmax.
Equation (10) was solved numerically. To get an approximate analytic expression, the inequality μt>>κ was used, which is typically valid within the therapeutic window. Then, dropping the exponential terms with μt, and solving the simplified equation with respect to zmax yielded the following
Maximum temperature can be calculated from (9) as Tmax=T(zmax)
It can be seen from these results that an increase in F0 caused the temperature maximum to move upwards, provided the input flux is sufficiently small. At larger value of F0, the maximum ceased to move while proceeding to grow in amplitude. The treatment time should be long enough to remove heat from the layer 0<z<zmax. This time tmin was given by the formula:
where z1 is the depth into dermis and z2 is depth into subcutaneous fat, and z1+z2=z is depth of treatment. The numerator constant (6÷60) varies within the given range depending on how close the desired temperature is to Tmax, being 6 for Tzmax=90% Tmax and 60 for Tzmax=99% Tmax. The treatment time must be longer than tmin.
Equations (10), (11), and (12) describe a set of heating and cooling parameters that allow control of both the value and location of the internal temperature maximum.
Thus, this example illustrates theoretical calculations corresponding to one embodiment of the invention.
The following prophetic example illustrates treatment parameters for different body layers that may be used in one embodiment of the invention, as applied to human skin.
Based on the calculation illustrated in Example 1, treatment parameters for different layers of the body that may be used in one embodiment of the invention can be determined. These calculations are summarized in Table 1. The body layers model includes the reticular dermis, dermis subcutaneous fat junction, and subcutaneous fat layer.
Using a broad-spectrum lamp in this embodiment of the invention, the treatment parameters include a surface cooling mechanism able to maintain a surface cooling temperature of between 0° C. and 32° C.; a broad-spectrum lamp, where the color temperature of the lamp is between 300 K and 3000 K, with filtering of more than 50% of the light having wavelengths of less than 800 nm and greater that 1800 nm, preferably 900 to 1400 nm, and most preferably 1100 to 1250 nm. Depending on depth, the treatment being performed and other factors, the power may vary from approximately 0.2 to 50 W/cm2, and more preferably from approximately 0.5 to 20 W/cm2, with a treatment time of between 2 sec for a 1 mm depth and 7300 sec for a 50 mm depth When operating in sliding mode, treatment power and duration increase.
Thus, this prophetic example illustrates exemplary treatment parameters that may be used to heat different layers of the body, in one embodiment of the invention.
In this example, a device 100 of this invention substantially as shown in
The same device 100 was used to perform the same test on a 25 mm bulk of pig skin and subcutaneous fat which was placed on a thermally stable plate with a temperature of 37° C. The power density for this test was 10 W/cm2 and cooling water having a temperature of 4° C. was used. After a treatment time of 300 sec., peak temperature of 53° C. was found at a depth 14 mm into the fat. The temperature at the epidermis at this time was 38° C. After about 6 weeks, this exposure setting induced reduction of subcutaneous fat without evidence for epidermal damage. A partial replacement of fatty tissue by connective collagen tissue was observed. A reduction of hair growth was also observed several weeks after this and similar exposure settings, even if a lower temperature rise was obtained and only a single treatment was performed. This clearly emphasized the possibility of using this method to manage unwanted hair growth. Highly proliferating cells like sebocytes within the sebaceous glands or hair matrix cells within the hair follicle are particularly sensitive to heating which can be used to achieve selective effects on these structures even by unselective heating of the depth were these structures are located. Hair matrix cells are also surrounded by fatty cells and the sebaceous glands are generating lipids. The decreased heat capacity for lipids provides additional selective effects. This can also be specifically useful for the treatment of non pigmented hairs that are usually not affected by standard light assisted methods for photoepilation based on selective photothermolysis. Hair growth management may include permanent or temporary hair removal or merely controlling/slowing hair growth rate.
These examples thus illustrates how a device of the invention may be used to heat a subdermal layer of tissue to a temperature significantly higher than normal body temperature and the temperature of surrounding tissue, including tissue between the skin surface and the treatment region.
While several embodiments of the invention have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and structures for performing the functions and/or obtaining the results and/or advantages described herein, and each of such variations or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the present invention. More generally, those skilled in the art would readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations will depend upon specific applications for which the teachings of the present invention are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. The present invention is directed to each individual feature, system, material and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, materials and/or methods, if such features, systems, materials and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the scope of the present invention. In the claims, all transitional phrases or phrases of inclusion, such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e. to mean “including but not limited to.” Only the transitional phrases or phrases of inclusion “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” are to be interpreted as closed or semi-closed phrases, respectively.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/465,137 filed Jun. 19, 2003, which claims the benefit of co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/389,871, filed Jun. 19, 2002, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Subdermal Heating,” by G. Altshuler, et al., incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Number | Date | Country | |
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60389871 | Jun 2002 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 10465137 | Jun 2003 | US |
Child | 12032004 | US |